BASICS OF GRAMMAR Action in a dentence = Verb 4JENSES NOTES Veh Tenses are used to express theltime lofianiactiofloflevent! They are divided into three main categories: - 1, Present Tense > Sucnan WW ing a book rates * 2, Past Tense ~ Sucio, a book 3, Future Tense. , : . : Sutton! a book Each category has 4 sub-categories: Simple, Continuous, Perfect, and Perfect Continuous 1. Present Tense Simple/Present Tense: Describes a fact, habit, or general truth. S+ vss) + O © Example: She reads a book every day. | Present(Continuous Tense: Describes anjaction happening right now or in the near future, ©) 6+ (komo) v+ ip +0 © Example: She is reading a book right now. * Present Perfect Tense: Describes an action that has happened at an_ ‘unspecified time before now. S+ Chos[have) +40 © Example: She has read the book. * PresenfiPerfect Continuous Tense: Describes an action that started in the past s+ (hos[ hove been) + Cyt ing) +O © Example: She has been reading the book for two hours. 2. Past Tense © Simple Past Tense: Describes an action that happened and was completed in the past. } c+ (Vered) +0 © Example: She read the book yesterday. © Past Continuous Tense: Describes an action that was happening at a specific time in the past.23 Mot 9 Homer [GRAMMAR BASICS REVISION +The 4, +/(Pans OF ePeReR MA GMOOUN | + Sub] 047. in cw Sembee Define — _Newn 9 ss Nome fa. Posten, Plane ding _Exomplet + (Sithon (eats) Flier (A sutnee - Suchon wues flowers. E) PRONOUN tte, She Tt| @ advect vs Ms Nandili cg on noure(bi2) Mowe —_— pg a @) VERB A =F dn ott OY BATS fur flee OeoverB C+ moka = yet, ad A @) PRE Posi 10 Ap connate - . - D) epusucTioN Le YOine Hoe (©) INTERSECTION 4.2 Gapesee connie” FoaxE| + mnalifien of these 2 “ _b ‘ (an) Ad Sfast le AOek ° Adu tHe ee Sal, a “ ing Me, © Adj Ho plutfed Czaeplornalhy hel Ce“Toric + [ARTICLES vw thom Poe arden’ frticla + ©, 6), GD) Ae An He Ft — / + Consonant “ Ve tt conde ~ (Pei Soaks Hobos 2, 2 ead tanths fa. & Boy Care to usut) wey ti we ALU 4 Que bm de ple | Te Sn Fee coat -t Sputfic Het fies on wo . + hn Donett + Sounds Ohi =~ Le cenenant v veut:S64 (wos) vere) +(y, ring) +0 © Example: She was reading the book when I called. © |Past Perfect Tense: Describes an action that was completed before another action in the past. at + Us 40 © Example: She'had read the book before | arrived. © |Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Describes an action that was ongoing in the past before another action. St hod been + (Ving d+0 © Example: She had been reading for an hour before I arrived. ar Thad been taping Sbrtyans closet far an hour defer . Future Tense ¢ ( Suchouw asnived. ‘© Simple Future Tense: Describes an action that will happen in the future. C+ (ute (AoW +, F0 © Example: She will read the book tomorrow. * Future Continuous Tense: Describes an action that will be ongoing at a specific time in the future. ° St wl ber Cut ieg) +0 © Example: She will be reading a book at 7 PM tomorrow. © |Future Perfect Tense: Describes an action that will be completed before a specific time in the future. m Sp wet! have! has + Ve +0 o Example: She will have read the book by tomorrow. ¢ Future Perfect Continuous Tense: Describes an action that will be ongoing up toa point in the future. , © Se UL DD has) have + Citing +0 © Example: She will have been reading for two hours by the time you arrive. I ukel howe been tabing Sbreyan'e Clay for Qn hous bg 0 v * v. Tre time Suchon AuuveREVISION - TENSES Helping Veb > charged with teu ° are Cy Venbs (Chong 0) OY TENSE unre [oumaunus Stis/amlaret |S +has/have+ | S+has/have \ Viting V3 }been.+ V1 + I I have eaten. oe |e aaa food. — ‘S+ wasiwere + |S+had+V3 | S+ had been + V1 + ing V1+ ing I \wasieating | food | had been food. Eating food. S+ willshall be | S +\will/shall_| | S +will/shall +V1+ing have+ V3 | have been + V1 +ing ‘will be eating | | will have” food ‘eaten food. ae A pense . food. Bercet > Footbald / —.—, ( came plays Prag ert ) s ployee Pare | I ¢ FutusyHOMEWORE 25 Mow GrRAmmAR REVUSION + Topic: Tances GRAramAR REVUSION © Peesenr © SIM PLE Simple pruut 9 _ habit, fost Sentence Strum ~ 2? S+V +0 Exsum ple — ? Suchon Reade o book WU doy @ COmbnun ut ° Perfect ° Pexteet Continuous _ —— _ a @) pasr Do all tree (@) FeTURE 0 «e- OR |PARTS OF SPEECH NOTES Parts of Speech are the different types of words that are used to form sentences. There are 8 main parts of speech: Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection PAO MASS 4. Noun Anoun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. © Example: dog, city, happiness, teacher Types of Nouns: Proper Noun: Names a specific person, place, or thing. (John, Paris) © U.clon, Common Noun: Names a general item or thing, (city, teacher) bo Collective Noun: Refers to a group of people or things. fenhly) Abstract Noun: Names something that cannot be touched. (love, happiness) 99 0%, _ Concrete Noun: Refers to something that can be perceived by the senses _ [Something you can touch, see, hear, etc.). (book, dog, chair, music) 2. Pronoun A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. © Example: he, she, it, they Types of Pronouns: * Personal Pronouns: Refers to people or things (I, you, he, she, it, we, they). * Possessive Pronouns: Shows ownership (mine, yours, his, hers) * Reflexive Pronouns: Refers back to the subject (myself, yourself, hims aadjective Cuchan have one FALE UULOd Ek & mes 4) / Pao 2 unthes Port 1 ghD — Lemp —_— aot Du Gay Demon tot ve ~ An adjective is a word that desesbes a noun. ——— © Example: beautiful, tall, red, happy ‘Types of Adjectives: See ae Describes the of a noun. (big, small), ~ antity,of a noun. (some, many)_~ 4 puns £ Hh Vv Sub LN) 7 Mv A verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being. 9 4 Quota) (i & ) ALowls a naved ‘pes vers Chuy. st (a) : ob" « Action Verbs: Express an action. (eat, run, play) Moin Os UF jh +. Linking Verbs: Connects the subject to a subject complement. (is, am, are, was, ne were) _ 1 &~ ¢_-Melping Verbs: Assist the main verb in a sentence, (have, will, can). rock, hos © Example: run, jump, sleep, is, are 5. Adverb: WwW AD An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, egies or aahec aie 20 noe > ) pal oO © Example: quickly, very, well, carefully Sutin lu Cu aa wn ° wie tTypec of Adverbe: Suchen if catremely yf aoa) Aa © Manner: Describes how an action is performed. (slowly, foualy) ee, } * Time: Tells when an action happens. (yesterday, soon) a © Place: Tells where an action happens. (here, there) 6. Preposition A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun Reames ___ pronoun) and other words in a sentence. Suthan iu see te Ying oy He bed ¢ Example: in, on, at, between, under o un snes wo onfin| ot | a hoor Common Prepositions: Ploee time baton po quer © Suchon vent) ~lane a {o © Place: on, at, under oof “4 Oe de toble Tr Time: during, after, before My, ty bea a(n Seplenbu - 7. Conjunction — any me «_ eentunation is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses. =—— ao * Example: and, but, or, because Types of Conjunctions: S t« Laur. ig in 6% pron ww p- Roshi Ue in OF goa jordinating Conjunctions: Join equal parts of & sentence, (and, but, oF, nor, ANZ OVG for, yet, so) Te, .5 back Purdlet © lasts Se Subordinating Conjunctions: Join a dependent clause to an independent . clause. (because, although when Cu. cham (Gund pR ed hi OAL Iv 8. Interjection - n= _D.teecton oF aac An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses strong emotion or sudden feeling. © Example: Wow! Ouch! Hooray! Oh! Duch FD hushed. _Luh | myself frow howe wen te match : _¢REVISION SENTENCE CONCEPTS DEFINITION WORD EXAMPLE EXAMPLE __,|Aname ofa person, | Suchan, pari SuéRanwent to NOUN = ——— place or a thing, — Bi | paris. / \ you v “ O_< Replaces noun He He went to the “PRONOUN “Tparis. Dip S0b The action sit VERB — uy ADVERB Modification of a | Quick- quickly | He ran quickly. yA vert hp u ‘4 St ~ ~ An /a ' ‘ Adverbs form. [Ady Advexd 2 Aducnws adding something | —_ inan adjective. | He Ron quickly Changes their Good —wa__7 | He did well in [IRREGULAR form while exams. ADVERB modification from | Fast-fast an adjective to an | Bad- worst adverb Late- late a hard-hard ) nS Noun modifiers | good Suchan is good at ‘ADJECTIVES running 2 Gives information- | On, it, at, under,of | The cat is on the \ PREPOSITION | place, time, table. direction. Connects 2 And, but, or, Me and Shreyan |PONJUNCTION | sentences between went on the roller together coaster. VY~ 5 oN Compare two taller | am taller than COV AEOMPARATIVE | nouns. Shreyan. \ 2, A Than is used \ A More is used . Compares more _| tallest | am the tallest in *SUPERLATIVES | than 2 class. nouns/pronouns Most, the is used. Do the action Suchan__—___Suchan went to | SUBJECT- noun/pronoun —— line market. a Receives the Market Suchan went Yo | OBJECT- paction = ‘tthe market \ a > iA v yi Aan, the A good He is a good spsficLes player. D With consonants | A cat Ihave a cat, AY h — 4 ‘\ ~~ 4) With vowels An umbrella He was holding \ [ae _ _ an umbrella | he |Uffiversal truths, | The moon The astronaut e \—* Talking specitic > went to the moon. \ Fabout something, one in number_ One of the types | Can, Can you give this MODALS of VERB(auxiliary | May, pen to me? verbs) Might, Ask for Shall, May I come in? permission, tells | Should, / about the must —/ You should bath possibility, to ye daily. make a request. Moe a. mination) + Mpamel Ean x tops ths purebl 9 Formoh<+ (nay) T Lappe tals pene 9 ALB AL A, Hegh H roy Rak tod. —_¥ Low ~- £6 migty be a potny aayut| FOtm oat Anfi@moL 4 —- MC Lone tin please ? 7 sentence Verb comes before the action verb. Lf, We an yeu Chuse the olan ? Connect the Am, are, was. Lam being HELPING VERB | subject with the = |}— ~-—— annoying, | 1am going to the market. s LINKING VERB Describing the subject rather than action. Simply explains about the state of action, which hardly / merely exists. seems Suchan seems Or ay. , _}VERB ACTION/MAIN The action [happening itsett. running He is running AUXILIARY [VERB States about the tense , voice or mood of the action. Primary- have, be , do. Modals- can, could, might. Semi- auxiliary- Ask questions, negative statements. Will, Do , have, be He will arrive soon