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REPRESENTATIONS
OF TRANSNATIONAL
HUMAN
TRAFFICKING
Present-day News Media,
True Crime, and Fiction

Edited by
Christiana Gregoriou
Representations of Transnational Human
Trafficking
 Christiana Gregoriou
Editor

Representations of
Transnational Human
Trafficking
Present-day News Media, True Crime, and Fiction
Editor
Christiana Gregoriou
School of English
University of Leeds
Leeds, UK

ISBN 978-3-319-78213-3    ISBN 978-3-319-78214-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78214-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018945918

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This book is an open access
publication
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as
you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the
Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly
from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub-
lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu-
tional affiliations.

Cover pattern © Harvey Loake

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Pivot imprint is published by the registered company Springer International
Publishing AG part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Editor’s Preface, Acknowledgments and
Recommendations

In September 2017, we convened a group of human trafficking specialist

academics, police officers, third sector, Home Office and media reps, cre-
ative writers, and filmmakers to discuss findings from the AHRC and
ESRC-funded ‘Media Human Trafficking Representation’ project (under
the Partnership for Conflict, Crime and Security Research), findings this
book showcases in detail. We take this opportunity to thank our invited
speakers: the Police and Crime Commissioner and Chair of the National
Anti-Trafficking and Modern Day Slavery Network Mark Burns-­
Williamson, journalist/writer/filmmaker Paul Kenyon, crime writer Matt
Johnson, academic/writer/‘Free the Slaves’ Foundation founder Professor
Kevin Bales (University of Nottingham) and academic/filmmaker
Professor Nicola Mai (Kingston University), whose film Travel, featuring
and produced alongside trafficked women, was screened. Our symposium
also featured a talk by project partner Special Policing Consultant Bernie
Gravett, who offered comments on the extent to which the described pop-
ular media portrayals reflect the realities of trafficking. The input and sub-
sequent discussion highlighted the subject’s complexity and brought to
light several controversial issues, including media distortions shaped by
economic forces that compel creative producers to turn human trafficking
accounts into ‘newsworthy’ stories, and the challenge of communicating
these stories in translation. We also identified trends and practices that
generate stereotypes, clichés, and reductively formulaic human trafficking
narratives. At the same time, documentaries offer powerful and affective
representations, while language has the power not just to manipulate but
also open up and enable deep understandings.

v
vi EDITOR’S PREFACE, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Given the need for stronger and more effective press regulation, we
propose instituting human-trafficking-specific guidance documents, and/
or a code of practice for all who report on the issue, who need to fully
appreciate the term’s legal meaning and relevant ideological implications
of their linguistic choices, and avoid seeing stories as mere commodities/
entertainment and as areas where truth can be manipulated. Seeking the
support of those who can influence the discussion on media accuracy and
encourage responsible reporting is key. We propose developing research-­
led material that can be used for online or in-person training/workshops
for relevant practitioners in all fields (including police officers, media rep-
resentatives, educationalists, and film/soap script writers), but also A-level
and university students. We would also recommend generating research-­
led media footage or actively contributing to mainstream audience films
that more accurately and sensitively report on the issue, and seek out to do
briefings for various committees, foundations, and even airport/airline
staff, helping identify concerning situations/individuals, improving rele-
vant information posters (say, at airports), and ultimately informing better
policy development. Lastly, there is a need to encourage and enable vic-
tims to represent themselves, in their own words/forums, devolving power
down from the conventional editor/journalist decision- and programme-­
makers. Third-sector representatives, but also migrant rights and sex
worker rights organisations, with sensitivity and access to such victims,
could help them collaborate with researchers in gaining that power.

Leeds, UK Christiana Gregoriou

 Contents

1 Representations of Transnational Human Trafficking:

A Critical Review   1
Christiana Gregoriou and Ilse A. Ras

2 ‘Call for Purge on the People Traffickers’: An Investigation

into British Newspapers’ Representation of Transnational
Human Trafficking, 2000–2016  25
Christiana Gregoriou and Ilse A. Ras

3 Not All Human Trafficking is Created Equal:

Transnational Human Trafficking in the UK and Serbian
News Media Texts—Narratological and Media Studies
Approaches  61
Nina Muždeka

4 “In the Suitcase was a Boy”: Representing Transnational

Child Trafficking in Contemporary Crime Fiction  89
Charlotte Beyer

vii
viii Contents

5 Who are the Traffickers? A Cultural Criminological

Analysis of Traffickers as Represented in the Al Jazeera
Documentary Series Modern Slavery: A Twenty-first
Century Evil 117
Melissa Dearey

Conclusion 143

Index 147
 Notes on Contributors

Charlotte Beyer is a Senior Lecturer in English Studies at the University

of Gloucestershire. Her forthcoming crime fiction publications include
editing Teaching Crime Fiction for Palgrave, and a monograph on the
crime short story (McFarland). She is also co-editing three Demeter
Press books, Mothers Without Their Children with Andrea Robertson;
Travellin’ Mama: Mothers, Mothering and Travel with Janet MacLennan,
Dorsía Smith Silva, and Marjorie Tesser, and Mothers Who Kill/
Infanticide with Josephine Savarese. Charlotte is on the Steering
Committee for the Crime Studies Network and on the Editorial
Boards for Feminist Encounters, The New Americanist, and American,
British and Canadian Studies.
Melissa Dearey is a Senior Lecturer in Criminology in the School of
Social Sciences and Faculty of Arts, Cultures and Education at the
University of Hull in the UK. Her academic background is in philosophy
and cultural theory, focusing on the link between politics, art/aesthetics,
deviance and social change. She has published research on a broad number
of topics including radicalisation, political imprisonment, diabolical evil
and the moving, somatic body. She is especially interested in interdisciplin-
ary and cultural criminology, and has adapted methodologies and con-
cepts from dance, and popular cultural forms like auto/biography, true
crime, reality TV, and game shows into her research. She is also interested
in green criminology, that is, corporate and state crimes against nature and
non-human animals.

ix
x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Christiana Gregoriou is an Associate Professor in English Language at

Leeds University. She is a crime fiction stylistics specialist and ran the
2016–2017 AHRC/ESRC-funded project on the representation of
transnational human trafficking in news media, true crime, and fiction.
Most notable are her three monographs (Crime Fiction Migration:
Crossing Languages, Cultures, Media, 2017; Language, Ideology and
Identity in Serial Killer Narratives, 2011; Deviance in Contemporary
Crime Fiction, 2007), and her edited collections (Constructing Crime:
Discourse and Cultural Representations of Crime and ‘Deviance’, 2012;
Language and Literature, ‘Investigating Contemporary Crime Writing’
special edition 21(3), 2012).
Nina Muždeka is an Associate Professor of Anglophone literatures at the
University of Novi Sad, in Serbia. Her areas of interest include contempo-
rary literature in English with a special focus on theory of genre, narratol-
ogy, postmodern theory, and translation theory. She is the author of
monographs on the issue of genre in Julian Barnes’s novels (2006)
and magical realism in Angela Carter’s novels (2016). She is cur-
rently preparing a monograph on twentieth-century British detective
fiction written by women. As a literary translator, Nina has trans-
lated and published over 35 full-length books of mostly contempo-
rary Anglophone fiction.
Ilse A. Ras completed her PhD in English Language at the University of
Leeds. She also holds an MSc in Criminology from the University of
Leicester and is a co-founder of the Poetics and Linguistics Association
Special Interest Group on Crime Writing. Her work and teaching often
crosses the boundaries between English language and Criminology,
focusing on the use of language to express, maintain, and reinforce
(capitalist) power structures, using corpus-assisted critical discourse
analysis and critical stylistics to examine this language.
 List of Tables

Table 2.1 Number of human trafficking-related articles published by UK

newspapers between 01/2000 and 09/2016 28
Table 2.2 Events concurrent with ‘spikes’ in the number of human
trafficking-related articles published by UK newspapers 30
Table 2.3 Breakdown of the composition of the ‘spike’ sample corpora 31
Table 2.4 Categorisation of c-collocates to ‘trafficking’ 40
Table 2.5 Categorisation of c-collocates of trafficking and smuggling,
with overlapping words in italics 42

xi
 CHAPTER 1

Representations of Transnational Human

Trafficking: A Critical Review

Christiana Gregoriou and Ilse A. Ras

Abstract The collection introduction defines human trafficking and pro-

ceeds to offer an in-depth literature review that assesses the significance of
attention to the collection topic, suggests new directions for research, and
provides a synopsis and integrative analysis of the collective contributions
of manuscripts within the collection. It starts by detailing the story of
human trafficking (the types, causes, and frames of trafficking), then dis-
cusses the effects of misrepresentation on the directly affected (draws on
victim hierarchy, criminalisation and secondary victimisation), and then
deals with the socio-political causes and effects of misrepresentation (gen-
der and wealth inequality, global and local politics, and secondary exploi-
tation). It ends by providing a rationale as to the nature of the case studies
the book and its contributors consider.

Keywords Criminalisation • Human trafficking • (Mis)representation •

Transnational organised crime • Victim hierarchy

C. Gregoriou (*) • I. A. Ras

School of English, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s) 2018 1

C. Gregoriou (ed.), Representations of Transnational Human
Trafficking, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78214-0_1
2 C. GREGORIOU AND I. A. RAS

Introduction
This collection’s various studies examine representations of human traffick-
ing (henceforth HT), traffickers, and victims in media ranging from British
and Serbian newspapers, British and Scandinavian crime novels, and a docu-
mentary series, before questioning the extent to which these portrayals
actually reflect the realities of trafficking. We show that media reporting on
HT matters, and is impactful; HT victims are idealised, with those not
according to this ideal being criminalised. Selected official source aspects of
HT take priority over others that are neglected, and hence frame HT in
problematic ways. Instead, fictional and factional representations of this
crime can be better used as tools with which change in HT victim treatment
can be engendered. Our studies focus on news articles, crime fiction, and
documentaries published and released post-2000, the year in which the UN
Office on Drugs and Crime Protocol to the Convention on Transnational
Organised Crime, on trafficking (nicknamed the Palermo Protocol), was
passed, and covers a time period in which the Modern Slavery Act 2015 was
passed and the refugee and migrant crisis spread across Europe. Whilst we
primarily focus on British news, fiction, and documentaries, we have also
included Scandinavian crime fiction and Serbian news to facilitate compari-
sons with, respectively, a literary tradition that focuses on social realist
themes (Brunsdale, 2016), and news from a country affected by trafficking
in three dimensions (origin, transfer, and destination) and on the route of
refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq (European Commission, 2017).
We adopt the definition of trafficking set out in the Anti-Slavery
International RACE Project report on ‘Trafficking for Forced Criminal
Activities and Begging in Europe’ (2014, p. 86):

Trafficking involves bringing people away from the communities in which

they live and forcing them into work against their will using violence, decep-
tion or coercion. When children are trafficked, no violence, deception or
coercion needs to be involved: simply transporting them into exploitative
conditions constitutes trafficking.

This definition follows the UN (Palermo) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress

and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, sup-
plementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime (UNODC, 2016, passed in 2000). We acknowledge
that this definition is problematic, as its terms are difficult to define, and it
 REPRESENTATIONS OF TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING… 3

is difficult to establish where the thresholds of the lack of consent, and the
level of deception, exploitation, coercion, and movement are located.
Previous research on the representations of HT shows that these narra-
tives are often overly focused on only one form of HT and one particular
type of victim, with the highly damaging effect of ignoring or even crimi-
nalising (other) victims of other types of HT. As such, we are critical of
representations that serve to limit those forms of exploitation, force,
deception, or movement, that are considered ‘proper’ forms of HT, and
that serve to distinguish between ‘real’ and ‘unreal’ victims of HT. We
argue that the characteristics of the HT narrative sustain the global struc-
tures that make people vulnerable to being trafficked in the first place.
These include gender and wealth inequality, and the geopolitical power
balance that primarily benefits the global West.
This introductory chapter first examines the commonly accepted defini-
tions and narratives of HT, as found in previous studies. It then traces the
effects of these stories on those vulnerable people who are trafficked, or
smuggled and exploited at their destinations. Finally, it considers the
global inequalities that are perpetuated by these narratives, before this col-
lection’s chapters are outlined.

The Story and Truth(s) of Human Trafficking

Media representations inform public and practitioners as to the nature of
HT: they are seen and referenced by policymakers and therefore shape
discourse on HT (Small, 2012). The increasing ‘celebritisation’ of the
problem, with the rise of celebrity activists as rescuers, ‘ambassadors’, and
(often ill-informed) ‘experts’, also signals pop culture’s powerful role in
anti-trafficking movements (Haynes, 2014, cited in Kinney, 2015, p. 90;
see also Steele, 2015). Wylie (2016) traces the rise of a particular version
of the story of human trafficking, and its adoption into ‘common knowl-
edge’, drawing on the concept of the norm lifecycle in International
Relations (Finnemore & Sikkink, 1998, in Wylie, 2016). In this lifecycle,
a norm is first campaigned for by moral entrepreneurs, then supported by
global actors (ibid.). If enough global actors support the new norm, oth-
ers are pushed to accept it also (ibid.). The norm is then enacted on local
levels, and finally becomes ‘common knowledge’ (ibid.). Wylie (2016)
points out that the norm only successfully completes this lifecycle if it is in
line with pre-existing norms, and can be used to support the material and
immaterial interests of global and local actors.
4 C. GREGORIOU AND I. A. RAS

Wylie (2016, p. 2) notes that in the past 20 years, a particular version

of the human trafficking story has become the new normal. Winterdyk,
Reichel, and Perrin (2012, p. 9) indicate that the first decade of the
twenty-first century met with ‘an explosion of media coverage’ of HT,
which they partially attribute to the passing of the Palermo Protocol in
2000. Wylie (2016) instead identifies the Palermo Protocol as part of the
lifecycle. This increase in reporting would, initially, appear to be a positive
development, as the public’s and (untrained) practitioners’ understanding
of what HT is, and who the victims are, is dependent on media representa-
tions (De Shalit, Heynen, & Van der Meulen, 2014; Denton, 2010; Farrell
& Fahy, 2009; Papadouka, Evangelopoulos, & Ignatow, 2016; Sanford,
Martínez, & Weitzer, 2016; Sobel, 2016). Problematically, however, the
‘master’ narrative of HT (Snajdr, 2013; see also Wilson & O’Brien, 2016),
or the version of the story of human trafficking that has become the new
normal (Wylie, 2016), is full of, and based on, unreliable statistics, maps,
and visual images, and selective, binary, and simplified representations
(ibid.). The RACE Project report suggests that most HT cases go unre-
ported in the media, but even when they are reported, they are often
devoid of details such as nationality, age, outcome/sentence length of
those convicted, and indicators of trafficking (e.g., confinement, passport
loss, and no or minimal pay).

Simplification
The difficulty in representing HT accurately is illustrated by the misuse of
labels such as ‘trafficking’ and ‘smuggling’. Legally, the former is a crime
against an individual and can be intranational, while the latter is a crime
against the state and is, necessarily, transnational. Unlike trafficking, smug-
gling is presumed to be consensual on the part of the smuggled (Lobasz,
2009, p. 328). The reality of trafficking/smuggling is not quite so clear.
‘[S]ome argue that human trafficking and migrant smuggling are better
thought of as two ends of a continuum’ (Lobasz, 2009, p. 328), the con-
cepts being ‘intricately intertwined’ (Aronowitz, 2009, p. 4). Consent
may be blurry or absent at various stages of either process. Both those
trafficked and those smuggled are susceptible to exploitation (O’Connell
Davidson, 2010, p. 249; Piper, Segrave, & Napier-Moore, 2015). Those
who have been smuggled and are exploited later are, legally, victims of
trafficking, even if, at the border, they are considered as having been
smuggled (Kara, 2010, p. 189; Lobasz, 2009, p. 328; Wylie, 2016, p. 6).
 REPRESENTATIONS OF TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING… 5

Kelly (2005) indicates that the length of the journey increases the proba-
bility that a person is coerced or deceived, as well as exploited, as longer
journeys increase people’s vulnerability. Exploitation may also be done by
people other than the smugglers, due to the undocumented status of
those smuggled (Wylie, 2016, p. 6). This interconnection might explain
why the media and the public tend to conflate the two (Dando, Walsh, &
Brierley, 2016; Denton, 2010; Farrell & Fahy, 2009; Marchionni, 2012;
Papadouka et al., 2016; Winterdyk et al., 2012).
The problem does not just lie with the media conflating the two con-
cepts, but with how the distinction is made. Male irregular migrants are
generally presumed smuggled, thus presumed as having consented to their
movement, whereas female irregular migrants are generally presumed traf-
ficked, as not having consented to movement (De Shalit et al., 2014;
Musto, 2009). As a result, the (male) smuggled migrant is criminalised,
whilst the (female) trafficked migrant is assigned victim-status (Hua &
Nigorizawa, 2010, pp. 406–407). The differentiation between trafficked
and smuggled migrant may also depend on whether they are perceived as
having been ‘exploited enough’, creating a distinction between ‘deserv-
ing’ and ‘undeserving’ migrants (Wylie, 2016, p. 6). This distinction also
distracts from the fact that both smuggled and trafficked people are often
vulnerable, escaping a local environment plagued by poverty, conflict,
disaster, or all of the above, searching, despite the many risks involved, for
a better place in which to live and work.

Types of Trafficking
The Palermo Protocol refers to all forms of labour as potential forms of
exploitation (De Shalit et al., 2014, p. 392), even though it privileges sex
trafficking (Wylie, 2016). Throughout media representations, the focus
tends to be on sex trafficking (Alvarez & Alessi, 2012; Buckley, 2009;
Denton, 2010; Dijk, 2013; Farrell & Fahy, 2009; Kelly, 2005; Lobasz,
2009; Marchionni, 2012; Moore & Goldberg, 2015; Papadouka et al.,
2016; Segrave, 2009; Wylie, 2016; Yick, 2010), an assessment statistically
supported by Marchionni’s (2012) classification of the types of trafficking
normally reported:

• Sex: 51.5%
• Labour: 4.1%
• Domestic: 2.3%
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
She almost dreaded to open the other. A blinding sort of
consciousness pervaded her as if she were a prisoner, as if there was
asked of her a curious, undefined surrender that she could hardly
understand. Before, she had gone on simply and been overtaken, as
it were, given without knowing just what she gave. Was it because
she was older, wiser? She had still to learn that there were many
mysteries in love that only a lifetime could explain.
She let her eyes wander over it in a vague sort of fashion. Did she
really belong to him? He seemed to take possession of her in a way
that she could not gainsay, could not even refuse.
But did she want to refuse?
She went out to the keeping room after awhile. Her mother sat
alone, sewing some trifle. She came and laid both letters in her lap,
then went and sat on the door sill where a great maple threw its
green arms about in the soft breeze. There was a cuckoo
somewhere, a yellow-hammer searching for half-hidden food, and a
thrush with his long, sweet note.
"Yes," her mother remarked, as if in answer to a question. "He laid
the matter before your father a month ago in the letter that came
with you."
"Oh!" Then after a long while—"Mother, it is nothing like it was
before. Then I did not doubt myself, now I wonder. He is so wise in
many ways, I feel as if I had to reach up and up and I am a little
afraid. I have seen so many fine girls in the city. And beautiful
women."
"The woman a man chooses is the best to him always."
She did not torment herself with the thought that he was doing this
for her guardian's sake. She felt that he was not the kind of man to
take the mere crumbs of love while some one else feasted on the
heart of love divine. What troubled her was whether she could love
enough. And she hated to think there had been any previous regard.
But did he not say, too, that he had been fascinated by an unworthy
liking?
The summer seemed to check the wave of prosperity and men
looked at each other in half affright. For no one knew just how the
tide might turn. When the Indians made their sortie on Fort
Recovery word came that the garrison had been massacred, but
Captain Gibson bravely held it in spite of an all-day attack, and at
night the enemy retreated. General Wayne was in command of all
the forces and the Indians made various feints, hoping to be joined
by the British, who were urging them on, but there was no big
regular battle until that of Fallen Timbers, where a tornado had
swept through the woods some time before. A few miles below was
a British fort, the meeting place of the western fur traders. It was a
hard fought field, but the victory for the Americans was such a signal
one that it ended the terror of a frontier war that had hung over the
border so long.
No town rejoiced more than Pittsburg, which lost some men and was
proud of heroes who had come through the conflict unscathed.
Among these was Lieutenant Langdale, whose bravery and foresight
gained him a captaincy.
"He's a brave fellow!" declared grandad, and Daffodil was glad he
had won some of the fame and glory for which he had longed.
"It's fine to be a soldier when you can fight and have nothing
happen to you," declared Felix. "But I wouldn't want to be among
the killed. There's so many splendid things in life. I hope I will live to
be a hundred."
There were many matters to share Daffodil's attention, though she
did miss the bright society and the knowledge branching out on
every side. Yet these girls who had married half a dozen years ago
and had grown common and careless with their little ones about
them seemed very happy. It certainly was an industrious community,
but they played as they worked. There were games that would have
been no discredit to modern scores, there was dancing and
merriment and happiness as well.
Was Daffodil learning her lesson? Aldis Bartram thought very slowly.
But he was a man who prized hard won contests. And if with the
attractive young men about her through the winter she had not been
won, then she was not an easy prize. He smiled at times over her
careful and futile reasoning. At least they would have the winter to
go over the ground. And though he was becoming an ardent lover
he was not an impatient one.
There are some events and decisions in life that are precipitated by
a shock, the film that held one in thrall, veiling the clear sight, is
suddenly disrupted. And this happened to Daffodil Carrick. Her
father put an English paper in her hand one evening as he came up
the path where roses were still blooming. It had been remailed in
Philadelphia.
"From Madame Clerval," she said with a smile. "Some gay doings, I
fancy. She has friends in London."
She glanced it over carelessly. The summer struggles had made her
more of a patriot, and brought to her mind vividly the morning she
had run out to know the cause of Kirsty Boyle's call and the ringing
of his bell. A very little girl. She was always glad she had heard it.
She turned the paper to and fro rather impatiently. Oh, what was
here with the black insignia of death: "Died, at Hurst Abbey, of a
malignant fever. Margaretta, wife of Jeffrey, Lord Andsdell, only
remaining son of the Earl of Wrenham."
She was not interested in the beauty of the bride, who had been a
great belle in her day and won no little fame on the stage, nor the
terrible accident that had deprived the Earl of two older sons and
two grandsons, paving the way for the succession of Lord Andsdell.
She shuddered and turned ghostly pale, and was terrified with a
strange presentiment. But she could not talk of it just yet and was
glad Norry and grandad came in to spend the evening with them.
The next morning she gave her father a little note with "important"
written on the corner of the folded paper.
"What now?" enquired her father laughingly, "Did you forget your
postscript?"
She assented with a nod.
Then she went about her daily duties, but a great terror surged at
her heart. She was to remember through everything that she was
the only woman Jeffrey Andsdell loved. Long ago she had cast it out.
No doubt he had been happy in his ancestral home, at least, he had
chosen that, well, wisely, too. But to ask that the woman he
wronged should cling to her burthen!
How slowly the days passed. Aldis Bartram might have been away
when the note came—he had been to Baltimore on some
troublesome business—but waiting seemed very hard. And when it
drew near to the time, she used to take different paths down by the
square where the stage came in, just far enough away to see, but
not be seen, and stand with a blushing face and a strange trembling
at her heart. One day she was rewarded. There was the manly
figure, the erect head, the firm, yet elastic step. A sudden pride
leaped up in her heart.
She waylaid him in a bypath.
"Daffodil!" he cried in surprise. "What has happened?
"Nothing, nothing; I wanted to see you," but her voice trembled.
"Come this way."
"How mysterious you are!" If she meant to give him his congé she
could have done it better by letter. And the clasp of her hand on his
arm had a clinging force.
"There is something for you to see. Let us turn here."
After a space through intervening trees they came to the open,
where she paused and unfolded a paper she had held in her hand.
"Read this," she said, and he stared a moment silently.
One moment, another moment. How still it was, every bird had
hushed its singing, even the crickets were not chirping.
"He will come back to America. He will come back for you now that
he is free," Bartram subjoined hoarsely. Should he hold her or let her
go? Was the old love——
She faced him and slipped both hands over his shoulders, clasped
them at the back of his neck. It seemed to him he had never seen
such an entrancing light in her eyes.
"Aldis," she began, with tremulous sweetness, "I would rather be
your wife than the greatest duchess of them all." And then she hid
her blushing face on his breast.
It would not be raised, but he kissed the brow, the eyelids, and said
in a shaken voice:
"Were you afraid——"
Then she raised the sweet face where he saw tears and the quick
rifts of color, but there were high lights of resolve in the beautiful
eyes.
"Not afraid anything could rekindle the glamor of that mistake, nor
any repentance on his part mend the deception. I was a child then. I
did not understand the depths that go to the making of a true love.
All summer I have been learning——"
Then she paused and hid her face again.
"And there is a great deal more to learn, sweetheart. We shall go on
studying the delightful lesson all our lives, I trust, and never reach
the bottom of the cup of joy. Daffodil, you have already roused me
to a wider, higher life. A year ago I would not have been worthy of
you. Yes, I was blind and self-engrossed then. We will study the
sweet lesson together."
Then they paused at a fallen log, not the old place that she never
cared to see again. A little stream came trickling down the high hill
and there were tender bird voices as accompaniments to the
delicious confession. It had grown slowly, she was so afraid of
another mistake, but he would never need to doubt its truth, its
duration, its comprehensiveness.
It seemed minutes only and yet held the mysterious sweetness of
hours. Then she heard a voice calling.
"Why—see! It is almost night! And that is Felix's voice. Oh, what
have I been doing?" and she rose in a startled manner.
"We will explain our iniquity," he said laughingly.
They met Felix. "Oh!" he exclaimed in surprise. "We couldn't think!
And we had supper."
Then mother said, "Why, did you come in the stage? That was here
hours ago," to Mr. Bartram, in a wondering tone.
"Yes; but we had a good deal of business to settle. I hope you didn't
eat up all the supper?"
He studied them both curiously. Daffodil's face was scarlet.
"Mr. Bartram, are you going to marry her?" he asked with a boy's
frank eagerness.
"I hope to. Are you going to object?"
"No," rather reluctantly. "Only I wish you were going to live here."
Bernard Carrick had gone downtown. It showed the strides Pittsburg
had made when there was already a downtown. Barbe stood in the
doorway watching, for now the sky was growing gray with coming
evening. But before Mr. Bartram spoke, she knew. One of the
delights of the other engagement had been the certainty of keeping
her daughter, now the pang of separation pierced her to the quick.
"Mrs. Carrick," he said in an appealing tone, "will you take me for a
son?" but Daffodil kissed her.
They did not want much supper, but the others returned to the table
and talked. He had only come for a few days, but he begged that
they might have a wedding in the early fall, just as soon as possible
indeed, for the journey was so long they could not afford to waste
much time in courtship. They must be lovers afterward.
So, after much discussion to shorten the time, mid-September was
settled upon.
"Oh," Daffodil said in her most adorable tone, "I shall pray daily that
nothing will befall you, that God will send you back safely to me."
"And I shall be praying for you. Love surely opens one's heart to
God."
There was not much to be made ready. The girl laid aside this and
that for the son's wife when he should take one, "for," said she,
"there is so much in my new house already. And Felix must marry
young, so you will have a new daughter in my place."
She would not be married in church nor wear the olden wedding
gown. "Let it skip a generation," she said, "and that may change the
luck."
So the time came and the lover so full of impatience. She would
have the ceremony in the old room that had been so interwoven
with her life, and she fancied the spirit of great-grandfather was
sitting there in the old chair and she went for his blessing.
The little girl passed out of Old Pittsburg and left behind lonely
hearts. Grandad could not be reconciled, there were some fine
young fellows in the town that would make good husbands. But
Norah gave her a blessing and the best of wishes. So Daffodil
Bartram went out to her new life, wondering how one could be so
glad and happy when they were leaving behind so much love.
Old Pittsburg did not vanish with the little girl, however. But she
went on her way steadily, industriously. The new century came in
with great acclaim. Shipbuilding prospered. Iron foundries sprang
up. The glass works went from the eight pots and the capacity of
three boxes at a blowing to double that number, then doubled it
again. The primitive structure erected by George Anshuts before the
century ended was the progenitor of many others sending their
smoke defiantly up in the clear sky. And all along the Monogahela
valley as well as in other places the earth gave up its stores of coal
as it had given up its stores of iron.
And in 1816 Pittsburg was incorporated as a city and had a mayor
and aldermen and her own bank. It was a new Pittsburg then, a hive
of human industry, where one business after another gathered and
where fortunes were evolved from real work, and labor reaps a rich
reward.
There are not many of the old things left. The block house built in
1764 by Colonel Bouquet still stands. A great depot covers the site
of the ancient Fort, and the spot of Braddock's defeat. But there are
Duquesne Heights, all her hills have not been levelled, if most of the
old things have passed away. She is the workshop of the world now,
one writer calls her "the most unique city in the world." And she has
not neglected the finer arts of beautifying. She has magnificent
buildings, fine libraries, and cultivated people, musical societies, and
half a hundred benevolent institutions. And we must not forget that
in six days after the firing on Fort Sumter a company of Pittsburgers
marched to Washington and offered their services to the secretary of
war.
If the little girl had vanished, Daffodil Bartram found much happiness
in the new home. M. de Ronville was not only delighted, but grateful
over his two children who were not of kindred blood, but of the finer
and higher kin of love. There came children to the household, three
boys and one golden-haired girl, but he did not quite reach the years
of his friend Duvernay. And when the two older sons were grown
they cast their lot with Allegheny City, which in the course of time
grew into a lovely residential city, free from smoke and dust and
noise, and theirs proved a noble patrimony. The Bartrams still had a
son and daughter, and the journey to Pittsburg no longer had to be
made in a stage coach.
Felix Duvernay Carrick made one of the notable citizens of the town,
the author of several useful inventions and a most thriving business
man, not needing any of his sister's fortune, for grandad left him
one, beside the one he was making with his brains and industry. And
Barbe was a happy grandmother to a merry flock, but she would
never leave the old house, though the farm was cut up by streets
and houses crowded in upon them. And she kept her bed of daffodils
to the very last.
If there was not so much romance, it was the old story of the
Rhinegelt of the land and the rivers yielding up such treasures as
few cities possess, but without the tragedy of their legend. Work and
thrift and the ingenuity of man have reared a magnificent city.

THE LITTLE GIRL

SERIES
By AMANDA M.
DOUGLAS

ALL COPYRIGHT STORIES

 Handsome Cloth Binding Price, 60 Cents
A series of stories for girls by that
popular author, Amanda M. Douglas, in
which are described something of the life
and times of the early days of the places
wherein the stories are located. Now for
the first time published in a cheap
edition.

A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD NEW YORK

This is a pretty story of life in New York
60 years ago. The story is charmingly
told. The book is full of vivacious
narrative, describing the amusements,
employments and the social and
domestic life of Old New York.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD BOSTON
The story deals with the bringing up of
little Doris by these Boston people, who
were her nearest relatives. It is a series
of pictures of life in Boston ninety years
ago.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD BALTIMORE
This tells the story of how a little girl
grew up in a Southern city a hundred
years ago. A host of characters of all
sorts—women, children, slaves, rich
people and poor people, fill the pages.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD PITTSBURG
An interesting picture is given of the
pioneer settlement and its people; while
the heroine, Daffodil, is a winsome lass
who develops into a charming woman.
A LITTLE GIRL OF LONG AGO
This story is a sequel to A Little Girl in
Old New York. This is a book for girls and
boys of the present age, who will enjoy
going back to the old times.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD CHICAGO
Ruth Gaynor comes to Chicago with her
father when she is but eight or nine
years old. Ruth is a keen observer and
makes a capital heroine.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD NEW
ORLEANS
The story gives a very picturesque
account of the life in the old Creole city.
It is a well told and interesting story with
a historical background.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD SAN
FRANCISCO
This is the story of the little Maine girl
who went to live in the strange new city
of the Golden Gate; she grows up a
bright and charming girl.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD
WASHINGTON
This story carries one back to
Washington, a city then in its infancy.
The story throws a strong light on the
early customs and life of the people.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD
PHILADELPHIA
Little Primrose was the child of Friends,
or Quakers. The author tells Primrose's
experiences among very strict Quakers,
and then among worldly people.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD QUEBEC
The heroine is called "The Rose of
Quebec." The picturesque life of this old
French city, as seen through the eyes of
the little girl, is here pictured.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD SALEM
Cynthia Leveritt lived in old Salem about
one hundred years ago. Cynthia grows
up, and so dear a girl could scarce have
failed to have a romance develop. The
book will be enjoyed by all girls.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD ST. LOUIS
This story will give a delightful treat to
any girl who reads it. The early days of
this historical old city are depicted in a
manner at once true and picturesque.
A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD DETROIT
The stirring times in which the little girl
lived, and the social life of a bygone age
are depicted very happily. The heroine is
a charming girl.

The Girl Comrade's

Series
ALL AMERICAN AUTHORS.
ALL COPYRIGHT STORIES.

A carefully selected series of books for

girls, written by popular authors. These
are charming stories for young girls, well
told and full of interest. Their simplicity,
tenderness, healthy, interesting motives,
vigorous action, and character painting
will please all girl readers.
HANDSOME CLOTH BINDING.
PRICE, 60 CENTS.
A BACHELOR MAID AND HER
BROTHER. By I. T. Thurston.
ALL ABOARD. A Story For Girls. By
Fanny E. Newberry.
ALMOST A GENIUS. A Story For
Girls. By Adelaide L. Rouse.
ANNICE WYNKOOP, Artist. Story of
a Country Girl. By Adelaide L. Rouse.
BUBBLES. A Girl's Story. By Fannie E.
Newberry.
COMRADES. By Fannie E. Newberry.
DEANE GIRLS, THE. A Home Story.
By Adelaide L. Rouse.
HELEN BEATON, COLLEGE WOMAN.
By Adelaide L. Rouse.
JOYCE'S INVESTMENTS. A Story For
Girls. By Fannie E. Newberry.
MELLICENT RAYMOND. A Story For
Girls. By Fannie E. Newberry.
MISS ASHTON'S NEW PUPIL. A
School Girl's Story. By Mrs. S. S.
Robbins.
NOT FOR PROFIT. A Story For Girls.
By Fannie E. Newberry.
ODD ONE, THE. A Story For Girls. By
Fannie E. Newberry.
SARA, A PRINCESS. A Story For
Girls. By Fannie E. Newberry.
 The Girl Chum's Series
ALL AMERICAN AUTHORS.
ALL COPYRIGHT STORIES.

A carefully selected series of books for

girls, written by popular authors. These
are charming stories for young girls, well
told and full of interest. Their simplicity,
tenderness, healthy, interesting motives,
vigorous action, and character painting
will please all girl readers.
HANDSOME CLOTH BINDING.
PRICE, 60 CENTS.
BENHURST, CLUB, THE. By Howe
Benning.
BERTHA'S SUMMER BOARDERS. By
Linnie S. Harris.
BILLOW PRAIRIE. A Story of Life in
the Great West. By Joy Allison.
DUXBERRY DOINGS. A New England
Story. By Caroline B. Le Row.
FUSSBUDGET'S FOLKS. A Story For
Young Girls. By Anna F. Burnham.
HAPPY DISCIPLINE, A. By Elizabeth
Cummings.
JOLLY TEN, THE; and Their Year of
Stories. By Agnes Carr Sage.
KATIE ROBERTSON. A Girl's Story of
Factory Life. By M. E. Winslow.
LONELY HILL. A Story For Girls. By
M. L. Thornton-Wilder.
MAJORIBANKS. A Girl's Story. By
Elvirton Wright.
MISS CHARITY'S HOUSE. By Howe
Benning.
MISS ELLIOT'S GIRLS. A Story For
Young Girls. By Mary Spring Corning.
MISS MALCOLM'S TEN. A Story For
Girls. By Margaret E. Winslow.
ONE GIRL'S WAY OUT. By Howe
Benning.
PEN'S VENTURE. By Elvirton Wright.
RUTH PRENTICE. A Story For Girls.
By Marion Thorne.
THREE YEARS AT GLENWOOD. A
Story of School Life. By M. E.
Winslow.
 The Boy Spies
Series
These stories are based on
important historical events,
scenes wherein boys are
prominent characters being selected.
They are the romance of history,
vigorously told, with careful fidelity to
picturing the home life and accurate in
every particular wherein mention is made
of movement of troops, or the doings of
noted persons.

THE BOY SPIES WITH

LAFAYETTE. The story of how two
boys joined the Continental Army.
Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.
THE BOY SPIES ON CHESAPEAKE
BAY. The story of two young spies
under Commodore Barney.
Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.
THE BOY SPIES WITH THE
REGULATORS. The story of how
the boys assisted the Carolina
Patriots to drive the British from
that State.
Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.
THE BOY SPIES WITH THE
SWAMP FOX. The story of General
 Marion and his young spies.
Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.
THE BOY SPIES AT YORKTOWN.
The story of how the spies helped
General Lafayette in the Siege of
Yorktown.
Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.
THE BOY SPIES OF
PHILADELPHIA. The story of how
the young spies helped the
Continental Army at Valley Forge.
Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.
THE BOY SPIES AT FORT
GRISWOLD. The story of the part
they took in its brave defense.
By William P. Price 60
Cloth.
Chipman. cents.
THE BOY SPIES OF OLD NEW
YORK. The story of how the young
spies prevented the capture of
General Washington.
Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.

The Navy Boys Series

 These stories are based on
important historical naval
events, scenes wherein boys
are prominent characters
being selected. They are the
romance of history,
vigorously told, with careful
fidelity to picturing the life
on ship-board, and accurate in every
particular wherein mention is made of
movement of vessels or the doings of
noted persons.

THE NAVY BOYS' CRUISE WITH

PAUL JONES. A boys' story of a
cruise with the Great Commodore in
1776.
Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.
THE NAVY BOYS ON LAKE
ONTARIO. The story of two boys
and their adventures in the war of
1812.
Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.
THE NAVY BOYS' CRUISE ON THE
PICKERING. A boy's story of
privateering in 1780.
Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.
THE NAVY BOYS IN NEW YORK
BAY. A story of three boys who
took command of the schooner
"The Laughing Mary," the first
vessel of the American Navy.
 Price 60
By James Otis. Cloth.
cents.
THE NAVY BOYS IN THE TRACK
OF THE ENEMY. The story of a
remarkable cruise with the Sloop of
War "Providence" and the Frigate
"Alfred."
By William P. Price 60
Cloth.
Chipman. cents.
THE NAVY BOYS' DARING
CAPTURE. The story of how the
navy boys helped to capture the
British Cutter "Margaretta," in 1775.
By William P. Price 60
Cloth.
Chipman. cents.
THE NAVY BOYS' CRUISE TO THE
BAHAMAS. The adventures of two
Yankee Middies with the first cruise
of an American Squadron in 1775.
By William P. Price 60
Cloth.
Chipman. cents.
THE NAVY BOYS' CRUISE WITH
COLUMBUS. The adventures of
two boys who sailed with the great
Admiral in his discovery of America.
By Frederick Price 60
Cloth.
A. Ober. cents.

The Boy Chums Series

 By WILMER M. ELY
Handsome Cloth Binding.
Price, 60 Cents Per Volume.

In this series of remarkable stories by

Wilmer M. Ely are described the
adventures of two boy chums—Charley
West and Walter Hazard—in the great
swamps of interior Florida and among
the cays off the Florida Coast, and
through the Bahama Islands. These are
real, live boys, and their experiences are
well worth following. If you read one
book you will surely be anxious for those
that are to follow.
THE BOY CHUMS ON INDIAN RIVER,
or The Boy Partners of the
Schooner "Orphan."
In this story Charley West and Walter
Hazard meet deadly rattlesnakes; have a
battle with a wild panther; are attacked
by outlaws; their boat is towed by a
swordfish; they are shipwrecked by a
monster manatee fish, and pass safely
through many exciting scenes of danger.
THE BOY CHUMS ON HAUNTED
ISLAND, or Hunting for Pearls in
the Bahama Islands.
This book tells the story of the boy
chums, Charley West and Walter Hazard,
whose adventures on the schooner
"Eager Quest," hunting for pearls among
the Bahama Islands, are fully recorded.
Their hairbreadth escapes from the
treacherous quicksands and dangerous
water spouts; how they lost their vessel
and were cast away on a lonely island,
and their escape therefrom are fully told.
THE BOY CHUMS IN THE FOREST, or
Hunting for Plume Birds in the
Florida Everglades.
The story of the boy chums hunting the
blue herons and the pink and white
egrets for their plumes in the forests of
Florida is full of danger and excitement.
How the chums encountered the Indians;
their battles with the escaped convicts;
their fight with the wild boars and
alligators are fully told.
THE BOY CHUMS' PERILOUS
CRUISE, or Searching for
Wreckage on the Florida Coast.
This story of the boy chums' adventures
on and off the Florida Coast describes
many scenes of daring and adventure, in
hunting for ships stranded and cargoes
washed ashore. The boy chums passed
through many exciting scenes, on shore
and island; and the loss of their vessel,
the "Eager Quest," they will long
remember.
THE BOY CHUMS IN THE GULF OF
MEXICO, or a Dangerous Cruise
with the Greek Spongers.
This story of the boy chums, Charley
West and Walter Hazard, hunting for
sponges, is filled with many adventures.
The dangers of gathering sponges are
fully described; the chums meet with
sharks and alligators; and they are cast
away on a desert island. Their rescue
and arrival home make a most
interesting story.

The Boy Scout Series

By HERBERT CARTER
New stories of Camp Life,
telling the wonderful and
thrilling adventures of the
Boys of the Silver Fox Patrol.
Handsome Cloth Bindings.

PRICE, 60 CENTS PER VOLUME

THE BOY SCOUTS FIRST CAMP

FIRE; or, Scouting with the Silver
 Fox Patrol.
This book, every up-to-date Boy Scout
will want to read. It is brimming over
with thrilling adventure, woods lore and
the story of the wonderful experiences
that befel the Cranford troop of Boy
Scouts when spending a part of their
vacation in the wilderness. The story is
clean and wholesome in tone, yet with
not a dull line from cover to cover.
THE BOY SCOUTS IN THE BLUE
RIDGE; or, Marooned Among the
Moonshiners.
Those lads who have read The Boy
Scouts First Camp Fire and followed the
fortunes of Thad Brewster, the Young
Patrol leader, will be delighted to read
this story. It tells of the strange and
mysterious adventures that happened to
the Patrol in their trip through the
"mountains of the sky" in the
Moonshiners' Paradise of the old Tar Heel
State, North Carolina. When you start to
read you will not lay the book down until
the last word has been reached.
THE BOY SCOUTS ON THE TRAIL; or,
Scouting through the Big Game
Country.
In this story the Boy Scouts once more
find themselves in camp and following
the trail. The story recites the many
adventures that befel the members of
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