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 Challenging the
United Nations Peace and
Security Agenda
in Africa
Dawn Nagar
Challenging the United Nations Peace and Security
Agenda in Africa
 Dawn Nagar

Challenging
the United Nations
Peace and Security
Agenda in Africa
Dawn Nagar
The Deanery, Faculty of Humanities
University of Johannesburg
Johannesburg, South Africa

ISBN 978-3-030-83522-4 ISBN 978-3-030-83523-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83523-1

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Acknowledgements

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Anca Pusca, Executive Editor of

International Relations and Security Studies at Palgrave Macmillan and
her publication team, Anne-Kathrin Birchley-Brun, and Liam McLean. I
am particularly thankful to Shukkanthy Siva, and Aishwarya Balachandar
for their outstanding editing support provided to me in completing this
book. Similarly, I express my sincere gratitude to my Executive Dean,
Professor Kammila Naidoo of the Faculty of Humanities, University of
Johannesburg, South Africa for her unwavering support and commitment
to build African knowledge produced by African scholars and allowing
me the time to complete this book. I am also equally grateful for the
inspiration of my four daughters: Simóne, Danielle, Marcel, and Nina, as
I completed this publication. All thanks goes to the Almighty God and
His Son Jesus Christ.

v
 Contents

1 Introduction: 60 Years of the United Nations Role

in Africa 1
2 The United Nations Role in the Great Lakes Region:
Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic
of the Congo 19
3 United Nations Role in the Economic Community
of Central African States: Central African Republic
and Chad 75
4 United Nations Role in Sudan, South Sudan and Abyei 121
5 The United Nations Role the Horn of Africa: The Case
of Somalia 159
6 The Role of the United Nations in North Africa: The
Case of Morocco and Western Sahara 253
7 The United Nations Role in the G5-Sahel, West,
and Southern Africa: The Case of Angola 277
8 Conclusion: Defining a New Pax-Africana 319

Index 353

vii
 Abbreviations and Acronyms

2050AIM African Union 2050 Integrated Maritime Strategy

3Ts Tungsten, Tin, and Tantalum
4IR Fourth Industrial Revolution
A4P Action for Peacekeeping
AAMA Association of African Maritime Administrators
AAPO All-African Peoples Conference
ABC Abyei Boundaries Commission
A-CFTA Africa’s Continental Free Trade Area
ACIRC African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises
ACP African Caribbean Pacific Group of States
ADEMA-PASJ Alliance for Democracy in Mali—Pan-African Party for
Liberty, Solidarity and Justice
ADF Ugandan Allied Democratic Forces
AfDB African Development Bank
AFDL Alliance des Forces Démorcatiques pour la Libération du
Congo
AFGRAD US African Graduate Fellowship Programme
AFISMA African-led International Support Mission in Mali
AFISM-CAR African-led International Support Mission in CAR
AFRICOM US Africa Command
AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act
AID Agency for International Development
AMIB African Union Mission in Burundi
AMIS African Union Mission in Sudan
AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia
AMU Arab Maghreb Union

ix
x ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ANC African National Congress (Liberation Movement and

Later Political)
ANPG Angola’s National Agency for Oil, Gas and Biofuels
ANT Armée Nationale du Tchad
APAYE African Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment
APRD Armée Populaire pour la Restauration de la Démocratie
APSA African Union Peace and Security Architecture
AQIM Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb
ARC Areva Resources Centrafrique
ARPCT Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-
Terrorism
ARS Congress for the Re-Liberation and Reconstitution of
Somalia
ASC African Standby Capacity
ASCC Army Service Component Command
ASF African Standby Force
ASWJ Al-Sunna wa-al-Jamaa
AU AGA African Union African Governance Architecture
AU PCRD African Union Peace and Security Council’s Peacebuilding
and Post-Conflict Reconstruction Development Centre
AU PSC African Union Peace Security Council
AU African Union
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
BCEAEC Banque Centrale des Etats de l’Afrique Equatoriale et du
Cameroun
BEAC Bank of Central African States
BINUB UN Integrated Office in Burundi
BINUCA UN Integrated Peacebuilding Support Office in CAR
BONUCA UN Peacebuilding Support Office in CAR
BP British Petroleum
BRI Belt and Road Initiative (China)
CAR Central African Republic
CEMAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l’Afrique
Centrale
CENI Independent National Electoral Commission of Burundi
CEN-SAD Community of Sahelo-Saharan States
CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes countries
CEWS Continental Early Warning System
CFA Communauté Françaises d’Afrique
CFAF Communauté Financière Africaine Franc
CIA Central Intelligence Agency-US
CNDD National Council for the Defence of Democracy (Conseil
National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie)
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xi

CNDD-FDD Conseil National Pour laDéfense de la Démocratie—

Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie (Forces for the
Defence of Democracy)
CNMC Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission
CNN Cable News Network
CNPC China National Petroleum Cooperation
CNPRP Provincial National Political Council
CNRDRE National Council for the Recovery of Democracy and the
Restoration of the State
CNT Concorde Nationale Tchadienne
COD-2020 Coalition of the Democratic Opposition
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CONADER National Commission for Disarmament, Demobilisation
and Reintegration
COVID-19 Coronavirus 2019 Disease (Pandemic)
CPA ACP-EU Partnership Agreement
CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement
CPDC Coordination des Partis Politiques pour la Défense de la
Constitution
CPJP Convention des Patriotes pour la Justice et la Paix
CPSK Patriotic Convention for Saving the Country
CSOs Civil Society Organisations
DDI Diamond Distributions Incorporated (Inc.)
DDPD Doha Document for Peace in Darfur
DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration
DDRR Disarmament, Demobilisation, Resettlement and Reinte-
gration
DDRRR Disarmament, Demobilisation, Repatriation, Resettlement
and Reintegration
DGSE Direction Générale de la Sécurite Exterieure
DIRCO South Africa’s Department of International Relations and
Cooperation
DPA Darfur Peace Agreement
DPA Department of Political Affairs (United Nations)
DPKO UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations
DPO Department of Peace Operations
DPPA Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs
DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo
DSS Department of Safety and Security
EAC East African Community
EASBRIG East African Community Standby Brigade
ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States
ECCASBRIG Economic Community of Central African States Brigade
xii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ECOBRIG Economic Community of West African States Brigade

ECOMOG ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group
ECOSOC UN Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EDRP Emergency Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme
EEC European Economic Commission
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EPAs Economic Partnership Agreements (EU)
EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front
EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front
ETO Technique Officielle (Kigali)
EU European Union
EUCAP European Union Capacity Building Mission
EUPOL European Union Police Mission (for the DRC)
EUSEC European Union Security Sector Reform (External Action
Services)
FAC Forces Arées Congolaises
FACA Forces Armées Centrafricaines
FACT Front for Change and Concord in Chad
FAN Forces Armées du Nord
FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organisation
FARDC Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo
FDC Front Démocratique Centrafricain
FDN Burundi’s Security and National Defence Forces
FDPC Front Démocratique du Peuple Centrafricain
FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association
FOC Full Operational Capability
FOCAC Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
FOMUC Multinational Force of the Communaute Economique des
Etats de l’Afrique Centrale
FPM Front du People Murundi
FPM-ABATABAZI Front du People Murundi-Abatabazi
FPR Front Populaire pour le Redressement
FRODEBU Front pour la Démoractie au Burundi
FRONABU Front National pour la Revolution au Burundi
FRONLINAT Front de Libération National du Tchad
FUC Front Uni pour le Changement
FUCD Front Uni pour le Changement and Démocratique
G5-SAHEL Group of Five Sahel Countries
GAPLC Groupe d’action Partriotique pour la Libération de la
Centrafrique
GDP Gross Domestic Product
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 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xiii

GIBAFOR France, the US, Germany, Japan, the EU, World Bank
and the UN (Central African Republic)
GLRIPB Great Lakes Regional Initiative for peace in Burundi
GNI Gross National Income
GNPOC China’s Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company
GNU Government of National Unity
GoS Government of Sudan
GoSS Government of South Sudan
HDI Human Development Index
HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Country
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IBRD International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
ICC International Criminal Court
ICD Inter-Congolese Dialogue
ICGLR International Conference on the Great Lakes Region
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
ICT Information, Communication And Technology
IDDAIII Africa’s 3rd Industrial Development Decade
IDPs Internally Displaced Persons
IEC Independent Electoral Commission
IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development
IGADD Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Develop-
ment
IGASOM IGAD Peace Support Mission in Somalia
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMC Implementation Monitoring Committee (Burundi)
IMET International Military and Education Training
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organisation
INEC Independent National Electoral Commission
INTERPOL International Police Organisation
IOM International Organisation for Migration
IPCC UN International Panel on Climate Change
ISRAD Al-Mourabitoun, Ansar al-Dine, Al-Qaeda, and Ansar-ul-
Islam lil-Lchad wal Jihad
ITF Interdepartmental Task Force
JCC Joint Ceasefire Commission
JEM Justice and Equity Movement
JMC Joint Military Commission (Burundi)
JMC Joint Monitoring Commission
JNIM Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wa al-Muslimeen (Group for the
Support of Islam and Muslims)
xiv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

JVMM Joint Verification and Monitoring Mechanism

KM Kilometres
KM2 Kilometres Square
LAS League of Arab States
LCBC Lake Chad Basin Commission
LDCs Least Developed Countries
LRA Lord’s Resistance Army
M23 March 23 Movement
MEDAC Democratic Evolution Movement of Central Africa
MESAN Mouvement pour l’évolution Sociale de l’Afrique Noire
MFF EU Multiannual Financial Framework
MICOPAX Mission for the Consolidation of Peace in CAR
MIFERMA Mines de Fer de Mauritanie
MINURCA UN Mission in CAR
MINURCAT UN Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad
MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western
Sahara
MINUSCA Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in CAR
MINUSMA UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in
Mali
MISAB Inter-African Military Mission In Burundi
MLC Congolese Liberation Movement (Mouvement pour la
Liberation du Congo)
MLCJ Mouvement des Libérateurs Centrafricains pour la Justice
MN Mouvement National
MNCs Multinational Corporations
MNLA National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
MOD Marehan–Ogadeen–Dolbahante
MONUC UN Organisation Mission in the DRC
MONUSCO UN Organisation Stabilisation Mission in the DRC
MOU Memorandum Of Understanding
MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
MPS Mouvement Patriotique du Salut
MUJAO Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa
NAM Movement of Non-Aligned Countries
NASBRIG North African Regional Capability Brigade
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NAVFOR EU Naval Force
NDPs National Development Plans
NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations
NIF National Islamic Front
NIF Neutral Intervention Force
NMOG 1 Neutral Military Observer Group I
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xv

NMOG II Neutral Military Observer Group II

NSF National Salvation Front
NSS National Security Service
OACPS Organisation of the African, Caribbean and Pacific States
OAU Organisation of African Unity
OCRS Organisation Commune des Régions Sahariennes
OHCHR UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
OIC Organisation of the Islamic Conference
OIF Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie
OLF Oromo Liberation Front
ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
ONHYM Moroccan Office of Hydrocarbons and Mines
OPDS Organ on Politics, Defense and Security
OPEC Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSES Office of the Special Envoy for the Sahel
P5 Powerful Five UN Security Council Member States
PAFMECA Pan-African Movement for East and Central Africa
PAFMECSA Pan-African Movement for East, Central Africa and
Southern Africa
PAMESA Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern
Africa Party
PBSO UN Peacebuilding Support Office
PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration (Hague)
PCP Popular Congress Party
PDF Popular Defence Force
PEPs Politically Exposed Persons
PHOSBOURCRAA Phosphates de Boucraa (previously EMINSA)
PL Liberal Party
PLANELMs Planning Elements
PNC Japanese Nuclear Power Corporation
PPT Parti Progressiste Tchadien
PSCF Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework
PSD Parti Social Démocrate
PSOD African Union Peace and Security Council Peace Support
OperationsDivision
PSOs African Union Peace and Security Operations
RC Resident Coordinator
RCD Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démorcatie
RCD-GOMA Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-Goma
RCD-KISANGANI Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-
KISANGANI
RCD-ML Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-
Mouvement de Libération
xvi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

RCD-N Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-National

RCPCA National Strategy for Recovery and Peace Consolidation
(CAR)
RDC Rapid Deployment Capability (United Nations)
RDC Rassemblement Démocratique Centrafricain
RDRP Rwanda Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme
RECs Regional Economic Communities
RFC Rassemblement des Forces pour le Changement
RMs Regional Mechanisms
RNC Rwanda National Congress
RPDL Rassemblement pour la Démocratie et les Libertés
RUD-URUNANA Rassemblement pour l’unité et la Démocratie—
URUNANA
RURA Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority
SADC Southern African Development Community
SADCBRIG Southern African Development Community Brigade
SADF South Africa’s Defence Forces
SAF Sudanese Armed Forces
SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons
SANDF South African National Defence Force
SANU Somali Alliance for National Unity
SANU Sudan African Nationalist Union
SAPSD South African Protection Support Deployment
SDA Somali Democratic Alliance
SDGs UN Sustainable Development Goals
SDM Somali Democratic Movement
SEC Security and Exchange Commission
SEIVQMC Saudi-Emirates International Veterinary Quarantine
Management Company
SEPHA Special Emergency Programme for the Horn of Africa
SLA Sudan Liberation Army
SMMEs Small, Medium, Micro Enterprises
SNA Somali National Alliance
SNCC Somali National Consultative Council
SNDU Somali National Democratic Union
SNF Somali National Front
SNL Somali National League
SNM Somali National Movement
SOFA Status of Forces Agreement
SONANGOL Sociedade Nacional de Combustiveis de Angola
SPA Somali Petroleum Authority
SPLA Sudan People’s Liberation Army
SPLA-IO Sudan People’s Liberation Army in Opposition
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xvii

SPLM Sudan people’s Liberation Movement

SPLM/A Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army
SPLM-N Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North
SPM Somali Patriotic Movement
SRF Sudan Revolutionary Front
SRRC Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council
SSA Somali Salvation Alliance
SSDF Somali Salvation Democratic Front
SSLA South Sudan Liberation Army
SSLM South Sudan Liberation Movement
SSNLM South Sudan National Liberation Movement
SSNM Southern Somali National Movement
SSPPF South Sudan People’s Patriotic Front
SSR Security Sector Reform
SST State Sponsors of Terrorism
STISA African Union Science Technology and Innovation
Strategy for Africa
SWAPO South West African People’s Organisation
SYL Somali Youth League
TERR Special Committee on Terrorism (EU)
TPLF Tigrean People’s Liberation Front
UAE United Arab Emirates
UCCA Central Africa Cotton Union
UDEAC Union Douanière et Economique de l’Afrique Centrale
UDPM Democratic Union of the Malian People
UDT Union Démocratique Tchadienne
UFDD Union des Forces pour la Démocratie et le Développe-
ment
UFDD-F Union des Forces pour la Démocratie et le
Développement-Fondamentale
UFDR Union of Democratic Forces for Unity
UIC Union of the Islamic Courts
UK United Kingdom
UMOA West African Monetary Union
UN United Nations
UN GA UN General Assembly
UN PBC UN Peacebuilding Commission
UN Women United Nations’ Women
UNAMID UN-AU Hybrid Operation in Darfur
UNAMIR II UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda II
UNAMIR UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda
UNAMIS UN Advance Mission in the Sudan
UNCLOS UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
xviii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

UNCT UN Country Teams

UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP UN Development Programme
UNDS UN Development System
UNEP UN Environment Programme
UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
UNHCR UN High Commission for Refugees
UNICEF UN Children’s Emergency Fund
UNIDO UN Industrial Development Organisation
UNISFA UN Interim Security Force for Abyei
UNISS UN Integrated Strategy for the Sahel
UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
(União Nacional para a Independencia para a Indepen-
dencia Total de Angola)
UNITAF UN Unified Task Force
UNITAMS UN Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan
UNLB Italy-UN Logistics Base (Brindisi)
UNMAS UN Mine Action Service
UNMIS UN Mission in Sudan
UNMISS UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan
UNOAU UN Office to the AU
UNOCA UN Regional office for Central Africa
UNOCHA UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
UNODC UN Office on Drugs and Crime
UNOM UN Office in Mali
UNOMUR UN Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda
UNOSOM II UN Operation in Somalia II
UNOSOM UN Operation in Somalia
UNOWAS UN Office for West Africa and the Sahel
UNPOS UN Political Office for Somalia
UNRF Uganda National Rescue Front II
UNSC UN Security Council
UNSOA UN Support Office for AMISOM
UNTAG UN Transition Assistance Group
UPC Union of Congolese Patriots
UPDF Uganda People’s Defence Forces
UPRONA Union pour le Progrés National
URBA French Atomic Energy Commission-Uranium (Company)
URD Union for the Republic and Democracy
US United States
USC United Somali Congress
USCENTCOM US Central Command
USF United Somali Front
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xix

USIP United States Institute of Peace

USIS US Information Service
USP United Somali Party
USSR Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics
WFP World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organisation
WISPI World Internal and Security Police Index
WOMESA Women in the Maritime Sector in Eastern and Southern
Africa
 List of Figures

Fig. 3.1 Mission area of United Nations (UN) peace operations

in Central African Republic (CAR) (MINURCA) (Source
UN peacekeeping operations department, https://
peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/car.htm,
MINURCA [un.org]) 81
Fig. 3.2 United Nations Human Rights Commission for refugees
regional situation map, April 2, 2021, https://data2.unhcr.
org/en/documents/details/85897, Document—UNHCR
CAR regional situation map 02 April 2021 106
Fig. 4.1 The United Nations-African Union (UN-AU) hybrid
operation in Darfur (UNAMID) (Source Based
on the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in Sudan,
2007–17) 137
Fig. 4.2 Map of United Nations peacekeeping mission in Abyei
(Source UN peacekeeping: The UN Interim Security Force
for Abyei (UNISFA, 2020) 141
Fig. 4.3 Map of Abyei (Source UN peacekeeping: UN Interim
Security Force for Abyei “Road Map”) 144
Fig. 5.1 United Nations, Department of Field Support, Map
of Somalia 193

xxi
xxii LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 5.2 Map of Somalia oil concessions adapted from (Source

Permission granted by authors: Jakob Grandjean
Bamberger, and Kristian Skovsted, “Concessions
and Conflicts: Mapping Oil Exploration in Somalia
and Ethiopia,” Danish Institute for International Studies
[DISS], 2016 (2), pp. 1–40) 230
Fig. 6.1 United Nations mission for the referendum in Western
Sahara (MINURSO) (Source United Nations peacekeeping
department of field support, April 2014) 263
Fig. 7.1 Field Operations of the UN Multidimensional Integrated
Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) (Source United
Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, UNSC
doc. S/262, March 26, 2019) 287
Fig. 7.2 Field operation presence of the UN office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in the G5
Sahel Region (Source OHCHR, March 12, 2020) 292
Fig. 7.3 World Food Programme (WFP), resilience scale-up plan
in the G5 Sahel countries, 2018/19 (Map of Sahel:
Drought Risk, conflict areas of main armed groups
and migratory movements) (Source UNOWAS (10)
February 2020, pp. 1–35, p. 21) 298
Fig. 7.4 Angola’s employment sectors: Agriculture, Extractive,
Manufacturing, Construction, Commerce, Transport,
other services, and Not Employed (Source World Bank,
“Angola Poverty Assessment: Poverty and Equity Global
Practice Africa Region,” June 24, 2020, pp. 1–199, p. v) 305
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction: 60 Years of the United Nations

Role in Africa

This book is mainly concerned in assessing the United Nations (UN)

role in Africa between the periods 1960 and 2021, which introduces
socio-economic development-led efforts in Africa, inculcated in a peace-
keeping, peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction model. The book
deployed a number of theories to support the assessment and arguments
including: a neorealist security convergence critique1 : that claims peace-
keeping has been infused with Africa’s mineral and agricultural wealth,
whereby superpowers’ have as their principal gain self-interest of a domi-
nant mercantilist approach by which the rules of the game are set;
and a neo-imperialist critique: that super powers have used the secu-
rity stage to perpetuate neocolonial domination for their geopolitical
parochial interests. Thus, under the banner of peacemaking, peace-
keeping, peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction efforts, major
parochial economic interest lies at the heart of regional violence that have
exacerbated conflicts in Africa’s resource-rich conflict-ridden states.
Therefore, in explaining these actors and factors, the book made use
of two theories: neoclassical economic convergence theory to discuss
the political economy of imperialist regionalism played out in Africa’s
economic trade relations, and how this role is being consumed in Africa’s
regional security architecture—which is situated in the theory of neore-
alist security convergence: of the coming together of peace and security
efforts of powerful state actors. The flipside of these critiques provided in

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2022
D. Nagar, Challenging the United Nations Peace and Security Agenda
in Africa, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83523-1_1
Visit https://ebookmass.com today to explore
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Exploring the Variety of Random
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of no protection in its proper place, has saved his life here. Give him
some brandy and he will be all right."
"How strange," said Pichegru; "this cap belongs to the chasseurs of
Condé's army."
Just then Charles revived, and his first movement, on coming to
himself, was to look for the foraging cap. He was about to ask for it
when he saw it in the general's hand. "Ah! general," he said,
"pardon me."
"You may well ask pardon for having given us such a fright."
"Oh! not that," said Charles, smiling and pointing to the cap which
Pichegru held in his hand.
"You must explain this to me," said Pichegru.
Charles came close to the general and said in a low voice: "That
belongs to the Comte de Sainte-Hermine, that young noble who was
shot; and when he was dying he asked me to give it to his family."
"But," said Pichegru, feeling it, "there is a letter inside."
"Yes, general; to his brother. The poor fellow feared it might be lost
if he gave it to a stranger."
"While in confiding it to some one from his own part of the country
he had nothing to fear, I suppose."
"Have I done wrong, general?"
"It is never wrong to fulfil the wish of a dying man, particularly when
that wish is an honorable one. I may even say that it is a sacred
duty to do so as soon as possible."
"But I shall probably not return to Besançon at once."
"If I try, perhaps I can find some excuse for sending you there."
"Not because you are displeased with, me, general?" asked the boy,
with tears in his eyes.
"No; I will give you some commission which shall prove to your
compatriots that the Jura has still another boy in the service of the
Republic. Now let us see what is going on yonder."
In a few moments Charles forgot his own accident as his eyes
wandered over the battlefield and the town; he held his breath in
the absorbing interest of the sight, and, touching the general on the
arm, pointed to the men running over roofs, jumping out of
windows, and climbing over garden walls in their haste to reach the
plain.
"Good," said Pichegru, "we are masters of the town, and the day is
ours." Then, turning to Lieber, the only one of his officers near him,
he said: "Take command of the reserve and prevent these men from
rallying."
Lieber put himself at the head of the four or five hundred men and
descended upon the village.
"Now," continued Pichegru with his usual calmness, "let us go to the
village and see what is happening."
And accompanied only by twenty-five or thirty chasseurs of the rear-
guard, together with General Boursier and Charles, he set off at a
gallop on the road to Dawendorff.
Charles cast a last glance at the plain; the enemy were fleeing in all
directions. This was the first time that he had seen a battle; he was
now to see a battlefield. He had seen the poetical side—the
movement, the fire, the smoke; but the distance had concealed all
the details. He was now to see the hideous side—the agony, the
immobility of death: he was about to enter upon the bloody reality.
 CHAPTER XXIII
AFTER THE BATTLE
The short distance that the little troop was obliged to cover in order
to reach the plain was entirely bare, except for the wounded, the
dead, and the dying. The fight had lasted barely an hour and a half,
but more than fifteen hundred men lay strewn upon the battlefield.
Charles approached the line of dead with a certain degree of
apprehension; at the first corpse that his horse encountered the
animal shied so violently that the boy was nearly thrown. Pichegru's
horse, held in better check, or perhaps better accustomed to such
scenes, leaped over the obstacles; in time Charles's horse was
forced to follow his example and to leap over the dead.
It was not, however, the dead that made the most impression upon
Charles, but the wounded, who sought to drag themselves from
beneath the hoofs of the horses of the general and his staff, by a
supreme effort, or lay horribly mutilated and muttering, the death-
rattle in their throats: "Comrades, for mercy's sake despatch me!
despatch me!"
Others again, those who were not so grievously wounded, raised
themselves upon their elbows, and, waving their caps, cried: "Long
live the Republic!"
"Is this the first time that you have ever seen a battlefield?" asked
Pichegru.
"No, general," replied the boy.
"Where have you seen one before?"
"In Tacitus—that of Teutberg, with Germanicus and Cecina."
"Ah, yes," replied Pichegru, "I remember: it is when Germanicus,
just before he reaches the forest, finds the eagle of the nineteenth
legion which was lost with Varus."
"And do you remember that passage, general, which I understand so
well now—'All the army were filled with pity as they thought of
relatives, friends, the chances of war, and the destiny of men'?"
"Yes," said Pichegru. "'There were,' said Tacitus, 'in the midst of the
vast clearing, whitening bones scattered where the men had fled,
and lying in heaps where they had fought.' Oh! I wish I could
remember the Latin text, which no translation can equal; wait:
'Medio—'"
"I remember it, general," said Charles; "'Medio campi albentia ossa
ut fugerant, ut resisterant.'"
"Well done, Charles," said Pichegru; "your father made me a fine gift
when he sent you to me!"
"General," asked Charles, "are you not going to send help to these
poor wounded men?"
"Don't you see the surgeons who are going from one to the other,
regardless of whether they are friends or enemies? We have gained
at least this much in eighteen hundred years of civilization; we do
not cut the throats of prisoners upon the altars of Teutates, as in the
time of Armin and Marbod."
"And," said Charles, "the conquered generals are not obliged to kill
themselves like Varus, infelice dextra."
"Do you think," said Pichegru, laughing, "that it is preferable to be
sent to the Revolutionary tribunal like that poor Eisemberg, whose
head is constantly before my eyes and whose words are constantly
in my mind?"
While they were thus talking they had entered the town. Perhaps the
sight was even more terrible there, because the carnage was
confined to a smaller space. The fighting had been carried on from
house to house. Before trying to escape from the roofs and
windows, the Prussians, and particularly a small body of royalists
who had remained in the town, had made a desperate defence.
When their cartridges were exhausted they had seized upon any
weapon that came to hand, and had thrown cupboards, bureaus,
chairs, and even marbles from the mantel down upon their
assailants from the third story windows. Some of the houses were
on fire, and as there was nothing left inside to burn, their ruined
proprietors, judging it useless to stop the conflagration, stood and
watched their possessions burn.
Pichegru gave directions that fires should be put out as soon as
possible, and then he went to the town-hall, where he always chose
to lodge when on a campaign. There he received his reports.
On entering the court he perceived an ammunition wagon, carefully
guarded, bearing the blue coat of arms and the three fleur-de-lis of
France; it had been captured at M. de Condé's lodgings. Thinking it
of importance, it had been brought to the town-hall, where, as we
have said, the general was to lodge.
"Very good," said Pichegru, "I will have the wagon opened in the
presence of the staff."
He dismounted, went upstairs, and took up his quarters in the
council-chamber, where the officers who had taken part in the
engagement arrived one after the other.
The first to come was Captain Gaume. Desiring to take part in the
engagement, he had joined the square formed by General Michaud's
command, and after three charges, as boldly executed as they were
useless, he had seen the Prince de Condé retreat, by a wide circle, in
the direction of Haguenau, leaving about two hundred of his men
upon the field of battle.
General Michaud was providing lodgings for his soldiers, and had
given orders for rations of bread to be cooked and sent to the
neighboring villages from Dawendorff.
Then came Chaumette. In pursuance of the general's orders, he had
taken his twenty-five men and entered the village at the other end,
sounding the charge as boldly as if he had been at the head of six
hundred men. The ruse had succeeded; the Prussians and the small
body of royalists who were defending the town, believing themselves
attacked in front and in the rear at the same time, had fled over the
roofs of the houses, as Charles had pointed out to the general.
The next to arrive was Abatucci. He had received a sword-cut in his
cheek, and his shoulder, moreover, had been dislocated. The general
had noted the splendid courage with which he had charged at the
head of his chasseurs; but when they reached the Prussians, the
encounter had become a hand-to-hand fight and the individuals had
been lost sight of.
Abatucci's horse had been struck by a bullet in the head and had
fallen. While endeavoring to extricate himself, Abatucci had been
struck by a sabre and had his shoulder dislocated. For a moment he
thought himself lost; but a detachment of chasseurs had saved him.
Nevertheless, on foot, in the midst of this terrible disorder, he had
been in the greatest danger, until the chasseur Falou, the one the
general had questioned the previous evening about Eisemberg, had
brought him a horse which he had taken from an officer whom he
had killed. At such times there is little time for words; Abatucci had
grasped the reins with one hand, while with the other he had offered
his purse to the chasseur. The latter refused the officer's gift, and as
he was carried away by the rush of the combat, Abatucci called after
him: "We shall meet again!"
Consequently when he entered the town-hall, Abatucci instituted a
search for the chasseur. The young aide-de-camp's force had killed
about two hundred men and captured one flag, while they
themselves had lost only about eight or ten men.
Macdonald waited until Abatucci had finished his report before
beginning his. At the head of the battalion of the Indre he had borne
the brunt of the battle, receiving at first the fire from the
intrenchments, and then entering the town. We know how he had
been received there. Each house had vomited flames like a volcano;
but in spite of the rain of bullets, which had greatly reduced his
forces, he had continued to advance, until, turning into the principal
street of the town, he had been confronted with two cannon, which
had poured forth grape-shot at a distance of only five hundred feet.
It was then that the battalion of the Indre had had to beat a retreat,
and had fallen back without leaving the town.
True to his promise, Macdonald, after giving his men time to
breathe, had re-entered the town, and, animated by the trumpets
sounding at the other end of the village, his force reached the great
square, intending to capture the two cannon. But the chasseurs had
already taken possession of them.
From that moment the village of Dawendorff was won. Besides the
two cannon, a military wagon, or caisson, as we have said, bearing
the fleur-de-lis of France, had fallen into the hands of the victorious
army.
The general, thinking that it might contain money belonging to the
Prince de Condé, had given orders to have it opened in the presence
of his staff.
Lieber arrived last. Followed by Abatucci's chasseurs, he had
pursued the enemy for more than three miles, and had taken three
hundred prisoners.
The day had been fortunate; they had slain about a thousand of the
enemy, and upward of six hundred had been taken prisoner.
Larrey set Abatucci's dislocated shoulder.
The members of the staff being all present, they went down into the
court and a locksmith was sent for. There was one near at hand, and
he came shortly, bringing his instruments. In a moment the cover
was raised; they found one of the compartments filled with long rolls
like cartridges. They broke one and found that it contained gold.
Each roll contained one hundred guineas—two thousand five
hundred francs, stamped with the effigy of King George. There were
three hundred and ten rolls, making in all seven hundred and
seventy-five thousand francs.
"Faith!" said Pichegru, "this is wonderfully fortunate; we will use it to
pay the soldiers. Are you there, Estève?"
Estève was the paymaster of the Army of the Rhine.
"Have you ascertained how much is due the men?"
"About five hundred thousand francs. I will show you my accounts."
"Take five hundred thousand francs at once, citizen Estève," said
Pichegru, laughing, "and pay the men. You will use the ground floor
for your office. I will take the next story."
The five hundred thousand francs were counted out to citizen
Estève.
"Now," continued Pichegru, "there are twenty-five thousand francs
to be divided among the battalion of the Indre, which has suffered
the most."
"That is about thirty-nine francs for each man," said citizen Estève.
"You will keep fifty thousand francs for the need of the army."
"And the remaining two hundred thousand francs?"
"Abatucci shall carry them to the Convention, with the flag we have
captured; it is well to show the world that Republicans do not fight
for money. Let us go upstairs, citizens," continued Pichegru, "and
leave citizen Estève to his work."
 CHAPTER XXIV
CITIZEN FENOUILLOT, COMMERCIAL
TRAVELLER FOR CHAMPAGNE
Pichegru's valet de chambre, who had the good sense not to change
his title for that of an official, and his name of Leblanc for that of
Lerouge, had, in the meantime, set the table for breakfast, and
covered it with the provisions which he had brought with him—a
necessary precaution when, as now, they passed from the battlefield
to the breakfast table.
Our young men, wearied, hungry, some of them even wounded,
were not insensible to the prospect of breakfast, of which they felt
the greatest need. But the cheers of satisfaction redoubled when
they saw among a number of bottles, whose simplicity denoted their
democratic origin, six others with silver collars, showing that they
belonged to the best houses of Champagne.
Pichegru himself noticed it, and, turning to his valet, said with
military freedom: "Ah, Leblanc, is it my birthday or yours? Or is it
simply to celebrate our victory of to-day that we find such wine upon
my table? Do you know that I should get my throat cut for this if it
were reported to the Committee of Public Safety?"
"Citizen general," replied the valet, "those are not the reasons,
although, for that matter, your victory deserves to be celebrated;
and on a day when you have taken seven hundred and fifty
thousand francs you may well drink twenty francs' worth of
champagne without wronging the government. No, general, do not
let your conscience trouble you; the champagne which you will drink
to-day will cost neither you nor the government a penny."
"I hope, rascal," said Pichegru, laughing, "that it has not been stolen
from some wine merchant, or pillaged from some cellar?"
"No, general, it was a patriotic gift."
"A patriotic gift?"
"Yes, from citizen Fenouillot."
"Who is citizen Fenouillot? Is that the lawyer at Besançon; for there
is such a lawyer at Besançon, is there not, Charles?"
"Yes," replied the boy, "he is one of my father's best friends."
"He has nothing to do with lawyers, or with Besançon either for that
matter," said Leblanc, who was permitted to speak freely with the
general; "he is citizen Fenouillot, commercial traveller for the house
of Fraissinet of Châlons, who, in gratitude for the service you have
done him in delivering him out of the hands of the enemy, has sent
you these six bottles of wine, so that you may drink them to your
own health and to that of the Republic."
"Then your citizen Fenouillot was here with the enemy?"
"Certainly, since he was a prisoner, he and his samples."
"Do you hear, general?" asked Abatucci.
"Perhaps he might be able to give us some useful information,"
suggested Doumerc.
"Where does your citizen live?" asked Pichegru.
"Here, in the hotel to the left of the town-hall."
"Put on an extra plate—there, just opposite mine—and then go tell
citizen Fenouillot that I request the pleasure of his company at
breakfast with us. Gentlemen, take your customary places while we
are waiting."
The officers seated themselves as usual, and Pichegru put Charles at
his left.
Leblanc put on the extra plate and then went out.
Five minutes later he returned. He had found citizen Fenouillot just
about to sit down to breakfast, but he had eagerly accepted the
general's invitation. Consequently, he was following the messenger
who had been sent for him; and, in fact, a moment after Leblanc
had returned, some one knocked at the door, giving the Masonic
raps.
Leblanc hastened to open it.
A man about thirty-five years of age stood upon the threshold,
attired in the civilian's dress of that period—a pointed, broad-
brimmed hat, a loose cravat, and a waistcoat with large lapels. He
had on a brown coat with long skirts, tight, light-colored trousers
and top boots; his complexion was fair and his hair curled naturally;
he had brown eyebrows and whiskers, the latter half-hidden in his
cravat. His eyes were bold, his nose was large and his lips were thin.
As he entered the dining-room, Fenouillot hesitated slightly.
"Come in, citizen Fenouillot," said Pichegru, who had seen the
hesitation, slight as it was.
"Upon my word," said the latter easily, "the thing was of so little
consequence that I hesitated to believe that your kind invitation was
intended for me."
"What of little consequence? Do you know that, with my allowance
of five hundred francs a day, I should have to go three days without
eating in order to afford fare like this? So sit down opposite me,
citizen. Take your place!"
The two officers who were appointed to sit beside him moved their
chairs and pointed to his. Citizen Fenouillot sat down, and the
general cast a rapid glance at his snow-white linen and his carefully
kept hands.
"And you were a prisoner when we entered Dawendorff?"
"About that, general. I did not know the road to Haguenau was
invested until I was stopped by some Prussians, who were preparing
to drink my samples when, happily, an officer arrived who took me
to the commander-in-chief. I thought I had nothing more to fear
than the loss of my samples, and was already consoling myself with
that notion when the word 'spy' fell upon my ears. At that, as you
can readily understand, I began to think, and then I asked to be
taken to the commander of the royalists."
"The Prince de Condé?"
"I would have asked for the devil himself, as you can well imagine!
They took me to the Prince, who examined my papers, and as I
answered all his questions frankly, and he saw, after tasting my
wine, that it was not of a kind that a dishonest man would carry, he
told his allies, the Prussians, that I was a Frenchman, and that he
would detain me as his prisoner."
"And was your detention hard?" asked Abatucci, while Pichegru
regarded his guest with a scrutiny that showed he was rather
inclined to share the Prussian general's opinion.
"Not at all," replied citizen Fenouillot; "the Prince and his son liked
my wine, and they treated me with a consideration almost equal to
that which you have shown me, although I must confess that when
the news of the capitulation of Toulon arrived, yesterday, and I, as a
good Frenchman, could not conceal my delight, the Prince, with
whom I was talking at the time, dismissed me in a very bad humor."
"Ah, ha!" exclaimed Pichegru; "then Toulon has really been
recaptured from the English?"
"Yes, general."
"What day was Toulon taken?"
"The 19th."
"And to-day is the 21st. Impossible! The devil! the Prince de Condé
has not the telegraph at his disposal."
"No," replied the other; "but he has the pigeon-post, and carrier-
pigeons travel forty-eight miles an hour. In short, the news came to
Strasbourg, where pigeons abound, and I myself saw the little note
in the Prince's hands. The note was small, having been fastened
under the bird's wing, but the writing was fine, and therefore it
contained several details."
"And do you know what they were?"
"The city capitulated on the 19th. That same day part of the
besieging army entered, and, in the evening, by order of the
commissioner of the Convention, two hundred and thirteen persons
were shot."
"Is that all? Did it not mention a certain Buonaparte?"
"Yes, indeed; it said that the capture of the city was due to him."
"He is certainly my cousin," said Abatucci, laughing.
"And my pupil," added Pichegru. "Faith, so much the better! The
Republic needs men of genius to offset such wretches as Fouché."
"Fouché?"
"Was it not Fouché who followed the French army to Lyons, and on
the first day he was in power ordered two hundred and thirteen men
shot?"
"Ah, yes; but that was at Lyons. At Toulon it is citizen Barras."
"And who is citizen Barras?"
"Only a deputy from the Var, who has served in India, and learned
there to imitate the habits of the Nabobs. At the Convention he sits
with the Mountain. At all events; it looks as if they were going to
shoot all the population, and raze the town."
"Let them destroy and shoot! The sooner they do it, the quicker they
will get through," said Pichegru. "Faith! I prefer our former good God
to the modern Supreme Being who permits such horrors."
"And what do they say of my cousin Buonaparte?"
"They say that he is a young artillery officer," continued citizen
Fenouillot, "and a friend of young Robespierre."
"Come, general," said Abatucci, "if he is on such good terms with the
Jacobins as that, he will make his way and protect us in the
bargain."
"Speaking of protection," said citizen Fenouillot, "is what the Duc de
Bourbon told me when he was eulogizing you true?"
"Very kind of the Duc de Bourbon," said Pichegru, laughing. "What
did he tell you?"
"That it was his father, the Prince de Condé, to whom you owed your
first promotion."
"Yes," replied Pichegru.
"How was that?" asked three or four voices.
"I was serving as a common soldier in the royal artillery, when one
day the Prince de Condé, who was present at the battery exercises
at Besançon, came over to the gun which he considered the best
managed; but while the gunner was sponging the piece it went off
and shot away his arm. The prince attributed this accident to me,
accusing me of not having properly closed the orifice with my
thumb. I let him talk, and my only reply was to show him my
bleeding hand. My thumb was turned back, and almost torn from the
hand. Here," he continued, holding out his hand; "here is the scar.
The prince forthwith promoted me to the rank of sergeant."
Little Charles, who was near the general, took his hand as if he
wanted to examine it, and with a sudden movement stooped and
kissed it.
"Why, what are you doing?" asked Pichegru, pulling his hand away
quickly.
"I? Nothing," said Charles. "I admire you."
 CHAPTER XXV
CHASSEUR FALOU AND CORPORAL FARAUD
Just then the door opened, and the chasseur Falou appeared, led by
two of his comrades.
"Your pardon, captain," said one of the soldiers to Abatucci; "but you
said you wanted to see him, did you not?"
"Of course I want to see him."
"There, is it true?" asked the soldier.
"It must be so, as the captain says it is."
"Just imagine, he did not want to come; we had to drag him here by
main force."
"Why didn't you want to come?" asked Abatucci.
"Oh! I thought it was just to say silly things to me."
"What do you mean?"
"See here, general; I will make you the judge."
"I am listening to you, Falou."
"Why, you know my name!" Then, turning to his comrades, he cried,
"Say, the general knows my name."
"I have said that I am listening to you; what is it you wish to say?"
asked the general.
"Well, general, this is how it happened; we were charging, weren't
we?'
"Yes."
"My horse shied to avoid stepping on a wounded man—you know
those animals are so intelligent."
"Yes, I know."
"And mine especially. I found myself face to face with one of those
emigrated nobles. Ah! he was a fine young fellow, not more than
twenty-two at the most. When he aimed a blow at my head I had to
defend myself—"
"Certainly."
"And to return the blow; there was no other way, was there?"
"No, of course not."
"One doesn't need to be a provost to know that! He fell. He had
swallowed more than six inches of steel."
"That was certainly more than he needed."
"Yes, general," said Falou, laughing at the joke he had in mind to
say, "but one can't always stop to measure."
"I was not blaming you, Falou."
"Well, then, he fell, and there was a magnificent horse without a
rider. I took him by the bridle, and just then I saw the captain, who
had no horse at all, and so I said to myself: 'This horse belongs to
the captain.' I put spurs to him, and he struggled like the devil in
holy water in the midst of five or six aristocrats. I killed one and
wounded another. 'Come, captain!' I called out to him, 'put your foot
in the stirrup.' When his foot was in the stirrup it did not take him
long to mount, and that's all there is to it."
"No, that is not all; for you cannot make me a present of a horse."
"Why can't I make you a present of a horse? Are you too proud to
take it from me?"
"No; and to prove it, my brave fellow, will you do me the honor to
put your hand there."
"The honor will be mine, captain," said Falou, advancing toward
Abatucci.
The officer and the soldier clasped hands.
"Now I am paid, and I even owe you something; but no money,
captain," said Falou.
"Very well; you have exposed your life for me, and—"
"Exposed my life for you?" cried Falou. "I defended it, that was all.
Would you like to see how the aristocrat went? Here!"
Falou drew out his sword and showed the blade, of which an inch
and a half was broken off.
"You can see that my hand was not weak; but we are well cared for,
captain, and I shall get another sword. But sell you a horse—I,
Falou? Never! Never!"
And Falou had already reached the door, when the general spoke to
him.
"Come here, my brave fellow."
Falou turned around, trembling with emotion, and saluted.
"You are a Franc-Comtois?"
"A little, general."
"From what part?"
"Boussière."
"Are your parents still living?"
"I have an old mother. Can I call that parents?"
"Yes. And what does your old mother do?"
"Oh! poor dear woman, she knits my socks and spins my shirts."
"And how does she support herself?"
"With what I send her. But as the Republic is in debt, and my pay is
five months in arrears, she cannot be getting along very well. But,
thanks to the Prince de Condé's treasure wagon, we shall be paid
up. Noble prince, how my mother will bless him!"
"What, your mother will bless an enemy of France?"
"How will she know the difference? The good God will know that she
is in her dotage."
"Then you are going to send her your pay?"
"Oh! I shall keep a bit for a drop of wine."
"Keep it all."
"And the old woman?"
"I will take care of her."
"General," said Falou, shaking his head, "I don't understand."
"Let me see your sword."
Falou unbuckled his sword and handed it to the general.
"Oh!" said Falou, "it's in a sorry condition."
"In other words," said the general, drawing his from its scabbard, "it
is not fit for use. Take mine." And Pichegru, unbuckling his own
sword, gave it to him.
"But, general, what shall I do with your sword?"
"You will defend yourself, and return blow for blow."
"I should never dare to use it."
"Then you will let it be taken from you."
"I! I will defend it with my life." Then, putting the hilt of the sword
to his lips, he kissed it.
"That will do. When the sword of honor that I have sent for comes,
you can return me this one."
"Oh!" said Falou, "if it is all the same to you, general, I would rather
keep this one."
"Well, then, keep it, animal; and do not put on so many airs."
"Oh! comrades!" cried Falou, darting out of the room, "the general
called me animal, and gave me his sword! Long live the Republic!"
"Very fine," said a voice in the corridor; "but that is no reason for
overturning your friends, particularly when they come as
ambassadors to the general."
"What is the meaning of that?" said Pichegru. "Go see, Charles, and
receive these ambassadors."
Charles, delighted to have an active share in the proceedings, darted
to the door, and returned in a moment, saying: "General, they are
delegates from the regiment of the Indre, who have come in the
name of their comrades, with Corporal Faraud at their head."
"Who is Corporal Faraud?"
"The man of the wolves last night."
"But last night he was a common soldier."
"And now, general, he is a corporal; to be sure his stripes are made
of paper."
"Paper stripes?" said the general, frowning.
"Oh! I don't know," said Charles.
"Admit the citizen delegates of the regiment of the Indre."
Two soldiers entered behind Faraud, who proudly displayed the
paper stripes on his sleeves.
"What does this mean?" asked Pichegru.
"General," replied Faraud, carrying his hand to his cap, "we are
delegates from the regiment of the Indre."
"Ah, yes," said Pichegru, "who have come to thank me for the favor
I have just done them."
"On the contrary, general, we have come to refuse."
"To refuse? and why?" asked Pichegru.
"Confound it, general," said Faraud, with a twist of the neck peculiar
to himself, "they say they fight for the glory of the Republic, for the
preservation of the rights of man, and for nothing else. As for what
they have done, they say it is no more than what their comrades
have done, and they deserve no greater reward than the others.
They have heard that they have only to go to citizen Estève to
receive their back pay. If this incredible news is true, then that is all
they want." And Faraud ended with the same peculiar twist of the
neck by means of which he expressed all his emotions, whether sad
or gay.
"Then they refuse?" asked Pichegru.
"Flatly," replied Faraud.
"And the dead," asked Pichegru; "do they refuse?"
"Who?"
"The dead."
"They have not been consulted, general."
"Then you may say to your comrades that I never take back what I
have once given; the bounty money that I gave to the living will be
distributed among the fathers and mothers, the brothers and sisters,
the sons and daughters of the dead. Have you any objections to
make to that?"
"None, general."
"That is fortunate. And now come here."
"I, general?" asked Faraud with a twist of the neck.
"Yes, you."
"Here I am, general."
"What are those sardines there?" asked Pichegru.
"Those are my corporal's stripes."
"Why paper?"
"Because we had no woollen stuff."
"Who made you a corporal?"
"My captain."
"What is your captain's name?"
"René Savary."
"I know him; he is a lad of nineteen or twenty."
"But who can strike hard just the same, general."
"Why did he make you a corporal?"
"You know well enough," said Faraud, with his customary gesture.
"Why no, I do not."
"You told me to make two prisoners."
"Well?"
"I made them; two Prussians."
"Is that true?"
"You can read it on my stripes"; and he raised his arm so that
Pichegru could read the two lines of writing on them. He read:

Fusileer Faraud, of the Second Battalion of the Indre, has taken

two Prussians prisoner; by reason of which I have appointed
him corporal, subject to the approval of the commander-in-chief.
René Savary.

"I really took three prisoners," said Faraud, coming closer to the
general.
"Where is the third?"
"The third was a fine young man, an aristocrat. You would have had
to shoot him, which would have pained you, or to spare him, which
would have compromised you."
"Well? and so—"
"And so, I let him—I let him go; there!"
"Good," said Pichegru, with tears in his eyes, "I make you a
sergeant."
 CHAPTER XXVI
THE PRINCE'S ENVOY
The chasseur Falou and the corporal Faraud have not, I hope, made
you forget the citizen Fenouillot, commercial traveller for the house
of Fraissinet at Châlons, nor the six bottles of champagne which he
in his gratitude offered to Pichegru.
There was still one of these bottles to empty when the general
returned to his place at table. Citizen Fenouillot opened it, or rather
tried to do so, but in so unskilful a manner that Pichegru smiled and
took the bottle from his hand; then cutting the cords, he opened the
wires with the thumb of his left hand, which had retained all its
strength.
"Come, citizen," said he, "a last glass to the prosperity of the arms
of the Republic."
The commercial traveller raised his glass higher than any of the
others.
"And," he added, "may the general finish gloriously what he has
already gloriously begun."
All the officers joined noisily in the proposed toast.
"And now," said Pichegru, "as I agree with the toast which the
citizen has just proposed, we have not an instant to lose. To-day's
fight is but the prelude to two more serious battles; for we must win
two more in order to regain the lines of Weissembourg, which were
lost by my predecessor. The day after to-morrow we will attack
Froeschwiller; in four days the line, in five we shall be at
Weissembourg, and in six we shall have relieved Landau." Then,
addressing Macdonald, he said: "My dear colonel, you are, as you
know, my right hand. I intrust to you the duty of visiting all the
posts, and of telling each corps which one it is to occupy. You are to
command the left wing, and Abatucci the right; I will be in the
centre. See that the soldiers want for nothing. No superfluities, but
they must have a little more than the necessaries." Then he said to
the other officers: "You all know the regiments under your
command, citizens; you know those on whom you can depend. Call
their officers together and tell them that I am writing to-day to the
Committee of Public Safety that we shall sleep at Froeschwiller the
day after to-morrow. Also that in eight days at the latest we shall be
at Landau; and let them remember one thing, that if that promise is
broken, my head will pay the forfeit."
The officers rose, and, buckling on their swords, they prepared to
leave the room to execute the orders they had received.
"As for you, Charles," continued Pichegru, "go into the room which
has been made ready for us, and see if the mattresses are in their
proper places. You will find on a chair a little package addressed to
you; open it, and, if the contents pleases you, use it at once, for it
belongs to you. If you feel any pain from the concussion you have
received, tell me of it, and not the surgeon."
"Thanks, general," answered Charles; "but I do not need any other
compresses there than the one which stopped the bullet. As for the
bullet itself," continued the boy, taking it from his pocket, "I shall
keep it to give to my father."
"And you can roll it in the certificate that I shall write for you. And
now, my boy, go."
Charles went out. Pichegru glanced at citizen Fenouillot, who was
still sitting in his place, went to the doors that gave access to the
dining-room, bolted them, and then returned to his place opposite
his guest, who had watched his movements with the utmost
astonishment.
"There," said he, "now we are alone, citizen."
"Alone, general?" asked the commercial traveller.
"Let us play above-board."
"I ask nothing better."
"Your name is not Fenouillot, you are not related to the lawyer at
Besançon, you were not the Prince de Condé's prisoner, you are his
agent."
"That is true, general."
"And you remained by his order to make me some proposals from
the royalists at the risk of being shot."
"That is also true."
"But you said to yourself, 'General Pichegru is brave and he will
understand that it requires a certain degree of courage to do what I
am doing; perhaps he will not shoot me, though he may refuse; and
then he will send me back to the prince with his refusal.'"
"That is also true; but I hope that after having heard me—"
"After having heard you there is just one case in which I shall have
you shot; of that I warn you."
"What is that?"
"If you should put a price on my treason."
"Or your devotion."
"We will not discuss the words, but the thing. Are you disposed to
answer all my questions?"
"I am, general."
"I am going to cross-examine you, I warn you."
"Go on."
Pichegru drew his pistols from his belt and laid one on either side of
his plate.
"General," said the pretended clerk, laughing, "I hope those are not
your cards that you are laying on the table."
"Have the goodness to put my pistols on the mantel-shelf, since you
are nearer to it than I am," replied Pichegru, "they are not
comfortable in my belt." And he pushed his pistols within the other's
reach, who carried them to the mantel-shelf and returned to his
seat.
Pichegru bowed slightly and the other did the same.
"Now," said Pichegru, "let us begin."
"I am waiting."
"What is your name?"
"Fauche-Borel."
"Where do you come from?"
"Neuchâtel. Only my name might have been Fenouillot, and I might
have come from Besançon, since I belong to a Franche-Comté family
which did not leave until after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes."
"In that case I should have recognized you for a fellow-countryman
by the accent."
"Excuse me, general, but how did you know that I was not a
commercial traveller for champagne."
"By the way you opened the bottles. Citizen, another time choose
another character."
"What one, for instance?"
"A bookseller."
"You know me, then?"
"I have heard of you."
"In what way?"
"As an uncompromising enemy of the Republic, and the author of
royalist pamphlets. Excuse me if I continue to question you."
"Continue, general; I am at your service."
"How did you become an agent for the Prince de Condé."
"My name first attracted the attention of the Regent[3] in a royalist
pamphlet of M. d'Antragues, entitled 'Memoirs of the Regency of
Louis Stanislas Xavier, son of France, uncle of the King, and Regent
of France.' He noticed it a second time when I induced the
inhabitants of Neuchâtel to sign the Act of Union."
[3] A title which Louis XVIII. bore while Louis XVII. lived.
"And I know that from that time your house became the resort of
the emigrants and the hotbed of the anti-revolutionists."
"The Prince de Condé knew it also and sent a certain Montgaillard to
know if I would join him."
"Do you know that Montgaillard is an intriguer?" asked Pichegru.
"I fear so," replied Fauche-Borel.
"He serves the king under two names—Roques and Pinard."
"You are well informed, general; but M. de Montgaillard and I have
nothing in common except that we both serve the same prince."
"Let us return to him then. You were just saying that he sent M. de
Montgaillard to know if you would join him."
"Yes; he told me that the prince had his headquarters at
Dawendorff, and would receive me with pleasure. I started at once. I
went first to Weissembourg, to throw your spies off the scent by
making them think that I was going to Bavaria. I then went down
toward Haguenau, and from there I reached Dawendorff."
"How many days have you been here?"
"Two."
"And how did the prince broach the subject to you?"
"In the simplest manner possible, the Chevalier de Contyre
presented me to him. 'M. de Fauche-Borel,' he said. The prince rose
and came toward me.—You wish me to repeat his exact words, do
you not, general?"
"Yes."
"'My dear Monsieur Fauche,' he said to me, 'I know you through all
my companions in arms, who have told me over and over of your
hospitality to them. I have therefore wished for some time to see
you, and to offer you a mission that would be as advantageous as it
is honorable. I have recognized for a long time that I cannot depend
on foreigners. The reinstatement of our family upon the throne is
not an end but a pretext; foreigners are foreigners, and will do
everything for their own interests and nothing for the interests of
France. No, it is from within that we must bring about the
restoration; and,' he continued, laying his hand upon my arm, 'I
have chosen you to carry the king's message to General Pichegru.
The Convention, in ordering the union of the armies of the Rhine
and the Moselle, have placed him under Hoche. He will be furious at
this. Profit by this moment to persuade him to serve the cause of the
monarchy, by making him understand that the Republic is nothing
but a chimera.'"
Pichegru listened to all this with the greatest calmness, and when it
was finished, he smiled. Fauche-Borel had expected some kind of
answer, and had purposely introduced this mention of Hoche at the
end; but as we have seen, Pichegru only replied to this part of the
speech by his most benevolent smile.
"Go on," he said.
Fauche-Borel continued:
"It was in vain that I told the prince how unworthy I felt myself of
this honor; and that I had no other ambition than to serve him as an
active and zealous man. He only shook his head and said: 'M.
Fauche, you or no one.' And putting his hand upon my heart, he
added: 'You have there what will make the best sort of diplomat for
this mission.' If I had not been a royalist I would have resisted, and
would in all probability have found excellent reasons for my refusal.
But being a royalist, I was desirous of serving the royal cause in any
way whatsoever, and so I yielded. I have told you how I went to
Weissembourg, from there to Haguenau, and from there to
Dawendorff; I had only to go from there to Auenheim, your
headquarters; but this morning your advance-guard was signalled.
'Pichegru spares us the trouble of going to him,' said the prince. 'It is
a good omen.' Then it was agreed that if you were defeated I was to
go to you, and you know the destiny which the Convention reserves
for its defeated generals. If you were victorious, I was to wait for
you, and with the help of the little scheme of which you already
know, I was to gain access to you. You have conquered, and have
discovered the ruse; I am at your mercy, general, and shall only
offer one excuse for my conduct—my profound conviction that I
acted for the best interests of France, and my intense desire to
spare the shedding of blood. I await with confidence the decision of
your justice."
Fauche-Borel rose, bowed, and seated himself again, as calm, at
least to all appearances, as if he had just proposed a toast at a
patriotic banquet.
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