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ARCHAEOLOGY: AN
INTRODUCTION
Tis fully updated sixth edition of a classic classroom text is essential reading for core courses in
archaeology.
Archaeology: An Introduction explains how the subject emerged from an amateur pursuit in the
eighteenth century into a serious discipline and explores changing trends in interpretation in recent
decades. Te authors convey the excitement of archaeology while helping readers to evaluate new
discoveries by explaining the methods and theories that lie behind them. In addition to drawing
upon examples and case studies from many regions of the world and periods of the past, the book
incorporates the authors’ own feldwork, research and teaching. It continues to include key reference
and further reading sections to help new readers fnd their way through the ever-expanding range
of archaeological publications and online sources, as well as colour illustrations and boxed topic
sections to increase comprehension.
Serving as an accessible and lucid textbook and engaging students with contemporary issues, this
book is designed to support students studying archaeology at an introductory level.

New to the sixth edition:

• Inclusion of the latest survey and imaging techniques, such as the use of drones and eXtended
reality.
• Updated material on developments in dating, DNA analysis, isotopes and population movement,
including consideration of the ethical considerations of these techniques.
• Coverage of new developments in archaeological theory, such as the material turn/ontological
turn, and work on issues of equality, diversity and inclusion.
• A whole new chapter covering archaeology in the present, including new sections on heritage
and public archaeology, as well as an updated consideration of archaeology’s relationship with the
climate crisis.
• A revised glossary with over 200 new additions or updates.

Hannah Cobb is Professor of Archaeology and Pedagogy at the University of Manchester, UK.
Kevin Greene is Visiting Fellow in Archaeology at Newcastle University, UK.
Tom Moore is Professor of Archaeology at Durham University, UK.
ARCHAEOLOGY
An Introduction

Sixth edition

Hannah Cobb, Kevin Greene and Tom Moore

Photograph by Dave Webb as part of the ArchDiggers project. Tis project aims to
highlight some of the ‘faces’ involved in archaeology. Te diggers in this image are Sara
Simões on the lower part of section, and Megan Cameron-Hefer on the upper part.

First published 1983

Revised edition 1990, 1991
Revised edition 1995
Fourth edition 2002
Fifh edition 2010
Sixth edition published 2023

by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Tird Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2002 Kevin Greene

© 2010 Kevin Greene and Tom Moore
© 2024 Kevin Greene, Tom Moore, and Hannah Cobb

Te right of Hannah Cobb, Kevin Greene, and Tom Moore to be identifed as authors
of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafer invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Cobb, Hannah, author. | Moore, Tom (Tomas Hugh), author. | Greene,
Kevin, author.
Title: Archaeology : an introduction / Hannah Cobb, Kevin Greene, Tom Moore.
Description: 6th edtion. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifers: LCCN 2023044594 (print) | LCCN 2023044595 (ebook) | ISBN
9780367485856 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367485825 (paperback) | ISBN
9781003041757 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Archaeology.
Classifcation: LCC CC165 .G694 2023 (print) | LCC CC165 (ebook) | DDC
930.1—dc23/eng/20230921
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023044594
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023044595

ISBN: 978-0-367-48585-6 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-48582-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-04175-7 (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003041757

Typeset in Minion Pro

by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents

List of illustrations ix 1.6.3 Te Aegean Bronze Age:

List of tables xiii Schliemann and Troy 40
Preface xiv 1.6.4 Greece and the Aegean: Evans and
Acknowledgements xviii Knossos 43
Referencing xix 1.6.5 India and Asia 43
Glossary and index xx 1.6.6 Civilisations in the Americas 44
1.7 Achievements of early archaeology 46
1 THE IDEA OF THE PAST 1 1.7.1 Excavation: the investigative
1.1 Te intellectual history of archaeology 1 technique of the future 48
1.1.1 Archaeology and antiquarianism, 1.8 Guide to further reading 51
prehistory and history 5 1.8.1 Te intellectual history of
1.1.2 Te problem of origins and time 6 archaeology 51
1.2 Te emergence of archaeological methods 7 1.8.2 Archaeology and antiquarianism,
1.2.1 A prehistoric concern for prehistory 8 prehistory and history 52
1.2.2 Greece and Rome 8 1.8.3 Te emergence of archaeological
1.2.3 Medieval attitudes to antiquity 10 methods 52
1.2.4 From medieval humanism to the
Renaissance 11 1.1 Te past in the present: developing
1.2.5 Archaeology and the Enlightenment 13 analogies with the Americas 13
1.2.6 Antiquarian feldwork 14 1.2 William Camden (1551–1623) 15
1.2.7 Antiquarianism in the Americas 18 1.3 Discovering the archaeology
1.2.8 Touring, collecting and the origin of of North America: the Mounds of
museums 18 Ohio and Illinois 19
1.2.9 Science and Romanticism 22 1.4 Te great societies: archaeology
1.3 Te recognition and study of artefacts 22 comes of age? 29
1.3.1 Scandinavia and the Tree-Age 1.5 Plundering and collecting: Belzoni
System 23 and Lord Elgin 39
1.3.2 Typology 25 1.6 Pioneer of Southwest Asian
1.4 Recognising human origins 27 archaeology: Gertrude Bell 42
1.4.1 Evidence for human antiquity 27 1.7 V. Gordon Childe: twentieth-
1.4.2 Catastrophists, uniformitarians century archaeology begins to
and the impact of Darwin 32 model the past 47
1.5 From hunting to farming 33
1.5.1 World prehistory 35 2 DISCOVERY AND INVESTIGATION 54
1.6 Te discovery of civilisations 35 2.1 Sites or landscapes? 55
1.6.1 Greece and Rome 36 2.2 Field archaeology 58
1.6.2 Egypt and Mesopotamia 37 2.2.1 Field survey 58
VI CONTENTS

2.2.2 Fieldwalking 59 3.2 Te interpretation of stratifcation 112

2.2.3 Recording and topographic/ 3.2.1 Dating stratifcation 112
earthwork surveying 62 3.3 Planning an excavation 113
2.2.4 Historic landscape and monument 3.3.1 Excavation, ethics and theory 113
inventories 66 3.3.2 Selection of a site 116
2.2.5 Underwater survey 68 3.3.3 Developer-funded archaeology
2.3 Remote sensing 69 and the case study of planning
2.3.1 Airborne prospection 69 policy in England 120
2.3.2 Geophysical and geochemical 3.3.4 Background research 125
surveying 80 3.4 Excavation strategy 127
2.4 Geographical information 3.4.1 Forms of sites 128
systems (GIS) 90 3.4.2 Excavation in special conditions 134
2.5 Landscape archaeology 93 3.4.3 Contexts and features 140
2.6 Conclusions 96 3.4.4 Structures and materials 144
2.7 Guide to further reading 96 3.4.5 Standing buildings 150
2.7.1 Historic Environment Records 97 3.4.6 Reconstruction 152
2.7.2 Underwater survey 97 3.5 Records, archives and publication 154
2.7.3 Remote sensing 97 3.5.1 Recording 154
2.7.4 Airborne prospection 98 3.5.2 Digital recording 159
2.7.5 Geophysical and geochemical 3.5.3 Refexive feldwork 161
surveying 98 3.5.4 Publication and archiving
2.7.6 Geographical information the results 163
systems (GIS) 98 3.6 Guide to further reading 166
3.6.1 Online resources 167
2.1 Sampling in landscape survey 61 3.6.2 Archaeological methods 168
2.2 Cropmark formation 70 3.6.3 Development of excavation
2.3 Historic Landscape Characterisation techniques and archaeologists 168
(HLC) 71
2.4 Airborne topographic survey:
lidar 78
2.5 Geophysical survey techniques 81 3.1 Development of excavation
2.6 Geophysical survey responses 82 techniques: Mortimer and Tessa
2.7 GIS and predictive modelling: Wheeler 102
the location of Roman villas near 3.2 Trowelblazers 104
Veii, Italy 92 3.3 Stratigraphic recording 110
3.4 Responsibilities of excavators:
selection of items from the Chartered
3 EXCAVATION 99 Institute for Archaeologists’ code of
3.1 Te development of excavation conduct (October 2021 revisions) 114
techniques 99 3.5 Changing research priorities: the
3.1.1 Te concept of stratifcation 100 example of Roman Britain 117
3.1.2 General Pitt Rivers 101 3.6 Planning and excavation: key
3.1.3 Developments in the twentieth defnitions from the National
century 103 Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) 123
3.1.4 Mortimer and Tessa Wheeler 103 3.7 Positive features: section of Roman
3.1.5 From keyhole trenches to Ermin Street 140
open-area excavation 107 3.8 Negative features: Iron Age storage pits 142
3.1.6 Te future of excavation 110 3.9 Surfaces: foor levels 143
 CONTENTS VII

4 DATING THE PAST 170 5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE 217

4.1 Background 170 5.1 Te nature of science 218
4.2 Typology and cross-dating 171 5.2 Te environment 219
4.2.1 Sequence dating and seriation 175 5.3 Climate 220
4.3 Historical dating 177 5.4 Te geosphere 223
4.3.1 Applying historical dates to sites 181 5.4.1 Geology 223
4.4 Scientifc dating techniques 182 5.4.2 Soils 224
4.4.1 Geological timescales 182 5.5 Te biosphere 226
4.4.2 Climatostratigraphy 183 5.5.1 Plants 226
4.4.3 Varves 185 5.5.2 Animals 234
4.4.4 Palynostratigraphy 186 5.5.3 Fish 242
4.4.5 Dendrochronology 187 5.5.4 Shells: archaeomalacology 243
4.5 Absolute techniques 191 5.5.5 Insects and other invertebrates 245
4.5.1 Radioactive decay 191 5.6 Humans 245
4.5.2 Radiocarbon dating 191 5.6.1 Burials 247
4.5.3 Presenting and interpreting a 5.6.2 Palaeopathology and evidence from
radiocarbon date 196 human remains 249
4.5.4 Te Bayesian radiocarbon revolution 201 5.6.3 Diet 252
4.5.5 Potassium–argon (40K/40Ar) and 5.6.4 Movement and migration 254
argon–argon dating (40Ar/39Ar) 202 5.6.5 Genetics and DNA 256
4.5.6 Uranium-series dating 203 5.7 Artefacts and raw materials 261
4.5.7 Fission-track dating 204 5.7.1 Methods of examination
4.5.8 Tephrochronology 204 and analysis 262
4.5.9 Luminescence dating 206 5.7.2 Stone 266
4.5.10 Electron spin resonance (ESR) 209 5.7.3 Ceramics 269
4.6 Derivative techniques 210 5.7.4 Metals 271
4.6.1 Protein and amino acid 5.8 Conservation 273
diagenesis dating 210 5.8.1 Ancient objects 273
4.6.2 Obsidian hydration dating 211 5.8.2 Historic buildings and
4.6.3 Archaeomagnetic dating 212 archaeological sites 275
4.7 Te authenticity of artefacts 213 5.9 Statistics 276
4.8 Conclusions 214 5.10 Experimental archaeology 277
4.9 Guide to further reading 216 5.10.1 Artefacts 278
5.10.2 Sites and structures 279
5.11 Conclusion 280
5.12 Guide to further reading 281
4.1 Using seriation: Native American
sites in New York State 178
4.2 Which dating technique? 179
4.3 Alchester: dendrochronology in action 190 5.1 Climate and the human past 221
4.4 Te frst radiocarbon revolution: 5.2 Small but vital: plant and animal
Willard Libby 194 remains recovered by means of
4.5 Vikings, fre and ice: the application fotation 227
of tephrochronology 205 5.3 Domestication of maize in the
4.6 Optical stimulated luminescence: Americas 231
Deaf Adder Gorge, Australia 208 5.4 Charting animal domestication 237
4.7 Dating an archaeological 5.5 Ceramics and food remains: gas
excavation 215 chromatography 241
VIII CONTENTS

7 THE PAST IN THE PRESENT

5.6 Human remains and evidence of
AND THE FUTURE 341
warfare: Towton Moor 249
7.1 Where is archaeology at the
5.7 DNA and disease: the archaeology
beginning of the twenty-frst century? 341
of tuberculosis 250
7.1.1 Too much information? 342
5.8 Movement and migration: Bronze
7.2 Archaeology and the public 345
Age Beaker burials 254
7.2.1 Heritage management:
5.9 Isola Sacra: diet and migration
controlling the present by means
in Ancient Rome 255
of the past? 345
5.10 Roman coins 274
7.2.2 Archaeology and the State 348
5.11 Experimental archaeology 277
7.2.3 Public archaeology 351
6 MAKING SENSE OF THE PAST 282 7.2.4 Heritage management and
6.1 What is archaeological theory? 282 heritage practice: the case of
6.1.1 Social evolution 287 Stonehenge 361
6.1.2 Culture history 290 7.3 Archaeology, museums and antiquities 367
6.2 Towards processual archaeology 294 7.3.1 Museums: from art galleries to
6.2.1 Te New Archaeology 295 experience and activism 367
6.2.2 Ethnoarchaeology and 7.3.2 Te antiquities trade 369
Middle Range Teory 300 7.4 Archaeology and the future 374
6.3 Towards postprocessual archaeology 304 7.4.1 Modelling the future and
6.3.1 Postprocessualism 304 defning the Anthropocene 374
6.3.2 Refexive thinking 306 7.4.2 Archaeology and climate crisis 376
6.3.3 Modernity, modernism and 7.4.3 Heritage futures 378
postmodernism 306 7.5 Conclusion: past, present,
6.4 Interpretive archaeology 314 future and you 381
6.4.1 Agency, structuration and habitus 315 7.6 Guide to further reading 383
6.4.2 Archaeologies of identity 316
6.4.3 Artefacts: biographies, materiality, 7.1 Are all visions of the past equal?
fragmentation and personhood 326 Pseudo-archaeology 344
6.5 Archaeological theory in the new 7.2 Heritage management: state
millennium 328 protection 348
6.5.1 Entanglement 329 7.3 Tourism and heritage: Kenilworth
6.5.2 Actor-network theory Castle 350
and symmetrical archaeology 331 7.4 Community co-production of
6.5.3 Assemblages and new materialism 332 heritage: the ‘ACCORD project’ 359
6.5.4 Perspectivism and posthumanism 335 7.5 Lost treasures of Iraq: war and
6.6 Conclusion: pasts, presents and cultural heritage 372
futures of archaeological theory 337 7.6 Archaeology and ethics: the case of
6.7 Guide to further reading 340 human remains 372
7.7 Heritage futures: Te future of
6.1 Archaeological theory and changing nuclear waste 379
perspectives 286 7.8 A passport to the past: archaeological
6.2 Nationalism and archaeology 292 skills passports and continuous
6.3 Reconstructing past societies: professional development 382
hierarchies, heterarchies and social
complexity 296
6.4 Phenomenology: postprocessualism Glossary 385
and landscape archaeology 307 Bibliography 403
Index 495
List of illustrations

0.1 Timeline and major developments BOX 1.1 Drawing of Indigenous

in the human past xxi American community
fshing by John White 13
BOX 1.2 Engraving of William Camden 15
Chapter 1
BOX 1.3 A Cahokia mound, Illinois 19
1.1 Cover of Dinosaurs vs Humans 7 BOX 1.4 Cartoon of the Society
1.2 Viking runes in Maes How of Antiquaries by George
chambered tomb, Orkney 8 Cruikshank, 1812 29
1.3 Behind the arch of Hadrian, Athens 10 BOX 1.5 Te Acropolis Museum, Athens 39
1.4 Emperor Hadrian 10 BOX 1.6 Gertrude Bell in the feld 42
1.5 Stonehenge drawing in fourteenth- BOX 1.7 V. Gordon Childe 47
century manuscript 14
1.6 William Stukeley at Avebury 16
Chapter 2
1.7 Ole Worm’s collection 20
1.8 Lord Fortrose’s apartment 2.1 Fieldwalking on the ‘Mesolithic
in Naples, 1770 21 Deeside’ project 60
1.9 Stone implements from Britain 2.2 Shovel testing at Shapwick 63
and the New World 23 2.3 Test pitting in Ardnamurchan 63
1.10 C.J. Tomsen in the Oldnordisk 2.4 GPS survey, western Scotland,
Museum, Copenhagen 24 and total station survey, France 64
1.11 Te typology of Bronze Age axes 25 2.5 Hachured plan of Chew Green
1.12 Reginald Southey with human earthworks 66
and ape skeletons and skulls 28 2.6 Oxfordshire HER entry page 67
1.13 Memorial to John Frere 30 2.7 Aerial photograph of Roman
1.14 Jacques Boucher de Perthes 30 forts at Chew Green 72
1.15 Section drawing by Boucher 2.8 Aerial photograph of cropmarks at
de Perthes 30 Standlake, Oxfordshire 73
1.16 Prestwich axe 31 2.9 Aerial photograph of snow site at
1.17 Map of domestication and civilisations 34 Yarnbury Castle, Wiltshire 74
1.18 Engraving of the Parthenon, Athens 37 2.10 Diferent types of UAVs/drones
1.19 Schliemann’s excavations at Troy 41 and their capabilities 75
1.20 View of Monjas, Chichén Itzá, Mexico 45 2.11 Plot of geophysics prospecting results 84
1.21 Plan of Chichén Itzá, Mexico 45 2.12 GPR in action in Sweden 87
1.22 Carving from Copán, Honduras 45 2.13 GPR survey results at Gjellestad
1.23 Excavations at Babylon 49 on the Viksletta Plain in
1.24 Section drawing, Babylon 49 south-eastern Norway 88
1.25 Blaenavon ironworks 50 2.14 Cumbrian landscape at Wasdale Head 94
X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

BOX 2.1 Sampling in landscape survey 61 3.21 Mud bricks in a section at Tepe
BOX 2.2 Cropmark formation 70 Ali Kosh, Iran 150
BOX 2.3 Historic Landscape 3.22 Warehouse excavation, Manchester 152
Characterisation (HLC) 71 3.23 Tree-dimensional images of the temples
BOX 2.4 Airborne topographic of Shahiru and Maran, Hatra, Iraq 153
survey: lidar 78 3.24 Students using VR goggles 154
BOX 2.5 Geophysical survey techniques 81 3.25 Recording on site, Manchester 155
BOX 2.6 Geophysical survey responses 82 3.26 A flled-in context sheet from
BOX 2.7 GIS and predictive Cotswold Archaeology 157
modelling: the location of 3.27 A context sheet from the
Roman villas near Veii, Italy 92 Ardnamurchan Transitions Project 158
3.28 Stages of excavation and publication 164
3.29 Te publications of excavations
Chapter 3
at York, Fishergate 167
3.1 Filming in a trench on Te Great
British Dig 100 BOX 3.1 Box trenches and open
3.2 Section drawings from excavations excavation at the Tofs 102
at Knossos 100 BOX 3.2 Gussie White and the
3.3 Excavation techniques at archaeologists of the ‘Irene
Corbridge, 1909 101 Mound’ project 104
3.4 General Pitt Rivers 103 BOX 3.3 Stratigraphic recording 110
3.5 Pitt Rivers’ excavations at Wor BOX 3.4 Responsibilities of excavators:
Barrow, Dorset 106 selection of items from the
3.6 Drawing of a section at Segontium Chartered Institute for
Roman fort, Caernarvon 107 Archaeologists’ code of conduct
3.7 Test pits being recorded as part (October 2021 revisions) 114
of the ‘100 Minories’ project, London 108 BOX 3.5 Te excavation committee
3.8 Open-area excavation, Virginia 109 at the excavations of
3.9 Excavation of the Temple of South Shields in 1875 117
Mithras, London, in 1954 122 BOX 3.6 Planning and excavation:
3.10 Te London Mithraeum today 122 key defnitions from the
3.11 Finds processing. Sorting Byzantine National Planning Policy
pottery, Turkey 127 Framework (NPPF) 123
3.12 Excavation of a Roman basilica, London 131 BOX 3.7 Positive features: section
3.13 Anglo-Saxon burial excavated of Roman Ermin Street 140
at Westfeld Farm, Ely 133 BOX 3.8 Negative features: Iron
3.14 Organic fnds from Must farm, Age storage pits 142
Cambridgeshire 136 BOX 3.9 Surfaces: foor levels 143
3.15 Iron Age rectangular building
from the Gwent levels, Wales 137
Chapter 4
3.16 Underwater excavation of a
submerged Roman site 139 4.1 Changes in the design of Bronze
3.17 Structures and layers revealed by Age axes 172
excavation at Usk, Wales 141 4.2 A Bronze Age axe mounted on a
3.18 Excavation of a stone structure 145 modern handle 173
3.19 Plan of the Ardnamurchan Viking 4.3 Minoan pottery from Crete and Egypt 174
boat burial 147 4.4 Te spread of infuences from the
3.20 Post holes from Jamestown civilisations of North Africa and
barracks, Virginia 148 Southwest Asia 174
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XI

4.5 Typology of Mesolithic harpoon points 176 5.3 Pollen diagram from Jutland,
4.6 A Mesolithic bone harpoon 176 Denmark 229
4.7 Inscription dating the construction 5.4 Cut marks on animal bone 235
of Hadrian’s wall 180 5.5 Graph of animal species at West Stow 238
4.8 Examples of marine core sediments 184 5.6 Seasonality: Abu Hureyra 239
4.9 Te POLARSTERN geological core 5.7 Section through an oyster shell 243
repository for sediment samples 184 5.8 Insect remains 246
4.10 Climatostratigraphy 185 5.9 Oxygen isotope values for north-
4.11 Volcanic eruptions revealed by western European drinking water 253
acidity in ice cores 186 5.10 Map of human dispersal from Africa
4.12 Example of tree rings 188 based on DNA and fossil evidence 258
4.13 Dating by dendrochronology 189 5.11 Diagram of hominin evolution 259
4.14 Te basis of radiocarbon dating 192 5.12 Artefact life cycle and materials
4.15 Tree-ring calibration curve for science 262
radiocarbon dates 196 5.13 Scanning electron microscope
4.16 Statistical margins of error for photomicrograph of a textile 264
radiocarbon dates 196 5.14 Marble source revealed by analysis 265
4.17 Te efect of calibration curve 5.15 John Dee’s Mirror – polished
‘wiggle’ on radiocarbon dating 198 obsidian 266
4.18 An example of the calibration of a 5.16 Obsidian artefacts 268
radiocarbon date using OXCAL v.4.1 199 5.17 Tin section of fabric from
4.19 Graph of light released during Roman pottery 269
thermoluminescence dating 207 5.18 Metal content of Egyptian copper
4.20 Tattershall castle 209 alloy axes 272
4.21 Section through the hydration 5.19 Conservation of artefacts from the
rim of an obsidian artefact 211 Ardnamurchan Viking boat burial 275
4.22 Movement of magnetic north 212 5.20 Replica of the Amsterdam 280

BOX 4.1 Using seriation: Native BOX 5.1 Climate and the human past 221
American sites in New BOX 5.2 Small but vital: plant and
York State 178 animal remains recovered
BOX 4.2 Which dating technique? 179 by means of fotation 227
BOX 4.3 Alchester: BOX 5.3 Domestication of maize in
dendrochronology in action 190 the Americas 231
BOX 4.4 Te frst radiocarbon BOX 5.4 Charting animal domestication 237
revolution: Willard Libby BOX 5.5 Ceramics and food
in the lab 194 remains: gas chromatography 241
BOX 4.5 Vikings, fre and ice: the BOX 5.6 Human remains and
application of tephrochronology 205 evidence of warfare:
BOX 4.6 Optical stimulated Towton Moor 249
luminescence: Deaf Adder BOX 5.7 DNA and disease: the
Gorge, Australia 208 archaeology of tuberculosis 250
BOX 4.7 Dating an archaeological BOX 5.8 Movement and migration:
excavation 215 Bronze Age Beaker burials 254
BOX 5.9 Isola Sacra: diet and
migration in Ancient Rome 255
Chapter 5
BOX 5.10 Roman coins 274
5.1 Geoarchaeology at Brean Down 225 BOX 5.11 Experimental archaeology –
5.2 Pollen grains 228 example of Bronze Age metallurgy 277
XII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Chapter 6 7.2 Gabe Moshenska’s seven types

of public archaeology 352
6.1 Te European cultural dialectic 284 7.3 Archaeology and education 354
6.2 Te scientifc method: the process 7.4 Raksha Dave undertakes stained
of conducting scientifc inquiry 285 glass painting at the Stained Glass
6.3 System diagram showing Museum, Ely Cathedral, UK 356
Mesopotamian complexity 299 7.5 Police and revellers at Stonehenge,
6.4 A decorated calabash gourd 301 1999 363
6.5 Gothic eagle brooch 302 7.6 Richardson and Pickering’s
6.6 Prehistoric stone tools 303 comic representation of the many
6.7 Convergence of theoretical traditions interpretations of Stonehenge 365
in archaeology 313 7.7 At street scene at open-air museum
6.8 Alerting the public to the presence Archeon in Te Netherlands 368
of the dead within museums 318 7.8 Social justice activism at Weston
6.9 Anne Frank projected onto Cliford’s Park Museum, Shefeld 370
Tower, York 321 7.9 Te St Breock’s Down monolith
6.10 Model of australopithecines 323 and windfarm 377
6.11 Te structures at Çatalhöyük 330
6.12 Two examples of La Candelaria BOX 7.1 Te pyramids at Giza 344
anthropo-zoomorphic ceramic vessels 336 BOX 7.2 Heritage management:
state protection 348
BOX 6.1 Archaeological theory and BOX 7.3 Tourism and heritage:
changing perspectives 286 Kenilworth Castle 350
BOX 6.2 Nationalism and archaeology 292 BOX 7.4 Te ‘ACCORD’ project’s
BOX 6.3 Reconstructing past work at Dumbarton Rock 359
societies: hierarchies, BOX 7.5 American soldiers
heterarchies and social complexity 296 climbing the ziggurat of Ur 372
BOX 6.4 Phenomenology: BOX 7.6 Archaeology and ethics:
postprocessualism and the case of human remains 372
landscape archaeology 307 BOX 7.7 Te Forsmark nuclear
storage plant, Sweden 379
Chapter 7 BOX 7.8 An archaeological skills
passport 382
7.1 Segedunum Roman fort viewing
tower 347
List of tables

1.1 Archaeology and the history of ideas 2

4.1 Summary of factors involved in radiocarbon dating 195
4.2 Radiocarbon estimation from Galgenberg 195
4.3 Calibrated dates from Galgenberg 195
5.1 Sources of proxy data on climates 222
6.1 Infuences upon and implications of Johnson’s statements about postprocessual archaeology 305
6.2 Archaeological projects and interpretations 338
Preface

WHO IS THIS BOOK AIMED AT? in retirement. Just as Tom brought new methods
and theories into the book’s 2010 edition,
Although this is essentially a textbook, it is also Hannah has breathed new life into this one,
aimed at general readers. We have tried to provide especially where up-to-date theory is concerned.
an informative book for just about any interested Tom Moore was still at primary school when
reader from mid-teens upwards whose interest the frst edition of this book was published in 1983.
has been stimulated by visiting archaeological sites Afer working in contract archaeology, he studied
or encountering archaeology in popular culture. It archaeology at Durham University, and then worked
is meant to be readable, rather than exhaustively briefy at Newcastle University before returning
comprehensive, and, while we have attempted to to a lecturing post at Durham. His awareness of
draw upon a wide range of examples from around current archaeological methods and approaches to
the world, the authors have made the most of cultural landscape management has been gained
their own areas of expertise. Since many other from extensive feldwork and excavation projects
introductory books about archaeology have been in Britain and France. Tom’s particular interest in
written by prehistorians, readers may notice a larger the transition from later prehistory to the Roman
number of examples drawn from historical periods period means that he has always had to think
in this book. deeply about the cultural meaning of the sites and
Kevin Greene was always interested in how artefacts he has investigated. He is very interested
archaeology worked as well as in its results. His in concepts such as identity and ethnicity, as well
knowledge and experience of archaeology began as ways in which ideas about ‘Celtic’ and ‘Roman’
during childhood and developed through study Britain and Gaul have been used (and abused) in
for a degree and then a PhD at Cardif University. creating national awareness in England and France
Afer teaching archaeology to adult education in the recent past and present.
students, he developed an introductory Hannah Cobb joins Kevin and Tom as an
undergraduate course at Newcastle University – author for the frst time in this edition. Hannah
not just for archaeology students but also for frst encountered archaeology at the age of seven,
other students taking an archaeology course when a rescue excavation took place near her
as part of a broader degree. Tis continuously house. Te archaeologists very kindly took her
evolving course was the original inspiration seriously when she produced fragments of pottery
for this book, which was designed to place the she had found in her garden at home, and from
information imparted in lectures into a wider that moment she was hooked! Hannah completed
context and to point students towards resources her undergraduate degree in archaeology at
for further independent reading and study. the University of Edinburgh before working in
Kevin is delighted that Hannah has undertaken commercial archaeology and then completing
this revision of Archaeology: An Introduction – her PhD at the University of Manchester. She also
something he would not have been able to do worked for the Higher Education Academy and
 PREFACE XV

Open University before becoming a technician them to follow during independent study. Because
and later a lecturer at the University of Manchester. archaeology touches upon so many diferent
Hannah has directed a number of excavation disciplines and introduces so many concepts that
projects exploring sites ranging from the make us think about our place in the world, we
Mesolithic to the Victorian period. Te longest- believe that it provides outstanding intellectual
running of these, the multiperiod Ardnamurchan rewards for professionals and amateurs alike.
Transitions Project, has enabled Hannah to think
deeply about how to teach archaeological practice
in a refexive and inclusive way, and it shaped her HOW DOES THIS EDITION DIFFER
work as one of the creators of the Archaeological FROM ITS PREDECESSORS?
Skills Passport. Teaching and learning have always
been at the heart of Hannah’s work and, with Archaeology has undergone many changes since
long-term collaborator Karina Croucher, one of the frst edition of this book appeared in 1983,
Hannah’s major research contributions has been and as a result, the book has changed too. Kevin
in the area of archaeological pedagogy. Hannah was the sole author of the frst four editions, and
is also involved in broader teaching and learning he also experimented with web companions to
leadership at the University of Manchester. the book. Te ffh edition (2010) brought Tom
Hannah also loves archaeological theory, and Moore on board and saw the introduction of
she is a passionate advocate of equality, diversity colour illustrations for the frst time. Since 2010, an
and inclusion in archaeology and beyond. She important development has been in the publishing
has worked closely with the Chartered Institute of ebooks as standard practice, which means that a
for Archaeologists, founding and chairing their web companion is no longer needed for this volume.
Equality and Diversity group from 2015 to 2022. Another development is that archaeological
Kevin has learned a lot from Hannah’s new resources are now ofen ‘born’ digital, but although
material about how theoretical approaches to many online sources have a ‘DOI’ (digital object
archaeology, and its cultural context, have evolved identifer), which means that they have a permanent
in new directions since the 2010 edition. web address, some do not. For this reason, we do
Te diferent experiences we bring to this book not provide web links in the text but do provide
mean that we are keenly aware that archaeology, its the names of databases and web resources so that
interpretation and the presentation of its fndings the most up-to-date sources can be found by the
are not simply a matter of neutral academic interest. reader through search engines. Online sources
Heritage and the management of cultural resources are also cited in the bibliography in the Harvard
are important components of the way we live style. Tis edition’s glossary is much larger, with
today and how we relate to our world – whether as many new terms and revised defnitions; students
tourists visiting sites like Stonehenge, professional could beneft from reading through it to familiarise
archaeologists recording sites threatened by themselves with archaeological terminology.
development, military advisors attempting to Te addition of Hannah as a new author to take
minimise the looting of sites and museums during the lead in updating this edition marks a signifcant
wars or as individuals facing the threats of a rapidly generational change, both in age and outlook. As a
warming climate. As university lecturers, Hannah result, there are some notable diferences between
and Tom undertake research and teaching, but the sixth edition and its predecessors. One
the wonderful thing is that these do not happen in diference is organisational; the last decade has
isolation from one another. Our teaching informs seen a proliferation in the number of publications
our research, and our research informs our teaching; in archaeology, including many digital sources.
we hope that this is something that translates into Tese can all be searched for easily using online
the pages of this book. We also see our jobs as search engines. Tis means that the ‘further
lecturers primarily as a way of encouraging students reading’ sections found at the end of each chapter
to learn through placing basic information in a play a diferent role in this edition of the book.
wider context and providing plenty of signposts for Where once it was feasible to point to a few further
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
about 1 m. beyond, Bryces, C. Dalby, Esq. CHIPPING ONGAR, before
across the river Roding, Kelvedon Hall, John Wright, Esq.; Priors,
J.Barnes, Esq. ; Myles's, E. Majoribanks, Esq. ; and Stondon Place,
Mrs. Hollingworth ; at Chipping Ongar, The Rectory, Rev. — Stanfield
; and Bowes, James Barlow, Esq, beyond Chipping Ongar, at Fytield,
Witney Green, Geo. Dorrien, Esq. HATFIELD BROAD OAK, 3 m.
distant, Canfield Hall, J. Barnard, Esq. ; and Fidgeons, John Wilson,
Esq. MEASURED from WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to
DUNMOW, CONTINUED TO THAXTED. HARLOW, li m. beyond,
Durrington House, Mrs. Glyn. HATFIELD BROAD OAK, 1 ra. before,
Ryes, Stanes Chamberlain, Esq.; and at Hatfield Broad Oak,
Barrington Hall, Sir Fitxwilliam Barrington, Bart. s ' DUNMOW.
Through the town, Rev. Charles Powlctt ; between Dunmow and
Great Easton, Newton Hall, Rev. Sir Augustus Brydges Henniker,
Bart. ; Easton Lodge, Lord Viscount Maynard; and Easton Hall, —
Francis, Esq. GREAT EASTON, 3 m. distant, at Broxted, Church Hall,
John White, Esq. THAXTED, 2 m. distant, Horeham Hall, George
Willis, DUNMOW, or Great Dunmow, is pleasantly seated on an
eminence near the river Chelmer, and has a weekly market on
Saturday. The market-cross in the centre of the town was erected in
1578, and repaired in 1761. The chief employment of the poorer
classes is derived from the manufacture of baize and blankets. The
church, dedicated to the Virgin THROUGH EPPING,
HARLOW,andHATFIELD BROAD OAK. 43f 20* m 16* 14 5# From
Whitechapel Church to * Harlow, Essex, p. 319 Eating Bridge, Cross
the JES& Pincey Brook Shearing Street Hatfield Heath Hatfield Broad
Oak 3 m. farther, 1E5 to Bishop's Stortford 4* nu * DUNMOW To
Chelmsford 1 2f m To Colchester, throu^ Braintree and Conner, shall,
32 m. Igg to Bishop's Stortford 9 m. Great Easton Monk Street
THAXTED er- I 23i 26 27i 291 38 40i 421 43} SHEARING STREET, 1
m. beyond, across the Pincey Brook, Down Hall, — Selwyn, Esq. This
is a handsome mansion of modern erection, situated on an
eminence above a stream, and enjoying a fine prospect over the
adjacent country : the grounds are very tastefully laid out, and some
vistas have been formed through an adjoining wood. This place
deserves the particular notice of the admirer of classic ground, as it
was the chosen retirement of Prior, the poet, after many years of
political intrigue. DUNMOW. The Vicarage, Rev. Dr. Richardson ; and
1 in. distant, Mark's Hill, C. Barnard, Esq. GREAT EASTON, 1 m.
before, Bigods, — Goble, Esq. THAXTED, 5 m. distant, Spains Hall,
— Ruggles, Esq. Mary, stands in a bottom, almost a mile from the
main street, where the principal part of the town is supposed to
have formerly stood ; it is a large ancient edifice, with an embattled
tower at the west end, over the entrance into which are various
shields of arms carved in stone. Y
 822 MEASURED from WH1TECH APEL CHURCH LONDON to
CAMBRIDGE, through epping. HINXTON. Charles Raikes, SAWSTON,
near Whittlesford Hall, Ebenezer Hollick, STAPLEFORD, near, at Great
Shelford, J. James, Esq. TRUMPINGTON. Trumpington Hall, Francis
Charles James Pemberton, Esq. 56 10* Oft 8* 41 S 21 From
Whitechapel Church to Great Chesterford, Essex, page 319 Stumps
Cross To Saffron Walden 5 ?n. \ — To Neivmarket 15 m. J *® "Wl to
Hinxton, Church, Camb ridge sh ire Junction of the Road To
Newmarket 14 m. 1g§ to Royston 10 m. Sawston Stapleford
Trumpington ~, C to Royston 9£ w. ®*lto Ware 27| m. *
CAMBRIDGE 45^ 46£ 47f B1J 53 53| 56 STUMPS CROSS, l|m.
distant, in the road to Newmarket, Abington Park, Charles MorU lock,
Esq. SAWSTON. Sawston Hall, Richard Huddleston, Esq. ; and 2 m.
distant, in the road from Cambridge to Linton, Babraham Hall, Henri/
John Adeane, Esq. STAPLEFORD, m. distant, in the road from
Cambridge to Linton, Goginagog Hills, Lord Francis Godolphin
Osborne. MEASURED from WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to
LYNN. BY EPPING, NEWMARKET, and BRANDON. BRANDON.
Brandon Park, Edw. Rliss, Esq. ; and North Court Lodge, Capt.
Kenyon. BRANDON is pleasantly situated on the Little Ouse, which is
navigable from Lynn to Thetford, and is here crossed by a bridge ; it
has a ferry a mile lower down for conveying goods to and from the
Isle of Ely. The town, which gives title of Duke to the family of
Hamilton in Scotland, is wellbuilt, and its church is a good structure;
in the neighbourhood are some extensive rabbit-warrens, that
contribute largely to the supply of the London markets, one of which
alone is said to furnish no less than 40,000 in a year. WEETING ALL
SAINTS, 3 m. distant, Hockwold Hall, Rev. Wm. Newcome.
METHWOLD, 2 m. before, Feltwell Lodge, John Baker, Esq.
WEREHAM, lm. distant, Dereham Abbey, G. S. Rett, Esq. Dereham
Abbey was founded in 1188, and was dedicated to God and the
Virgin Mary ; its site is about a mile to the south of West Dereham
church, arid the old gate-house, or entrance-tower, still standing, is a
lofty square embattled pile of brick, with an octangular tower at
each corner, groined with free-stone. In 1697 Sir Thos. Dereham
erected a wing on each side of this elegant gateway, with a cloister
on the south, which contained many stately apartments fitted up in
the Italian style. SHOULDHAM THORPE, 2 m. distant, Wallington
Hall, Mrs. Ball; and near it, Stow Hall, Sir Thomas Hare, Bart.
SETCHY, lm. before, and 1 m. distant from the road, at Watlington,
Watlington Hall, C. Plestow, Esq. From Lynn 33 30 27 24. 22f 18* 14
12* From Whitechapel Church to * Barton Mills, Suffolk, page 320
Cross the river Lark 1^9 to Mildenhall 1 m. London to MILDENHALL
70| m. To Thetford 10| m. gg" IB to Hobb's Cross °m to * Wangford,
Ch. * BRANDON Cross the Brandon or Little Ouse river, and enter
Norfolk. To Swaffham 14|m. Weeting All Saints, Norf. Methwold,
Windmill Cross the river Stoke * STOKE FERRY Wereham 1^ m.
farther, to Downham Market 3|w. London to* DOWNHAM MARKET
95\ m. Within \ m. of Stradset, To Swaffham 9f m.gF to Downham
Market 4±m. Stradset Shouldham Thorpe Junction of the Road H3i
to Downham Market, 6\m. Cross the river Setchy SETCHY * LYNN,
Cross, p. 313 72i 78i 79£ 84 88i 90 931 94| 97£ 98£ 1021 HOBB'S
CROSS, beyond, Lakenheath Hall, R. Eagle, Esq. BRANDON, 2 m.
distant, on the little Ouse river, Santon Downham, . WEETING ALL
SAINTS. Weeting Hall, J. Angerstein, Esq. METHWOLD, 3 m. distant,
Didlington Hall, Col Wilson. STOKE FERRY, about 3 m. distant,
Oxburgh Hall, Sir Richard Bedingfeld, Bart. This venerable seat is a
peculiarly interesting remnant of ancient domestic architecture; it is
of brick, altogether resembling Queen's college, Cambridge, and was
originally of a square form, surrounding a court or quadrangle, 118
feet long by 92 broad, round which the apart, ments were ranged.
The entrance is by a bridge, over a moat, through an arched
gateway, between two majestic towers 80 feet high, the western
one of which contains a winding brick staircase, beautifully turned
and the other is divided into four stories : over the arched entrance
gateway is a large handsome room, with one window to the north,
and two bow windows to the south ; these windows, and, indeed
the whole exterior of this part of the building, appear to be in their
original state. The floor of the great room is paved with small fine
bricks, and the walls are covered with very curious tapestry that
appears to be of the age of Henry VII., who not improbably occupied
the apartment when he visited Oxburgh, as this is called the King's
room. STRADSET. Stradset Hall, T. P. Bragge, Esq. ; and 3 m. distant.
Barton Bendish Hall, Sir J. Berney, Bart. SHOULDHAM THORPE. 4 m.
distant, Marham Hall, H. Villebois, Esq.
 MEASURED from WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to
WELLS. BY NEWMARKET, BRANDON, SWAFFHAM, and FAKENHAM.
TCKBOROUGH, 2|m.distant Didlington Hall, Col. Wilson. SWAFFHAM,
before, at Beech amwell, J. Motteux, Esq ; and 2 m. distant, at
Cockley Cley, Cley Hall, Theophilus llussel Buckworth, Esq. . CASTLE
ACRE. High House, A. Hammond, Esq. ; and Narford Hall, Andrew
Fountaine, Esq. This residence was built by the late Sir Andrew
Fountaine, who rendered both himself and the place celebrated by
cultivating the friendship of Pope and other literary charac ters of his
day ; it was at that period not only the rendezvous of living genius,
but a repository for works of learning and art The mansion contains
a fine collection of paintings, a good library, some ancient painted
earthenware, bronzes, coins, &c; here is also a large collection of old
china, several pieces of which were painted by Raphael among the
latter are two very large cisterns of fine form and execution,
measuring 3 feet by 18 inches each. Near the above is Narborough
Hall, Sam Tyssen, Esq. ; and at West Acre, the ruins of the Abbey.
RAINHAM HALL, Marqu Townshend. This seat is delightfully situated
by nature, and the grounds were a few years since greatly improved.
The building was erected in 1630, under the superintendence of the
celebrated Inigo Jones, and is rather in the style of a good and
commodious, than magnificent habitation : it contains a few
paintings, among which is the famous one of Belisarius, by Salvator
Rosa, and a very fine portrait of Mary de Medicis, by Rubens. Near
this is the residence of Lord Charles Townshend. WELLS. Holkham
House, T. TV. Coke, Esq. This spacious and magnificent residence,
the plan of which was first devised by the Earl of Leicester and the
Earl of Burlington, assisted by Mr. Kent, from the designs of Palladio
and Inigo Jones, was begun in 1734, and completed in 1760. The
central part, of white brick, is connected to four wings or pavilions,
by rectilinear corridors or galleries, and each of the two fronts,
therefore, exhibits a centre and two wings : in the centre of the
south front, which has an air of lightness and elegance, arising from
the justness of its proportions, is a bold portico, whose entablature
is supported b;' six Corinthian columns ; but the grand or principal
entrance is the north front, which exhibits different though
handsome features. The wings, partaking of similar characteristics,
have, however, been thought to detract from the general
magnificence of the building, by being too much detached to be
consistent with unity, and also by the want of uniformity of style with
the south front. The centre, 345 118^ 35* 3-H 25* 22| 211 16* 13*
llf 11 6| 51 From Whitechapel Church to * BRANDON, Suffolk, page
322 Cross the Little Ouse river to Lynn 24 m. Mundford, Norfolk H3i
to Lynn 20 m. Ickborough Hilborough * SWAFFHAM To East
Dereham 12 m. to Lynn 16 m. Castle Acre, Guide Post to Castle Acre
1 £ m. London to Castle Acre 97 m. Newton About 2 vi. farther, To
Fakenham, by } Litcham, 11m. ) *® to Lynn 14 m. to Rougham If
m., thence to Last Rudham 5\ to., thence, as page 3 1 3, to Wells
12$ ?n. London to * Wells 1 18| m. Weasenham St. Peter * Rainham
Hall, King's Head Toft Trees Road from Litcham To Litcham 7 to. \ m.
farther, To East Dereham 12 m. ^ * FAKENHAM ±$ to Lynn 21f m.
To Foulsham 8£ m. \ ^ To Holt 12 m. 2 farther, to Bumham
Westgate 9|m. Forward to East Barsham Houghton in the Dale *
NEW WAL SINGHAM. To Norwich, by Thiers- } ford, 21\ m, C and by
Snoring, 27 to. j C to Docking 1 1 m. toBurnham Thorjie6^m. , ®* )
thence to Bumham West{_ gate 1^-nu London to Bumham
Westgate 121|m. Y 2 78 83 84 m 93 95 97^ 102 105 106| 107* 108
11 Jf 112| 113* ICKBOROUGH. Lyndford Hall, and West Tofts Hall,
both belonging to Sir R. Sutton, Bart. ; and Buckenham House, W.
Bingham Baring, Esq. HILBOROUGH. Hilborough Hall, Ralph
Caldwell, Esq. ; and 2 m. distant, South Pickenham Hall, Rev. T. V.
Chuic. SWAFFHAM, a large and respectable town, occupies an
elevated situation in a part of the county that is generally allowed to
be particularly salubrious ; the houses are distributed over a
considerable space, having near the centre a large open area, in
which there is a pool of water. The principal public edifice is the
church, a spacious and handsome fabrick, that appears to have been
erected about the time of Henry VI. or Henry VII. ; it has a lofty
well-proportioned tower, surmounted with enriched embrasures, and
purfled pinnacles ; the nave is lighted by 26 cleristory windows, still
exhibiting some remains of the stained glass with which they were
formerly charged ; and its inner roof is ornamented with carved
wood, figures of angels, bosses, &c; it also contains some handsome
monuments,curiouslycarved pews, and a library in which is
preserved a fine missal. A cross was erected on the markethill in
1783 by the late Earl of Orford; and an extensive heath near the
town forms an admirable race-ground, where races are annually held
about the end of September ; coursing matches are also frequent
here, and the grey-hounds are as regularly entered for the purpose,
and placed under the same restrictions as the running horses. The
weekly market on Saturday is well supplied with provisions.
SWAFFHAM, 4 m. distant, Necton Hall, W. Mason, Esq. ; and beyond
Swaffham, Dunham Lodge, C. M. Clarke, Esq. NEWTON, 2| m.
beyond, in the road to Litcham, Lexham Hall, CoL Keppel. NEW
WALS INGHAM. Walsingham Abbey, Henri/ Lee Warner, Esq. The
mansion, a large and commodious structure, occupies the site of an
ancient priory, the principal part of whose remains are included in
the pleasure-grounds belonging to this seat, which were, a few years
since, greatly improved by planting, &c. A rivulet that flows in front
of the house has been widened, so as to give it the appearance of a
lake, and is crossed by a neat bridge : contiguous to this water, and
intermixed in a fine grove of large trees, are the various fragments
of the ruins abovenoticed ; these consist of a portal, or west
entrance gateway, a richly ornamented arch, 60 feet high, that
formed the east end
 324 MEASURED from WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to
WELLS. BY NEWMARKET, BRANDON, SWAFFH AM, and FAKENHAM.
feet long and. 180 deep, includes the principal apartments, and each
wing has also its respective destination ; and while it is admitted
there may be more spacious, uniform, and magnificent mansions
than this, yet human genius could scarcely contrive any thing in
which convenience could be more apparent than it is here ; for by
means of the hall, statue-gallery, and saloon, four general suites of
apartments communicate with the dining-room. The interior is fitted
up in the most splendid and tasteful manner ; (he entrance hall
forms a cube, and has a gallery round, it supported by 24- Ionic
columns; the statue-gallery consists of a central part 70 feet long
and 22 wide, that opens by an handsome arch to two octangular
ends, each 22 feet in diameter, one of which is furnished with books,
the other with statues, &c. ; the saloon, 40 feet long, 28 wide, and
23 high, is appropriated to paintings, and contains many by the most
eminent masters ; but exclusive of these, a vast collection is
distributed over most of the apartments throughout the house. The
ceilings of many of the rooms are of curious gilt, fret, and mosaic
work ; the Venetian windows, ornamented with handsome pillars,
are also profusely gilded; and the marble chimney-pieces are very
handsome. The agate tables, marble side boards, silk furniture, rich
tapestry, beds, &c. are all equally elegant, The prescribed limits of
this work render it impossible to give a good and ample description
of the pleasure-grounds and park, with the various objects which
enyiron 119.i 22^ 20} 18 16 13 j 11 93 Wighton Warham Hall Lime
Kiln * Wells OR, From Whitechapel Church to Newton, Norfolk, p.
323 About 2 m- farther, f to Lynn 1 4 m. I to Wells, by East Rud^<
ham, 19 km. I to Fakenham, by Wea^ senham, 1 1 m. To West
Lexham W East Lexham Litcham Tj East Dereham 8^ m. g^f
Tittleshall, Windmill Pattesley Hill Junction of the Road IB to
Swaffham 1 4| m. % m. farther, To East Dereham 12 m. fg^
Forward to * FAKENHAM * Wells, page 323 and above 115± 116^
97$ 98| 99f 101| 103^ 105f 108^ 109f of the church, supposed to
have been erected in the time of Henry VII.; the refectory, 78 feet
long and 27 broad, and the walls above 26 feet high ; a Saxon arch,
part of the original chapel, which has a zigzag moulding, part of the
old cloisters, a stone bath, and 2 uncovered wells, called the Wishing
Wells. WELLS. At Stiffkey, The Parsonage House, Gen. Loftus. EAST
LEXHAM, beyond, Lexham Hall, Colonel Keppcl. LITCHAM, 1 m.
distant, Kempstone Lodge, Hon. Gen. Fitzroy. and decorate this
museum of taste and seat of hospitality. The grand entrance to the
park and pleasure-grounds, which are of an highly ornamental
character, is by a beautiful triumphal arch, whose effect is
heightened by several clumps of trees surrounding it : crossing the
turnpike-road, a narrow vista through a plantation one mile and a
half long, exhibits an obelisk situated on an eminence ; and at the
bottom of the hill are two small but neat lodges. On ascending the
hill through a fine plantation near the obelisk, several fine vistas
exhibit the south front of the house, Holkham quay, the town of
Wells, Stiffkey hills, Thorpe Lodge, Overy Quay, the triumphal arch,
and the village church : on the north side of the park, a lake,
covering about 20 acres, extends in nearly a rectilinear direction for
3168 feet ; it includes a small island, and has a bold shore finely
clothed with wood. MEASURED from LONDON TO HOLT, BY
NEWMARKET, BRANDON, WATTON, and EAST DEREHAM.
WHITECHAPEL CHURCH CONTINUED TO CLEY. WEST TOFT'S HALL,
Sir Richard Sutton, Bart. ; and farther to the left, Lyndford Hall,
belonging to the same baronet. ' STANFORD. Buckenham House, W.
Bingham Baring, Esq. CLERMONT LODGE, Lord Clermont. WATTON
is a small town, situated near what is called the Filand, or open part
of the county ; it has a good weekly market on Wednesday, and has
become a place of considerable thoroughfare since the making of
the turnpike road through the hundred. The church, from its
appearance, is thought to have been erected as early as the time of
Henry I. ; it stands at a distance from the town, near the site of the
old manorial house, and was undoubtedly so placed, to
accommodate the tenants of the different hamlets belonging to the
manor. From Cley 123 40f 39£ 38 35 From Whitechapel Church to *
BRANDON, Suffolk, page 322 Cross the Little Ouse river, and enter
Norfolk, "gj to Stoke Ferry 9\ m. Turn on right, If m. farther, Forward
to Sivaffham, through Mundford, 12% m. To Lyndford Lodges,
Norfolk, W West Tofts Hall Stanford Clermont Lodge \ m. before
Walton, "f^l to Sivaffham 9^ m. 82^ 83£ 85 88 WATTON, 1| m.
distant, Merton Hall, the seat of Lord Walsingham, formerly
belonged to the ancient family of Greys. The mansion, a fine
antiquated structure, in what is generally called the Gothic or
pointed style, stands in an extensive park, diversified with rich
plantations, and its picturesque beauty has been greatly augmented
by the numerous improvements that the buildings and grounds have
at different times experienced. SHIPDAM. The Parsonage, Rev. Dr
Edridge ; and 1 m. distant, Letton Hall, T. T. Gurdon, Esq. MARKET
STREET, l\ m. beyond, and 14 m. distant, at Ya'xham, The
Parsonage, Rer. Dr. Johnson. EAST DEREHAM, a town of
considerable antiquity, ap 
 325 MEASURED from \VH 1 TECH A PEL CHURCH LONDON
to HOLT, CONTINUED TO CLEY. BY NEWMARKET, BRANDON,
WATTON, and EAST DEREHAM. SHIPDAM, 1 m. distant, Bradenham
Hall, W. Haggard, Esq. EAST DEREHAM, Sg m. distant, Gressenhall
Hall, unoccupied. ELMHAM. Elmham Hall, Hon. G. J. Millcs. The
house stands in a fine park, which is celebrated for its deer and
evergreen oaks ; it is ornamented with a sheet of water, and being
situated upon an eminence, commands some very pleasing views.
GUIST BRIDGE.. Sennowe Lodge, Col. Smith. MELTON PARK, 2 m.
distant, Gunthorpe Hall, Rev. Charles Collyer ; and near it, at
Thursford, Thursford Hall, — Sober, Esq. THORNAGE, | m. before, at
Erinton, IV. J. Brereton, Esq. ; and 2 m. distant from Thornage, at
Letheringsett, the modern elegant house and grounds of W. Hardy,
Esq. HOLT, 2 m. distant, Bayfield Hall, George Nathaniel Best, Esq.
HOLT, a neat market town, pleasantly situated on rising ground, was
formerly much in. convenienced for want of water, which was
necessarily fetched from a considerable distance : it was in a great
measure destroyed by fire in the year 1708, since which period
manygood houses have, however, been erected, and the
sessionshouse is now occasionally used for holding subscription
assemblies. Here is a large freeschool, that was founded in 1556, by
Sir Thos. Gresham, who placed it under the perpetual direction of
the Fishmongers' Company in London. This Sir Thomas Gresham
was bom here in 1507, and connecting himself with his brother Sir
Richard, an eminent merchant, became a distinguished character ;
he served the office of sheriff for the city of London, the same year
his brother filled the mayoralty ; he was in the confidence of Queen
Elizabeth, and obtained the appellation of "merchant-royal;" he
materially assisted the great Ix)rd Burleigh, by borrowing money for
Em service of the state, and by advising him respecting commercial
relations ; and in conjunction with his brother he projected the
erection of the Royal Exchange in London, which was afterwards
completed by his nephew, Sir John Gresham. CLEY. J.H. Thomlinson,
Esq. ; 3 m. distant from Cley, at Langham, T. Rippinghall, Esq. ; and
Langham Cottage. Alexander Copland, Esq. From Cley 32i 26f 24£
22£ 20£ 1717 14£ * WATTON To Thetford 1 2 m. ^ To Hingham 6|
m- > t£^T To Attk'borovgh 10 m. ) Ship dam Market Street Junction
of the Road to Norwich To Norwich 15$ m. f& To Lolly Moor & *
EAST DEREHAM !£$lo Swaffham 12 m. To Norwich 16 m.l To
lieepham 10i m.J^ f m. beyond East Dereham, H$ to Litckam 7f m.
Direction Post H^jl to Fakenham \0\ m. London to * FAKENHAM 112f
m. King's Head To Reepham l\m. f& IgJ to Litcham 7 in. Elmham
Guist Bridge Cross the river Wensom % m. farther, To Foulsham
2£m. ^ London to * FOULSHAM 111 m. to Fakenham 7 m. to New
Walsingham 8%m. Forward to Melton Park, end of \ m. farther, To
Norwich 21 m. ^ to Walsingham 6g m. Thornage * HOLT To Norwich
21£ m. ) ToNorth Wqlsham I6\m. C g^f To Cromer 10 m. 3 C to
Fakenham 12 m. ^jto Wells llf m. C to Blakeney 5$ m. 90} 95i 96
97£ WOh 102^ 106 108J Cley Y 3 113j 116$ 118| 123 pears to have
possessed a nunnery in the time of the Saxons , which was at a
subsequent period converted into an abbey. The church, built in the
collegiate form, is a handsome structure, with a tower in the centre ;
but in the reign of Henry VII., this being considered as not strong
enough to support the heavy bells, a large tower, called the New
Clocker, was erected about 60 feet from the Chancel, on the south
side of the church -yard. There is a fine monument of white marble
in the north transept of the church, to the memory of the poet
Cowper. Here also is a curious and handsome font, that was erected
in 1468 ; it stands upon an octangular pedestal, consisting of 2
flights of steps, the upper of which is ornamented with roses and
quatrefoils : the centre or shaft is enriched with full-length figures of
eight of the apostles, and at the angles under them are the four
evangelists with their respective symbols ; the upper part is also
carved with the crucifixion of Christ, and the seven sacraments. East
Dereham contains many good houses; it has assembly-rooms, a
convenient market-house, and a weekly market on Friday. EAST
DEREHAM, f m. beyond, Quebec House, Wm. Wilson Lee Warner,
Esq. ELMHAM, 1 m. beyond, Yarrow Lodge, Lord J. Townshend.
GUIST BRIDGE, 2 m. beyond, at Wood Norton, The Parsonage, Rev.
M. Skinner; and Wood Norton Hall, Rev. G. Norris. MELTON PARK, or
Melton Constable, Sir Jacob Henry Astlcy, Bart. The mansion, a noble
square edifice, with 4 fronts, was erected about the year 1680, but
has since undergone various alterations, and received some
ornamental additions ; it is, now, however, on the whole, rather
convenient than elegant, notwithstanding the chapel, grand
staircase, and manyof the apartments, ceilings, &c. are highly
finished. The park, four miles in circumference, has lately been much
improved by plantations and other artificial embellishments, and it
exhibits to advantage in various directions, a temple, an aviary, (in
which there is a fine collection of birds,) the church, porters' lodges,
and the tower called Belle Vue ; the latter, containing several
apartments, is elegantly fitted up, and commands an immense
prospect over the surrounding country and the sea. HOLT, f m.
distant, The Grove, W. Withers, Jun. Esq. ; and 1 m. distant, Holt
Lodge, W. Barwick, Esq. CLEY, 1 m. before, and 2 m. distant, Kelling
Hall, Mrs. Girdlestone.
 326 MEASURED from WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to
HOLT. BY NEWMARKET, THETFORD, WATTON, and EAST DEREHAM.
FROGS HALL, 1 m. distant, West Tofts Hall, Sir Richard Sutton, Bart.
; farther to the left, Lyndford Lodge, belonging to the same baronet,
and Buckenham House, W. Bingham Baling, Esq. MERTON HALL,
Lord Walsingham ; and farther to the left, Clermont Lodge, Lord
Clermont. 120 40 37| 35\ 31f 30 28 From Whitechapel Church to *
THETFORD, Norfolk, page 320 To East Hurling 9$m To Attleborough
14 m Croxton Frogs Hall Tottington Merton Hall * WATTON To
Hingham 6f m. \ * To Attleborough 10 m. \ * * HOL T, page 325 80
84| 88} 90 92 120 CROXTON is situated on the side of a hill, and is
remarkable for a plantation near it, which occupies such high land,
and lies in so open a country, that it maybe seen from very distant
parts, and thence receives the appellation of Croxton High Trees. In
the church there is a singularly curious font; the basin, which is very
large, being supported by a shaft, formed or 5 stone pilasters, and
having a hole with a stopple at bottom, for letting out the
consecrated water : it is reckoned to be as old as the time of the
Saxons, from its dimensions being sufficient to admit of dipping the
infants to be baptized ; and immersion being the known practice of
that period. FROGS HALL, 1 m. distant, Wretham Park, Wyrley Birch,
Esq. MERTON HALL, near, Thompson Hall, MEASURED from
WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to CROMER. BY NEWMARKET,
BRANDON, WATTON, and EAST DEREHAM. SWANTON MORLEY,
beyond, at Billingford, Billingford Hall, Wm. Pearce, Esq. SALL HALL,
Sir Richard Paul Jodrell, Bart. ; and 2 m. distant, Wood Dalling Hall,
AYLSHAM, 1 m. beyond, at Blickling, Blickling Park, Dowager Lady
Suffield; and beyond it, Wolterton Park, Earl of Orford. HANWORTH
GREEN. Han worth Park, the seat of J. Mat/hew, Esq. The mansion,
an excellent modern structure, stands in a small but very pleasant
park, which is well wooded, and laid out with considerable taste :
3|m. distant from Hanworth Green, at Great Barningham,
Barningham Hall, J. T. Mott, Esq. ROUTON WINDMILL Felbrigg Park,
Admiral Wind, ham. The house stands at the eastern extremity of a
high tract of land called Felbrigg and Sherringham heaths, and ranks
am6ng the finest situations in the county ; it is partially of the time
of Henry VIII., but has since been considerably enlarged and
improved at different periods ; it is now a convenient, and in some
respects, an elegant structure,as many of the recent alterations and
additions, particularly the fitting up of the hall and library, have been
executed in a style corresponding with the ancient south front. The
library contains a selection of valuable works, and a fine collection of
prints ; here are also a number of paintings by the most eminent
masters. The park contains several old standing woods, to which
many plantations were progressively added by a late proprietor, who
alsc greatly extended his improvements beyond the limits of this
demesne. The parish 128| 28i 24j 214 174 1$ 14| From Whitechapel
Church to * EAST DEREHAM, Norfolk, page 325 Swanton Morley,
Windmill Cross the river Wensom Bawdeswell, Bell t0 Foulsham 3 m.
London to * F0 ULSHAM 1 10| m. To Norwich 13£ m. 2§ w». farther,
to Foulsham 3^ m. REEPHAM Beyond Reepham, To North Walsham
12 m. j to Cley, by Sail and Wood I Dotting, 16% m. Sail Hall C to
Holt, by Hey don and Saxthorpe, 10$ m. Turn short on right, to
Cawston 1E5 to Holt 10% m. To Norwich 11m. 1 m. farther, To
Norwich 10| m. g§F IB to Holt 101 m. 1001 104 107i 111} 1124 114
SWANTON MORLEY, 1 m. distant, Elsing Hall, Mrs. Browne.
BAWDESWELL. Bawdeswell Hall, Mrs. Lloyd. SALL HALL, 2 m.
distant, at Hey don, Hey don Hall, Lord Kensington. CAWSTON.
Heveringland Hall, W. H. Fellowes, Esq. HANWORTH GREEN. Gunton
Hall, the seat of Lord Suffield, is more remarkable for the extensive
plantations of the park in which it is situated, than for the size or
architecture of the mansion, notwithstanding it received the addition
of new offices from the hand of Mr. Wyatt in the year 1785. CROMER
is a small and in. differently built town, principally inhabited by
fishermen, and situated upon a cliff" of considerable height on the
verge of the German ocean, whose encroachments have been so
great here, that more than 20 houses have been destroyed by it
within the memory of man, besides the town of Shipden, mentioned
in Domesday bonk, which has entirely disappeared, except some
masses of wall that may still be seen at very low tides. Though this
place has no harbour, yet, at times, considerable trade is carried on,
and much coal is imported in vessels carrying from 60 to 100 tons ;
but the shipping, having no roadstead, are in great danger during
stormy weather. Cromer bay bears the name of the Devil's Throat ;
the place is famous for the number of excellent crabs and lobsters
caught upon the coast, and the town has attained some celebrity as
a watering-place, owing to the picturesque beauty of the
 327 MEASURED from WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to
CROMER. BY NEWMARKET, BRANDON, WATTON, and EAST
DEREHAM. church stands in the park, and is a pleasing object,
particularly from a station near the house, where the fore-ground is
graced by a fine avenue of oak and beech. The interior of the church
is of a highly interesting character, and here is a large marble slab,
with a fine brass, representing the figure in complete armour, of Sir
Simon de Felbrigg, who lived in the time of Henry VI. CROMER.
Cromer Hall, the residence of Thomas Fowell Burton, Esq., is a
respectable did mansion, situated in an amphitheatre of woods, and
indeed so sequestered and embosomed in trees, that a stranger
would scarcely believe it to be in the vicinity of the ocean : the walks
in the woods near the house are particularly delightful. 3 m. distant,
at Beeston, Beeston Hall, Rev. C. Cromer. . 1^ * AYLSHAM f^Uo Holt
11| m. To Norwich 11% m. To Banningham Bridge f 3% 7ii., thence f
*® to North Walsham 3^m. j London to * NORTH WALSHAM125 m.
Ingworth Mill Hanworth Green Powder Hill To Routon % m. f*3f
Routon Windmill To Northrepps 2 m. (gT * CROMER 118^ 120 123^
125 127 128|] adjacent country, and the grandeur of the sea-view,
which is almost daily enlivened with vessels, and presents a constant
change of moving objects ; and the shore, which is a fine firm sand,
not only renders bathing delightful, but, when the tide retires,
presents a charming level surface for several miles. The church was
erected about the close of the 14th century ; it is a handsome
structure of flint and freestone, with a square tower richly
ornamented with sculpture, that has an embattled top, and rises to
the height of 159 feet ; the entrance at the west end is now in ruins,
as is the chancel, and the porch on the north side ; but the former
still exhibits a beautiful specimen of Gothic architecture. Here is also
a grammar-school, and a weekly market on Saturday. MEASURED
from WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to CROMER. BY NORWICH
and NORTH WALSHAM. NORWICH. Between this place and
Sprowston, Robert Harvey, Esq. ; and Catton Hall, Mrs. ives.
SPROWSTON, 1 m. beyond, John Stracey, Esq. ; and Spixworth Park,
Mrs. Long. HORSTEAD MILL, 1 m. beyond, Horstead Hall, Thomas
Horatio Batcheler, Esq. SCOTTOW COMMON. Scottow Hall, Sir
Thomas Durrani, Bart. ANTINGHAM. Gunton Hall, Lord Suffield. 23±
21 18J 16£ 16 13i m From Whitechapel Church to * NORWICH,
Norfolk, page 320 Sprowston Crostwick, White Horse Cross the
Stone Beck Horstead, Mill Cross the river Bure Coltishall Scottow
Common, Three Horse Shoes At the 10 M. stone, To Worstead 2%
m. Westwick Hall Park To Worstead to Aylsham 6 m. * NORTH
WALSHAM T» Happisburgh 6% To Cromer, by Trunch, Sont/ircpj)s,
and Northrepps, 9%m. "IE3 to Aylsham 6f m. Antingham inch, f
orth- f ' to Norwich, by Felmingham and Spixworth, 15m. Thorpe
Market Routon Direction Post * CROMER Y 4 From I London I 108£
110J 113$ 1154 115* 118 119^ 122| 1253 127fl 129£ SPROWSTON.
Sprowston Hall, Rev. T. Talbot; and Rackheath Hall, Sir Edward
Stracey, Bart. ; 1 m. heyond Sprowston, Beeston St. Andrew Hall,
William Beauchamp, Esq. CROSTWICK. Wroxham Hall, Sygismund
Trafford Southwell, Esq. HORSTEAD. Henry Watts, COLTISHALL.
Coltishall Hall, Rev. Dr. Ward. SCOTTOW COMMON, at Sloley, Rev.
Benjamin Cubitt. WESTWICK HALL, I. Petre, Esq. ; and If m. distant,
at Worstead, Worstead Hall, Sir G"orge Berney Brograve, Bart. ; and
2 m. farther on right, at Honing, Honing Hall, Thomas Cubitt, Esq.
NORTH WALSHAM. Rev. William Tylney Spurden ; and about 3 m.
distant, Witton Park, Hon. Colonel Wodehouse. THORPE MARKET, 1
m. distant, at Southrepps, The Parsonage, Rev. Archdeacon Glover;
2 m. beyond Thorpe Market, and 1 m. distant, at Northrepps, The
Parsonage, Rev. Dr. Hayes.
 328 MEASURED from WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to
CROMER. THROUGH NORWICH. CATTON LODGE, 1 m. before,
Gunton Hall, Lord Suf. field ; at Thorpe, John Harvey, Esq.; and
Catton Hall, Mrs. Ives. SPIXWORTH. Spixworth Park, Mrs. Long ; arid
2 m. beyond, Hainford Hall, William Worth, Esq. MAIDEN BRIDGE.
Stratton Hall, Robert Marsham, Esq. ; and near the 9 m. stone,
William Lubbock, Esq. 130 214 19J m 15* 11 8i 6h Another Road.
From Whitechapel Church to * NORWICH, Norfolk, page 320 Catton
Lodge Spixworth If in. farther, to Aylsham 6f m. To Maiden Bridge W
Skeyton, Black Horse To Worstead 4| m. gf* to Aylsham 3\ m.
Felmingham, King s Head About \ m. farther, IB to Aylsham 4| m. To
North Walsham 2 w.fgT London to* NORTH WALSHAM 124 m.
Antingham * CROMER, page 327 1084 HOj 1124 1144 119 1214
1234 130 SPIXWORTH, 2 m. beyond, Frettenham, Rev. W. Church.
MAIDEN BRIDGE, before, Horstead Hall, Thomas Horatio Batcheler,
Esq. ; and near the 9 m. stone, Scottow Hall, Sir Thos. Durrani, Bart.
NORTH WALSHAM consists of three streets, forming an irregular
triangle, and at the junction of them stands the parish church, the
tower of which fell down in the year 1724 : the chancel contains a
fine monument, with an effigy, &c. to the memory of Sir Wm.
Paston, Knt, who settled 40/. a year on the free-school, and 10/. per
annum on a weekly lecturer. This town suffered very severely by fire
in 1600 ; it has meeting-houses belonging to different sects of
dissenters ; a market-cross that was erected in the reign of Edward
III., and repaired after the fire above mentioned; and a weekly
market on Tuesday. CROMER. Cromer Hall, Thomas Powell Buxton,
Esq. MEASURED from WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to HOLT,
WITH A BRANCH TO CROMER, BY NORWICH and AYLSHAM.
AYLSHAM stands on the southern side of the river Bure, which is
navigable hence to Yarmouth for barges of 13 tons burthen ; it is a
respectable town, and contains a free-school and county bridewell,
besides the church ; this latter building has a square tower
surmounted by a small spire, and is said to have been erected by
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, the court of which duchy was, at
one period, held in this town. A south window of the church exhibits
a painting on glass of the Salutation, finished in the year 1516 ; and
the font has bassorelievos of the four emblems of the Evangelists,
the instruments of the Passion, and the arms of Gaunt, with other
armorial insignia : the church and chancel also contains numerous
old brasses with inscriptions. Market on Tuesday. BLICKLING PARK, 1
m. beyond, Oulton Hall, Rev. S. Pitman ; and farther to the left, at
Heydon, Heydon Hall, Lord Kensington. 22J i9i 18 14} 134 H4 10J 84
From Whitechapel Church to * NORWICH, Norfolk, page 320
Horsham St. Faith's Newton St. Faith's Hevinghain Marsh am *
AYLSHAM To Worstead 7§ m. ~} To North Walsham 6f??i., f thence
to Cromer, p. 327, f 9 m. J London to * CROMER 1351m. to Caivston
4| m. IB to Blickling Church Blickling Park, end of Saxthorpe °§3| to
Cawston 5 m. Eonvard to Walsingham 12|»i, To Edgefield Green *
HOLT 108J 112 113| 117 117| 119J 121 122f 125£ 128 1S1J
HORSHAM ST. FAITH'S, Spixworth Park, Mrs. Long j and 2 m.
beyond, Stratton Hall, Robert Marcham, Esq. BLICKLING PARK,
Dowager Ladv Suffield ; and 1 m. beyond, Wolterton Park, Earl of
Orford. The house was erected about the year 1730, under the
direction of Ripley the architect ; it is an elegant modern structure,
situated in a spacious park that is well ornamented with wood and
water ; and near the house is the tower of a church embosomed in
trees.
 329 MEASURED from WHITECHAPEL CHURCH LONDON to
NORWICH. BY ROMFORD, CHELMSFORD, COLCHESTER, and
IPSWICH. STRATFORD. Stratford House, J. Boulcott, Esq.; and at
Laytonstone, Walwood House, W. Cotton, Esq. ; and Lay Springs, J.
Cooper, Esq. I L F O R D. Ilford Cottage, R. Brassey, Esq. ; Ilford
Place, R. Westley Hall, Esq. ; Cranbrook House, R. W. Hull Dare, Esq.
; and Valentines, the seat of Charles Wclstead, Esq. The house is
ornamented with some fine carving by Gibbons. In the hot-house
there is a remarkable vine, of the Black Hamburgh sort, which was
planted in April J 758, and produces from 300 to 400 weight of fruit
annually : the stem is about 14 inches in circumference, and the
branches extend 200 feet. In the gardens is a tulip-tree more than
4| feet in girth, and about 80 feet high. THE WHALEBONE standing
on the side of the high road was originally 28 feet long ; it is
reported to have belonged to a whale caught in the river Thames,
and was placed in its present situation in memory of Oliver
Cromwell, the whale having been taken the same year in which he
died. ROMFORD. Marsh alls, Rowland Stephenson, Esq. ; £ m.
distant, Priests, Octavius Mashiter, Esq. ; and farther to the left,
Hampden House, J. Elsee, Esq. ; 2 m. distant, at Havering Bower,
Bower House, — Masterman, Esq.; Edw. Robinson, Esq.; Thos.
Whitehurst, Esq. ; and Bedfords, Josrph Quincey, Esq.; farther on
left, Pergo Park, E. R. Howe, Esq. ; and beyond Romford, Gidea Hall,
Alexander Black, Esq. This is a spacious square brick building,
erected about the year 1720, by Sir John Eyles, Bart., who sold it to
Governor Besyon in 1745 ; this gentleman's son, Richard Benyon,
Esq., raised and enlarged the mansion a few years since, and greatly
improved the grounds by plantations, and a fine sheet of water,
which the great road crosses, over a bridge of three elliptical arches,
designed by Mr. Wyatt. HARE STREET, 3 m. beyond, Dagnam Park,
Sir Thos. Ncave, Bart. BROOK STREET, near, Weald Hall, the
residence of Christopher Thomas Tower, Esq. This is a handsome
building, situated in a large park in which there is a prospect house,
formed like an embattled tower, and commanding an extensive and
interesting view, the grounds contain some fine wood, and are
diversified with agreeable gardens. Near this is Rocketts, Oshorne
Marfcham, Esq. ; How Hatch, W. WUlan, Esq. ; and farther to the
left, Ditchleys, Miss Tower. 8 HEN FIELD. Shen field Place, Rev.
Charles Tower. HOUNTNESSING STREET, before, Fitz-Walters,
vulgarly 111 110 108£ 107* 1(H£ 102 101 99^ 98^ 94£ 93 92 90 88
86 84£ 83£ 82} i 82 80| 77j 76 73^ From Whitechapel Church to
Mile End, Middlesex Bow, Church Cross the 4^£3 river Lea, and
enter Essex. * Stratford, Essex a*?* f to Low Lei/ton 2m., thence
®*\to Walthamstow 2 m. Near % m. farther, to Epping 13|; m. To
West Ham \m., thence ~\ to East Hani 2m., thence > to Barking 1
m. j London to BARKING 1\ m. Forward to * Ilford, Bridge Cross the
river Roding Chadwell, White Hart The Whalebone * ROMFORD, M.
H. To Grays Thurrock \2\ m.fg^T Hare Street Brook Street *
BRENTWOOD, Chapel To Tilbury Fort 16§ m. Shenfield To BUlericay
4| m. Q3I Mountnessing Street * Ingatestone Margaretting Street To
Maldon 12± m. £f Stisted Widford Moulsham Cross the ®Q river
Cann * CHELMSFORD In the Middle of the town, C to Chipping
Ongar 10£ m. 1»J/0 EPPinS 17£ m' J to Dunmow 12| m. to Lraintree
11^ m. To Springfield (J^f Boreham Street Hatfieldbury Cross the -
IS^ river Witham * WITHAM 9 10 HI 12i 164 18 19 21 23 2.5 26i
27^ 28^ 29 33; 35 STRATFORD. Grove House, Rev. J. W. Burford ;
1± m. beyond Stratford, Upton House, S. Gurney, Esq. ; and /. H.
Pelley, Esq. ; and at Plashet, Joseph Fry, Esq. ILFORD, 1 m. before,
at East Ham, Woodhouse, R. Wilson, Esq. HARE STREET. Hare Street
Cottage, Mrs. Repton ; and beyond Hare Street, Hare Hall, Benjamin
Severn, Esq. This elegant seat was begun on the site of the old
mansion, in the year 1769, under the direction of Mr. Payne ; it is
constructed of Portland stone, and consists of a centre and 2 wings
connected by colonnades. The interior is fitted up in a handsome
manner; the large drawing-room, 36 feet by 20, extends the whole
length of the house, and commands some diversified and pleasant
prospects; and the small drawing-room is ornamented with a few
good pictures by Angelica Kaufhnan, and other artists. Mr. Payne has
besn justly celebrated for his staircases, and here, as well as at
Wardour Castle and some other buildings, he has displayed much
taste and elegance in that part of the edifice. Near the above is Hare
Lodge, Thos. Jackson, Esq. BROOK STREET. Mascalls, A. Gardner,
Esq. ; Boyles unoccupied ; Ropers, Capt. Hirst, Warley Place, Gen.
Bonham ; and Warley Lodge, Hon. George Winn ; beyond Brook
Street, Kiln House, . BRENTWOOD. Thorndon Hall, Lord Petre.
SHENFIELD, 2 m. distant, Hutton Hall, James Forbes, Esq.
INGATESTONE, before, Ingatestone Hall, Lord Petre. SPRINGFIELD,
beyond, Springfield Lyons, Robert Andrews, Eso. BOREHAM STREET.
Boreham House, Sir John Tyrrell, Bart. The mansion consists of a
centre and two wings, is constructed of white brick, and though not
large has an elegant appearance ; it is pleasantly situated in a good
park, has two fine avenues of trees leading to it, and a handsome
sheet of water in the front. Near it, the residence of R. C. Haselfoot,
Esq. HATFIELDBURY. Crix, S. Shaen, Esq. ; Hatfield Priory, P. L.
Wright, Esq.; and at Hatfield Peverel, Rev. W. Walford. 0 m. distant,
at Wickham Bishop, Wickham Place, J. Wright, Esq. ; and Wickham
Parsonage. Rev. T. Leigh. RIVEN HALL END, 1 m. distant, Braxted
Lodge, the seat of Peter Dn Cane, Esq. This is a handsome mansion,
and the interior is elegantly fitted up ; it forms a conspicuous and
pleasing object when viewed from the high road, and is approached
by a noble avenue of trees : the park is extensive : it commands
some very agreeable prospects over the adjacent country, owing to
its
 350 MEASURED from WHITECH APEL CHURCH LONDON to
NORWICH. BY ROMFORD, CHELMSFORD, COLCHESTER, and
IPSWICH. called the Round House, Joseph Tasker, Esq. j. Thoby
Priory, — Grant, Esq. ; and farther, Smiths Hall, Mrs. Crickett.
INGATESTONE. Mill Green House, — Halcombe, Esq. ; St. Leonards,
W. G.Coesvelt, Esq., through Ingatestone, The Hyde, John Disney,
Esq., and farther to the left, Masonetts, B. B. Hurlock, Esq. MARG
ARETTING STREET. Coptfold Hall, Richard Vachell, Esq. ; and near it,
Writtle Lodge, Ficessimus Knox, Esq. STISTED. Highlands, P. C.
Labouchere, Esq. CHELMSFORD, 2± m. distant, Broomfield Lodge, P.
King, Esq. SPRINGFIELD. Springfield Place, J. 0. Parker, Esq.
HATFIELDBURY, 2 m. distant,Terling Place, Col. Strut t. WITHAM.
The Grove, Mrs. Du Cane ; Witham Place, unoccupied ; Witham
Lodge, W. W. Luard, Esq. ; and Faulkbourn Hall, the seat of J. J. C.
Bullock, Esq. Beyond Witham, at Chipping Hill, The Vicarage, Rev. J.
Newman. RIVEN HALL END, If m. distant, Riven Hall Place, Mrs.
Hamilton. KELVEDON. Felix Hall, the seat of C. C. Western, Esq. ;
and Kelvedon Parsonage, Rev. C. Dalton. LEXDEN. Lexden
Parsonage, Rev. G. Preston; Geo. Round, Esq. ; John De Home, Esq.
; Villa Franca, F. Smythies, Esq. ; and Rev. — Papillon. COLCHESTER,
before, on a hill, a white house, called Coptford Place, belonging to
the Rev. John Dolphin. STRATFORD BRIDGE. Langham Hall, .
HADLEIGH, about 2 m. distant, in the road to Bildeston, Semer
Lodge, James Archer, Esq. STRATFORD, 3 m. distant, Tendering Hall,
Sir Wm, Rowley, Bart. COPDOCR. Hintlesham Hall, The Misses Lloyd;
and 3 m. distant, at Bramford, Bram . ford Hall, R. Franklyn, Esq.
IPSWICH, before, Chauntry, C. S. Collinson, Esq. ; and at Ipswich,
Christ Church, Rev. C. W. Fonnereau, and The Red House, Mileson
Edgar, Esq. IPSWICH, the capital of the county, is desirably placed
on the side of a hill, with a southern aspect, declining to the river
Orwell by an easy descent; The town was formerly surrounded with
a ditch and rampart, and had 4 gates of entrance; it has at different
times received various important privileges, and has sent two
members to parliament since the 25th year of Heniy VI. The streets
are 71* 70 69 63J 62 60} 60 45j 42 38£ 35} To Maldon 5\ m. 1fc9 to
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