Available online at: https://jtos.polban.ac.id/index.

php/jtospolban
Journal of Tourism Sustainability
Volume x Nomor x, xxxx:1-20
DOI: 10.12345/jtos.v1i2.xx

The Impact of Marine Tourism Activity (Case Study:

Mega Ponton Quicksilver Cruise) Nusapenida
Putu Yurika Selly Novia
1
Universitas Udayana
2
Program Studi Magister
Abstract
Pariwisata, Jurusan Magister
Tourism is one of the largest industries and is the service sector with the largest growth rate in the
Kajian Pariwisata
world today. One of the tourist destinations in Bali is Nusa Penida. There are 3 large cruises in Nusa
Penida, each of which has a pontoon and on average bringing 200 tourists per day who usually engage
in marine tourism attractions in Nusa Penida such as diving, surfing, snorkeling, sailing, fishing, flying
fish, para-sailing, kayaking, sea walking, Nusa Penida is currently facing threats not only due to
natural factors but also due to from various human activities that cause changes in ecosystems, damage
to coral reefs and a decrease in the area of coral cover. This research aims to analyze the impact of
marine activities on the Mega Ponton Quicksilver Cruise on the coral reef ecosystem. Data and
information collection techniques were carried out through field observations, in-depth interviews and
literature studies. The analysis technique in this research uses the DPSIR (Driving Forces, Pressure,
State, Impact, Respond) analysis method approach and descriptive studies to describe in detail the
data from questionnaires filled out by tourists who carry out these tourism activities.

Keywords: DPSIR, Marine Tourism, Coral Reef, Ponton.

INTRODUCTION

The tourism sector is a sector that has an important role in the economic
development of a region. Marine-based tourism is currently a type of tourism that
is experiencing rapid growth. This is in line with the increasing demand for
tourists (tourists' demand) to visit tourist areas (tourist destinations) that have
marine potential. Coral reefs are the main ecosystem in shallow waters which are
built by lime-producing biota, especially coral animals as the main constituent
components. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, with a
coastline of more than 81,000 km and more than 17,508 islands. One of the main
destinations for tourists visiting Indonesia is the island of Bali. This is proven by
the highest level of arrival of foreign tourists to Indonesia at Ngurah Rai Airport,
Received 10 November 2024
namely Bali International Airport. Balinese people still maintain Balinese culture
Accepted 23 April 2025
which is imbued with Hinduism, this can be seen from various traditional and
religious ceremonies, places of worship in the form of holy and sacred temples,
as well as various cultural festivals held in Bali. One of the tourist destinations in
Bali is Nusa Penida. Nusa Penida is an island in the southeast of Bali, separated
by the Badung Strait. Nusa Penida waters are a marine protected area in
Klungkung Regency, Bali Province. These waters have white sand and beautiful
coral reefs. The richness and beauty of the sea, as well as its strategic location and easy access, have led to the
development of marine tourism in Nusa Penida (Klungkung Regional Government 2010). Nusa Penida is a
marine conservation area (KKP) because it is a spawning and rearing place for various kinds of marine biota
and has many unique beautiful ecosystems such as coral reef ecosystems. The Nusa Penida coral reef
conservation area has seven areas, namely areas for education and research, sustainable fisheries, marine
tourism, special marine tourism, seaweed cultivation, and ports (BPS, 2012). Through Klungkung Regency
Regent Regulation (Perbub) No. 12 of 2010 Nusa Penida is one of the marine conservation areas in Indonesia,
with the status of the area being an Aquatic Tourism Park. (Depik, 2013:104-113).

The tourist area in Nusa Penida which is visited by many tourists is Toyapakeh Village. One of the places
that has natural beauty which is very well maintained by the local community. The tourism that makes this
place visited by many tourists is marine-based tourism. There are 3 large cruises in Nusa Penida, each of which
has a pontoon and on average carries 200 tourists per day who usually do marine tourism attractions in Nusa
Penida such as diving, surfing, snorkeling, sailing, fishing, flying fish, para-sailing, kayaking, sea walkers. The
peak number of visitors to Nusa Penida is August to September, while the quietest months are January to
February. (Jubaedah, et al 2019). Quicksilver, a modern two-story pontoon floating on the clear water of
Toyapakeh Village Bay, where there is a beautiful marine garden below and an abundance of various tropical
reef fish. The size of this mega pontoon is 78m x 21m, with a capacity of 260 people on the first floor and 756
people on the second floor.

The development of tourism in Nusa Penida itself has been quite rapid over the last few years. Nusa Penida
Island is known by many tourists and the more famous it is, the more tourists will visit, starting from the
adequate facilities and infrastructure for local and foreign tourists, although in this aspect it is not yet evenly
distributed in various regions. The underwater ecosystem in the Nusa Penida area is currently facing threats
not only due to natural factors but also due to various human activities which cause changes to the ecosystem,
damage to coral reefs and a decrease in the area of coral cover. The use of conservation areas as marine tourism
needs to pay attention to the impact on the sustainability of conservation areas. (Jubaedah, et al 2019).
Therefore, this research needs to be carried out to examine the impact of marine tourism on coral reef
ecosystems that are productive and have high diversity as well as being a place to earn a living for local
residents. The results of this study are a reference material in compiling, designing and adopting policies in
managing marine conservation areas as sustainable marine tourism areas. Based on the background that has
been found, the problem formulation can be formulated as follows.

1. What is the current condition of the coral reef ecosystem in the waters of Toyapakeh Village?
2. How is the development of marine tourism activities carried out by tourists on the quicksilver cruise
(mega pontoon) in the waters of Toyapakeh Village?
3. What is the impact of marine tourism activities carried out by tourists on the quicksilver cruise (mega
pontoon) in the waters of Toyapakeh Village?

LITERATURE REVIEW
Ecological – Social Systems Theory (Berkes & Folke 1998)
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2004) defines a Social Ecological System (SES) as an ecological
system that is closely related to and influenced by one or more social systems. An ecological system can be
loosely defined as an interdependent system of organisms or biological units. “Social” means “the tendency to
form cooperative and interdependent relationships with other people of one kind.” In general, social systems
can be considered as interdependent systems of organisms. Thus, both social and ecological systems contain
interdependent interacting units and each may contain interactive subsystems as well. The term “SES” is used
to refer to a subset of social systems in which some interdependent relationships between humans are mediated
through interaction. with biophysical and non-human biological units (Anderies et al., 2004).
Furthermore, Janssen et al. (2006) define SES as a system with both biophysical and social
components, where individuals consciously invest time and effort in developing forms of physical and
institutional infrastructure. It is embedded in a network of relationships between the smallest and largest
components that influence the way the system functions over time in the face of various external disturbances
and internal problems.
Berkes & Folke (1998) introduced the term social-ecological system (SES) which emphasizes the
concept of integration between humans and nature, where social and ecological systems are interrelated or
interconnected and integrated. Folke et al. (2003) integrate ecological, economic, cultural, socio-political and
institutional dimensions of social – ecological interactions in a coherent model/framework that includes
holism and complexity and argue that this model offers great promise in achieving sustainability. Hunt &
Berkes (2003) conceptualize SES as a network that is bounded and consists of relationships between individual
and system components. SES can be described through component descriptions, network relationships, the
nature of relationships and the existence of boundaries.
Marine Ecotourism Theory (Hall, 2001)
In a broad sense, tourism is a recreational activity outside one's domicile to escape from routine work
or look for another atmosphere (Damanik and Weber, 2006). According to Mathieson and Wall (1982) Tourism
is an activity of temporarily traveling a person to another place from where he lives and works and carrying out
various activities while at the destination and obtaining convenience in providing various necessary needs.
Tourism is a form of utilization of natural resources that relies on natural services for human satisfaction.
Human activities for tourism purposes are also known as tourism (Yulianda, 2007).
According to Dahuri et al. (2004), coastal tourism is recreational activities carried out around the
beach such as: swimming, surfing, sunbathing, rowing, diving, snorkeling, beachcombing/reef walking, walking
or running along the beach, enjoying the beauty of the coastal atmosphere and meditating. Dahuri (2003b)
states that coastal tourism is associated with "3S" (sun, sea and sand), namely a type of tourism that provides
natural beauty and comfort from a combination of sunlight, sea and clean sandy beaches.
Hall (2001) states that the concept of coastal tourism is things related to tourist activities, fun things
and recreational activities carried out in coastal areas and their waters. Meanwhile, Orams (1999) defines
marine tourism as a recreational activity that includes traveling from one place to another and focuses on the
coastal environment.
Beach tourism is part of coastal tourism which uses beaches as tourism objects and attractions
packaged in tour packages. Beach tourism includes all tourist activities that take place in coastal areas such as
enjoying the natural beauty of the beach, beach sports, sun bathing, picnicking, camping and swimming at the
beach. In its development, the types of tourism activities that can be carried out on beaches vary greatly
depending on the potential and direction of tourism development in a particular coastal area.
DPSIR Model Theory (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, Response)
DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, Response) is an approach used to analyze environmental
problems. The DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, Response) method was introduced by the European
Environmental Agency. DPSIR (Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) is a general framework for
collecting information about environmental conditions (Wang et al., 2018). The thinking framework in the
DPSIR process (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, Response) is a model that provides a general context and can
be applied to various regional problems (Hafsaridewi, 2019).
Bowen & Riley in Hafsaridewi (2019) stated that the DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact,
Response) model aims to identify key aspects or parameters in a system and monitor the level of sustainability
of management and contains an integrated approach with a structured framework which involves several
parameters to provide a solution related to an existing problem in terms of causes, impacts and policies. The
analysis method is divided into five parts as follows.
1) Driving Force, defined as a driving or triggering factor that explains issues or problems that occur in
an area. These trigger factors lead to various human activities or activities that put pressure on the
environment.
2) Pressure, is something that is very closely related to issues or problems that occur in an area. In simple
terms, pressure is something that occurs as a result of a problematic issue or in other words, it is a
direct effect that arises from a trigger (driver).
3) State, is an explanation of the conditions currently occurring which will then have an impact on the
environment in its function as an ecosystem, and the socio-economic conditions of society.
4) Impact, in general, is the impact received from the existence of a problem or issue. This impact is used
to explain changes that occur in existing conditions and will ultimately cause a response.
5) Response, is a response that arises from undesirable impacts, referring to the response of society, both
individuals and groups.
The following table will explain more clearly the variables of DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact,
Response) according to experts as follows.
Previous Study
Lis Jubaedah's 2019 research was conducted with the title The Impact of Marine Tourism on the Coral
Reef Ecosystem in Nusa Penida Waters, Bali. The Nusa Penida Water Area has an area of 20,057 ha with a high
level of coastal and marine biodiversity and is a source of livelihood for local communities, especially from
fisheries and marine tourism. Coral reefs are an ecosystem that is quite potential and has a unique natural
beauty that attracts the attention of tourists to visit. But now it faces some quite serious threats. Apart from
natural damage, damage to coral reef ecosystems is also caused by human activities. Data collection was carried
out in November 2017. The research aims to assess the impact of marine tourism on the existence of coral reef
ecosystems: analyzing the extent of coral reef cover, abundance and biomass of fish. The field observation
research method was followed by interviews with respondents through Focus Group Discussions. Other data
collected was obtained through literature study, and from the conservation area Technical Implementation
Unit (UPT), Coastal and Marine Resources Management Center (BPSPL). Marine tourism in the Nusa Penida
Marine Conservation Area has an impact on reducing the area of hard coral cover by 4.0%. Likewise, the relative
percentage of live coral cover decreased by 2.7%. However, the average density of coral fish per hectare
increased from 1253.6 to 2813.7 individuals.ha-1, as well as the average biomass increased from 347.2 kg.ha1
to 468.1 kg.ha-1. The similarity of these studies is that they examine the impact of marine tourism activities,
the difference is the research method used, in this study the mixed method was used, while in the research
above the FGD (Focus Group Discussion) method was used.
Research by Indra Pradana, et al 2023 with the title DPSIR Analysis to Determine the Environmental
Impacts Arising from the Development of the Karingau Industrial Area, Based on the 2015-2035 East
Kalimantan Regional Spatial Plan, the Kariangau Industrial Area (KIK) in Balikpapan City is designated as one
of the province's strategic areas (KSP) based on the economic interest angle which has a direct impact on the
level of economic growth in East Kalimantan Province. The development of the Kariangau Industrial Area as a
Provincial Strategic Area has economic, social and environmental impacts. Economically, the development of
KIK is expected to become the center of economic growth for Balikpapan City and its surroundings as well as
supporting the regional economy. On the other hand, the development of KIK has an impact on the
environment, namely a decrease in mangrove area. The aim of this research is to determine the environmental
impact caused by the development of the Kariangau Industrial Area using the DPSIR analysis method. This
research finds that the DPSIR framework assumes a link between social, economic and environmental
conditions. This connection can be seen from the driving force which explains the issues that occur and then
influence environmental changes in the mangrove ecosystem at the study location. The impacts that arise are
environmental impacts in the form of decreasing environmental quality and reduced fish catches for local
fishermen. The similarity to this research is that it uses the same analysis as DPSIR, the difference is that this
research is to determine the environmental impacts resulting from the development of the Karingau industrial
area, while the research carried out is the impact of marine tourism activities in Toyapakeh Village, Nusa
Penida.
Research by Evy Hendriarianti, et al 2022 with the title Analysis of Driving Force, Pressure, State, and
Responses to Water Quality (Case Study: in Malang Regency), Environmental management of an area requires
environmental information that contains at least information regarding environmental status, maps
environmental hazards and other environmental information. Regional environmental analysis and policy
evaluation are carried out using the DPSIR (Driving Force – Pressure – State – Impact – Response) approach
method. DPSIR is a framework for organizing information and data about environmental conditions. Malang
Regency has a mission to realize environmental quality improvement through environmental quality
information using the DPSIR Analysis approach. This paper discusses the DPSIR analysis of Malang district
water quality based on water quality data and other related data used for the 2019 DPSIR analysis. The results
of the DPSIR analysis show that the quality of well water exceeds the quality standards for the Total Coliform,
Fecal Coli and Nitrate parameters. The status of lightly polluted water bodies is class II. The water quality index
value is 50, the reservoir quality exceeds the quality standards for BOD, COD, TSS parameters. This water
quality condition is triggered by the quality of WWTP effluent which still does not meet quality standards.
Pressure on water quality is caused by the generation of waste water from industry, terminals, airports and
tourism. The impact of water quality conditions is in the form of a decrease in river water quality from a deficit
of dissolved oxygen, cases of disease due to poor sanitation, namely Gastroenteritis. Responses related to water
quality, construction of family latrines, IPAL, improvement of community-based healthy sanitation facilities,
increasing coverage of waste water management services, monitoring the quality of waste water, surface water,
ground water, application of waste water and B3 waste disposal permits, contribution of environmental NGOs
in activities - conservation activities, community development and assistance in environmental conservation
and forest rehabilitation. The similarity in this research is that it uses DPSIR analysis, while the difference is
that research by Evy is to determine the level of water quality, while this research is to determine the impact
of tourism activities on coral reef ecosystems.
METHOD
The method used in this research is a descriptive method, using a rationalistic approach with a case
study research model. The location determined in this research is the Quicksilver Cruise (Mega Ponton) in
Toyapakeh Village, Nusa Penida. The Quicksilver Cruise is located above the waters of Toyapakeh Village, and
is the center of marine tourism activities, these activities directly interact with the coral reef ecosystem in the
area. There are generally two types of data, namely quantitative data and qualitative data. Qualitative data will
be taken from interview data with marine tourism managers Quicksilver Cruise and other stakeholders, namely
the Head of the Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) for conservation areas, and the Quicksilver Cruise
Manager, and quantitative data will be carried out by distributing questionnaires to tourists who carry out
marine tourism activities on the Quicksilver Cruise (Mega Ponton) Nusa Penida.
Data Collection
The data collection technique in this research is.
1. Observation, The observations from this research are by making direct observations in the field to find
out the actual conditions at the Quicksilver Cruise (Mega Ponton) Toyapakeh Village, Nusa Penida.
2. Interview, The interview chosen by the researcher was a semistructured interview, The purpose of this
interview is to find in-depth information related to research, where the resource person is the manager
of the Quicksilver Cruise (Mega Ponton) and the UPT for water conservation in Nusa Penida.
3. Questionnaire, The respondents to the questionnaire in this study were tourists who carried out
marine tourism activities on the Quicksilver Cruise (Mega Ponton) in the waters of Toyapakeh Village,
Nusa Penida. The questionnaire used in this research uses a Likert scale. The Likert scale used in this
research is a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 4.
4. Documentation, According to Sugiyono (2018:476) documentation is a method used to obtain data
and information in the form of books, archives, documents, written numbers and images in the form
of reports and information that can support research. The documentation in this research is
documentation during activities, including observations, interviews and photos of other supporting
activities at the Quicksilver Cruise (Mega Ponton).
5. Literature study, According to Sugiyono (2012) library studies are theoretical studies, references and
other scientific literature related to culture, values and norms that develop in the social situation
being studied. The literature study in this research uses research that has been conducted previously
on the same theme as well as references using similar journals and scientific articles.

Population and Sampling

The data collection technique in this research uses a purposive sampling technique, according to
Sugiyono (2018:138) purposive sampling technique is sampling using certain considerations according to the
desired criteria to determine the number of samples to be studied. In determining the sample, Sugiyono (2019:
143) stated that the appropriate sample size for research is between 30 and 500 people. So in this research the
minimum sample size used is 30 people with a maximum limit of less than 500 people which will be carried out
within 1 month of distributing questionnaires at the Quicksilver Cruise (Mega Ponton) Toyapakeh Village, Nusa
Penida.

Data Analysis
DPSIR Method Analysis
DPSIR is an approach used to analyze environmental problems. The DPSIR method was introduced by
the European Environmental Agency. DPSIR (Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Responds) is a general
framework for collecting information about environmental conditions (Wang et al., 2018). The thinking
framework in the DPSIR process is a model that provides a general context and can be applied to various
regional problems (Hafsaridewi, 2019).
Picture 1. DPSIR Analysis Framework.

Drive Pressure Impact

State
Needs and Production and Environment
Ecosystem
Desires Service Degradation

Responses
Decision Making

The first stage is to identify driving forces, namely the fundamental process factors that encourage
environmental change. These drivers are usually related to human needs, economic developments, technology,
policies or social trends. In the context of marine tourism, the drivers could be increasing the tourism sector in
the Toyapakeh area, increasing the number of tourists, or developing tourist infrastructure such as the
Quicksilver Mega Ponton. Once the drivers are identified, the analysis continues by identifying pressures,
namely specific human activities that exert pressure on the environment. These stresses are usually a direct
result of drive-driven activities and can take the form of pollution, resource degradation, or physical damage.
Pressure from marine tourism activities can be in the form of pollution from tourist boats (mega pontoons),
physical damage to coral reefs due to ship anchors, snorkeling, diving, and waste from tourism facilities. Then
proceed with the state stage or evaluation of a situation, this stage analyzes the condition of the affected
ecosystem, this includes the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the environment that are affected
by pressure. Then the Impacts stage, this stage evaluates the impacts that occur due to changes in
environmental conditions. This impact can be a negative effect on the ecosystem, local economy, or social
welfare. Impacts can also occur on biodiversity, the quality of life of local communities, or tourist attractions.
The final stage is the stage of determining the response. This final stage is the action or policy taken to
overcome or reduce the negative impact of pressure on the environment. This response can take the form of
government policy, conservation programs, public education, or technological intervention.
Descriptive Method Analysis
The method used by the author in conducting this research is descriptive research methods which are
explained through data collection in the field. Descriptive analysis of questionnaires distributed to tourists
using a Likert scale aims to identify answer patterns, analyze perceptions, and summarize the main findings
from respondents related to the issues studied. In the context of research on the impact of marine tourism
activities on coral reef ecosystems, this descriptive analysis will describe tourists' perceptions regarding various
aspects such as environmental impacts, concern for conservation, and tourism experiences.
Statistical analysis of the data used in this research is descriptive statistical analysis. Descriptive
statistics are statistics used to analyze data by describing or illustrating the collected data as it is without
intending to make generally accepted conclusions or generalizations (Sanusi, 2017: 115-116). So descriptive
analysis is a procedure where symptoms and their relationships are defined, classified and categorized. For the
purposes of a descriptive analysis approach that can be used to achieve the goal, namely through statistical
analysis. Descriptive statistical data includes tables, graphs, pie charts, pictograms, mode calculations,
medians, means, percentages and standard deviations. Basically, descriptive statistics in research is the process
of transforming research data in tabulated form so that it can be easily understood and interpreted.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION (PT Serif 9 Bold, Left, UPPERCASE)
-

CONCLUSION (PT Serif 9 Bold, Left, UPPERCASE)

-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (PT Serif 9 Bold, Left, UPPERCASE)
-

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