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LYDIA T. BLACK

UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA PRESS • FAIRBANKS, ALASKA

© 2004 University of Alaska Press

Box 756240
Fairbanks, AK 99775-6240
[email protected]
www.uaf.edu/uapress

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

Publication design and production by Sue Mitchell, Inkworks.

Cover design by Dixon J. Jones.

Publication of Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 was supported by a generous grant from

the Rasmuson Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Black, Lydia.
Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 / by Lydia T. Black.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-889963-04-6 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 1-889963-05-4 (pbk.)
1. Alaska—History—To 1867. 2. Alaska—Discovery and exploration—Russian. 3. Rus-
sians—Alaska—History—18th century. 4. Russians—Alaska—History—19th century. 5.
Fur trade—Alaska—History—18th century. 6. Fur trade—Alaska—History—19th century.
7. Baranov, Aleksandr Andreevich, 1745–1819. 8. Rossiisko-amerikanskaia kompaniia.
9. Frontier and pioneer life—Alaska. I. Title.
F907.B53 2004
979.8’02—dc22
2003024662

Cover: Petropavlovsk on Kamchatka, Avacha Bay. Watercolor by Luka Voronin, Billings-

Sarychev Expedition, 1786–1795.
Back cover: Lomonosov’s map of 1763, indicating proposed polar routes from the White
Sea to Alaska and India.
In memory of ordinary citizens of the Russian Empire who came to Alaska,

came to love her, made her their home, and now rest in forgotten graves;

and to their descendants in Alaska and Russia.

 CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi
INTRODUCTION xiii
CHAPTER 1 A Long-Established Pattern 1
CHAPTER 2 The Hand of Moscow 15
CHAPTER 3 The Great Land—New Russia—Is Claimed 39
CHAPTER 4 Toward the Unknown Islands 59
CHAPTER 5 A Game for High Stakes: The Age of Catherine the Great, 1762–1796 79
CHAPTER 6 The Empire Builders: P. S. Lebedev-Lastochkin and G. I. Shelikhov 101
CHAPTER 7 Baranov Arrives 121
CHAPTER 8 Baranov Takes Hold 141
CHAPTER 9 Baranov Extends the Empire 155
CHAPTER 10 Rezanov’s Tour and Baranov’s Final Years 169
CHAPTER 11 After Baranov, 1818–1845 191
CHAPTER 12 The Rise of the Creole Class 209
CHAPTER 13 The Light of the Spirit: The Orthodox Church in Alaska 223
CHAPTER 14 The Company Under the Three Charters: 1799–1862 255
CHAPTER 15 And the Flag Was Ordered Down 273
BIBLIOGRAPHY 291
INDEX 315
 ILLUSTRATIONS


COLOR PLATES (following page xvi)
PLATE 1. The charter of nobility granted to Sven Waxell by Catherine the Great
PLATE 2. The Sv. Petr (St. Peter)
PLATE 3. The Sv. Pavel (St. Paul )
PLATE 4. Aleut watercraft
PLATE 5. An Aleut dwelling and a woman of Unalaska Island
PLATE 6. Dmitrii Shabalin’s Russian trading party on Hokkaido in 1779
PLATE 7. The crown vessel Sv. Ekaterina, out of Okhotsk
PLATE 8. Sv. Ekaterina at anchor
PLATE 9. Russian camp on Hokkaido
PLATE 10. Detail of the main buildings within the Russian camp
PLATE 11. Plan of the Russian quarters
PLATE 12. The party relaxes in quarters at the Russian camp on Hokkaido
PLATE 13. Flag of the Russian navy
PLATE 14. Flag of the Russian-American Company
PLATE 15. Modern icon of St. Iakov (priest Iakov Netsvetov)
PLATE 16. The late Father Ismail Gromoff blesses Christmas stars
PLATE 17. Ethnographic map of Siberia from Tobol’sk to Bering Strait
PLATE 18. Kiakhta, the trading center on the Russian-Chinese border

FIGURES
FIGURE 1. Trade network of the city of Ustiug the Great, seventeenth century 4
FIGURE 2. Alexis (Aleksei Mikhailovich, 1629–1676), tsar of Russia 1645–1676 14
FIGURE 3. Russian koch 18
FIGURE 4. Peter the Great (1672–1725) 20
FIGURE 5. Catherine I (1684–1727) 22
FIGURE 6. Sketch of the mouth of the Bol’shaia River and of Bol’sheretsk 25
FIGURE 7. Map of the Harbor of Sts. Peter and Paul (Petropavlovsk), Kamchatka 27
FIGURE 8. Okhotsk, by Luka Voronin 1786–1795 28
FIGURE 9. Anna Ioannovna (1693–1740) 38
FIGURE 10. Petropavlovsk on Kamchatka, Avacha Bay 41
FIGURE 11. Elizabeth I (1709–1761) 58
FIGURE 12. A shitik, a vessel of sewn-plank construction 61

List of Illustrations

FIGURE 13. Map of Mednoi Island (Copper Island) by Dmitrii Nakvasin, 1755 63
FIGURE 14. Detail from a chart dated 1774, showing present-day Russian Harbor 69
FIGURE 15. Catherine II (1729–1796) 78
FIGURE 16. Chart compiled by Governor-General F. I. Soimonov 81
FIGURE 17. Mikhail Vasil’ievich Lomonosov’s map of 1763 82
FIGURE 18. Mikhail Vasil’ievich Lomonosov (1711–1765) 83
FIGURE 19. Spitsbergen 85
FIGURE 20. The Kamchatka River estuary off Nizhne-Kamchatsk 88
FIGURE 21. Town of Nizhne-Kamchatsk or Nizhnekamchatskoi ostrog 88
FIGURE 22. Official portrait of Grigorii I. Shelikhov (1748–1795) 100
FIGURE 23. Three Saints Magazin on Afognak Island and plan for outpost at English Bay 109
FIGURE 24. Aleksandr A. Baranov 120
FIGURE 25. Ivan Kuskov, the founder of the Russian outpost in California 122
FIGURE 26. The King George at anchor in 1786, Kenai Peninsula 124
FIGURE 27. Russian possession plate 125
FIGURE 28. St. Paul Harbor (Kodiak), established by Baranov in 1792 140
FIGURE 29. Voskresenskaia Gavan’ (Seward) shipyard 143
FIGURE 30. Launching of the Feniks (Phoenix) at Voskresenskaia Gavan’ (Seward) 146
FIGURE 31. Mercator chart showing the voyages of Lt. Iakov Shil’ts (James Shields) 147
FIGURE 32. Paul I (1754–1801), emperor of Russia 1796–1801 154
FIGURE 33. Alexander I (1777–1825), emperor of Russia 1801–1825 154
FIGURE 34. Tlingit fort at Sitka, taken by the Russians in 1804 160
FIGURE 35. Iurii F. Lisianskii in full uniform 162
FIGURE 36. Grave of Captain Iurii F. Lisianskii, St. Petersburg 162
FIGURE 37. View of St. Paul Harbor (modern Kodiak) from the north 163
FIGURE 38. Sketch of Sitka (Novo-Arkhangel’sk) site, 1805 163
FIGURE 39. Lisianskii’s gift to the capital of Russian America, 1804 164
FIGURE 40. Portraits of Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov (1764–1807) 168
FIGURE 41. Georg Langsdorff 171
FIGURE 42. The vessel Mariia, off the island of St. George 172
FIGURE 43. Unalaska, briefly visited by Rezanov in 1805 173
FIGURE 44. Lieutenant junior grade Gavriil Davydov 175
FIGURE 45. Grave monument of Anna Shelikhov Rezanov and her sister 176
FIGURE 46. Kodiak, ca. 1808–1809 179
FIGURE 47. Kodiak, 1808–1809 179
FIGURE 48. V. M. Golovnin (1776–1831) 180
FIGURE 49. Ross, September 1817, after Fedorova 182
FIGURE 50. Map of part of Russian America by Wrangell, 1839 190
FIGURE 51. Novo-Aleksandrovskii (Nushagak) 194
FIGURE 52. View of Captains Harbor (Kapitanskaia Gavan’), Unalaska Island 195
FIGURE 53. View of Illiuliuk (present-day Unalaska) 195

ix

Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867

FIGURE 54. Tlingit settlement outside palisade at Novo-Arkhangel’sk 197

FIGURE 55. Baron Ferdinand Wrangell (1796–1870) 199
FIGURE 56. Fort Wrangell, 1876, near the site of Redoubt St. Dionysius 200
FIGURE 57. St. Michael, established 1833 201
FIGURE 58. Kolmakovskii Redoubt, established by Semeon Lukin in 1841 201
FIGURE 59. Arvid Adolf Etholen, colonial chief manager 1840–1845 202
FIGURE 60. Ikogmiut (Russian Mission), ca. 1890 203
FIGURE 61. Uno Cygnaeus 204
FIGURE 62. Floor plan of the first Lutheran church in Sitka 204
FIGURE 63. View of Novo-Arkhangel’sk, ca. 1843 208
FIGURE 64. St. Herman of Alaska 222
FIGURE 65. Russian Orthodox peg calendar 225
FIGURE 66. Russian Orthodox peg calendar 225
FIGURE 67. Metal traveling icon and body cross from Unalaska Island 226
FIGURE 68. Central part of a bronze triptych personal icon 227
FIGURE 69. Front page of Life of Saint George the Victorious, 1868 228
FIGURE 70. Earliest depiction of the Church of the Holy Resurrection, ca. 1798 232
FIGURE 71. St. Innocent as bishop in 1840 240
FIGURE 72. Novo-Arkhangel’sk before 1809 241
FIGURE 73. View of Sitka, 1828–1829 241
FIGURE 74. Sitka with view of the Cathedral of St. Michael 242
FIGURE 75. Diocesan offices at Novo-Arkhangel’sk, built in the 1840s 242
FIGURE 76. Historic plan of the Church of the Elevation of the Holy Cross at Ikogmiut 243
FIGURE 77. Sketch of the Church of the Elevation of the Holy Cross 243
FIGURE 78. Charter to build the Church of the Elevation of the Holy Cross 243
FIGURE 79. Grave of Fr. Iakov Netsvetov (St. Iakov) 244
FIGURE 80. Novo-Arkhangel’sk, 1851 244
FIGURE 81. Tlingit church plan and elevation, 1846 245
FIGURE 82. Axonometric reconstruction of Tlingit church 246
FIGURE 83. Reconstruction of the Tlingit church floor plan 246
FIGURE 84. Nicholas I (1796–1855), emperor of Russia 1825–1855 254
FIGURE 85. View of the settlement at the coal mines in Kenai Bay (Cook Inlet) 265
FIGURE 86. A drawing of Ozerskoi Redoubt 266
FIGURE 87. Alexander II (1818–1881), emperor of Russia 1855–1881 272
FIGURE 88. The Baranov, renamed the Rose 274
FIGURE 89. St. Paul in the Pribilof Islands 274
FIGURE 90. An early lighthouse at Sitka 276
FIGURE 91. Exterior view of “Baranoff’s Castle” 277
FIGURE 92. Interior view of “Baranoff’s Castle,” Sitka, ca. 1893 277
FIGURE 93. Sitka, 1869, during the American military occupation 278
FIGURE 94. Head of the Admiralty, Admiral-General Konstantin 280
FIGURE 95. Map of Russian possessions on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, 1861 283

x
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book could not have been published without the assistance of Dr. Katherine L.
Arndt, who acted as editor, proofreader, and nursemaid to this poor manuscript, a child
neglected for almost ten years. My old friend and colleague Professor Richard A. Pierce
read several early drafts, gave moral support for years, and provided many rare photo-
graphs. James A. Ketz provided the index. Jennifer Robin Collier, of the University of
Alaska Press, obtained funds that permitted publication of several important charts and
illustrations in color. Dr. Erica Hill, of the University of Alaska Press, supervised the last
stages of the publishing process. Matthew L. Ganley helped to computer-enhance several
rare color maps and drawings. I gratefully acknowledge their help, as well as the financial
support of the Rasmuson Foundation, which assisted with the costs of publication.
 INTRODUCTION

IN 1959, ALASKA (“THE GREAT LAND,” AS ALASKANS OFTEN CALL THEIR
homeland) became the forty-ninth state of the United States of America.
Before 1867, Alaska was part of the Russian Empire and was called Russian
America or, in official documents, the Russian-American Colonies. Russian sovereignty
in Alaska was based on the “right of discovery” established by the naval squadrons com-
manded by Mikhail S. Gvozdev in 1732 and Vitus Bering in 1741 and the “right of
occupation” established in the eighteenth century by Russian entrepreneurs.
In literature and political speeches, the period when Alaska was under the Russian scepter
is stereotypically represented as a time of unbridled exploitation—indeed, enslavement—of
Native peoples, and wanton rape and robbery of Alaska’s natural resources. In reality, the
Russians (who seldom exceeded 500 persons at any one time) were vastly outnumbered
by the Natives. By the 1830s the Russian Crown forbade permanent settlement in Alaska,
and only those Russians who legally married Native persons (either men or women) were
entitled to petition for permission to remain in Alaska lifelong. The Russian military did
not put in an appearance in Alaska until the Crimean War in the 1850s, when a troop of
soldiers was stationed at Sitka for defense in case of an attack by British forces.
Russian relationships with the majority of the Native groups were determined by the
desirability of continuous, uninterrupted trade. Consequently, the dynamics of intergroup
(Russian-Native) and personal relationships and attitudes were qualitatively dif ferent from
those established later between the people of the United States and Alaska’s indigenous
peoples. The United States acquired Alaska at a time when major conflicts with Indians
were being played out in the western territories. Military occupation and control were
the order of business. The attitudes and expectations of military personnel were dictated
by the Indian experience. These attitudes were projected, retroactively, onto the Russian
scene. Civilians who flocked to Alaska operated under the laissez-faire policies of the time.
These policies were in stark contrast to the government-controlled Russian-American
Company, where, in return for a monopoly grant to Alaska’s resources, the Imperial Rus-
sian government demanded that the company provide social ser vices: public health and
education, as well as old age, survivors’, and disability pensions for their employees. In
Alaska, during the Russian period, experimental social legislation was tried out.

xiii

Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867

What happened in Alaska under Russian sovereignty was very dif ferent, not only in
the sense that colonization had a different character from the British, American, French,
or Spanish pattern, but also in that there were dif ferences over time. Changes in Russia’s
internal political, social, and economic situation affected events in Alaska. The geopo-
litical context of the eighteenth century was dif ferent from that of the early nineteenth
century, and changed dramatically in the second half of that century. The United States
of America, which did not exist when Russia first claimed Alaska, emerged as a conti-
nental power. The Russian emperor, Alexander II, expected the United States to absorb
Canada one day—or wished that this would happen. He would have preferred to share
a border with the United States and not with a British colony. Much happened in the
course of this century and a half.
The origin of the stereotypic view of the Russian period may be safely laid at the doors
of Hubert H. Bancroft and William H. Dall, who desired Alaska’s rapid Americanization.
This view was challenged by the end of the nineteenth century by a pioneer historian
of Alaska, Clarence L. Andrews (1862–1948). Andrews came to Alaska when Russian
culture was still very much alive. He became fascinated with the Russian period, “one of
the most colorful and least known periods of North American history.”1 Andrews taught
himself Russian and began to amass archival and primary sources on various aspects of
the Russian period. Eventually he published two pioneering works: The Story of Sitka
(1922) and The Story of Alaska (1931). In 1942, Andrews completed a biography of one
of the great movers and shakers in Alaska—Aleksandr Andreevich Baranov (in Alaska
1790–1818)—but the work was never published. Andrews came in contact with radio
commentator and writer (newspaper, script, and fiction) Hector Chevigny (1904–1965)
in 1938. Until Andrews’ death, these two men maintained a lively correspondence on the
subject of Russian America. Chevigny, too, became fascinated with Alaska, specifically with
the Russian period, after his contact with the eminent historian Edmund Meany. In 1937
Chevigny’s first book dealing with Russian America, Lost Empire (a highly romanticized
account of the life and times of N. P. Rezanov), was published. There followed in 1942
the somewhat unreliable and also romanticized account of Baranov, Lord of Alaska. A
believer in the “great men” theory of history, which illuminated his approach in general,
Chevigny planned to write his next biography on Grigorii Shelikhov, Baranov’s employer.
Writing, by his own admission, without direct access to Russian sources, like Andrews he
was never theless able to amass a wealth of materials. Even after he lost his eyesight (and
for this reason abandoned the projected biography of Shelikhov), his interest continued.
After visiting Alaska twice (in 1959 and 1960) and encountering local enthusiasm for
his work, Chevigny wrote the first popular synthesis dealing with the whole of the Rus-
sian period, Russian America (published in 1965, shortly before his death). This little
publication, which largely follows the outline laid down by the historian of the Russian-
American Company, Tikhmenev (d. 1888), has established the view among modern read-
ers of a disorderly and violent period when private entrepreneurs competed for Alaska’s
wealth, followed by the establishment of order, first by Grigorii Shelikhov, then by his
heirs, and eventually by the monopolistic Russian-American Company.2 In the 1940s a
Canadian historian, Stuart Tompkins, who had a long-standing interest in the Russian
Far East and Siberia, became interested in the Russian adventure in Alaska. This interest
is reflected in his work Alaska: Promyshlennik and Sourdough (1945).

xiv

Introduction

These three pioneers in the study of Russian America opened the field for scholarly
exploration by American and Canadian scholars, who produced a body of literature on
specialized topics that began to grow in the late 1950s, continued through the 1960s,
and has come into its own in the subsequent decades. The study became enriched when
Richard A. Pierce, a specialist in Russian history, through his association with Chevigny,
joined the field in the early 1960s. Realizing that a wealth of material was not acces-
sible to anglophone scholars, he initiated a translation series of Russian primary sources
on Alaska. However, no comprehensive study has been attempted since the pioneering
work of Chevigny.
This book presents to the public a new synthesis, based primarily on archival materials
in Russia and the United States. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations of Russian
sources are my own. In this volume, I attempt to present the Russian advance to the
American continent in historic perspective, including the changing geopolitical context,
while focusing on the social and cultural data on the Russians who were active in Alaska.
This focus includes the northern skippers of the fur-procuring vessels; the great merchants
of the Russian north and, later, of Irkutsk in Siberia; the churchmen who brought to
Alaska the lasting heritage of the Or thodox faith; the rank-and-file laborers of various
ethnic origins, such as the Yakut, the Kamchadal, the Koriak, and the Tungus (Evenk
and Even); the imperial naval officers who had their own point of view on how Alaska
should be governed (and in the end came to govern her); and the creoles, the social class
deliberately created in order to have a bicultural stratum, members of which would be
loyal to their native land, Alaska, and to the Russian cultural heritage brought to Alaska
by an ancestor or ancestress.
In the process, I came to re-evaluate the role of the “great men” who fascinated
Chevigny so much. A great deal of what I have to say, based on the perusal of docu-
ments not readily accessible, is contrary to the received wisdom. In a sense, this book is
not simply a new synthesis, it is also a reinterpretation. It is focused on the Russians in
Alaska—their motivations, views of life, and attitudes. I truly hope that this book will
contribute to a better understanding of the history of the forty-ninth state—our beloved
Great Land, Alaska—and perhaps to a better knowledge of a fascinating shared chapter
in the history of Russia and the United States.
NOTES
1. Richard A. Pierce, “Hector Chevigny: Historian of Russian America,” Alaska Journal 15, no. 4
(1985): 33.
2. Ibid., 33–37.

xv
Plate 17. An ethnographic map of Siberia from Tobol’sk to Bering Strait, compiled no later than 1729 by a member of Bering’s 1728 voyage. Possibly original; hand colored, 59.5 by 137 cm.
Courtesy University of Göttingen Library, Rare Books and Manuscripts, von Asch Collection, no. 246.
Plate 18. Kiakhta, the trading center on the Russian-Chinese border and entry and checkpoint for caravans traveling to Beijing from the late seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries. Note the gate linking the Russian and Chinese
settlements. Ink and watercolor by an unnamed Chinese artist.
Courtesy University of Göttingen Library, Rare Books and Manuscripts, von Asch Collection, no. 269.
 CHAPTER ONE

A Long-Established Pattern

 
RUSSIAN AMERICA, THE PORTION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE THAT
appeared, flowered, and withered on the North American continent all
within little more than a century, was in several respects a logical outgrowth
of patterns established in the Russian homeland from its earliest days. For many centuries,
the Russians had looked to the north in search of new lands to settle and new oppor-
tunities to exploit. Slavic raiders, entrepreneurs, and settlers had already expanded to the
shores of the White Sea in the tenth century. By the four teenth century, they were arctic
sailors, marine mammal hunters and fishermen, and hunters of forest animals. In the fol-
lowing three centuries, these northern settlers spearheaded Russian expansion eastward,
across Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, and to the North American continent. This chapter
briefly examines this complex process and how it played itself out from the earliest times
to the seventeenth century.
As was the case with European overseas expansion, Russian expansion and coloniza-
tion succeeded because of concerted ef fort by both private and governmental interests.
The patterns of their interaction and the dynamics of the expansion process varied from
one European nation to another as well as over time. In Russia this dynamic had very
deep historical roots, extending back many centuries and following a long-established
traditional pattern. S. V. Bakhrushin, the late historian of Siberia and the Russian north,
aptly characterized this pattern:
Thus, the Russian advance beyond the Urals, in the early times, insofar as it may be
characterized on the basis of rather meager sources, was two-pronged. In the forefront
were the merchants and hunters engaged in procurement. Year by year they blazed the
trail along which there gradually grew hunting settlements and wintering places. The
large-scale entrepreneur followed in their footsteps, established himself in the newly
opened lands and, from the township he founded in the border zone and which he used
as a base of operations, continued the conquest of the territory. The state’s intention
to subject the new lands followed much later . . . [it] acted very cautiously, preferring to
exploit the results of private activity.1

To understand this pattern, and how it changed over time, we must turn to the begin-
nings of the Russian state and focus par ticularly on the Russian north, that is, the shores
of the Baltic, the White and the Barents Seas, and the lake areas and river basins of this

1
  Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 

region, extending to the Upper Volga, Kama, and Pechora Rivers. Russian settlement in
the north is very ancient and subject to scholarly discussion. However, there is a general
agreement on the following sequence.
In prehistoric times, certainly in the Neolithic period of the second millennium B.C.
and probably earlier, this vast region was inhabited by peoples speaking Finno-Ugric
languages. The population was heterogeneous, however, and it included Saami and some
Finnic peoples. The settlements of all these peoples probably were interspersed, especially
in the northern areas; in all likelihood they were the first inhabitants of this region. A
small influx of ancient Palaeoasiatic peoples, possibly Yukagir, may have occurred. All
were foragers, hunters, and fishermen. Also in the second millennium B.C. there appeared
in the Baltic regions a culture based on cattle-keeping and incipient agriculture. The
ethnicity of the bearers of this culture has not been determined.
In the first millennium B.C., Germanic peoples, probably the ancestors of the later
Scandinavians, settled on the Baltic coasts, eventually expanding to southwestern Finland
and into modern Scandinavia. Eastern Slavs, a more southern people, began to arrive
here also about the first half of the first millennium A.D. They moved in small groups
and settled among the local Baltic and Finnish populations. Historians believe that this
“voting with the feet” was one of the results of the ever-increasing pressure of the
expanding Turkic peoples in the steppe belt.2 The Slavs were of diverse tribal origins,
each group tending to cluster together in the newly occupied territories. In subsequent
centuries some expanded not only north but also to the east and northeast. The Nentsy
and Entsy (or the Samoyed peoples in general) are believed to have penetrated this area
only in the first millennium A.D. (not much earlier than, and possibly at the same time
as, the early Slav settlers).
Meanwhile, the Scandinavians—seafarers, traders, and formidable military raiders—were
penetrating the Baltic areas and, by the eighth century, expanding out of Norway along the
northern shores of the Kola Peninsula. Sometime in the ninth or tenth century A.D., they
moved into the White Sea region. (In fact, the Russian word murman from which derive
both the name of Murmansk, the famous Russian northern seaport, and the Murman,
or the Arctic Ocean coast of Russia to the Norwegian border, means precisely that—a
Norman, presumably a Swede or sometimes a Dane.) The Norse movement into what
today is the Russian north was motivated by the desire to control the trade routes from
the Arctic Ocean and Baltic Sea shores to the Black and Caspian Seas, which followed
the major water ways through the Slav territories.
From their bases on the Baltic, the Norsemen very rapidly gained dominance of the
Oka-Volga trade route to the Caspian Sea, giving them access to Persia and the great
caravan routes to the east, and eventually of the route along the Dniepr River to the
Black Sea and hence to Byzantium and the Mediterranean. In 856, the Norseman Roric
(in Russian sources called Riurik) took control of the Slav trading city of Novgorod and
in 862 built a fortified stronghold at Ladoga.3
The Norsemen, a military and mercantile elite, as historian Vernadsky points out, “were
comparatively few in number . . . and were consequently easily and rapidly absorbed by
the Slavs . . . they mingled freely with the people whom they now ruled. . . .” On the other
hand, the Slavs who fell under Norse dominion in Novgorod (and also in Kiev) readily
adapted to the trade-and-raid operations of their overlords. Their trading caravans, by
horse or by ship, were formidable fighting units.

2
  A Long-Established Pattern 

The goods sent along the trade routes from the north were products of the forest
and the sea: honey and beeswax, fish and marine mammal oil and skins, walrus ivory
(which Novgorodian craftsmen transformed into skillfully carved objects of art), and,
above all, furs.4 Procurement of these trade goods played a role in the rapid expansion of
the mixed Slav groups to the shores of the White and Barents Seas, though a northward
trickle of individuals and small groups had begun much earlier, would continue through
the centuries, and would increase in the wake of Mongol conquest in the middle of the
thirteenth century.
True to the long-established pattern, “both before and after the Norse invasion the
eastern Slavs mixed freely with peoples of Ural-Altaic family. . . .”5 Each group often ad-
opted the others’ customs, and each learned from the other. It was from the Vikings that
the northern Russians probably learned to utilize their waterways to the utmost—the
rivers, the lakes, and the sea—and to master the fine art of shipbuilding that eventually
carried them along the coasts of the Arctic Ocean eastward and to the shores of arctic
America.6
It was not long before Novgorod merchants were sending out armed bands to the
White Sea and Arctic Ocean shores for bar ter and to impose and collect tribute. This
tribute, paid in furs, besides bringing in much-desired trade goods, also served as a basis
for the later legal claims of overlordship by the city called “The Lord Great Novgorod.”
Not far behind were bands of freebooters (ushkuiniki and vatagi) who raided aborigines
and Slav settlers alike to obtain furs. Often, to legitimize their actions, these freebooters
delivered part of their booty to the rulers of Novgorod as “collected tribute.”
By the end of the thirteenth century, most of the coastal areas, the Pomor’ie, were
settled. People of all classes came to these “new lands,” as they were called, but the
majority were independent peasants. By the sixteenth century the descendants of these
settlers, who as usual mixed with local populations, had fully adapted to the northern
coastal environment. They adopted fishing and marine mammal hunting, especially of
walrus, as far away as Novaia Zemlia and the mouth of the Yenisei River; whaling, as far
away as Spitsbergen; and bird hunting, for skins, meat, and down, as their main occu-
pations.7 A distinct culture, lifestyle, and dialect emerged. The people who, in another
200 years, would provide the majority of Alaska pioneers came into being as a distinct
ethnic entity, the Pomory, with their own identity and maritime traditions.8 The set-
tlers actively par ticipated in international trade, channeling their take not only through
Novgorod but also through the new trading centers, which rapidly developed into cities,
such as Arkhangel’sk, Kholmogory, Ustiug, and many others. A glance at a map of the
trade network of the city of Ustiug in the seventeenth century (Figure 1) demonstrates
the role these cities played in northern Russian commerce.9
The Komi, a Finno-Ugric people called Zyriane in earlier Russian sources, were not
displaced. The immigrants who settled among them and with whom they freely mixed
learned many new skills from them, including how to construct new types of watercraft.
The Komi population was concentrated in several areas, notably in the orbit of the city of
Ustiug, with its center at Yarensk. The Komi also learned from the newcomers and soon
became active in international trade. (Later, they were active participants in the Russian
expansion into Siberia and even to Russian America. Several Komi participated in the voy-
age of Semeon Dezhnev through Bering Strait, and Stepan Glotov of Yarensk, a famous
skipper active in the early years of the Aleutian trade, may have been a Komi.)10

3
FIGURE 1. Trade network of the city of Ustiug the Great in the seventeenth century.
From Merzon and Tikhonov, 1960, p. 240.
  A Long-Established Pattern 

Trade was a major factor in the economic life of the region.11 From ancient times,
no other trade item was as important as fur. Furs were the principal item of export and
medium of exchange; they often constituted marriage settlements, war indemnity pay-
ments, and dispute settlements. In early times, squirrel fur dominated the market, fol-
lowed by marten and sable, also lynx, fox, wolf, and bear. In later times sable became
the dominant item in the fur trade.
The main suppliers of furs were the independent peasant settlers and their neighbors,
the Komi. All combined in their household economy agriculture, cottage industries or
crafts, fishing and hunting for subsistence and household needs, and fur trapping for the
market. In later centuries this type of complex economic activity was carried to Siberia.
The pattern persisted until the twentieth century, up to the introduction of compulsory
economic change in postrevolutionary times.12 Thus, northern Russians had their own
social order and their own labor traditions, and some of these were transplanted eventu-
ally to Russian America.13
The growth of settlements and of agriculture rapidly deforested many regions and
consequently reduced furbearer species. To maintain the Novgorodian fur trade, new and
more distant hunting grounds had to be brought into the city’s orbit. From the tenth
century on, this was accomplished by claims over an ever-widening span of territories,
and not only by Novgorodian peasants and other Slav settlers, but also by Novgorodian
high nobles and heads of trading houses who claimed overlordship of northern areas
where they had established themselves as vassals of Novgorod. Among other northern
centers founded directly by the Novgorodian great merchants and nobles (the boiars)
was Vaga.14 The Stroganovs, the famous merchants and founders of the salt industry at
Sol’vychegodsk on the Vychegda River, and in later ages staunch supporters of Moscow’s
expansion, established themselves originally in Novgorod but then moved to the north
like many other Novgorodians of their class. Eventually, Lord Great Novgorod laid direct
claim to overlordship over the expanding Russian north, including the burgeoning mari-
time trading centers such as Kholmogory on the northern Dvina River and Ustiug.15 The
town of Ustiug, however, staunchly defended its independence. The men of Ustiug fought
many wars against the Novgorodians, defeating them in an early contest in 1032. In the
end, hard-pressed, they chose to throw in their lot with Rostov-Suzdal, another Russian
principality intent on exploiting the lucrative fur trade. The Rostov-Suzdal principality
was now formally advancing its own claims to overlordship of the northern territories,
and its rivalry with Novgorod for primacy in the north was long-standing, beginning
possibly as early as the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries.16
In the thirteenth century, Moscow began to interest itself in the area and its fur trade.
In the fourteenth century, Moscow brought Suzdal and Rostov into its domain and thus
established itself as the overlord of a portion of the northern territories. The allegiances
of local territorial units and their relations with the overlords often shifted, until the
fifteenth century, when Moscow defeated the Lord Great Novgorod and emerged as the
dominant power in the Russian land.
Perhaps the shift in allegiance of several northern settlement areas from Novgorod to
Rostov-Suzdal, and thus ultimately to Moscow, in some measure contributed to Novgorod’s
eventual defeat and the establishment of Moscow’s firm control over the Russian north.
By then Russians were active, and probably had small enclaves, in northwestern Siberia,
in the territory of the Iugra (a term believed to be of Komi origin). These were the

5
  Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 

Finno-Ugric-speaking tribes of the Ob’ River basin and its major tributary, the Taz.
Particularly affected were the Khanty and the Mansi.17 Both Novgorod and the Russian
principalities warred with a number of the Ugric tribes, with varied success. Often, the
tribesmen, under the skilled and centralized military leadership of their princes, as the
Russian chronicles call them, defeated the Novgorodians, the men of Ustiug, Komi, and
other invaders.18 Among the latter were the Samoyed tribes, Nentsy and Entsy, whom
the Khanty and Mansi raided in turn. When making peace or establishing trade relations,
all tried to secure hostages—amanaty. This ancient practice, too, was carried to Alaska
in the eighteenth century.
The earliest record of such hostile contact dates to the eleventh century. The first
Muscovite military expeditions date to 1465 when Ivan III, of Moscow, ordered the
Ustiug host under Vasilii Skriaba to invade the Iugra territory. Its incorporation into the
Moscow-led Russian state was later dated from this event. The Ustiug chronicler also
mentions a joint Russian-Ustiug military expedition in 1483 in which they “conquered
Near Siberia from Pelema to the Ob’ River, returning with much booty without loss of a
single man.”19 Soon thereafter, in 1499–1500, Prince Kurbskii led a large army composed
of the men of Pomor’ie to the mouth of the Pechora and beyond the Urals where they
founded Berezovo (Berezov).
When victorious, Novgorod and others exacted tribute (dan’) from the defeated, as
was the custom of the times. The take, however, was small, the collection uneven and
insufficient to satisfy the demands of the expanding market, which was predominantly
European but also Asiatic.20 Raiders—freebooters who often entered the pay of great
merchants—staged lightning raids into the Ob’-Ugrian territories and beyond, even to
the Yenisei River, in order to obtain furs by indiscriminate plunder.21 Men of Ustiug fre-
quently staged veritable invasions, claiming victory even when they lost, and obtaining furs
as war indemnities. But trade with the indigenous inhabitants also flourished, especially
in the long intervals between hostilities.22 Moscow had gained the upper hand over the
Russian north and Novgorod in the fifteenth century and by the late sixteenth century
had systematized collection of tribute in the form of furs. The institution of the iasak
came to the north. Iasak, a term derived from the Turkic languages, designated the tribute
imposed by conquerors upon the conquered. Russians paid iasak to the Mongols after
the Mongol conquest in the thirteenth century. The Mongols also exacted iasak from
most of the Siberian tribes. Those tribes, when gaining dominance over their neighbors,
in turn followed the same practice. Delivery of the iasak, collected in pelts, signified sub-
mission to the higher authority. It was a well-understood institution throughout Siberia.
Especially in the early period of Muscovite expansion in Siberia, iasak was also a source
of state revenue, a form of taxation, to be collected annually.
In older Russian historiography, as well as in modern Western interpretations, this
method of obtaining state revenues and the role of the state as fur merchant are over-
stressed, while the role of the peasant/serviceman/fur trapper and trader (also heavily
taxed) is grossly underestimated.23 The role of the iasak collector was often performed
by the settler/fur trapper turned serviceman. This was a peculiar factor which colored
the state/private entrepreneur cooperation and which, in the eighteenth century, loomed
large as proof of the role of the state in the process of expansion to Alaska.
If private initiative played the leading role in the early centuries of Russian expansion
in Siberia, the balance had begun to shift by the reign of Ivan III (1462–1507), and

6
  A Long-Established Pattern 

in the reign of Boris Godunov (1598–1605) it definitely shifted from the settler and
entrepreneur to the state. At first, Moscow dealt with Siberian indigenous principalities
as with foreign powers, diplomatically or by making war. Thus, in 1505, Ivan III sent out
a military expedition under Vasilii Kover to the city of Tiumen’, residence of the Khan
of Sibir’. In his and the subsequent reign, to the end of the sixteenth century (1594),
Moscow’s foreign office (Posol’skii prikaz) handled Siberian affairs. In the reign of Boris
Godunov, the burden was shifted to domestic agencies and by 1599 there was an office
of Siberian affairs (Sibirskii stol). By 1637, in the reign of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich, a
special department, the Sibirskii prikaz, was created.24 Moscow by now considered prac-
tically all of Siberia to be Russian territory.
From the beginning of this period, the state controlled the policy and, beginning with
the reign of Ivan IV (the Terrible, 1547–1582), established governmental administration
in the newly conquered areas. This included creation of administrative centers and in some
instances government-initiated mass resettlement—for instance, in 1630, 500 men and
150 women of Vologda, Tot’ma, Sol’vychegodsk, and Ustiug were resettled in Tobol’sk
in order to reinforce the cossacks and servicemen living in “the newly conquered locali-
ties.” The tsar himself signed the resettlement order and the settlers were conveyed to
Tobol’sk in government-owned transport. The government wished to foster agriculture
and so began to resettle peasants in Siberia. The shortage of women among the settlers
caused the government to recruit single women for resettlement and to concern itself
with marital regulations.25 To maintain communications and to supply the newly created
towns, roads were constructed and postal ser vice instituted.
Trade, however, was not neglected. Around 1600, Mangazeia, a major government-
sponsored seaport and commercial center, came into being at the Taz River mouth;
the government ef fectively controlled access to it by prohibiting foreign shipping and
information flow about this port, and the prescribed routes there were to be used only
by Russian subjects. Sea access especially was curtailed.26
Nevertheless, the flow of private settlers continued. The rank and file continued to
enter the region freely. Thus, after Novgorod’s destruction, refugees of all classes, but
led by Novgorodian merchants, founded Lal’sk in 1555. Descendants of Russian settlers
on the Indigirka River and some on the Yana River maintained in the early twentieth
century and even today that their forefathers fled from Novgorodian lands in the reign
of Ivan IV, that the refugees included men from different localities, including at least
one Komi, and that they traveled by sea in kochi (see below) until they reached safety in
remote eastern Siberia.27
It should be emphasized that colonization of Siberia proceeded eastward mainly along
the Arctic Ocean’s shores and from north to south along the major waterways.28 By the
time of Ivan IV, the Russian north was famous for its shipbuilding industry. Arkhangel’sk,
Kholmogory, and especially Mezen’ were major shipbuilding centers. Specialized vessels
were developed, such as the koch (plural kochi), suited to navigating arctic, ice-choked
waters. Long-distance seafaring was commonplace. Oral tradition ascribes the leading role
in this development to the Solovetskii monastery,29 which had been founded in 1429 by
Saints Savvatii, Zosima, and German. No settlement built by the pioneers lacked a chapel
or church, and local saints emerged and were venerated in folk traditions. The pioneers also
carried this northern spiritual tradition to Siberia and eventually to Russian America.

7
  Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 

The growing, complex interplay between private interests, from great entrepreneurs
to rank-and-file volunteers, is best exemplified by the conquest of Sibir’ by the Cos-
sack host led by Ermak. This conquest is usually cited as the benchmark in the Russian
advance eastward: in 1582 the Cossack chieftain Ermark, sponsored in his enterprise by
the merchants Stroganov but having conducted his campaign without royal sanction,
laid the spoils of the campaign and the nominal title to the conquered lands at the feet
of Tsar Ivan IV.30 Merchants and their agents,31 peasants and ser vicemen, continued
their push eastward, but they had become accountable for their actions to the authori-
ties, to be rewarded or punished.32
Toward the middle of the seventeenth century they fought their way through to the
Eastern Ocean—the bodies of water that would be known as the Bering and Okhotsk Seas
of the Pacific. Before 1650 they had passed through Bering Strait, made landfall in the
Diomede Islands, ascended the Anadyr’ River, discovered a portage from the Kolyma to
Anadyr’ that offered a safer route than the trek around the Chukchi Peninsula, and had
a winter camp near the modern port of Okhotsk. Soon there were pilots who claimed
to guide vessels around the Chukchi Peninsula.33 They penetrated the Amur River basin
and encountered and engaged the might of the Chinese empire. In the last half of the
seventeenth century, the merchants and their men fought for mastery over the numer-
ous, well-organized, and efficient inhabitants of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Koriak,
the Itel’men (Kamchadal), and their mainland neighbors and enemies, the Chukchi.
By the end of the seventeenth century and during the first decade of the eighteenth,
they were exploring, and exploiting as a hunting ground, the Kuril Islands, and had
amassed considerable knowledge of the Japanese territories to the south.34 Tsar Alexis
and, soon after his death, his heir and successor, Peter the Great, felt it was high time the
government took a hand. Russian expansion into the North American continent in the
eighteenth century took place when cooperation between private entrepreneurs and the
government was entering a new phase. Peter the Great set the goal of building an empire
able to compete with other power ful European nations on a global scale. He dreamed of
a Pacific fleet with home ports in the North Pacific and systematic government-sponsored
exploration of the arctic coasts of Eurasia, testing the feasibility of the Northeast Passage to
China, Japan, and India, and extending sovereignty over the North American coast from
Bering Strait to the Spanish possessions in California. The private entrepreneur, however,
remained indispensable. He was to be encouraged, but his efforts were to yield to official
governmental policies. In the end the private entrepreneur was to serve the state.
NOTES
1. S. V. Bakhrushin, “Russkoe prodvizhenie za Ural,” in S. V. Bakhrushin: Nauchnye trudy, vol. 3,
pt. 1 (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1955), 139; and idem, “Istoricheskii ocherk
zaseleniia Sibiri do poloviny XIX veka,” in Ocherki po istorii kolonizatsii Severa i Sibiri (Petrograd,
1922), 2: 32–34.
2. On the prehistoric population shifts I follow V. V. Bunak, ed., Proiskhozhdenie i etnicheskaia
istoriia russkogo naroda po antropologicheskim dannym, Trudy Instituta etnografii, n.s., 88 (Mos-
cow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1965); D. A. Machinskii, “Etnosotsial’nye i etnokul’turnye protsessy
v Severnoi Rusi (period zarozhdeniia drevnerusskoi narodnosti),” in Russkii Sever: Problemy
etnokul’turnoi istorii, etnografii, fol’kloristiki, ed. T. A. Bernshtam and K. V. Chistov (Leningrad:
Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1986); T. A. Bernshtam, Pomory: Formirovanie gruppy i sistema khoziaistva
(Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1978); and M. I. Belov, Arkticheskoe moreplavanie s drevneishikh
vremen do serediny XIX veka, vol. 1 of Istoriia otkrytiia i osvoeniia Severnogo morskogo puti, ed.

8
  A Long-Established Pattern 

Ia. Ia. Gakkel’ et al. (Moscow: Morskoi transport, 1956), 21–37. On early Russian history, I fol-
low George Vernadsky, A History of Russia, 3d rev. ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951),
2–26; Vernadsky’s multivolume work of the same title, particularly vol. 1, Ancient Russia, and vol.
2, Kievan Russia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1943–1948); and Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A
History of Russia, 3d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977). On the formation of the Rus-
sian White Sea littoral population, the Pomory, see Bernshtam, Pomory. See also A. P. Engelhardt,
“The Murman,” chap. 5 in A Russian Province of the North (Westminster: Archibald Constable
and Company, 1899), and Bakhrushin’s essays “Russkoe prodvizhenie za Ural” and “Istoricheskii
ocherk.”
3. Norse- or Norman-established trading centers and principalities probably existed earlier, such as
Staraia Russa on Lake Il’men’ and another one near the area of modern Astrakhan’ (later shifted
to the Taman’ Peninsula, see Vernadsky, History of Russia [1951], 23–24), but traditionally the
establishment of a Russian state is dated by historians to Riurik’s taking control of Novgorod.
There is some uncertainty about the dating of this latter event. Bernshtam, in her book Pomory,
relying on the Ipat’evskaia chronicle, claims that Riurik first established himself at Ladoga in 862
and only later moved on to Novgorod. Ladoga remained the home ground; in 922, Oleg returned
home from Kiev, died, and was buried there (Pomory, 21). Thus, the center of Scandinavian activ-
ity is placed in Ladoga, with Novgorod as a secondary base, and Kiev coming into prominence
somewhat later. On this question see also A. V. Kuza, “Novgorodskaia zemlia,” in Drevnerusskie
kniazhestva X–XIII vv., ed. L. G. Beskrovnyi (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1975), 144–201.
4. See Vernadsky, History of Russia (1951). Among major Russian historians who emphasized the
commercial origin of the earliest Russian states were S. M. Solov’ev and V. O. Kliuchevskii. See also
E. A. Rybina, Arkheologicheskie ocherki istorii novgorodskoi torgovli X–XIV vv. (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo
Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 1978).
5. Vernadsky, History of Russia (1951).
6. Robert J. Kerner quite rightly stresses the importance of utilization of waterways by Russians
throughout their history, “from tribal community to world empire.” He wrote: “The railroad,
canal, and motor highway have followed through the portages chiefly along the lines laid down by
this process” (The Urge to the Sea [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1948],
103). Russian historians by and large take the role of waterways in Russian expansion for granted.
Among those who emphasize this factor are S. V. Bakhrushin and his younger colleague M. I.
Belov. An earlier author who stresses the importance of waterways is N. P. Zagoskin, Russkie vodnye
puti i sudovoe delo v dopetrovskoi Rusi (Materialy dlia opisaniia russkikh rek i istorii uluchsheniia ikh
sudokhodnykh uslovii), no. 16 (Kazan’, 1910). For water routes to eastern Siberia, including those
from the Upper Kama and Pechora Rivers, as well as the sea route to the Ob’ and Yenisei in western
Siberia, see S. V. Bakhrushin, “Puti v Sibir’ v XVI–XVII vv.,” in Nauchnye trudy, 3 (1): 72–136.
On the homelands and traditions of Russian pioneers in Alaska, the early promyshlenniki, see Lydia
T. Black, “Promyshlenniki . . . Who Were They?” in Bering and Chirikov: The American Voyages
and Their Impact, ed. O. W. Frost (Anchorage: Alaska Historical Society, 1992), 279–290.
7. N. Ozertskovskoi, “Opisanie morzhovago promysla,” Sobranie sochinenii vybrannykh iz mesiatse-
slovov na raznye gody (St. Petersburg: Imperatorskaia akademiia nauk, 1793), 10: 138–184; Osip
Belomorskii, “Vzgliad na zapasy ptitselovnago promysla v Pomor’ie,” Morskoi sbornik 36, no. 8
(1858): 121–140; Nils Storå, “Russian Walrus Hunting in Spitsbergen,” Etudes/Inuit/Studies
11, no. 2 (1987): 117–137; Vadim Starkov et al., “Russkie poseleniia XVI v. na Spitzbergene,”
Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR, no. 12 (1983): 109–113; K. V. Chistov and T. A. Bernshtam, eds.,
Russkii Sever: Problemy etnografii i fol’klora (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1981); M. I. Belov,
“Russkie poliarnye plavaniia i morskie promysly na evropeiskom severe Rossii v XVI–XVII vekakh:
Pokhody na Novuiu Zemliu i Spitsbergen,” chap. 3 in Arkticheskoe moreplavanie, 46–70; B. D.
Emerov, “K istorii kitoboinogo promysla na russkom Severe,” Letopis’ Severa 3 (1962): 188–200;
L. L. Breitfus, Morskoi zverinyi promysel v Belom more i severnom Ledovitom okeane (St. Petersburg,
1905).

9
  Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 

8. On transplantation of the maritime traditions of the Pomory to eastern Siberia, see M. I. Belov,
“Pervye morskie i sukhoputnye ekspeditsii v severo-vostochnuiu Sibir’: Vostochno-sibirskie poliarnye
morekhody,” chap. 9 in Arkticheskoe moreplavanie, 146–148.
9. S. F. Platonov, “Inozemtsy na Russkom Severe v XVI–XVII vv.,” in Ocherki po istorii kolonizatsii
Severa i Sibiri (Petrograd, 1923), 7–17; A. Ts. Merzon and Iu. A. Tikhonov, Rynok Ustiuga Velikogo
v period skladyvaniia vserossiiskogo rynka (XVII vek) (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR,
1960), 240–241.
10. Bunak, Proiskhozhdenie i etnicheskaia istoriia, 261–265; V. V. Politov, Iarensk: istoricheskii ocherk
(Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1978); N. D. Konakov, ed., Genezis i evoliutsiia traditsionnoi
kul’tury komi, Trudy Instituta iazyka, literatury i istorii, no. 43 (Syktyvkar: Akademiia nauk SSSR,
Ural’skoe otdelenie, Komi nauchnyi tsentr, 1989); N. D. Konakov, Komi: Okhotniki i rybolovy vo vtoroi
polovine XIX–nachale XX v. (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1983); idem, Etnicheskaia ekologiia i
traditsionnaia kul’tura komi, Seriia preprintov “Nauchnye doklady,” no. 107 (Syktyvkar: Akademiia
nauk SSSR, Komi filial, 1984); idem, Vodnye sredstva soobshcheniia naroda komi, Seriia preprintov
“Nauchnye doklady,” no. 45 (Syktyvkar: Akademiia nauk SSSR, Komi filial, 1979); L. P. Lashuk,
Formirovanie narodnosti komi (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta,
1972); V. A. Semenov, Etnografiia komi (zyrian) (Syktyvkar: Permskii universitet, 1986); L. N.
Zherebtsov, Istoriko-kul’turnye vzaimootnosheniia komi s sosednimi narodami (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo
“Nauka,” 1982); E. A. Savel’eva, Perm’ Vychegodskaia: K voprosu o proiskhozhdenii naroda komi
(Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1971). For specific data on Komi participation in the expansion
into Siberia, including to Anadyr’ and Penzhina Bay (Koriak territory in the Siberian northeast),
see A. Napalkov et al., eds., Rodniki parmy (Syktykvar: Komi knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1989).
11. The trading activity of the city of Ustiug is an excellent example. See Merzon and Tikhonov, Rynok
Ustiuga Velikogo; S. V. Bakhrushin, “Pokruta na sobolinykh promyslakh XVII v.,” in Nauchnye
trudy, 3 (1): 198–211; idem, “Torgovye krest’iane v XVII v.,” in Nauchnye trudy, vol. 2 (Moscow:
Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1954), 118–133; idem, “Promyshlennye predpriiatiia russkikh
torgovykh liudei v XVII v.,” in ibid., 224–253; V. A. Oborin, “Permskie posadskie liudi v XVI–XVIII
vv. (k voprosu o formirovanii torgovo-promyshlennoi verkhushki),” in Promyshlennost’ i torgovlia v
Rossii XVII–XVIII vv., ed. A. A. Preobrazhenskii (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1983), 27–42;
P. A. Kolesnikov, “Promyslovo-remeslennaia deiatel’nost’ severnogo krest’ianstva v XVIII v.,” in
ibid., 138–153; V. S. Barashkova, “Torgovlia ryboi i sol’iu belozerskikh posadskikh liudei i krest’ian
v kontse XVI–nachale XVII v.,” in ibid., 192–202.
12. A. L. Khoroshkevich, Torgovlia Velikogo Novgoroda s pribaltikoi i zapadnoi Evropoi v XIV–XV
vekakh (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1963); Oleg V. Bychkov, “Russian Fur Gather-
ing Traditions in the Eighteenth Century,” Pacifica 2, no. 2 (1990): 80–87; Bernshtam, Pomory.
See also R. V. Kamenetskaia, “Russkie starozhily poliarnogo areala,” in Russkii Sever: Problemy
etnokul’turnoi istorii, etnografii, fol’kloristiki, ed. T. A. Bernshtam and K. V. Chistov (Leningrad:
Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1986), 67–81, for an extensive listing of literature on this subject.
13. On the social order of the northern settlers see S. V. Bakhrushin, “Mangazeiskaia mirskaia obshchina
v XVII v.,” in Nauchnye trudy, 3 (1): 297–330. On the financing and labor relations of the fur
hunting enterprises in Siberia, see Bakhrushin, “Pokruta.” On the organization and social order of
the fur-procuring artels in Siberia, see Oleg V. Bychkov, “Russian Hunters in eastern Siberia in the
Seventeenth Century: Lifestyle and Economy,” Arctic Anthropology 31, no. 1 (1994): 72–85.
On the structure of marine mammal hunting associated with long-distance voyaging, see “O
kotliannykh ili artel’nykh promyslakh,” a copy of the set of customary labor rules written down by
walrus hunters of the Mezen’ district for Count Petr Shuvalov and transmitted to N. Ozertskovskoi
by Arkhangel’sk notary public Aleksandr Fomin. Ozertskovskoi published this set of rules as part
of his article “Opisanie morzhovago promysla.” On the transfer to Alaska, see Lydia T. Black,
“Creoles in Russian America,” Pacifica 2, no. 2 (1990): 142–155, and idem, “Promyshlenniki . . .
Who Were They?”
14. S. F. Platonov, “Proshloe russkogo Severa,” in Ocherki po istorii kolonizatsii Severa i Sibiri (Petro-
grad, 1923); Bakhrushin, “Russkoe prodvizhenie za Ural,” 137–160.

10
  A Long-Established Pattern 

15. Iakov Iakovlevich Friz, “Khronologicheskaia letopis’ goroda Ustiuga Velikago,” Severnyi arkhiv
11 (June 1822): 321–332; K. N. Serbina, ed., Ustiuzhskii letopisnyi svod (arkhangelogorodskii
letopisets) (Moscow-Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1950); A. A. Titov, Letopis’
Velikoustiuzhskaia, pt. 1 (Moscow: A. K. Trapeznikov, 1889), pt. 2 (Moscow: Bragin, 1905?);
“Rossiiskaia istoriia: Nechto o ‘piatinakh Novgorodskikh’ i v osobennosti o strane, izvestnoi izdrevle
pod imenem ‘Vagi,’ ” Severnyi arkhiv 9 (1827): 3–34; 10 (1827): 89–120; 11 (1827): 189–209;
12 (1827): 271–289.
16. George V. Lantzeff and Richard A. Pierce, Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the
Russian Open Frontier, to 1750 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1973), 81–107. Kerner,
Urge to the Sea; Khoroshkevich, Torgovlia Velikogo Novgoroda; Kuza, “Novgorodskaia zemlia.”
17. The Khanty and Mansi are known as the Ostyak/Vogul in early sources. Their territory at one
time extended to the west of the Urals, to the Upper Pechora River basin and in all probability to
the Upper Vychegda (S. V. Bakhrushin, “Ostiatskie i vogul’skie kniazhestva v XVI–XVII vv.,” in
Nauchnye trudy, vol. 3, pt. 2 [Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1955], 86–152).
18. On the leadership and military technology and the military raids and trade of the Ob’-Ugrians see
Bakhrushin, “Ostiatskie i vogul’skie kniazhestva.”
19. M. I. Belov, Mangazeia (Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1969), 22.
20. Khoroshkevich, Torgovlia Velikogo Novgoroda, 51–52; Bakhrushin, “Russkoe prodvizhenie za
Ural.”
21. Lantzeff and Pierce, Eastward to Empire, 36–37. On Russian penetration to the Yenisei by the late
1500s, see Bakhrushin, “Russkoe prodvizhenie za Ural,” 142.
22. Serbina, Ustiuzhskii letopisnyi svod; Kuza, “Novgorodskaia zemlia,” 144–201; Friz, “Khrono-
logicheskaia letopis’,” Severnyi arkhiv 11 (June 1822): 321–332; 12 (June 1822): 401–412; 13
(July 1822): 19–29, 103–118, 221–234. On trade as a primary means of interaction, see Raymond
H. Fisher, The Russian Fur Trade, 1550–1700 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California
Press, 1943), 18–19.
23. See the benchmark publication by Raymond Fisher, The Russian Fur Trade, 1550–1700, specifically
chap. 4, “The Acquisition of Furs by the Muscovite State”; Lantzeff and Pierce, Eastward to Empire;
and the works of James R. Gibson, Feeding the Russian Fur Trade: Provisionment of the Okhotsk
Seaboard and the Kamchatka Peninsula, 1639–1856 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969)
and Imperial Russia in Frontier America: The Changing Geography of Supply of Russian America,
1784–1867 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976). Though Gibson does not focus specifically
on the iasak as the major source of furs for the Russian Crown, this assumption is implicit in his
presentation. For a specific discussion of the iasak as a mechanism of fur acquisition by the state,
see George V. Lantzeff, Siberia in the Seventeenth Century: A Study of the Colonial Administration
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1943), 123–132, and Fisher, Russian
Fur Trade, 49–61. For a fundamental analysis of the iasak, see S. V. Bakhrushin, “Iasak v Sibiri v
XVII v.,” in Nauchnye trudy, 3 (2): 49–85, first published in Sibirskie ogni (Novosibirsk), no. 3
(1927): 95–129.
24. Lantzeff, Siberia in the Seventeenth Century, 4–18.
25. N. N. Ogloblin, “ ‘Zhenskii vopros’ v Sibiri v XVII veke,” Istoricheskii vestnik (July 1890): 194–207;
I. S. Gurvich, “Russkie na severo-vostoke Sibiri v XVII v.,” in Sibirskii etnograficheskii sbornik 5,
Trudy Instituta etnografii, n.s., 84 (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1963), 71–91,
gender relations discussed on pp. 78–81; V. A. Aleksandrov, “Cherty semeinogo stroia u russkogo
naseleniia,” chap. 5 in Russkoe naselenie Sibiri XVII–nachala XVIII v. (Eniseiskii krai), Trudy
Instituta etnografii, n.s., 87 (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1964), 119–139.
26. Belov, Mangazeia.
27. Vladimir Mikhailovich Zenzinov, Russkoe ust’e Iakutskoi oblasti, Verkhoianskago okruga (Moscow:
P. P. Riabushinskii, 1913), 113–114.

11
  Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 

28. This is taken for granted by all specialists. See Bakhrushin as cited; Terence E. Armstrong, Russian
Settlement in the North (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1965) and inter alia
Aleksandrov, Russkoe naselenie Sibiri.
29. The main complex, constructed on the largest island of the Solovetskii archipelago in the White Sea,
where prehistoric Saami erected their sacred stone cairns, eventually became a formidable fortress.
It withstood attempts by foreign intruders (Englishmen, Dutchmen, and Swedes) and the forces of
Moscow sent to subdue the rebellious monks who in the seventeenth century took a stand to the
death in defense of the Old Belief against the church reform of Patriarch Nikon. Though younger
in age than many other northern monasteries and churches, to this day it remains the symbol of
Orthodox and Old Believer spirituality. S. V. Bakhrushin, “Legenda o Vasilii Mangazeiskom,” in
Nauchnye trudy, 3 (1): 331–354; Black, “Promyshlenniki . . . Who Were They?”
30. On the role of the Stroganov family and Ermak’s expedition, see George Vernadsky, A History
of Russia, vol. 5, The Tsardom of Moscow, 1547–1682 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969),
175–182; Lantzeff and Pierce, Eastward to Empire, 81–107; and Fisher, Russian Fur Trade, 23–27.
See also Vasilii Shishenko, comp., Permskaia letopis’ s 1263–1881 g., 2 pts. (Perm’: Gubernskaia
zemskaia uprava, 1881–1882); D. Smyshliaev, comp., Istochniki i posobiia dlia izucheniia Permskago
kraia (Perm’: Gubernskaia zemskaia uprava, 1876); A. A. Dmitriev, Istoricheskii ocherk Permskago
kraia (Perm’: Gubernskaia zemskaia uprava, 1896); Aleksandr Dmitriev, Permskaia starina: Sbornik
istoricheskikh statei i materialov preimushchestvenno o Permskom krae, 2 vols., 8 pts. (Perm’, 1889–
1900). These are also very useful general sources on the Russian North, including the expansion
eastward beyond the Urals, regional economics, peasantry questions, and extensive listings of rare
materials.
31. S. V. Bakhrushin, “Agenty russkikh torgovykh liudei v XVII v.,” in Nauchnye trudy, 2: 134–153,
first published in 1929, and idem, “Torgovye krest’iane v XVII v.,” first published in 1928.
32. Gurvich, “Russkie na severo-vostoke Sibiri.”
33. A. V. Efimov, ed., Otkrytiia russkikh zemleprokhodtsev i poliarnykh morekhodov XVII veka na severo-
vostoke Azii: Sbornik dokumentov, comp. N. S. Orlova (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo
geograficheskoi literatury, 1951), 44.
34. S. V. Bakhrushin, “Puti v Vostochnuiu Sibir’,” in Nauchnye trudy, 3 (1): 111–136. Lantzeff and
Pierce, Eastward to Empire.

12
FIGURE 2. Alexis (Aleksei Mikhailovich; 1629–1676), tsar of Russia 1645–1676.
Courtesy Slavic and Baltic Division, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.
 CHAPTER TWO

The Hand of Moscow

 
THE PRINCES OF MOSCOW HAD SHOWN AN INTEREST IN NORTHEAST
expansion as early as the beginning of the fourteenth century, when Ivan
Kalita, grand prince of Moscow (1328–1341), advanced a claim to the
Pechora region. To support the claim, he reportedly sent a twenty-man hunting crew
to the mouth of the Pechora River by sea every year, and Novgorod issued them a
safe conduct.1 In the fifteenth century, following the conquest of the remnants of the
Mongolian Golden Horde, the Moscow rulers of the growing centralized Russian state
began to look toward the territories beyond the Ural Mountains. In 1483, Ivan III sent
a large expedition which reached the confluence of the Irtysh and Ob’ Rivers. A few years
later another Moscow force reached the future location of Berezovo on the Ob’ River.
According to some eighteenth-century Russian historians, Ivan the Terrible also sent an
expedition to Siberia, and this expedition, which finally returned in the reign of Ivan’s
son, Fedor, reported that mighty seas washed the northern and—more significantly—the
eastern shores of Siberia.
During the reign of Vasilii III (following that of Ivan III), Moscow created two iasak
collection districts in the region beyond the Urals.2 A system of establishing small fortified
outposts (ostrog or sometimes krepost’), garrisoned by the tsar’s ser vicemen or cossacks,
came into being. Moscow levied customs duties on internal trade, and soon many of
these ostrogs served as customs stations as well as iasak collection centers. By the time the
Romanov dynasty came to occupy the Russian throne in 1613, the private entrepreneurs,
organizers and participants of fur-gathering expeditions, and traders had to surrender
one-tenth of their catch or cargo as customs dues. Almost simultaneously, there arose
the practice of licensing trading expeditions, including those that penetrated new lands.
Customs clearance was required for any goods carried on such expeditions.3
In 1626, Tsar Mikhail Romanov ordered the compilation of the first official map of
Siberia.4 As early as the fifteenth century, the government’s interest in Siberian territories
had exceeded the acquisition of new fur procurement areas. The location of silver, gold,
copper, and other mineral wealth received increasing priority. By the seventeenth century,
although fur collection continued to be an important source of state revenue, the search
for raw materials became a dominant motivation.5
International trade considerations also played a role. About 1600, Mangazeia on the
Taz Arm at the mouth of the Ob’ River, an old outpost of the Pomory fur hunters and

15
  Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 

traders, was rebuilt as a fortified, state-supported port. It also served as a trading center
and a base for military expansion eastward to the Yenisei and beyond. Moscow worried
about foreigners’ penetration of the Russian north and specifically forbade foreign entry
into Mangazeia. To prevent foreign access to furs, mineral resources, and, above all, to
new trade routes, Moscow forbade sea voyaging along the northern coasts east of the
northern Dvina,6 though the Pomory continued to use it clandestinely. Behind the fear
of foreign intrusion was the fear that foreigners might succeed in navigating a route to
the Orient along the Siberian coast.
The idea of a northern sea route from Europe to China along Russia’s northern coasts
was current in Russia from the sixteenth century. In 1525, it was introduced into West-
ern European discourse. When in Rome, Moscow’s envoy Dmitrii Gerasimov discussed
this possibility and it was published almost immediately by the Italian historian Paulo
Giovio. Giovio even stated that Ivan the Terrible planned such an expedition.7 In Eng-
land, the idea was put forward by John Dee about 1577,8 followed by many proposals
for a northern ship route, and in 1652 the Swedish trade agent Johan Rodes mentioned
a plan to dispatch foreign, non-Russian officers “on a voyage to America” via Siberia. A
generation later, a high Russian official discussed the Siberian route to America with a
visiting Jesuit, Philip Avril.9
Unable to initiate such an expedition, or unwilling to commit the required resources,
the central government in Moscow began to dispatch small units of cossacks and ser-
vicemen on explorations (on which the latter could collect furs for private sale as part
of their recompense for ser vice). More often the government assigned its agents, almost
without exception cossacks or ser vicemen on active duty, to selected, privately launched
trading expeditions. The duties of these governmental agents included collecting iasak
from aboriginal inhabitants in the newly penetrated areas, and keeping records of furs
obtained by the party in barter or hunting in order to ensure that the traders would pay
the proper one-tenth tax. They were required to keep notes or journals and report to the
government authorities on geography, environmental conditions, and population in the
visited areas. As the main thrust of the expansion proceeded along the coast and the river
systems, pilots were licensed by the government, and shipbuilders transferred from the
northern Russian shipbuilding centers to various launching areas throughout Siberia.
Yakutsk, founded on the Lena River in 1632, was such a center, as were Zashiversk on
the Indigirka River, which the Russians explored by 1633, and fortified Nizhnekolymsk
and other ostrogs established later on the Kolyma River.
These governmentally supported outposts served also as centers of Russian-Siberian
native trade. At several sites annual fairs were held, a practice encouraged by the gov-
ernment (eventually, in the eighteenth century, the fairs operated under governmental
supervision). At Zashiversk, beyond the walls of the ostrog,
annual fairs attracted a multitude of traders carrying priceless furs from far and wide,
from the taiga (the forest), the tundra and the forested tundra belt. They were met by
the merchants emerging from the gates in colorful dress, decorated with bright seed
beads, carrying iron and drinking pitchers . . . and then both the priest and the shaman,
each in his own manner, would bless the goods disposed upon the snow and the trade
would commence.10

16
  The Hand of Moscow 

Yeniseisk and Yakutsk were the garrison towns, home bases of the Cossack detachments.
By 1649, 350 servicemen were stationed at Yakutsk. From there exploration parties were
dispatched by local officials and voevodas (military governors) in rapid succession along the
Arctic Ocean coast and into the interior, where these quasi-trading, quasi-governmental
and military parties ascended the major rivers and explored the tributaries and portages
to river basins farther east and south.
It was not long before routes to the Pacific were found. Starting in 1638 out of
Butalskii ostrog on the Aldan, a tributary of the Lena, Ivan Iur’iev Moskvitin reached the
Sea of Okhotsk in 1639 and in 1640–1641 the mouth of the Amur River and possibly
Sakhalin Island.11 Between 1643 and 1646, Vasilii Poiarkov crossed the divide between
the upper reaches of the Aldan and the Zeia, a tributary of the Amur River. His party
eventually descended the Amur to the Sea of Okhotsk and proceeded along the coast
northward, reaching the location of Moskvitin’s camp. Consequently, expeditions were
planned almost immediately thereafter to reach the Pacific Ocean by sea, from the north.
The staging areas were on major rivers: the Lena, Yana, Indigirka, and Kolyma. The
first documented attempt to round the Chukchi Peninsula was made in 1646 under the
command of Isai Ignatii Mezenets (a native of the Mezen’ region on the White Sea).
He sailed probably as far as Chaun Bay.12 Ogloblin, analyzing primary documents of the
eighteenth century, believed that Mikhail Stadukhin reached Anadyr’ from the Kolyma
by sea, went overland from Anadyr’ to Penzhina Bay, an arm of the northern Okhotsk
Sea, and again by sea reached the Okhota River.13 He also indicated that Ivan Erastov
reached Anadyr’ by sea from Kolyma in 1646, though modern scholars believe that this
expedition was only planned, never executed.14 Several other attempts were made which,
as far as is known, were unsuccessful—the documentation is inconclusive. Then, in 1647,
the Cossack Semeon Dezhnev took his turn at reaching the Pacific from the Arctic. His
story, similar to that of many lesser known explorers, is worth recounting here.
Semeon Dezhnev,15 a native of the Russian north, had been recruited in 1630 for
Siberian service in Ustiug the Great. For eight years he served in Tobol’sk and Yeniseisk
(becoming a Cossack), then was sent to Yakutiia in 1639 or perhaps even earlier. In fact,
he is said to have been a member of the Cossack detachment under Beketov, who is cred-
ited with founding Yakutsk in 1632. Dezhnev married a Yakut woman, Abaikada Siuchi
of Barogonskaia district. (Their son, Liubim, thanks to his father a hereditary Cossack,
served later in the Siberian east.) In 1643 Dezhnev, together with Mikhail Stadukhin
and Dmitrii Zyrian, sailed along the seacoast as far as the Kolyma River mouth, at that
time the easternmost Russian frontier. Stadukhin was a fellow northerner and Cossack
who had been active in eastern Siberia since 1630. He was also a nephew of Gusel’nikov,
a wealthy, well-known merchant with interests in the Siberian and international trade.16
Stadukhin pioneered Russian penetration of the Kolyma River basin, in 1643 founding
Srednekolymsk, the first Russian settlement on that river,17 and learned about the river
Pogycha, which was the local, probably Yukagir, name for the Anadyr’ River.18
Dezhnev, together with Fedot Alekseev, set out in 1647 on such an expedition, but
they were unable to round the Chukchi Peninsula. Alekseev (also known as Popov and
Kholmogorets), a native of Kholmogory, an ancient city of the White Sea region, and an
associate of the great Moscow merchant Usov who was active in the Ustiug trade, im-
mediately embarked on a second attempt in 1648. Dezhnev was attached to Alekseev’s

17
  Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 

merchant expedition as a government agent. Two other par ticipants, Andreev and
Astaf’iev, agents of the Gusel’nikov merchant house, provided their own vessel and men,
while Alekseev provided five vessels and the majority of the men (their exact number is
not known). Dezhnev himself, in keeping with the custom of the times, recruited and
equipped a group of men (eighteen or nineteen) for fur gathering for private profit. The
expedition was joined by another group, mustering thirty men, led by the serviceman
Gerasim Ankudinov, who earlier had tried to have Dezhnev’s appointment rescinded.
Ankudinov traveled without a license or authorization but had his own vessel. The com-
bined total is believed to have been 89 men, but may have been as high as 121. The
party traveled in seven vessels, the traditional koch.19 At least one woman, Alekseev’s
Yakut wife, was with the party.20 Except for Dezhnev, none of the organizers and lead-
ers of the expedition sur vived to tell their tale. He rounded the northeastern extremity
of Asia, made landfall at the Diomede Islands, sailed through Bering Strait, reached the
mouth of the Anadyr’ River, which empties into the Bering Sea, and, ascending this river,
founded the Anadyr’ ostrog.
Dezhnev reported that sixty-four out of eighty-nine men perished. This total prob-
ably does not include losses from Ankudinov’s koch, as he was not an official member
of the expedition. Four out of seven vessels were lost before the party reached Bering
Strait (two wrecked in a storm, two others lost without a trace).21 Ankudinov’s koch was
wrecked on the Chukchi Peninsula in or near Bering Strait.22 Alekseev’s vessel was carried
south beyond the mouth of the Anadyr’ River, and was believed to have made landfall on

FIGURE 3. Russian koch, designed for sailing in ice-infested waters.

From Belov, 1951, pp. 73, 75.

18
  The Hand of Moscow 

the eastern shore of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the vicinity of the Kamchatka River.23
The fate of the other two vessels is disputed by scholars to this day. Locally, in Siberia,
it was widely believed that the lost vessels reached safety on the American continent and
there either founded a settlement of their own or found succor among the Inuit and
eventually became assimilated by them. Denied by many scholars (though by no means
all), this legend refuses to die.24 Some believe that seventeenth-century Russian sailors
visited Alaska more than once.25
Many attempts were made to sail the same route after Dezhnev’s voyage and several
attempted the route in the opposite direction, from the mouth of the Anadyr’ River to
the Kolyma or Lena, traveling north and west. M. I. Belov compiled a chronological table
of such sea voyages between 1633 and 1689, in which he lists 177 voyages of record,
most of them apparently uncompleted. One attempt to round the Chukchi Peninsula
by traveling from the mouth of the Anadyr’ River may have been completed.26 Belov,
like Efimov, another well-known Soviet historian of arctic exploration and car tography,
frequently notes that the surviving records represent only a portion of the sea traffic
east of the Lena. Mostly, the records concern the voyages to which cossacks or Cossack
detachments were assigned. Purely commercial voyages may not be represented in the
surviving official records. Belov notes that in 1645 alone the Yakutsk customs office is-
sued fifty-one travel documents authorizing sea voyaging and transport of goods to the
northeast. Between June and July 1647 the same office issued 404 travel documents
authorizing travel “down the Lena and by sea to the Indigirka and Kolyma for trade
and industry.”27
At least one individual, Nikita Voropaev, was for many years a pilot for the sea route
from the Lena to Zanos’ie, the region beyond the Chukchi Peninsula.28 In 1662, Ivan
Rubets, with two kochi, rounded the Chukchi Peninsula for the express purpose of tak-
ing walrus ivory at the mouth of the Anadyr’. From there he sailed on and reached the
Kamchatka River. It appears that he traveled from the Lena River to Kamchatka in one
navigational season. The next year, having wintered on the Kamchatka, he sailed north to
the Anadyr’, and in the fall of 1663 ascended the Anadyr’ River and took over the com-
mand of the ostrog there.29 Recently, a Russian geographer proposed that Taras Stadukhin
and his crew of ninety (whose voyage in 1668 or 1669 has for many years mystified re-
searchers) landed in Kotzebue Sound in Alaska and crossed the Seward Peninsula from
the Buckland River to the Koyuk River, which empties into Norton Sound.30
Some scholars believe that Dezhnev himself might have touched upon Alaska’s shores,
and not only at the Diomede Islands in Bering Strait; if not Dezhnev, then someone
else must have made landfall there. This hypothesis derives from the late seventeenth to
early eighteenth-century European (as well as Russian) cartography of northeast Asia.31
Proponents of this hypothesis also believe that the cartographic evidence refutes another
myth, firmly entrenched in the literature, that Dezhnev’s voyage and information about
the strait were not known to Russian authorities until G. F. Müller found documents
per taining to the voyage in the Yakutsk archives in 1736.32
Within a year of Dezhnev’s voyage (and possibly even prior to his exploit)33 there was
local talk about the “New” or “Great Land” to the east of the Chukchi Peninsula, to be
reached by sea. This land was often identified with America. In fact, the eastern Siberian
servicemen and promyshlenniki believed (and this belief spread very rapidly among Rus-
sian sailors and cer tainly must have reached the capital) that the islands they sighted along

19
  Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 

Siberia’s Arctic Ocean shores formed part of the American mainland. They believed that
this mainland stretched in a belt from east to west. On the other hand, there was talk about
an “Impassable Cape” between the “Lena and Amur Seas,” and this apparently resulted in
representations of a land link between America and Asia on some European maps. Most
scholars believed that this designation applied to the Chukchi Peninsula, but in reality, as
Polevoi argued, it is much more likely that it referred to Kamchatka.34 The arguments are
likely to continue for many years to come.
On Russian maps from as early as 1667, primitive and inaccurate as many were, north-
eastern Siberia is shown as bounded by the sea on the north and east. When Peter the
Great acted to establish a Russian naval presence in eastern and northeastern Siberia, he
must have been cognizant of this. In fact, in 1710, on his orders, the Siberian voevoda
(military administrator of a region and troop commander) Trauernikht dispatched Ivan
L’vov to the northeast for more precise information. On his heels traveled the Cossack
Petr Popov and comrades, out of Anadyr’ to the Chukchi Peninsula. Popov collected
considerable information about the Great Land beyond the strait and about the islands
between the two continents.35 But by 1710 “The Great Land” (Alaska) was already
shown beyond Bering Strait on several Russian manuscript charts, and inscriptions on
these charts, as well as the recorded testimonies by ser vicemen preserved in Russian ar-
chives, leave no doubt that some accurate information was known about the inhabitants
of northwestern Alaska.36
By the beginning of the eighteenth century this land was shown as well on some
European maps derived from Russian sources. There is little doubt that information
supplied by Dezhnev was incorporated in
several European maps, notably those by
Nicolaas Witsen (1687, 1698, and 1705)
and Homann in his famous atlas (1725).37
Significantly, these European maps show-
ing the strait and the Diomede Islands all
appeared during the reign of Peter the
Great when the proposals for reaching
China, Japan, and India via the northern
sea route were being renewed and when
a major governmental effort was being
initiated to launch naval expeditions to
explore and chart the entire Siberian polar
and Pacific coasts and to reach America from
Siberia.38 Peter and his close associates must
have been aware of the available knowledge
about this region: the map of the Chukchi
Peninsula and Bering Strait that appears in
Homann’s atlas had been transmitted to
the cartographer by Iakov Brius in 1722
on direct orders of Peter the Great.39
It was Peter’s close collaborator Ivan FIGURE 4. Peter the Great (1672–1725), tsar of Rus-
sia 1682–1721, emperor of Russia 1721–1725.
Kirilov who eventually formulated plans for Courtesy Slavic and Baltic Division, New York Public Library, Astor,
exploration of and Russian expansion to the Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.

20
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
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clnr Tor Window Clng r 303, 1539 Bathurst (Wych) KE 6876 — Geo
W drvr Leggat & Ross h 41 Brookfield av — Gertrude S acct Presby
Church in Can r 20 Chicora av MI 5632 — Gladys emp Stand Platers
r 197 Westbourne av — Gordon drftsmn John Inglis r 83 Moberley av
GR 2987 — Guy W emp BA Oil r 178 McRae dr (Leas) HY 8458 —
Harriet (wid I) r 71 Hogarth av HA 4235 — Harry tchr U of T h 71
Hogarth av HA 4235 — Harry B milk tester Dept of Agric (Ont) h 30
Chilton rd (E Y) GL 2804 — Harry C sis elk Eatons h 83 Moberley av
GR 2987 — Helen r 348 Pacific av JU 2159 — Herbt L slsmn Henry K
Wampole Co h 70 Harper av HY 4302 — Horace caretkr Heathvale
Apts h 1, 254-6 Heath w (Wych) — Howard W tchr Ryerson Pub Schl
h 77 Wanless av HY 8826 — Ida r 940 Queen e GL 0392 — Irene A
librarian Macmillan Co r 611 Hillsdale av e HU 8908 — Isabel Mrs h
20 Chicora av MI 5632 — J Arthur prs foremn T J Smith Litho r 9
Baden — J Bertram dir Welsh Lumber Co Ltd h 291 Strathmore blvd
HA 2203 — J M Ivan pres & mgr Welsh Lumber Co Ltd h 26
Edgewood av HO 1853 — Jas H div mgr Electrolux h 24 Whitmore av
(Fst H) HU 2338 — Jean r 96 Gledhill av (E Y) HO 5701 — Jean r
439 Sherbourne MI 8478 — Jessie B h 267 Runnymede rd LY 1493
— Joan r 35 Winchester Ml 5061 — John elk Life Underwriters Assn r
6 Redhill av (Frbk) LA 6624 — John A pntr & dec h 6 Redhill av
(Frbk) LA 6624 — John D elk h 53 Fernwood Park av HO 8765 —
John D porter Hart Hall h 44 Arlington av LA 8060 —John J h 18
Manor rd e HY 1393 — John L gro 694 Mt Pleasant rd h same HY
8081 — John M shpr Jos Simpson Sons Ltd h 203, 125 Kenilworth av
HO 4582 — John R grader Swift Candn h 108, 1539 Bathurst (Wych)
— John W br mgr Welsh Lumber Co Ltd h 22 Barbara cres (E Y) —
John W emp CNR h 145 Grange av EL 9775 — Jos h 28 Afton av (act
ser) — Jos A warehsemn Terminal Warehouses r 2, 462A Sherbourne
— Kathleen r 436 Logan av — Kathleen nurse r 348 Pacific av JU
2159 — Lorraine M nurse Tor Genl Hosp h 29, 81-83 Isabella KI
7565 — Lumber Co Ltd J M Ivan Welsh pres & mgr, B Clifford Welsh
vice-pres, Wm F Welsh sectreas lumber 2219 Yonqe MO 4311 & 117
Merton HU 2122 — Margt off elk Amalgamated Elect r 24 Whitmore
(Fst H) HU 2338 — Margt L r 267 Runnymede rd LY 1493 —
Margueritte elk Dept of Agric (Ont) r 86 Douglas av MO 5959 —
Mary hsekpr r 99 Miller av — Mary A (wid Archd) h 34, 394
Dovercourt rd LO 2290 — Maurice elk Liquor Control Store 8 h 56
Glenholme av LL 9869 — Morris emp Small Arms h 490 Indian gr JU
2114 — Noble J mgr Agnew Surpass Shoe Stores Ltd (2512 Yonge) r
18 Manor rd e HY 1393 — Nora nurse r 56 Glenholme av LY 9869 —
Norman A ins agt 2nd fir, 13-15 Wellington e WA 7601 h 16 Ronan
av MO 2251 — Olive R nurse r 39 Robina av (Oak) LO 8530 — Orval
h 266 Vaughan rd (Wych) (act ser) — Patk h 86IV2 Dundas e - —
Patk J sec frt traf dept CNR r 34 Tranby av KI 5766 — Peter lab
Barrymore Cloth h 318 Chisholm av (E Y) — Richd W first officer TCA
r 56 Glenholme av LL 9869 — Richd W slsmn Trelco Ltd h 394V2
Spadina rd HU 4791 — Robt btehr 2636 Yonge MO 5777 h 96
Gledhill av (E Y) HO 5701 —Robt B dec 496 Silverthorn av (Silv) h
same — Robt E h 32 Cranbrooke av HU 5965 (act ser) — Robt P trk
drvr r 264 Sackville AD 9781 — Robt T drvr Borden Co h 836
Woodbine av Welsh Ronald assmblr Massey-Harris h 2540 St Clair av
w (Rnny) — Royal S tchr Central High Schl of Com h 16 Kingscourt
dr (Kngswy Pk) JU 5038 — Ruth r 34, 394 Dovercourt rd LO 2290 —
Rutherford J mach Genl Engnrg h 22 Willingdon av (Bch C) HO 2923
— Sarah r 714 Spadina av KI 1017 — Suzanne nurse r 130 Balmoral
av MI 3388 — Vera emp John Inglis r 42 Sussex av KI 2302 — Vera
A elk Candn Telephones & Supplies h 10 Prust av HA 8649 — Victor
elect Allen Elect h 64 Dingwall av GL 6374 — W Keith surg 903-906,
170 St George RA 2189 h 453 Lytton blvd (Nth Y) HY 2583 — Walter
emp Booth Coulter h 436 Logan av —Walter hlpr Coulter Copper &
Brass r 220 Cedarvale av (E Y) — Wesley prsmn Candn Gravure h 15
Garden av (Mimico) — Wilfred pntr McFarlane Gendron Mfg r 63
Sumach — Wilfred J mach CNR r 145 Grange av EL 9775 — Wm r 34
Atlas av (Oak) ME 3442 — Wm h 421 Winona dr (Frbk) (act ser) —
Wm emp John Inglis h 105V2 Bernice cres (La M) — Wm A milkmn
Silverwoods h 41 Rossmore rd KE 1687 — Wm F sec-treas Welsh
Lumber Co Ltd h 18 Nursewood rd HO 5137 — Wm H r 101 Kendal
av MI 9687 — -Wm T h 264 Sackville AD 9781 Welsher Jos carp h
415 Ashdale av Welshire B Mrs investigator Tor Psychiatric Hosp r
462 Blythwood rd (Nth Y) Welsman Arthur S watch mkr John H Klein
& Co h 2 Rose av MI 8316 — Dorothy C stenog F G Hearne & Son r
486 Victoria Park av HO 5826 — Frank S tchr Tor Conserv of Music h
19 Glen Grove av e HU 8754 — Gilbert emp Planters Nut r 1134
Ossington av LL 5580 — Helen F r 19 Glen Grove av e HU 8754 —
Jas jan Kingston Rd United Church h 486 Victoria Park av HO 5826
— John S h 207 Riverside dr (Swan) JU 8291 — May elk Star r 486
Victoria Park av HO 5826 — Philip T slsmn W J Bell Paper h 72 St
Leonards cres (Nth Y) HU 3562 — Regd E r 2 Rose av MI 8316 (act
ser) — Wm r 2 Rose av MI 8316 (act ser) — Wm N ins agt h 183
Lake Shore rd (H Bay) LY 1305 Welstead Georgina tchr Pauline Av
Schl h 107 Roehampton av MO 4194 — Grace L tchr Park Schl r 107
Roehampton av MO 4194 Welte Enid D compt opr CNR Acctg Dept r
502 Huron KI 2657 Welter Milford G lab foremn Carter Halls h 72
Herbert av — Norma r 72 Herbert av — Stanley pntr r 631 Richmond
w EL 0754 Weltsman Albt opr Jos Gould & Sons r 357 Markham MI
1474 - — Janette sis elk Eatons r 357 Markham MI 1474 — Jos opr
Tor Dyeing & Finishing Wks r 268 Sherbourne KI 6367 — Louis cap
mkr h 357 Markham MI 1474 — Maurice mlnr r 357 Markham MI
1474 — Max opr Jos Gould & Sons r 357 Markham MI 1474 —Rose r
357 Markham MI 1474 Welton Chas M opr Dom Bridge h 41 Warren
cres (H Crest) JU 6989 — Florence E mgrs Clean-it-eria (453 Yonge)
r 76 Laws LY 8946 - — Geo M emp Aristocrat Mfg Co h 76 Laws LY
8946 - — Gladys A opr Rogers-Majestic r 145 Belgravia av (Frbk) KE
5186 — Harry N purch agt Christie St Hosp h 143 Woodycrest av (E
Y) GE 6398 — Helen G sis Idy Simpsons r 143 Woodycrest av (E Y)
GE 6398 — Iris C slsldy Eatons r 143 Woodycrest av (E Y) GE 6398
— Nina r 226 Pearson av LA 1683 — Norah r 226 Pearson av LA
1683 — Wm r 77 Chestnut EL 0971 (act ser) Weltsman Jos emp A
Caplan h 74 Palmerston av ♦Weltz, see also Waltz — Ellen (wid
Christian) h 252 Brunswick av KI 7412 — Rubin E r 268 St Clarens av
LL 1244 — Walter C r 252 Brunswick av KI 7412 (act ser) Welusz
Stanley emp CGE r 34 Grace Welwood Opal stenog Eatons r 157
Glenholme av (Oak) LO 7890 — Thos R phy & surg 2016 Davenport
rd h same JU 5439 Wembley Apts 338-340 Spadina rd — Hat
Shoppe The (Mrs Janet Melville) mlnry 1368 Queen w LO 2629 —
Investments Ltd Wilfred J McNab pres, A J McNab sec, 407, 414 Bay
WA 9423 — Neckwear Co (Mrs E Hollis & Arnold Freeman) 56V2
Adelaide e WA 4032 Wemp Bert S city editor Telegram h 303 Lytton
blvd HU 6814 — Louisa (wid Fredk) r 77 Homewood av MI 1034 —
M stenog A E Wilson & Co r 303 Lytton blvd HU 6814 Wemyss Ansley
G drug elk h 881 Queen w — Duncan dec Eatons h 39 Elgin av KI
5991 — Jas h 262 Manning av - — -Jas asst mgr Cameron Leather
Co h 37 Victoria blvd (Mt D) JU 3279 — Jas E tlr Eatons h 21
Conway av (Oak) LO 6837 — Wm J h 131 Hanson Wenborn Stanley r
317 Seaton MI 7548 Wendel Arthur emp Union Stock v Pacific av JU
5468 — John D r 31 Osborne av HO 2630 — Minnie invoice elk
Carlton Cards . Wendell Arthur W uphol Linsmore u 1276 Danforth
av GL 1718 Wenden John r 17 Grafton av LA 3Wendholt Mae sis elk
Eatons h 2 ' road — Winifred (Wendy's Goodie Shop! r wood rd
Wend land Kenneth W acct Candn Cn 6 Lewes cres (Nth Y) MO 486
Wendorf Herman carp h 515 Christ — Jack emp John Inglis h 52
Ciov 2568 — Mildred assmblr Rudolph Novelty — Olaf r 515 Christie
LA 7908 (ac — -Walter barber Altons Barber Carlton RA 8422
Wendover Kenneth lab Gooderham 5 Cedarvale av — Moses R I c PO
h 241 Browning Wendt Paul R sis rep Jessop Steel C Avenue rd KI
5625 Wendy's Goodie Shop (Mrs Edit1Winifred Wendholt) bkrs 2455
8583 Wener Chas (C & W Hosiery Shoppes WA 6552 — Fanny
pocket mkr Conti Pant i Grange av WA 2019 —Fay (wid Joe) h 679
Euclid av U — Isaac meat insp h 48 Grange av V — Israel foremn
Conti Pant & Overa; av WA 2019 — Morris bkr h 5 Grange av AO Hi
— Ruth r 48 Grange av WA 2019 Wengel Mary battery tester r 125
— Victoria Mrs r 125 Pearson av Wenger Emile (Emile Wenger
Wrougl h 307 Keewatin av MO 4652 — Emile Wrought Iron Works (E
(rear 718 Ossington av LO 86 —Ethel B r 113 Old Orchard rd HI —
Frank W drftsmn Dept of Hig Glendonwynne rd LY 8556 — John A
dist engnr Candn Westir Evelyn av LY 3814 — John P r 140 Evelyn av
LY 3814 — -Kathleen M stenog r 140 Evelyn — Larry (Colonial
Jewellery Co) h 1 (Cedarvale) HU 2710 — Louis sec hnd pianos 823
Colleg1, 40 Cecil RA 8888 — Murray M r 140 Evelyn av LY j — Roy M
garage supt Can Life h cres (Mt Y) JU 4325 — Sarah r 1, 40 Cecil RA
8888 — Walter lab Public Cold Storage i 16 Sackville Wenglarski
Frank mldr Tor Hardwa ning av Wengle Abraham (Bond Hat Mfg Co)
rd LL 6338 — David mlnr Bond Hat Co h 442 3068 — Jos pntr Tor
Shipbldg h 714 Rio — Morris (La Plaza Sweets) h 3, view av —
Phyliss hlpr 303 Chemical Co r 9026 — Rose h 647 Crawford
Wenglewicz John (Cole's Grocery; r av LY 9677 — John emp E Pullan
Ltd h 99 Marl — Victoria trk hlpr E Pullan Ltd WA 9541 Wenglinsky
Emanuel tlr Durable Manning av MI 1239 — Issie fnshr Hudson
Cloak r 164 — Rebecca emp Hudson Cloak Co : av MI 1239 —
Thelma stenog Visco Petroleui Manning av MI 1239 Wenglovich Michl
h 677 Richmond Wengryn Hrynko jan Peerless Shin mohd w EL 3619
— Nettie opr Peerless Shirt r 47 EL 3619 — Walter emp Dom Mach &
Tool r w EL 3619 Wenham Alex slsmn Browns Breao mount av (Oak)
KE 5375 — Fredk G P opr TTC h 375 McRo — Jas r 375 McRoberts
av (Frbk) Weniger Fred brace mkr r 296 R Weninger Jos foremn
Palter & Br; wood av (Oak) LL 9628 — Jos lab Standard Sanitary h :
LO 8374 W'enk Jos pekr Swift Candn h 58 LY 9641 Wenkert Philip
agt London Life h 0276 Wenman Elsie (wid Thos) h 27 CU — Gladys
L opr Candn Chewing Gum way av — Lilian fldr Gair Co r 27 Clai —
Louisa (wid Jos T R) h 226 Wenn Barbara L stenog Dept of 3, 5
Manor rd w MO 2897 — Frank r 384 Margueretta ME ( — Harry R r
72 Hazelton av I service) —Helen C (wid Harry G) elk L'QW 3, 5
Manor rd w MO 2897 — Leonard A opr TTC r 129 Emei — Peter attdt
Sun Oil Co h 53 — Raymond emp Dom Bridge r 11 9948 —Regd W
mach Link-Belt h 10, av GR 4641 —Robt H r 130 Christie KE 0631 —
Roland J elk CP Tel res Will —1450—
 Adanac Glass Service r 72 ?860 nti Elect r 916 Keele Bus
Systems h 110 Floyd 294 tings & rare books 204, 68 :6 Gerrard e EL
1907 ■ 1148 Weston rd r) h 36 Lambton av (Mt 0) odes av er av HO
2267 (act ser) A Oil h 11 Baden LO 7624 on's Womens Wear r 462 ;
av (act ser) Frizzell av GL 6416 ar h 73 Mortimer av (E Y) -es h 340
Cranbrooke av (Nth lem Engnrg r 122 Lappin av IV (Wych) LA 0649
(act ser) las av (Wych) LA 0649 (act idler Burt Business Forms h jk)
ME 5173 Dorn Carbon Brush h 237 LA 0649 rmont Railway Motors r
340 Nth Y) C W Mack r 237 Atlas av 9 msolidated Engines &
Mach237 Atlas (Wych) netary Times h 647 Pape av ns h 122 Lappin
av >e r 453 Sammon av (E Y) 136 Mavety LY 9419 glass fnshr REL h
22 Crofton >679 Palmerston av ev pastor Mimico Baptist sstbourne
cres (Mim) ph N T John Labatt Ltd h 35 Queen iwy Pk) LY 9026
Percha h 8 Rideau av ( Shaw LO 3046 sme Supply Co h 528
Bruns067 at mgr Dom Stores (1080 I 77 Springmount av KE 6355 A
& P (2906 Dundas) r 77 KE 6355 i 163 Grenadier rd LO 8377 304
Nairn av (Erls) KE 7608 ug Trading r 304 Nairn av <8 Havilland h
293 Lauder av 3 29 Fulton av GE 1977 . • Griffith Laboratories r 29
1977 :emn Metals & Alloys r 54 elect engnr Ont Hydro h 129 Kngswy
Pk) LY 4562 r dsgnr Fairweathers Furs Ltd 1 av MO 7193 iram r 190
Snowdon av MO Parkdale Wines h 85 Robinell Co h 271 Royce av
271 Royce av rinnell Co r 69 Denison av mkr Candn Elect Box r 231 :
Y) Jonlands av (E Y) Warden and Worden co Petroleum Products r
608 Candn Durex Abrasives h 22A lurch (Wstn) Zone 6-570 A
Emerson av h 523 Dovercourt s h 635A St Clair av w KE overcourt rd
LA 0586 irch (Mim) ph N T Zone 6-510 lercourt rd LA 0586 wkr Natl
Motors r 319 Queen Body & Acme Shock Absorber 2 Winnett av
(Wych) ip Moffats Ltd r 111 Mulock iandn Abattoir r 389 Perth k
Woolworths r 15, 609 Spadicitor City Dye Works Ltd r 27 d LL 5658
Garment Co) r 383 Manning av ashion Garments r 27 Heydon ial
Garment Co r 6 Baldwin >ns h 27 Heydon Park rd LL id Royal York
Hotel r 215 140 clnr h 35 Delaware av II York Hotel r 215 McCaul •
ndn SKF r 223 Borden iris Bakery h 223 Borden 510, 150 Farnham
av MI 1347 Elect Chain r 44V2 Willison sq Willison sq EL 7738 (act
ser) :4V2 Willison sq EL 7738 Verner and Warner TIacdonel I av LO
6920 3 Leonard av Werner John mach Modern Tool Wks h 323
Melrose av (Nth Y) — Josef mach Brown Engnrg h 15 Ellsworth av
LA 0710 — W Jos bkr h 7 Whitesides pi — Walter H R asst biologist
Dept of Game & Fisheries h 72 Morningside av (Swan) LY 6260 —
Wm (Forest Hill Motors) r 536 Parliament Wernham John drvr Colville
Transp r 1137 Dovercourt rd LL 9918 Werostock Chris r 50 Portland
Werpachousi Walter mech Armoury Auto Body Repair Co r 101
Walnut Werry E M Miss r 343-7 Jarvis — Gordon T shearer
Barrymore Cloth h 15 Albani (Mimico) — H Miss tchr r 343-7 Jarvis
— Harold G slsmn Bus Systems h 130 Chudleigh av HU 0663 —
Margt (wid Wm F) r 301 Willard av LY 2702 — Marion I priv sec
Discount & Loan Corp r 343 Jarvis — Meat Market (W S Werry) gro
btchr 54 Peterboro av LL 5353 — W Stanley (Werry Meat Market) r
54 Peterboro av LL 5353 Wersching Peter h 100 Dunn av LA 7881
Wersting Mary C asst credit bkpr Smith Transp r 158 First av Wert
Dorothy tchr East York Coll Inst h 54 Braemore gdns KE 0726 —
Helen M tchr Regal Rd Schl h 201, 1524 8athurst (Wych) KE 2089 —
Lucy h 54 Braemore gdns KE 0726 — Paul emp De Havilland Aircraft
h 425 Belsize dr HY 0392 Werthner Peter C slsmn Muir Cap &
Regalia h 547 Broadview av HA 5273 Wertman Yetta (De Luxe Ladies
Wear) r 218 Rusholme rd Wesby Albt r 40 Mackay av KE 1556 (act
ser) Wesco Paint Products Co (Francis A Furnival) 214A Adelaide w
EL 8676 Wescott Apts 2 Fuller av — Chas H pipe ftr Candn Ice Mach
h 268 St George MI 8310 — Leonard emp Tor Shipbldg r 367
Lansdowne av LL 3051 — Nancy r 7 Edgedale rd MI 7730 — Wm E
acct Rennie Industries Ltd h 98 Runnymede rd (Swan) — Wm R h 2,
1538A Queen w Wese Harold C h 2 Madelaine av (Scar) Wesega Geo
emp Rogers Automotive Parts r 735 Franklin av Weselar Michl r 52
Denison av Weselley Pearl wtrs Diana Sweets r 225 Spadina rd KI
5301 Wesenberg Edwd caretkr Collapsible Tubes h 199 Humberside
av LY 9991 Wesenburg Alvin stkpr Hinde & Dauch h 2047 Dundas w
Weser Irma wtrs r 814 Palmerston av ME 2331 Weskett Ada h 2
Millbrook cres GL 4039 — Alice r 2 Millbrook cres GL 4039 Weslake
Kay jwlry Randolph Novelty Co r 497 Euclid av RA 8316 Wesley
Annie Mrs h 22, 96 Isabella MI 1576 - — Athol M elk Imp Life h 420,
321 Bloor w KI 2438 — Bernard emp Seven Up Co h 683 Dupont LO
9154 —Buildings 289-301 Queen w — Chapel Rev Wm A Dickson
pastor 1002 Danforth av GE 5195 —Court Apts 128 Victoria —
Elwood E production mgr Liberty Weekly r 489 Brunswick av —
Emma r 387 Davisville av HY 9062 — Florence (wid Frank) h 354
Walmer rd KI 7976 — Florence M tel ad rm Telegram r 7 High Park
gdns LL 0295 — Frances L r 354 Walmer rd KI 7976 — Frank D serv
mn D Gestetner h 335 Sutherland dr (Leas) MO 9942 — Geo plmbr h
2215 Gerrard e GR 4918 — Gold Mines Ltd M J Boylen pres 209, 330
Bay AD 3891 — Gwen B tchr Northern Vocational Schl h 93 Fairlawn
av HY 9837 — John C mach Genl Engnrg h 168 Langley av GE 3740
— John C slsmn S E Lyons Ltd r 119 Hazelton avenue — John H emp
Sutton-Horsley — Marjorie T elk Imp Bank (Hd Off) r 102 Oakwood
av LL 7658 — Norman D mgr Chas W Callow h 303, 14 Tichester rd
(Wych) LA 9551 — Pearl Mrs opr Scharf Embroidery Works r 1397
Dundas w —Pearl C (wid Geo) emp Scharf Embroidery Works r 138
Gladstone av — Robt H r 224 Dunvegan rd (Fst H) HY 5734 • (act
ser) — Robt W phy 2, 2 Spadina rd KI 8500 h 224 Dunvegan rd (Fst
H) HY 5734 — Stanley elect h 1 Montrose av —United Church Rev
Jas E Graham pastor 1146 Dundas w — United Church Rev Alfred F
Black pastor cor Station rd & Mimico av (Mim) — Wm R lab Sanders
& Hardy h 647 Warden av (Scarboro) Wesleyan Methodist Church
Rev E W Tokley pastor cor Cedarvale & Strathmore blvd (E Y)
Weslock Stanley rug fnshr r 84 Roxborough w KI 2321 — Sue sewer
r 84 Roxborough w KI 2321 Weslowski Peter lab Anaconda Amer
Brass h 207 Sixth (New T ph 119) Wesna Annie A emp Waldemar W
Babience r 191 Woburn av Wesolowski Andrew roofer h 842 King w
Wessbrod Elizth Mrs r 10 Birch Cliff av (Bch C) Wessel August A stl
insp Candn Acme Screw 4 Gear h 11 Locust (Mt D) — Elmer r 11
Locust (Mt D) (act ser) — Irene insp Dom Bridge r 479 Concord av
— M G h 48 McCoimack av (Mt D) (act ser) Wessell Clifford roofer h
58 Pendrith LO 6290 — Raymond C r 102 Coleman av (act er)
Wessells Ernest G emp Massey-Harris r 191 Indian gr LL 6572 —
Ruth (wid Ernest A) h 191 Indian gr LL 6572 Wessels Arthur
furnacemn Jones & Drury h 235 Glebemount av (E Y) — Evelyn pekr
Can Bread r 235 Glebemount av (E York) — Garage (Melville
Wessels) 84 Brookside av (H Crest) JU 8114 — Melville M (Wessels
Garage) h 84 Brookside av (H Crest) JU 8114 — N R Mrs h 205, 486
Oriole pkwy HU 0961 — Robt S buyer Simpsons h 503 Russell Hill rd
(Fst H) HU 1922 Wesslby Marjorie wtrs Columbia Restaurant r 151
Dovercourt rd Wessman Osa D stenog Rutherford Williamson & Co r
70 Fairlawn av HU 3934 Wesson Percy mach Electrical Maintenance
& Repairs h 38 Nickel av (Mt D) JU 6354 — Wm h 47 Winchester
(act ser) West A F Mrs r 13 The Aberdeens s s Bain av HA 3772 —
Ada 1 stenog Samuel, Son & Co r 46, 433 Sherbourne — Adele M
(wid Jos) bkpr Snap-On Tools r 592 Ossington av LL 3996 — Albt
mach Massey-Harris r 667 Ossington av LL 3411 — Albt C h 575
Blackthorn av (Silv) — Albt C F mech supt Star h 192 Sheldrake blvd
MO 5853 — Albt E h 603 Gladstone av LO 9307 (act ser) — Albt E
aircraftsmn Massey-Harris h 9 Sawden av HA 5373 — Albt E slsmn
Stronach & Sons h 93 McGill EL 4736 - — -Albt J r 9 Sawden av HA
5373 (act ser) — Albt T chauf h 16 Brookside av (H Crest) LY 7485
— Alfred cond CNR h 46 Superior av (Mim ph N T 437M — Alfred T
comp Howarth & Smith h 1552 Dufferin KE 7818 — Alfred V ctr Tip
Top Tailors h 2345 Queen e HO 4236 — Alfred W emp Steel Co of
Can h 54 Thirtyeighth (Long B) — Alice Mrs h 28, 435 Sherbourne —
Allan J mech r 23 Millbrook cres — Alma F elk Dom of Can Genl Ins r
339 Winona dr (Oak) — Andrew jr brkmn CPR h 88 McKenzie cres
LO 4184 — Annie L (wid Arthur) r 12 Palmer av (E Y) — Arthur carp
& bldr h 231 Aileen av (Silv) JU 7430 — Arthur emp Candn Kodak r 2
Day av (Mt D) — Arthur R mtl wkr Potts Pattern Wks h 755 Euclid av
— Arthur jan Brigdens r 6 Sixteenth (New T ph 1219W) — Arthur C
chem engnr Candn Hanson & Van Winkle h 353 Indian gr JU 6100 —
Arthur J pntr Phinnemore Decorating Co h 68 Saulter — Arthur E
maint A R Williams Mach r 2066A Queen e — Arthur R gilder Phillips
Tor h 2014 Queen e GR 9207 —Arthur W special adjuster Prudential
Ins h 54 Lytton blvd HU 8548 — Aubrey cash Dom Coal & Wood h 63
Pharmacy av (Scar) GR 3119 — Audrey F stenog Empire Wall Papers
r 2015 Danforth av — Audrey M stenog Commercial Union Assce r
639 Ossington av LO 7044 — Augusta (wid Wm F) h 264 Beresford
av LY 1584 — Austin D h 36 Hayden — Barbara stenog Simpsons r
33 Condor av HA 6255 — Beatrice (wid Sydney) h 206 Lisgar LL
3016 — Bernice Mrs h A, 136A Avenue rd — Bert h 35 Apple Grove
av HA 9052 (act ser) — Bert barber Genl Hosp h 1, 18 Tyndall av LA
0666 — Bert W chemist Edward Hawes & Co h 377 Ashdale av —
Bessie Mrs r 410 Strathmore blvd GR 6140 — Bethel H h 9 Pears av
MI 4587 (act ser) —Blanche stenog Sun Ins r 1552 Dufferin —
Bramwell r 637 Coxwell av GR 9773 (act ser) — C A signs & show
cards 17 Adelaide e EL 5733 — C H auto wash Simpsons res
Langstaff — C Ray carp Tor Shipbldg h 69 Dunfield av HY 6901 — C
W telegrapher CP Tel r 669 Durie — Canadian Fur Co Ltd Benj R
Rosen pres, Harry Rosen jr mgr furriers 3rd flr, 317-21 Adelaide w
AD 0569 — Caroline opr John Inglis r 65 Oak WA 4955 — Carrie A h
586 Logan av HA 7428 — Catherine Mrs slsldy Eatons r 1 Glenrose
av — Cebert drvr York Twp h 2 Ray av (Mt D) LY 8762 — Cecil shpg
supt Womans Bakery r 690 Markham — Cecil used car mgr Mt
Pleasant Motors h 49 Falcon av MA 2302 — Cecil G barbers supplies
491 Jones av h 32 Strathmore blvd — Cecil T produce dir 690
Markham h same ME 6262 — Chas bus drvr J Hollinger & Co h 61
Gatwick avenue (E Y) — Chas leather wkr Allcock, Laight &
Westwood r 38 Hickson — Chas A engnr REL h 31, 2 Glen Elm av
WES WEST West Chas B slsmn Acme Farmers Dairy h 87 Kirknewton
rd (Frbk) LL 3019 — Chas B supt Glen Rose Apts h 208, 2405 Queen
east GR 8244 — Chas E h 8, 1054 College (act ser) — Chas R h 961
Ossington av KE 5504 — Chas R A trk drvr Reid & Co h 461 Warden
avenue —Chas S slsmn h 96 Bertmount av — Christopher r 46
Sueprior (Mim) ph N T 437M — Clementine (wid Peter) h 28 Blevins
pi AD 9877 — Clifford slsmn Gurney Scale Co h 201, 2561 Bloor w
(Swan) JU 3047 — Clifford K F registrar Toronto Mutual Life Ins h
108 Felbrigg av (Nth Y) HU 2180 — Coast Collieries Ltd, I E Walden
KC pres, A E Calvert sec-treas, 342-343, 17 Queen e EL 4235-6 —
Cora M r 803 Ossington av LO 8883 —Court Apartments 1213-1225
King w LA 3210 — Cyril W emp Simpsons r 39 Glebemount av —
Dalton lab r 199 Parliament — Danl H carp h 272 Gerrard e MI 8021
— David h 635 Pape av (act ser) — David T h 680 Parliament —
Della (wid Geo) h 75 Sackville WA 3746 WEST DISINFECTING CO,
Gordon D Hay Manager, Sanitation Products, 2299 Dundas west.
Phones KEnwood 7967-8 — Doris M stenog TTC r 1152 Dovercourt
rd LL 4254 — Dorothy drvr Amer News r 1077 Gerrard e — Douglas
W insp John Inglis h 73 Cliveden av (Kingsway Park) JU 0933 — E C
adjt No 6 Initial Training Schl RCAF r 100 Highland av RA 6434 — E
E emp Imperial Oil h 89 Isabella MI 1587 _ Earl L r 302 Wychwood
av (Wych) (act ser) — Ebenezer r 41 Thurston rd HY 0389 — Edith r
883 Gerrard e HA 7927 — Edith M stenog Conti Carbon r 680
Parliament — Edwd G drill hand The Easy Washing Machine Co Ltd r
767 A St Clair av w — Edwd J r 312 Pacific av JU 9335 — Eileen sis
elk Simpsons r 645 Ossington av —Eileen E hlpr Wm Wrigley Jr r 885
Pape av — Eleanor r 13 Conway av (Oak) LO 0422 — Elizth (wid
Geo) h 102 Greenlaw av KE 5287 — Elizth (wid Henry) h 41 Devon
rd HO 8902 — Elizth (wid Wm) h 99 Wroxeter av HA 9176 —Elizth A
(wid Robt) r 512 Glebeholme blvd GR 6653 — Elizth M opr Sainthill-
Levine & Co h 105 Beaconsfield av LL 8441 — Ellen (wid Wm) r 506
Perth av - — -Elmer r 10 Huron — Elsie Mrs emp Exide Battery Co h
5 Bruce LA 0517 —Elsie M elk Shell Oil r 67 Garfield av — Elva G r
207 Brookside dr GR 2024 — Elvin A photo Unique Art Studio h 83
Cordelia avenue (Mt D) LY 9930 — End Auto Parts Co (Nathan
Shacter) 392 Keele JU 8106 — End Butcher & Grocer (Thos
Christopher) 3284 Dundas w JU 3364 — End Cigar Store The (Sami
Weisberg) 1414 Queen w ME 9037 — End Coal Co (Aube Weisman
and Benj Zale) coal (ret) 28 Markham AD 7255 — End Creche, Mary
B Blakslee dir, 197 Euclid avenue WA 9717 —End Feed Co (Carl M
Jafine) flour and feed 3348 Dundas w LY 4120 — End Fruit Market
(Phillip and Gus Indovina) 3115 Dundas w JU 1800 — End Furniture
Store (Sami Martkwitz) sec hand furn 3204-6 Dundas w — End
Garage (Russell La Rose) 429 Main n (Weston ph 427) — End Grill
(Novrus Ahmet) 2468 St Clair av w (Rnny) JU 0264 — End Grocery
(Mrs Mary Lucyk) gro and btchr 69 Mulock av LY 9978 — End
Hatters & Shoe Rebuilders (Steve Graham and Athan Yankulas) 2396
Bloor w LY 0028 — End Laundry Ltd, J Harry Pridham pres and mgr,
Jas C Pridham vice-pres, 2295 Dundas west LL 3103 — End
Locksmiths (Wilfred G Markham) 1603 Queen w LA 1060 — End
Pentecostal Church, Rev Geo Deans pastor, 65 Ford — End Taxi (Jas
J McCue) 1240 Davenport rd LO 9777 — End Theatre, Murray Maklin
mgr, 215 Mavety LY 0625 — End Veterans Club, Edwin Howell supt,
722 College ME 4566 — End Veterans (Wm Ferguson) 1116 Queen
w LA 3471 — Ernest floor fnshr h 4 Annette JU 4323 — Ernest pol
const Central Police Garage h 242 Glebeholme blvd HA 4548 —
Ernest wtr Royal York Hotel h 144 Neville Park blvd GR 6412 —
Ernest F V splicer Malton Airport h 339 Winona dr (Oak) LL 5612 —
Ernest G r 161 August av (Scar) GR 7622 — Ernest P elk C P Exp h
104 Orchard View blvd MO 4637 — Ernest P mfg chemist 41
Duchess EL 0076 h 155 Eastbourne av HY 9171 — Erwin r 19 Wilmot
av Alphabetical, White Page 1451
 WES WEST THORNE, MULHOLLAND, HOWSON &
McPHERSON CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS E. J. Howson and R. S.
McPherson, Licensed Trustees FEDERAL BUII TORONTO Telephone
ADelaideJ West Ethel (wid Louis J) h 75 Lake Shore rd (Mim) LY
3659 — Ethel M (wid Ernest) h 100 Highland av RA 6434 —Eunice h
119 Davenport rd — -F Mrs emp Eatons r 708 Kingston rd — F F r
488 Spadina av RA 2141 — F Wilson sec Angell & West Ltd h 11
Southlea av (Leas) HY 6868 — Fairbank Ratepayers Hall 471
Caledonia rd (Fairbank) - — Florence housemaid Willard Hall r 20
Gerrard e — Florence table wkr A Stein & Co r 9 Linden avenue
(Scar) —Florence Mrs r 62 Fennings - — Florence Mrs sis elk Eatons
r 1552 Dufferin - — Florence (wid Ernest) r 578 Kingston rd HO 7783
— Florence E nurse Wellesley Hosp r 176 Wellesley — Frank h 222
Victor av (act ser) - — Frank drvr Wright Transport h 1 Arthur
(VVstn) - — Frank drug elk Gold Seal Pharmacy r 118-120 Queen e
TR 0238 — Frank slsmn Grieves-Robinson r 38 Wineva av HO 3654
— Frank elk CNR h 234 Dewhurst blvd n (E Y) — Frank D shpr
Simpsons h 23 Brookmount rd HO 1336 — Frank F photographic
reproductions 407, 455 Spadina av RA 4025 r 216, 215 College KI
5903 — Frank R confy 1701 St Clair av w h 1701A same JU 0018 —
Frank T engraver Brigdens h 54 Lynn rd (Bch Cliff) HO 5817 - —
Franklin E slsmn E W Goulding Co Ltd h 10, 2875 Yonge HY 4713 —
Fred C r 16 Brookside av (H Crest) — Fredk carp r 266 Glenholme av
(Oak) LO 0054 — Fredk C slsmn McCormick's Ltd h 233A Jane —
Fredk E dept mgr Eatons h 85 Rochester av MA 1545 - — Ffedk G
lab John B Smith & Co h 1152 Dovercourt rd LL 4254 — Fredk H
vice-pres P J Campbell Distributors Ltd h 346 Runnymede rd LY 6126
— Fredk J lab Canada Packers r 15 Arnold av (Mt Dennis) JU 3306 —
Fredk J rep Navy League h 170 Sorauren av LL 2491 — Fredk W jr r
331 Wallace av KE 6516 (act ser) — Fredk W h 331 Wallace av KE
6516 — Geo r 1031 Bathurst LA 7884 (act ser) — Geo r 12 Foxley LA
3179 (act ser) — Geo elk Liquor Control Bd h 30 Hartford av — Geo
insp r 32 Classic av KI 3357 — Geo lab CNR h 158 Fifth (New T) —
Geo lab Easy Washer Co r 2, 767A St Clair avenue w LL 7462 — Geo
mach hand Kent-McClain & Cameron res Scarborough Jet — Geo
maintenance mn John Inglis h 65 Oak WA 4955 — Geo pntr and dec
724 Rhodes av h same GL 402-2 — Geo ftr Natl Steel Car h 12
Palmer av (E Y) GR 7944 — Geo A mldr Massey Harris r 105
Beaconsfield avenue LL 8441 — Geo F h 100 Millicent ME 1567 —
Geo J lab h 347 Rhodes av GE 2055 - — Geo T stenog Anaconda
Amer Brass r 46 Superior av (Mim) ph N T 437M — Geo V r 32 Alcina
av KE 5120 (act ser) — Geo W slsmn Superior Elect h 191
Wychwood avenue (Wych) LA 2365 — Gerald emp Anaconda Amer
Brass r 15 Twentieth (New T ph 661M) — Gertrude r 61 Gatwick av
(E Y) — Gertrude (wid Wm N) h 459 Oriole Parkway MA 2384 —
Gertrude A Mrs stenog CPR Pass Traff Dept r 478 Winona dr (Frbk)
— Godfrey bkbndr Photo Engravers h 342 Wolverleigh blvd GR 1604
—Godfrey J H elk Can Life h 31 Hertle av GL 3657 — Gordon r 823
Bathurst MI 1348 (act ser) — Gordon r 67 Garfield av HY 1261 —
Gordon A mach Sangamo Elect h 429 Manor rd east MA 3594 —
Gordon M arch 24, 43 Victoria AD 3734 h 67 Garfield av HY 1261 —
Grace A tchr r 12 Delaware av LO 4163 — Grace W elk Eatons r 161
August av (Scar) GR 7622 — Greta record elk Candn Elevator Equip r
31 Hertle av GL 3657 — H Mrs elk Eatons r 276 Salem av - — H Geo
messr Bank of Com (Hd Off) h 32 Alcina av KE 5120 - — Harold D h
7 Nealon av (E Y) HA 6302 (act service) — Harold J r 173 Brookside
av (H Crest) (act ser) — Harold T del man The Albert Britnell Book
Shop h 17 Otter av EL 6931 — Harold T stkpr McCol l-Frontenac h
97 Charles e KI 4659 — Harry emp H Paulin & Co r 18 Delaney cres
— Harry emp Martin Transport h 183 Manning av EL 3659 — Harry G
piano tuner h 23 Erindale av GE 1763 — Harry W h 159 Evelyn av LY
4328 — Hazel emp REL r 102 Donlands av — Hazel M elk Eatons r
16 Brookside av (H Crest) LY 7485 West Henry W with Tor Hydro h
207 Brookside dr GR 2024 - — Herbert wtr r 469 Gerrard e WA 5836
—Herbert H lab r 422 Lake Shore rd (Mim) Zone 6-517 — Herbert H
trackman TTC h 36 Coleridge av (EY) GR 1437 — Howard pekr CCM
r 1701 St Clair av w - — Howard T pres J & J Taylor Ltd h 134
Inglewood dr HY 5371 — Irene I elk Candn Linotype r 339 Winona
dr (Oak) LL 5612 - — -Irene M box mkr Willards r 36 Berryman - — J
hsekpr Annesley Hall r 127 Bloor w — J David r 680 Parliament (act
ser) - — Jack H r 46 Superior av (Mim) ph N T 437M (act service) —
Jas ertkr Simpsons h 33 Condor av HA 6255 — Jas mgr Brewers
Retail Store (572 Vi Church) h 506 Dundas e EL 9643 — Jas sis elk
Eatons h 205 Shaw LO 0704 — Jas supt The Village Manor h 104,
699 Eglinton av w (Fst H) — Jas A dec h 645 Pape av HA 3848 —
Jas E emp Dorn Bridge h 173 Brookside av (H Crest) - — Jas E mldr
John T Hepburn Co h 3 Grenadier rd LL 7679 — Jas E slsmn Tire
Chains & Accessories Ltd h 639 Ossington av LO 7044 — Jas F h 2
Olympus av (Swan) LY 9332 (act service) — Jas H emp Dorn Bridge
r 546 Dundas — Jas I h 126 Montrose av LO 0049 — Jas I
furnacemn Metals & Alloys r 19 Wilmot avenue — dane Mrs r 40
Gloucester KI 1323 — Jean elk McCormick's Ltd r 233A Jane — Jean
C priv sec London Life r 724 Rhodes av GL 4022 — Jean E timekpr
Duplate Tool and Die r 3 Grenadier rd LL 7679 — Jean M acct
Monarch Brass h 512 Glebeholme blvd GR 6653 — Jeffery h 72
Branstone rd (Frbk) (act ser) - — Jennie (wid John) h 282 Geary av
LO 2046 — Jeny (wid John M) h 16 Nealon av (E Y) GE 2711 —
Jessie stenog Eatons Life Assce r 38 Lola rd MO 7092 —Joan M
assembler Sterling Aluminum r 757 Vaughan rd (Frbk) —John r 4
Gilbert av — John (Genl Toy Products) h 539 Crawford KE 8320 - —
John carp Toronto Shipbldg h 231 Aileen av (Silv) JU 7430 — John
insp City Treas h 34 Ozark cres GE 2724 — John plmbr r 145
Pinewood av (Wych) LL 6152 —John A pntr Jos McCausland & Son r
68 Saulter — John B prtr CPR r 322 Dundas w EL 0956 — John C h
174 Roselawn av (act ser) — John C elk Bank of Mont r 155
Eastbourne av HY 9171 — John H h 143 Coleman av GR 1205 (act
ser) — John J repairmn h 95B Hillsdale av e HY 2204 - — John
splicer Malton Air Port r 339 Winona dr (Oak) LL 5612 — John T dir J
& J Taylor Ltd res R R No 1 Clarkson - — John T emp Can Packers h
80 Lincoln av — John W shpr Power Light Devices h 885 Pape
avenue (E Y) - — Jos r 130 Ossington av - — Jos C acct h 148
Howard Pk av LL 1803 — Jos H asst sec Court of Revision City
Clerk's Dept h 1706 Gerrard e GR 6407 — Jos M vice-pres J & J
Taylor Ltd h Stop 10, Kingston rd HO 3255 — Jos 0 h 13 Conway av
(Oak) LO 0422 — Josephine Mrs sewer Lang Bros Specialty r 192
Glengarry av —Josephine R hsekpr Waldie House Women's
Residence r 127 Bloor w - — June stenog Grieve Robinson h 261
Heath e MO 5787 — K Louisa r 192 Sheldrake blvd MO 5853 - —
Katherine maint Customs Bldg r 199 Parliament — Kathleen
assembler Scholl Mfg r 1152 Dovercourt road — Kenneth F r 3
Grenadier rd LL 7679 (act ser) - — Kenneth J r 478 Winona dr (Frbk)
(act ser) - — L C jr r 340 St Clair av e MO 6142 (act ser) — L Mary r
74 Awde LL 5141 - — Laura (wid Thos) h 43 Nealon av (E Y) HA
5610 —Leo H draughtsman Ajax Engnrs h 83 Lappin av LO 5579 —
Leonard r 52 Columbine av HO 4506 (act ser) - — Leonard A h 2015
Danforth av HO 5005 (act service) — Leslie A wrehsemn Direct
Winters Transport r 160 Hamilton ■ — Leslie r 347 Rhodes av GL
2055 (act ser) — Lewis freightmn CPR h 29 Springdale blvd (E Y) —
Lionel office mgr A C Wickman (Canada) Ltd r 42 Parkdale rd LA
8042 — Lionel C r 1 Glenrose av MO 8430 (act ser) — Louis E (Louis
J West & Co) h 201 Riverside dr (Swan) LY 3372 —Louis J & Co
(Louis E West), stock and financial brokers, 5th fir, 80 Richmond w
WA 7041-2-3-4-5-6 — Louis W elev opr Eatons h 3Q2 Wychwood av
(Wych) — Louisa B r 208, 2405 Queen e GR 8244 - — Louise Mrs h
99 Cumberland West Louise K elk John A Huston Co r 192 Sheldrake
blvd — Lucy B r 12 Delaware av LO 4163 — M Lenore elk Bank of
Tor (Main Br) r 340 St Clair av e MO 6142 - — Mabel J textile wkr r
757 Vaughan rd (Frbk) KE 0770 — Margt assembler Pyrene Mfg r
166 Oak — Margt opr Neptune Meters r 35 Homewood avenue —
Margt (wid Elvin) h 85 Cordelia av (Mt D) JU 8057 — Margt (wid Wm
H) r 43 Bartonville av w (Mt D) - — Margt I elk Can Life r 152
Langford av - — Margt M (wid L C) h 340 St Clair av e MO 6142 —
Marie sis elk Woolworth's r 39 Endean av — Marie Mrs ertkr Eatons r
904 Danforth av — Marjorie opr Eatons r 637 Coxwell av — Marjorie
E elk Shell Oil r 36 Coleridge av (E Y) GR 1437 — Martha (wid
Solomon) h 1020 Bathurst LA 5332 -Mary B stenog J A Wilson Co
331 Wallace av KE 6516 —Mary M r 93 McGill EL 4736 — Mary R
(wid Wm) h 161 August av (Scar) GR 7622 — Maud Mrs r 92
Westmoreland av LO 5091 • — Maurice Telfered elk Massey-Harris h
52 Elsfield rd (Kngswy Pk) LY 5532 - — Michl emp John Inglis h 12
Belshaw av — Miriam emp Remington Rand r 143 Coleman av GR
1205 — Mollie stenog J A Wilson Co r 331 Wallace av - — Muriel L
bkpr Toronto Genl Hosp r 36 Coleridge av (E Y) GR 1437 — N Mrs
clnr Imp Oil r 103 Victor av - — Naomi E Mrs stenog Lincoln Elect r
184 Monarch Pk av - — Norma hlpr Wm Wrigley Jr r 885 Pape av —
Norris r 4 Annette JU 4323 (act ser) — Olive r 137 Dawes rd (E Y)
GR 1786 — Oliver J with Tor Hydro h 60 Indian rd LA 4224 —
Parkroad Realty Co Ltd Howard R Douglas pres, A C Jennings dir,
Jean Haire sec-treas, 402, 92 Adelaide w EL 3308 — Patricia dietitian
Simpsons r 44 The Kingsway (Kngswy Pk) JU 9861 — Peggy E tchr J
R Wilcox Pub Schl r 757 Vaughan rd (Frbk) KE 0770 — Pender J h
303, 7 Edmund av MI 8062 — Percy A carp Small Arms h 1 Thirty-
fifth (Long B) — Percy C slsmn r 264 Beresford av LY 1584 - — Percy
D mtl spinner Genl Steel Wares h 310 Gainsborough rd HO 1021 —
Percy E insp TTC r 417 Parliament — Percy W pntr and dec h 182
Lisgar KE 3850 — Phyllis M dietitian Univ Coll Women's Bldgs r 100
Highland av RA 6434 — R Bruce slsmn A E Ames & Co h 35 Crescent
rd RA 5703 - — R G Miss stenog "0" Div Hdqtrs RCMP r 21, 2449
Queen e HO 6948 — R Jack elect engnr Candn Line Materials h 313
Scarborough rd HO 5878 — Raymond G H slsmn Wheeler & Bain r
347 Rhodes av GL 2055 — Red Lake Gold Mines Ltd Horace G Young
pres, A J Doane vice-pres, G B Webster sec-treas, Mining Co 502, 11
King w EL 4692 — Reginald mach John T Hepburn h 591 Concord av
KE 0570 - — Reginald C genl sis mgr Candn Oil h 44 The Kingsway
(Kngswy Pk) JU 9861 — Reginald J mach John T Hepburn -h 591
Concord av KE 0570 — Reuben M emp Telegram h 312 Pacific av JU
9335 — Richard J insp Dorn Bridge res R R No 2, Malton — Richard
N metallurgist Sully Brass Foundry h 7, 1 Efm Grove av - — Richard
T chemical attdt Dept of Wks h 154 Galt av HA 1894 — Richard T
elev opr Eatons h 637 Coxwell av GR 9773 - — Rita emp Genl
Engnrg r 186 Parkmount av GL 1432 — Robt A elk CGE r 652 Euclid
av — Robt J mach Urquhart Motors h 18 Lambton avenue (Mt D) - —
Robt M shpng foremn Liquor Control h 152 Langford av HA 4419 - —
Robt 0 h 30 Rose Park cres HY 5518 - — Robt S mach John Inglis h
579 Northcliffe blvd (Frbk) — Robt W draughtsman Candn Metal
Window h 21, 2449 Queen e HO 6948 — Rodney T r 9 Buller av GR
4762 (act ser) — Rosanna M r 29 Springdale blvd (E Y) • — Roy drvr
Eatons r 275 Dewhurst blvd n (E Y) — Ruby Mrs stenog Copp Clark r
27 Fifteenth (New T) —Ruth r 340 St Clair av e MO 6142 - — Ruth G
stenog RCMP r 21, 2449 Queen e HO 6948 — Ruth L elk Law Society
r 2015 Danforth av — Ruth M elk Candn Kodak r 32 Alcina av KE
5120 — S C mgr British American Fuels — S Jas h 9 Buller av GR
4762 (act ser) — Sami h 406 Coxwell av HA 4528 - — Samuel emp
Serv Stn Equip h 43 Ashdale av — Sami C (Chadwill Coal Co) r 381
Davisville av HU 3007 — Samuel H elect hlpr Eatons h 9 Winnifred
av West Sharen slsldy Compressed Air Euclid av ME 9771 — Shirley
hlpr Wm Wrigley Jr r — Shirley J typist Dorn Bridge r 17^ av w
(Wstn) — Signs (Wm J West) 2195 Danforth — Stanley car chkr CNR
h 990 Queenj — Stanley E emp Massey Harris h i| — Stephen r 542
Jones av GL 2333 — Stewart elk Goodyear Tire h 173 r ph N T 2338J
—Sydney T press opr Steel Co of 1! Greendale av (Mt D) — Thos h
12 Delaware av LO 4163 —Thos carmn CNR h 412A Crawfo — Thos
chauf h 36 Berryman RA 48( — Thos pntr h 67 Eversfield rd (Frbk)
— Thos shpr Viceroy Mfg h 512 R 6460 — Thos E emp John Inglis h
51 East 0076 — Thos M sec J & J Taylor Ltd 1 Kingston rd HO 6119 -
— Toronto Assembly Hall (Robt G Wa mgr 2875 Dundas w JU 1595
— Toronto Bedding & Upholstering owicz) 2755 Dundas w LY 7345
— Toronto Body Works (John and auto repairs (rear) 27 Edwin —
Toronto Community Hall 28 Heintzi — Toronto Creamery Produce
(Jacob E Manning av MI 7329 — Toronto Decorating Co (Jos Fein)
and paint (ret) 3132 Dundas w — Toronto Fruit Store (Saul E SI01
fruit 2790 Dundas w JU 8418 - — Toronto Gospel Hall church 425 Pa
— Toronto Holdings Ltd Chester J Geo W Suggitt sec, realty 207 LY
1131 — Toronto Independent Baptist Chur Kent pastor 3138 Dundas
w — Toronto Lawn Bowling Club e s Humberside avenue - — Toronto
Music Co (Ernest D Lott) Dundas w JU 2434 — Toronto Printing
House Ltd Thos pres and mgr, Marion Roy sec, son supt, 1943-45 St
Clair av 1 — Toronto Tire & Battery Ltd J V M service stn and tires
595 Keele — Toronto Weekly Sami Wilson me 2936 Dundas w JU
4129 — Toronto Welding (Pete Guzzi) v Dundas w (La M) LY 3019 —
United Church Rev Wm J Mumfor College LO 0102 — Vera Mrs opr
Ladies Wear res El — Vera M asst dry clnr A W Chee Oak - — Victor
F V r 339 Winona dr (0 (act service) — W A mus tchr h 15 Elward bli
5903 — W G Mrs r 21, 2449 Queen e H — W Roy with Tor Hydro h
192 MO 8042 — Wallace h 209 Avenue rd Ml 51 - — Walter r 173
Brookside av (H Cr — -Walter emp Aluminum Co of Can av (H Crest)
JU 9955 - — Walter P ertkr York Twp Police Vaughan rd (Frbk) KE
0770 — Wellard P chief police insp Genl / h 2 Fleming cres (Leas) HU
— Wesley servicemn Frank Kirke No Dovercourt rd LO 5946 — Wm h
2934 Danforth av (E Y) I service) — Wm r 103 Langford av HA 207'
— Wm r 80 McCaul WA 1537 — Wm h 803 Ossington av LO 888: —
Wm h 41, 433 Sherbourne (act : — Wm h 24 Suffolk MI 3961 (act —
Wm assembler Frigidaire Prodi Parliament - — Wm elev opr Federal
Bldg h 83 k (Scar) — Wm lab h 29 Mack av (Scar) — Wm mech Geo
W Crothers r 37 HA 1287 — Wm trk hlpr Liquor Control r 1 ME 8208
— Wm with Tor Hydro h 3 Yarmo - — Wm A learner draughtsman
Ont Wychwood av (Wych) — ' Wm C elk De Havilland Aircraft 1 ton
av LO 8883 — Wm C 0 prsmn Star h 6, 196 E MA 3864 — Wm E elk
Genl Steel Wares h cres GE 3061 — Wm E emp Board of Education h
WA 9367 — Wm E hoist opr CNR h 58 Belm - — Wm E service engnr
Page-Hersej Clarendon av MI 5304 — Wm G factory foremn Cutting
Ltd mount rd GL 1432 — Wm H emp York Arsenal h 145 (Wych) LL
6152 — Wm if foremn Isard-Le Fevre H I av LO 9285 — Wm H with
Bell Tel r 7 Nealon a' — Wm J h 56 West Lodge av LL 2 — Wm J
(West Signs) h 5, 812 Brc — Wm J elk Eatons r 99 Wroxeter — Wm
J yardmn CPR h 645 Ossi 9285 i ■ — Wm L emp Ontario Hydro h 4
Ann —1452—
 OMINION PRINTING INK &' IOR COMPANY, Limited PEARS
AVE. MANUFACTURERS OF INKS and COLORS TORONTO. ONT. WES
WE3TLAKE Murrays Lunch (1500 Yonge) iv MO 7182 & McCarthy) r
380 University lurtis Lighting r 35 Poucher ■aver Reliance Engravers
h 35 45 LL 5741 (act ser) Gooderham & Worts h 260 E Y) GL 3908
John Inglis h 74 Awde LL Advertising Agencies of Canada e hand
Hyland Motors r 203B, d (Wych) mech Stand Brands h 36 il6 arnia av
LL 5783 Fran Rest r 121 > St Clair Bus Lines (Horace J Neath) av (Mt
D) JU 3081 League Chris Bennett chairmn, I sec, Edwd Lang treas,
war Melrose (Mim) so Westcott 474 Avenue rd RA 8763 dept
Simpsons h 72 Dunn av man C McEachren mgr, 2600 MU 1060
Russell, Willis & Crispo Ltd ;m Bridge h 111 Balliol MO 'onlands Dairy
h 193 Woodville ■pres Comml Credit Corp of 84 Kilbarry rd HU 4479
376 Huron KI 1506 (act ser) Candn Acme Screw & Gear r n) del av
GE 5154 -Temple r 376 Huron KI 1509 reas Off M D 2 r 17
Cran(Oak) KE 8269 p dept Aetna Life Ins h 98 9972 ■on KI 1506
Ford Motor Co h 7 Bel lefair at mkr Robt T Purves r 48 St Clng h 48
Nairn av jt J Anderson office mgr, Tex306, 137 Wellington w WA
Springhurst av LA 2595 (act th Electric h 44 Bowmore rd : of Mont
(Weston Br) r 4 vd (W Mnt) 43 Macdonell av LA 7035 enog United
Typewriter Co r ■ (Frbk) Winona dr (Frbk) (act ser)nd & Toy r 131
Yorkville av idn Natl Inst for the Blind h HA 5355 h h 59 Farnham av
RA 1055 irty-ninth (Long B) ror Hydro h 52 Gormley av S S Kresge r
407 Winona dr I Cedarvale Tree Experts h 407 bk) L31 Yorkville av
sel Mfg r 122 West Lodge CNR h 65 Ellerbeck GE 6849 Dunstan's dr
(Scar) le Hotel h 122 West Lodge av r 65 Ellebeck GE 6849 570
Bathurst (Wych) (act ser) Pub r 280 Clinton /2 Vaughan rd (Frbk) KE
4226 Westby Louis h 19 Wyndham ME 0609 — Robt E engnr ftr
Toronto Shipbldg h 140 Alameda av (Frbk) LL 2069 Westchester Fire
Ins Co Dale Si Co Ltd Toronto agts 1501-10, 44 Victoria EL 9356-9 —
Fire Ins Co (Marine Dept) Edwd W Schauffler attorney 16-22
Wellington e EL 6261 Westdiffe Apts 287 Ossington av Westco Pump
Si Engineering Ltd Claude B Owen pres and mgr 3rd fir, 220 King w
EL 5958 ♦Westcott, see also Wescott and Westecott — Albt slsmn
Sani-Sealed Dairies h 562 Merton — Alice M (wid Wm) h 126
Glenforest rd HU 3774 — Enid M elk Mnfrs Life r 56 Nairn av LA 9357
— Eunice nurse r 732 Spadina av KI 6401 — Florence elk Dorn Art
Metal Wks h 277 Weston rd JU 4349 — Frank M tobbaconist h 19
Maughan cres GR 9829 — Harold pekr foremn Maple Leaf Milling h
412 Clendenan av LY 7042 — Ila r 129 Hammersmith av HO 2446 —
Iona Mrs r 48 Delisle av HY 0853 — Jas A assembler Sutton-Horsley
res Seaforth — Joan bkpng mach opr Eatons r 14, 2263 Queen e HO
8625 — John r 748 Coxwell av HA 9891 (act ser) — Lillian G tchr
Carlton Schl r 8 Biggar av LL 9454 — Lome r 166 Mutual EL 5997 —
Lyle h 3332 Dundas w LY 0390 (act ser) — Nellie r 76 Pembroke RA
4103 — Olive r 69 Edith dr — Raymond S mfg agt h 14, 2263 Queen
e HO 8625 — Routiffe with Tor Hydro r 412 Clendenan av JU 7402 —
Roy shpr Gold Medal People r 244 Keele JU 2916 — Thos A
tobacconist 367 Broadview av GL 0306 h same HA 6261 — Thos S
foremn delivery supt Star h 748 Coxwell av HA 9891 — Walter L
slsmn Colonial Upholstery Co h 14, 80 Lawton blvd HU 2794 — Wm
R china and toys 1030 Gerrard e h same GL 4372 Westdyk Harry W
opr Coulter Copper & Brass r 232 River — Wm H lab Lever Bros h
232 River Westecott Wm G lab Don Valley Paper Mills h 348
Donlands av (E Y) Westell Jas H (Cradock, Knott & Co) h 64 Mavety
JU 8479 Westen Jessie nurse h 74 Ivy av HA 1500 Westendorp
Eugene A slsmn Irwin Dyestuff h 29 Pine cres HO 5171 Westenfelt
Isabel F mtl wkr Stanley Mfg r 74 Ivy av HA 1500 Westerberg Edna
(wid Herman) h 191 Courcelette rd (Scar) HO 6017 —Maureen elk
Photo Engravers r 191 Courcelette rd (Scar) HO 6017 — Wallace
electrotyper Photo Engravers r 191 Courcelette rd (Scar) HO 6017
Westerby Albt trav Wilkins Smallwares h 366 Westmoreland av —
Clarence sprayer r 250 Albany av LA 9274 — Edwd r 250 Albany av
LA 9274 (act ser) — Eleanor M J stkpr Tor Hosiery r 267V2 Lappin av
ME 3658 — F--edk emp Allen Electric Co h 538 Northdiffe blvd (Frbk)
ME 1758 — Geo maint Board of Education h 5 Hounslow Heath rd JU
1580 — Geo slsmn h 198 Pacific av JU 5221 — Gordon h 129
Gilmour av JU 5772 (act ser) — Harry h 267V2 Lappin av ME 3658 —
Irene emp Small Arms r 42 Seventeenth (New T ph 38) — J Wilbur
opr TTC h 18 Orchard Park blvd HO 7844 — John blind clnr Candn
Window Shade h 355 Atlas av (Cedarvale) KE 6374 — Jos W emp
Dorn Bridge h 40 Pinewood av (Wych) LA 5133 — Leonard L foremn
Drug Trading h 43 Oakcrest av GR 9240 — Nellie r 250 Albany av LA
9274 — Ross H r 267V2 Lappin av ME 3658 (act service) — Thos F
glass ctr Pilkington Bros h 250 Albany av LA 9274 Westergaard
Holger V V construction-acct CNR h 1, 173 Balsam av HO 0675
Westergard Arnold biller Metro Trans r 818 College LL 9194 — Ernest
slsmn Nichols Advertisers h 818 College LL 9194 Westerholm Algat
carp h 11 D'Arcy WA 4075 Westerhoven Nicholas mgr J Onderwater
Co Canada Ltd h 68 Old Orchard gr MO 9059 Westerman Alice (wid
Albt) h 103 Scarborough Beach blvd HO 8377 — Harold emp Toronto
Shipbldg h 294 Withrow avenue — Irmgarde tchr r 275 St George KI
7305 — Lillian elk Eatons r 103 Scarborough Beach blvd HO 8377 —
Olive mus tchr r 103 Scarborough Beach blvd HO 8377 — Rhodes
loom fxr Barrymore Cloth h 44 Gwynne av LA 7794 — Thos solderer
MacDonald Mfg r 294 Withrow av Western Art Studio (Michl Stasick)
photographer 449 Queen w WA 0319 Western Asbesphalt Ltd Fred A
Beatty mgr, roofing and paving material 43-47 Hayter EL 1818 —
Assurance Co E A Brownell pres and mng dir, Kenneth Thom genl
mgr, Geoffrey Stubington asst genl mgr, C R Morrow sec, 16-22
Wellington e EL 6261 — Assurance Co Cox and McMillan Ltd special
agts 43 Victoria AD 0251 — Assce Co Maple Leaf Ins Agencies Ltd
agts 701, 80 Richmond w EL 6748 — Assurance Co The Parkes,
McVittie & Shaw Ltd agts 509-513, 4 Richmond e EL 8191 — Assce
Co Smith MacKenzie Hall & Hunter agts 61-65 Adelaide e EL 3366-9
— Assurance Co F C Thompson Co Ltd agts Ins Co's (Marine) 701, 2-
8 King e EL 1329 — Assce Co Young and McWhinney agts 15
Wellington e WA 7601 — Auto Parts Ltd Jacob Gurwich mgr 795 St
Clair av w KE 8741 — Bag & Burlap Co (Hyman Bergman) bag dlrs
81-83 St Patrick EL 7705 — Bakeries (Harry Gula) 783 Dundas w WA
9810 — Beatrice emp City Hall r 15, 429 Crawford — -Builders
Supply Co (Jos A Hazelton) lumber and builders supplies 311 Queen
e EL 6993 — Building 16-22 Wellington e — Canada Flour Mills Co
Ltd David I Walker genl mgr and pres, John J Page vice-pres, Allister
H Denoon sec, Jos S Anderson treas, A Ross Mackenzie asst genl
mgr, A Wallace Mulligan purchasing agt, flour mills 287-293
MacPherson av MI 1191-6 — Cattle Market Wm Steele jr foremn
abattoirs 705 Wellington w AD 0634 — Cigar Store (Charles Heller)
tobaccos and cigars 343 Bathurst TR 0491 — Creamery Co Ltd
Meyer Tishman pres, Louis Taichman sec-treas, Jos Adler mgr, (rear)
1564 Queen w LA 7100 — Credit Jewellers (David Glick) 758 Dundas
w WA 9935 — E L (wid Wm) h 1, 32 Rowanwood av — Electric
Service (Wm Whitner) service repairs • and service 12 Main s (Wstn
ph 1210) —Elsie Mrs h 3 Euclid pi — Eric h 150 King (Wstn ph 1264)
— Fish Co (Harry Shendelman) fish distributors 132 Nassau WA 1552
— Fred H emp Bell Tel h 155 Melrose av MO 4108 — Fredk r 77 Galt
av GE 4554 — Freight Lines Ltd (Tor Br) A H Black br mgr 253
Wellington w AD 1838 — Grill (Jos Kobylanske) 640 Queen w —
Hardware Magazine (Chas W Byers) magazines (monthly) 56V2
Adelaide e EL 5072 — Harold F tool mkr Can Wire & Cable h 196
Brooke av (Nth Y) MA 3809 — Harry time elk Gas Co r 931 College
WESTERN HOSPITAL (See Toronto Western Hospital) — Iron & Metal
Co (Sami Wortsman) scrap metal 543-549 King e WA 8068 yards
114122 Eastern av and 133 Mill AD 7941 — Ladies Custom Tailors
(Izzy Antflick) 1530 Dundas w LO 4106 — Leckie Ltd John A
Macaulay pres, J M Algie sec-treas, marine and fishing supplies head
office 77 Wellington w EL 1415 — Life Assurance Co Walter W
Cooper genl agt, life insurance 414, 44 Victoria WA 9161 — Louise
(wid Cecil) r 32 Spencer av LA 6100 — Meat Market (Peter
Pereschuk and Sami Galitsky) btchrs 296 Queen e WA 1456 —
Ontario Natural Gas Co Ltd R F Richards asst treas and mgr, 49, 43
Victoria EL 7977 — Plumbing Co (Thos Brown) 1639 Dundas w LL
0070 — Press (Lawrence Wyles) printing 1198 Dovercourt rd LA
7395 — Produce The W H Austin Eastern rep weekly 501, 112 Yonge
EL 4627 — Radiator Service (David Low) repairs 2692 Dundas w JU
6169 — Salvage Co M Godfrey mgr 114 Eastern av WA 8068 — Shoe
Hospital (Frank Carter) shoe repr 499 Runnymede rd - — Steel
Products Corp Ltd Geo W Hutchins (Winnipeg) pres, E S Sargeant
vice-pres and mng dir, Percy F Fowle sec-treas, sheet metal
specialties 21-28 Atlantic av LA 2881 — Store Fixture Co (Jacob
Hurvitz) store equip 509-11-13 Queen w WA 4651-2 — Tarpaulin Co
(Leslie H Bell) tarpaulin repairs 495 King w WA 6561 — Technical
Commercial School Ernest E Cavell prin w s Evelyn cres LY 3101 —
Tire Sales (Victor Grainer) tire vulcanizing 1695 Lake Shore rd (Long
B) ph N T 1628 — Warehouse Co Ltd Barry B Hayes pres and mgr,
Percy D Hayes vice-pres, W G Berner sec-treas, 1179-1189 King w
LA 3321 — Waterproofing Co Louis A Martin mgr, foundation
waterproofing and restoration of masonry 5, 67 Carlton WA 4004 —
Wiper Co (Sami Wortsman) wipers and waste 543-549 King e WA
8068 Westervelt Cecil E asst Empire Wall Papers h 129A Winchester
— Herman trk drvr h 289 Vaughan rd (Wych) —Ralph A mgr Foster
Wheeler Ltd h 176 Glencairn av HY 1860 — Thos H elk PO h 161
Craighurst av MO 2559 — Victor H spray pntr De Havilland Aircraft h
22 Eaton av GL 2727 Westfall Patrick M tire bldr Goodyear Tire h 5
Daisy av (Long B) Westfield Mining Co Ltd Thayer Lindsley pres,
2810, 25 King w AD 2385 Westfield Watch Co Ltd Robt E Day mgr,
watch mfrs 1605-1609, 372 Bay AD 8866 Westgarth Carl r 124
Armstrong av ME 6419 Westgate Maureen sec Bishop Rennison h 11,
519 Jarvis Westhaver Wm emp Toronto Shipbldg h 47 Unsworth
avenue Westhead Geo mach Massey Harris h 1966A Dufferin KE
6616 —Geo H flags mfrs 59, 8 Colborne r 1966A Dufferin KE 6616 —
Lillian hrdrsr Simpsons r 43 Hounslow Heath rd JU 4264 — Wm
candy mkr Robert Watson Co h 43 Hounslow Heath rd JU 4264 —
Wm emp Inti Business Machines h 3, 745 Bloor w LA 4618
Westheuser Bernard draughtsman John Inglis h 2365 Queen e HO
8512 — E C hrdrsr Francois Hairdressing res Willowdale — Eric W
engraver Brigdens h 108 Lakeside av (Bch C) — Ronald G sis
correspondent Candn Natl Carbon h 11, 365 Bayview av (Leas) MA
2036 — Wm E engraver Brigdens h 295 Arlington av (Wych) LL 8740
Westin Danl watch mkr 112 Lake Shore rd (Mim) h same ph N T
1333R • Westine Otta tool mkr h 66 Fairside (E Y) Westington S
Tryphena r 628 Millwood rd MO 7473 Westlake Albt emp Can Packers
r 4 Eileen av (La M) —Alfred ertge 1157A St Clair av w h same KE
1428 — Alfred E h 1‘25 Snowdon av HU 1380 —Alice tchr r 257
Jarvis MI 9978 - — -Arthur emp Natl Cash Register h 20 Falcon —
Arthur E btehr Jas B Westlake h 170 Howard Pk av LL 2361 — Arthur
J mfrs agt h 20 Hambly av HO 0490 — Benj W T mach St Clair
Motors h 108 Caledonia rd LL 2760 — Byron G tchr Runnymede Coll
Inst r 11 Mossom place (Swan) — Charles pipe cover er Robt T
Purves h 521 Lansdowne av LO 9244 — Chas A r 68 Wardell GL
6966 (act ser) — Della elk Blachford Shoe Mfg r 439 Crawford ME
7597 — Dorothy L stenog Natl Trust r 20 Hambly av HO 0490 — E
Muriel opr Bell Tel h 1185 College LO 9975 — Edwd buffer Candn
Wm A Rogers h 39 Bloomfield av GE 3594 —Edwd D insp CCM h 4
Eileen av (La M) — Ernest G foremn Globe & Mail h 3 Sunnybrook rd
(Swan) JU 5312 — Evelyn lab Roofers Supply h 28 Marjory av - —
Fern E mach Sangamo Electric Co r 439 Crawford ME 7597 — Fish &
Chips (Mrs Edith Harrison) fish and chips 275 Westlake av (E Y) —
Frank h 29 Hambly av HO 0582 - — Fred H h 439 Crawford ME 7597
— Fredk A emp Dorn Bridge h 51 Garden av LL 1975 — Fredk A
trimmer Fords Motors h 4 Newman av (E Y) — Geo F drvr Dept St
Clng h 2455 Dundas w - — Grant emp Union Station r 19 Howard Pk
av — Grocery (Mary Eastman) 157 Westlake av (E Y) HO 0039 —
Harry opr Eastern Power Devices h 545 Gladstone av LO 7445 —
Henry mgr Geo Harding Meat Market h 1510Vz Queen w ME 1259 —
Ida C Mrs h 52 Durant av (E Y) GE 6219 — Jack emp Aluminum Co
of Can h 29 Harvard av LA 7113 —Jas B btehr 2404 Bloor w LY 3424
h 19 Kennedy Pk rd JU 6418 — Jas R jr furniture mover 173 Erskine
av r same MO 6958 — Jas R furniture mover h 173 Erskine av MO
6958 — John P emp Can Packers h 651 Jane_ (Rnny) — Kathleen
jewellery Rudolph Novelty Co r 497 Euclid av RA 8316 — Laverna
opr Bell Tel r 4 Rhodes av — Lillus H tchr Secord Pub Schl r 403
Huron KI 2097 — Marian r 1526 Dufferin LL 0986 - — Marion E
sewer Safety Supply r 375 Walmer road — Mary r 1185 College LO
9975 — Mary opr City Clerk's Dept r 1526 Dufferin — Minnie E
examiner Natl Cash Register r 308 Dupont — Nora jr Imp Oil r 125
Snowdon av — Patricia sis elk Eatons r 162 Kingswood rd — Richard
elk Salada Tea Co r 52 Durant av (E Y) GE 6219 — Robt (Bobs
Smoke Shop) h 170 Christie — Ronald J mech Dorn Elect Mfg r 521
Lansdowne avenue — Ruth A elk Royal Bank (Tor Br) r 439 Crawford
ME 7597 — Shirley emp REL r 52 Durant av (E Y) GE 6219 — Shoe
Repair (Mike Sobkow) shoe repair 73 Westlake avenue — Stanley A
broadcast opr CBL h 22, 101 Vaughan rd (Wych) LA 7732 — Thos r 4
Eileen av (La M) (act ser) — Thos G slsmn Goods Specialties Ltd h
49 Kalmar av (Bch C) Alphabetical, White Page 1453
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