DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BTech- Information Technology

Regulation: 2021

CS3591- Computer Networks

III Year/V Semester

Lab Manual

Prepared By,

S.Kumaravel, AP/DET
Ex.No.1 Learn to use commands like tcpdump, netstat, ifconfig, nslookup and trace route.
Capture ping and trace route PDUs using a network protocol analyzer and examine

Aim:
To use commands like tcpdump, netstat, ifconfig, nslookup and trace route. Capture ping and
trace route PDUs using a network protocol analyzer and examine.

1. Tcpdump
Tcpdump is a command line utility that allows you to capture and analyze network traffic going
through your system.

Procedure

Check if tcpdump is installed on your system

$ which tcpdump

/usr/sbin/tcpdump

If tcpdump is not installed,

$ sudo apt install tcpdump

To get Supervisor Privilege

$ su

(and password 123456)

$ sudo –i to change #
($ is changed to # and the commands can be executed in supervisor)

Capturing packets with tcpdump

Use the command tcpdump -D to see which interfaces are available for capture.

[root@localhost cse]# tcpdump -D

1. nflog (Linux netfilter log (NFLOG) interface)
2. nfqueue (Linux netfilter queue (NFQUEUE) interface)
3. usbmon1 (USB bus number 1)
4. enp2s0
5. usbmon2 (USB bus number 2)
6. any (Pseudo-device that captures on all interfaces)
7. lo [Loopback]

Capture all packets in any interface by running this command:

[root@localhost cse]# tcpdump -i any

1
06:03:58.258143 ARP, Request who-has 172.16.51.87 tell 172.16.22.25, length 46
06:03:58.258225 ARP, Request who-has 172.16.51.88 tell 172.16.22.25, length 46
06:03:58.260828 ARP, Request who-has 172.16.51.122 tell 172.16.22.25, length 46
06:03:58.260903 ARP, Request who-has 172.16.51.123 tell 172.16.22.25, length 46
^C
5244 packets captured
59636 packets received by filter
54378 packets dropped by kernel
(Press ctrl+C to stop execution)

Filter packets based on the source or destination IP Address

[root@localhost cse]#tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn src 172.16.20.138

6:10:30.712414 ARP, Request who-has 172.16.16.16 tell 172.16.20.138, length 28
06:10:31.483765 IP 172.16.20.138.47997 > 51.158.186.98.123: NTPv4, Client, length 48
5 packets captured
5 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

[root@localhost cse]#tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn dst 172.16.20.139

6:10:30.712414 ARP, Request who-has 172.16.16.16 tell 172.16.20.138, length 28
06:10:31.483765 IP 172.16.20.138.47997 > 51.158.186.98.123: NTPv4, Client, length 48
5 packets captured
5 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

Filtering packets

To filter packets based on protocol, specifying the protocol in the command line. For example, capture
ICMP packets only by using this command:

[root@localhost cse]# tcpdump -i any -c5 icmp

(tcpdump captures and displays only the ICMP-related packets.)

tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
06:15:07.800786 IP localhost.localdomain > ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com: ICMP
echo request, id 8180, seq 13, length 64
06:15:08.063488 IP ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com > localhost.localdomain: ICMP
echo reply, id 8180, seq 13, length 64

2
5 packets captured
5 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

In a different terminal, try to ping another machine:

$ ping opensource.com

2. netstat

netstat (network statistics) is a command line tool for monitoring network connections both incoming
and outgoing as well as viewing routing tables, interface statistics etc.

[root@localhost cse]# netstat

Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 localhost.localdo:53318 ec2-52-206-98-166:https ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 localhost.localdo:36418 sg2plpkivs-v03.any:http TIME_WAIT

-at → list all TCP ports

-au → list all UDP ports
-l → listening ports
-lt → listening TCP
-lu → listening UDP
-s → statistics of all ports
-su →statistics of UDP
-st → statistics of TCP

3. ifconfig

It displays the details of a network interface card like IP address, MAC Address, and the status of a
network interface card

[cse@localhost ~]$ ifconfig

enp2s0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500

inet 172.16.20.138 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.16.255.255
inet6 fe80::d884:13bc:fd22:2d43 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether a0:8c:fd:e7:10:86 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 4474083 bytes 280780119 (267.7 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 353 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14455 bytes 1798944 (1.7 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536

inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>

3
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 4154 bytes 352264 (344.0 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 4154 bytes 352264 (344.0 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

4. nslookup
nslookup (stands for “Name Server Lookup”) is a useful command for getting information from
DNS server. It is a network administration tool for querying the Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain
domain name or IP address mapping or any other specific DNS record.

[cse@localhost ~]$ nslookup annauniv.edu

Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8 8.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name: annauniv.edu
Address: 103.70.60.38

[cse@localhost ~]$ nslookup 172.217.26.206

Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8 8.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
206.26.217.172.in-addr.arpa name = maa03s23-in-f14.1e100.net.
206.26.217.172.in-addr.arpa name = maa03s23-in-f14.1e100.net.
206.26.217.172.in-addr.arpa name = maa03s23-in-f206.1e100.net.
206.26.217.172.in-addr.arpa name = maa03s23-in-f206.1e100.net.

Authoritative tracerouteanswers can be found from:

Lookup for any record

[cse@localhost ~]$ nslookup -type=any annauniv.edu
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8 8.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name: annauniv.edu
Address: 103.70.60.38
annauniv.edu text = "v=spf1 ip4:103.70.60.40 -all"
annauniv.edu mail exchanger = 0 sonic.annauniv.edu.
annauniv.edu
origin = ns.annauniv.edu
mail addr = root.annauniv.edu
serial = 20170907
refresh = 300

4
retry = 900
expire = 604800
minimum = 86400
annauniv.edu nameserver = ns.annauniv.edu.

Authoritative answers can be found from:

Lookup for an ns record

[cse@localhost ~]$ nslookup -type=ns annauniv.edu

Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8 8.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
annauniv.edu nameserver = ns.annauniv.edu.

Authoritative answers can be found from

5. traceroute

The traceroute command is used in Linux to map the journey that a packet of information undertakes
from its source to its destination.

[cse@localhost ~]$ traceroute

Usage:
traceroute [ -46dFITnreAUDV ] [ -f first_ttl ] [ -g gate, .... ] [ -i device ] [ -m max_ttl ] [ -N squeries ] [ -
p port ] [ -t tos ] [ -l flow_label ] [ -w waittime ] [ -q nqueries ] [ -s src_addr ] [ -z sendwait ] [ --
fwmark=num ] host [ packetlen ]
Options:
-4 Use IPv4
-6 Use IPv6
-d --debug Enable socket level debugging
-F --dont-fragment Do not fragment packets

[cse@localhost ~]$ traceroute annauniv.edu

traceroute to annauniv.edu (103.70.60.38), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 117.193.124.33 (117.193.124.33) 1.389 ms 1.216 ms 1.072 ms
2 172.16.199.74 (172.16.199.74) 1.902 ms 1.834 ms 1.761 ms
3 218.248.235.161 (218.248.235.161) 27.212 ms * *
4***
5 218.248.178.42 (218.248.178.42) 15.521 ms * *
6***
7 madurai-eg-175.232.249.45.powergrid.in (45.249.232.175) 16.007 ms 15.345 ms 15.867 ms

[cse@localhost ~]$ traceroute 172.16.20.139

traceroute to 172.16.20.139 (172.16.20.139), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets

5
1 localhost.localdomain (172.16.20.138) 3004.348 ms !H 3004.215 ms !H 3004.104 ms !H

Capture ping and traceroute PDUs using a network protocol analyzer and examine.

Network protocol analyzer - wireshark

Wireshark is free & Open source network packet analyzer that is used for network analysis,
troubleshooting, etc.

Wireshark is quite similar to tcpdump, the major difference between the two is that Wireshark has a
graphical interface with built-in filtering options, which make it easy to use.

Installation commands on Wireshark

# sudo apt install wireshark

To Open Wireshark

Open directly or use the following commands

# sudo wireshark

In wireshark filter icmp packets

In a konsole execute
# ping www.sudo.com
# traceroute www.google.com

6
Result:
Thus commands like tcpdump, netstat, ifconfig, nslookup and traceroute was used. Ping and
traceroute PDUs using a network protocol analyzer was captured and examined.

7
 Ex: 2 WRITE A HTTP WEB CLIENT PROGRAM TO DOWNLOAD A WEB PAGE
USING TCP SOCKETS

AIM

To write a program in Python to create an HTTP web client that downloads a web page using
TCP sockets.

Client:
1. Start.
2. Create socket and establish the connection with the server.
3. Read the image to be uploaded from the disk
4. Send the image read to the server
5. Terminate the connection
6. Stop.
Server:
1. Start
2. Create socket, bind IP address and port number with the created socket
and make server a listening server.
3. Accept the connection request from the client
4. Receive the image sent by the client.
5. Display the image.
6. Close the connection.
7. Stop.
PROGRAM
Client

importjavax.swing.*;
import java.net.*;
importjava.awt.image.*;
importjavax.imageio.*;
import java.io.*;
importjava.awt.image.BufferedImage;
importjava.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
importjava.io.File;
importjava.io.IOException;
importjavax.imageio.ImageIO;
public class Client
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
Socket soc;
BufferedImageimg = null;
soc=new
Socket("localhost",4000);
System.out.println("Client is running");
try
{
 System.out.println("Reading image from disk. ");
img = ImageIO.read(new File("C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Koala.jpg"));
ByteArrayOutputStreambaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
ImageIO.write(img, "jpg", baos);
baos.flush();
byte[] bytes = baos.toByteArray();
baos.close();
System.out.println("Sending image to server.");
OutputStream out = soc.getOutputStream();
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(out);
dos.writeInt(bytes.length);
dos.write(bytes, 0, bytes.length); System.out.println("Image sent to server. ");
dos.close();
out.close();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Exception: " + e.getMessage());
soc.close();
}
soc.close();
}
}

Server
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
importjava.awt.image.*;
importjavax.imageio.*;
importjavax.swing.*;
class Server
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
ServerSocket server=null;
Socket socket;
server=new ServerSocket(4000);
System.out.println("Server Waiting for image");
socket=server.accept();
System.out.println("Client connected.");
InputStream in =socket.getInputStream();
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(in);
intlen = dis.readInt();
System.out.println("Image Size: " + len/1024 + "KB"); byte[] data = new byte[len];
dis.readFully(data);
dis.close();
in.close();
InputStreamian = new ByteArrayInputStream(data);
BufferedImagebImage = ImageIO.read(ian);
JFrame f = new JFrame("Server");
ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon(bImage);
JLabel l = new JLabel();
setIcon(icon);
f.add(l);
f.pack();
f.setVisible(true);
} }
OUTPUT:

When you run the client code, following output screen would appear on client side.

Client.java

Server.java

Result

The program successfully downloads a web page using TCP sockets and saves it as an
HTML file in the current working directory.
 EX NO :3 A. APPLICATION USING TCP SOCKETS - ECHO CLIENT AND ECHO
SERVER

Aim

To write a program in Python to implement an Echo Client and Echo Server using TCP
sockets where the client sends a message, and the server echoes it back.

Algorithm

a.Echo client and echo server

ALGORITHM

Client
1. Start
2. Create the TCP socket
3. Establish connection with the server
4. Get the message to be echoed from the user
5. Send the message to the server
6. Receive the message echoed by the server
7. Display the message received from the server
8. Terminate the connection
9. Stop
Server
1. Start
2. Create TCP socket, make it a listening socket
3. Accept the connection request sent by the client for connection establishment
4. Receive the message sent by the client
5. Display the received message
6. Send the received message to the client from which it receives
7. Close the connection when client initiates termination and server becomes
a listening server, waiting for clients.
8. Stop.

PROGRAM:
EchoServer.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class EchoServer
{
publicEchoServer(int portnum)
{
try
{
server = new ServerSocket(portnum);
}
catch (Exception err)
 {
System.out.println(err);
}
}
public void serve()
{
try
{
while (true)
{
Socket client = server.accept();
BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter w = new PrintWriter(client.getOutputStream(),true);
w.println("Welcome to the Java EchoServer. Type 'bye' to close.");
String line;
do
{
line = r.readLine();
if ( line != null )
w.println("Got: "+ line);
System.out.println (line);
}
while ( !line.trim().equals("bye") );
client.close();
}
}
catch (Exception err)
{
System.err.println(err);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
EchoServer s = new EchoServer(9999);
s.serve();
}
privateServerSocket server;
}
EchoClient.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class EchoClient
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
 Socket s = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 9999);
BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter w = new PrintWriter(s.getOutputStream(), true);
BufferedReader con = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
String line;
do
{
line = r.readLine();
if ( line != null )
System.out.println(line);
line = con.readLine();
w.println(line);
}
while ( !line.trim().equals("bye") );
}
catch (Exception err)
{
System.err.println(err);
}
}

OUTPUT

EchoClient.java

EchoServer.java
B.Chat

ALGORITHM

Client
1. Start
2. Create the UDP datagram socket
3. Get the request message to be sent from the user
4. Send the request message to the server
5. If the request message is “END” go to step 10
6. Wait for the reply message from the server
7. Receive the reply message sent by the server
8. Display the reply message received from the server
9. Repeat the steps from 3 to 8
10. Stop
Server
1. Start
2. Create UDP datagram socket, make it a listening socket
3. Receive the request message sent by the client
4. If the received message is “END” go to step 10
5. Retrieve the client’s IP address from the request message received
6. Display the received message
7. Get the reply message from the user
8. Send the reply message to the client
9. Repeat the steps from 3 to 8.
10. Stop.

PROGRAM
UDPserver.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
classUDPserver
{
Public static Datagram Socket ds;
public static byte buffer[]=new byte[1024];
public static intclientport=789,serverport=790;
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
{
ds=new DatagramSocket(clientport);
System.out.println("press ctrl+c to quit the program");
BufferedReader dis=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
InetAddressia=InetAddress.getLocalHost();
while(true)
{
DatagramPacket p=new DatagramPacket(buffer,buffer.length);
ds.receive(p);
String psx=new String(p.getData(),0,p.getLength());
 System.out.println("Client:" + psx);
System.out.println("Server:"+ psx);
String str=dis.readLine();
if(str.equals("end"))
break; buffer=str.getBytes();
ds.send(new DatagramPacket(buffer,str.length(),ia,serverport));
}
}
}
UDPclient.java
import java .io.*;
import java.net.*;
classUDPclient
{
public static DatagramSocket ds;
public static intclientport=789,serverport=790;
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
{
byte buffer[]=new byte[1024];
ds=new DatagramSocket(serverport);
BufferedReader dis=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("server waiting");
InetAddressia=InetAddress.getLocalHost();
while(true)
{
System.out.println("Client:");
String str=dis.readLine(); if(str.equals("end"))
break; buffer=str.getBytes();
ds.send(new DatagramPacket(buffer,str.length(),ia,clientport));
DatagramPacket p=new DatagramPacket(buffer,buffer.length);
ds.receive(p);
String psx=new String(p.getData(),0,p.getLength());
System.out.println("Server:" + psx);
}
}
}
OUTPUT:

UDPclient.java

UDPserver.java

C. File

Transfer

AIM:
To write a java program for file transfer using TCP Sockets.
Algorithm

Server

1. Import java packages and create class file server.

2. Create a new server socket and bind it to the port.
3. Accept the client connection
4. Get the file name and stored into the BufferedReader.
5. Create a new object class file and realine.
6. If file is exists then FileReader read the content until EOF is reached.
7. Stop the program.
 Client
1. Import java packages and create class file server.
2. Create a new server socket and bind it to the port.
3. Now connection is established.
4. The object of a BufferReader class is used for storing data content which
has been retrieved from socket object.
5. The connection is closed.
6. Stop the program.

PROGRAM
File Server :
importjava.io.BufferedInputStream;
importjava.io.File;
importjava.io.FileInputStream;
importjava.io.OutputStream;
importjava.net.InetAddress;
importjava.net.ServerSocket;
importjava.net.Socket;
public class FileServer
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
//Initialize Sockets
ServerSocketssock = new ServerSocket(5000);
Socket socket = ssock.accept();
//The InetAddress specification
InetAddress IA = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
//Specify the file
File file = new File("E:\\ttt.txt");
FileInputStreamfis = new FileInputStream(file);
BufferedInputStreambis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
//Get socket's output stream
OutputStreamos = socket.getOutputStream();
//Read File Contents into contents array
byte[] contents;
longfileLength = file.length();
long current = 0;
long start = System.nanoTime();
while(current!=fileLength){
int size = 10000;
if(fileLength - current >= size)
current += size;
else{
size = (int)(fileLength - current);
current = fileLength;
}
contents = new byte[size];
bis.read(contents, 0, size);
os.write(contents);
System.out.print("Sending file ... "+(current*100)/fileLength+"% complete!");
}
 os.flush();
//File transfer done. Close the socket connection!
socket.close();
ssock.close();
System.out.println("File sent succesfully!");
}}
File Client:
importjava.io.BufferedOutputStream;
importjava.io.FileOutputStream;
importjava.io.InputStream;
importjava.net.InetAddress;
importjava.net.Socket;
public class FileClient {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
//Initialize socket
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("localhost"), 5000);
byte[] contents = new byte[10000];
//Initialize the FileOutputStream to the output file's full path.
FileOutputStreamfos = new FileOutputStream("G:\\ttt.txt");
BufferedOutputStreambos = new BufferedOutputStream(fos);
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
//No of bytes read in one read() call
intbytesRead = 0;
while((bytesRead=is.read(contents))!=-1)
bos.write(contents, 0, bytesRead);
bos.flush();
socket.close();
System.out.println("File saved successfully!");
}
}
 Output

FileClient.java

FilesServer.java

RESULT:
Thus the java application program using TCP Sockets was developed and
executed successfully.
 Ex.No.4 SIMULATION OF DNS USING UDP SOCKETS

AIM

To write a program in Python to simulate DNS (Domain Name System) resolution using
UDP sockets.

ALGORITHM

Server
1. Start
2. Create UDP datagram socket
3. Create a table that maps host name and IP address
4. Receive the host name from the client
5. Retrieve the client’s IP address from the received datagram
6. Get the IP address mapped for the host name from the table.
7. Display the host name and corresponding IP address
8. Send the IP address for the requested host name to the client
9. Stop.
Client
1. Start
2. Create UDP datagram socket.
3. Get the host name from the client
4. Send the host name to the server
5. Wait for the reply from the server
6. Receive the reply datagram and read the IP address for the requested host name
7. Display the IP address.
8. Stop.

PROGRAM
DNS Server
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class udpdnsserver
{
private static intindexOf(String[] array, String str)
{
str = str.trim();
for (int i=0; i <array.length; i++)
{
if (array[i].equals(str)) return i;
}
return -1;
}
public static void main(String arg[])throws IOException
 {
String[] hosts = {"zoho.com", "gmail.com","google.com", "facebook.com"};
String[] ip = {"172.28.251.59", "172.217.11.5","172.217.11.14",
"31.13.71.36"}; System.out.println("Press Ctrl + C to Quit");
while (true)
{
DatagramSocketserversocket=new DatagramSocket(1362);
byte[] senddata = new byte[1021];
byte[] receivedata = new byte[1021];
DatagramPacketrecvpack = new DatagramPacket(receivedata, receivedata.length);
serversocket.receive(recvpack);

String sen = new String(recvpack.getData());

InetAddressipaddress = recvpack.getAddress();
int port = recvpack.getPort();
String capsent;
System.out.println("Request for host " + sen);
if(indexOf (hosts, sen) != -1)
capsent = ip[indexOf (hosts, sen)];
else
capsent = "Host Not Found"; senddata = capsent.getBytes();
DatagramPacket pack = new DatagramPacket (senddata,
senddata.length,ipaddress,port);
serversocket.send(pack);
serversocket.close();
}
}
}
UDP DNS Client
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class udpdnsclient
{
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException
{
BufferedReaderbr = new BufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(System.in));
DatagramSocketclientsocket = new DatagramSocket();

InetAddressipaddress;
if (args.length == 0)
ipaddress = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
else
ipaddress = InetAddress.getByName(args[0]);
byte[] senddata = new byte[1024];
byte[] receivedata = new byte[1024];
intportaddr = 1362;
 System.out.print("Enter the hostname : ");
String sentence = br.readLine();
senddata = sentence.getBytes();
DatagramPacket pack = new DatagramPacket(senddata,senddata.length,
ipaddress,portaddr);
clientsocket.send(pack);
DatagramPacketrecvpack =new
DatagramPacket(receivedata,receivedata.length);
clientsocket.receive(recvpack);
String modified = new String(recvpack.getData());
System.out.println("IP Address: " + modified);
clientsocket.close();
}
}
OUTPUT
UDPDNSCLIENT.JAVA

UDPDNSSERVER.JAVA

RESULT:
Thus the java application program using UDP Sockets to implement DNS was
developed and executed successfully
 Ex.No.5 USE A TOOL LIKE WIRESHARK TO CAPTURE PACKETS AND EXAMINE
THE PACKETS

Aim

To capture, filter, and analyze network packets using the Wireshark application.

Requirements

1. Software: Wireshark (latest version)

2. Hardware: Ethernet-enabled computer with internet access

Theory

Wireshark is a widely-used network protocol analyzer that lets you capture and interactively
browse the traffic running on a computer network. It is used for network troubleshooting,
analysis, and communication protocol development.

Steps to Perform the Experiment

1. Install Wireshark

• Download Wireshark from https://www.wireshark.org.

• Install it on your system with default options.

2. Launch Wireshark

• Open the Wireshark application.

• You will see a list of available network interfaces on your computer.

3. Start Packet Capture

1. Select the Ethernet Interface:

o Choose the network interface corresponding to your Ethernet connection.
o It may appear as Ethernet0, eth0, or similar depending on your system.
2. Start Capturing:
o Click on the Start button (green shark fin icon) to begin packet capture.
4. Perform the Network Activity

• While capturing, perform a network activity, such as:

o Running your DNS program or socket programs.
o Browsing a website or downloading a file.

5. Stop Packet Capture

• After completing the activity, click on the Stop button (red square icon) to stop
capturing packets.

Steps to Analyze the Captured Packets

1. Apply Filters

• Use the Filter bar at the top of the Wireshark window to filter specific types of
packets.
• Common filters:
o DNS Traffic: udp.port == 53
o HTTP Traffic: http
o TCP Traffic: tcp
o UDP Traffic: udp
o Filter by IP Address: ip.addr == <your-IP-address>

2. Examine the Packets

• Click on a packet in the Packet List Pane to view its details.

• The middle pane shows protocol details, and the bottom pane displays the raw packet
data (hexadecimal and ASCII formats).

3. Look for Specific Protocol Details

• DNS Analysis:
o Look for DNS queries and responses with domain names and IP addresses.
• HTTP Analysis:
o Analyze GET and POST requests and their server responses.
• TCP Analysis:
o Observe source and destination ports, flags, and handshake details.

Steps to Export Packet Data

• Go to File > Save As to save the captured packets for later analysis.
Sample Observations
DNS Traffic

• Query: Standard query A www.google.com

• Response: 142.250.74.14

HTTP Traffic

• Request: GET /index.html

• Response: HTTP/1.1 200 OK

TCP Traffic

• Source Port: 12345

• Destination Port: 80
• Flags: SYN, ACK

Result

The Wireshark tool was successfully used to capture, filter, and analyze network packets for
DNS, HTTP, TCP, and UDP protocols.
 Ex no 6 . Write a code simulating ARP /RARP Protocols

AIM:

To write a java program for simulating ARP and RARP protocols using TCP.
ALGORITHM:

Client

1. Start the program

2. Create socket and establish connection with the server.
3. Get the IP address to be converted into MAC address from the user.
4. Send this IP address to server.
5. Receive the MAC address for the IP address from the server.
6. Display the received MAC address
7. Terminate the connection

Server

1. Start the program

2. Create the socket, bind the socket created with IP address and port
number and make it a listening socket.
3. Accept the connection request when it is requested by the client.
4. Server maintains the table in which IP and corresponding
MAC addresses are stored.
5. Receive the IP address sent by the client.
6. Retrieve the corresponding MAC address for the IP address and send it to the client.
7. Close the connection with the client and now the server becomes
a listening server waiting for the connection request from other
clients
8. Stop

PROGRAM
Client:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
importjava.util.*;
classClientarp
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
Socket clsct=new Socket("127.0.0.1",5604);
DataInputStream din=new DataInputStream(clsct.getInputStream());
DataOutputStreamdout=new
DataOutputStream(clsct.getOutputStream());
System.out.println("Enter the Logical address(IP):");
String str1=in.readLine();
 dout.writeBytes(str1+'\n');
String str=din.readLine();
System.out.println("The Physical Address is: "+str);
clsct.close();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
Server:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*;
classServerarp
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
ServerSocketobj=new
ServerSocket(5604);
Socket obj1=obj.accept();
while(true)
{
DataInputStream din=new DataInputStream(obj1.getInputStream());
DataOutputStreamdout=new
DataOutputStream(obj1.getOutputStream()); String str=din.readLine();
String ip[]={"165.165.80.80","165.165.79.1"};
String mac[]={"6A:08:AA:C2","8A:BC:E3:FA"};
for(int i=0;i<ip.length;i++)
{
if(str.equals(ip[i]))
{
dout.writeBytes(mac[i]+'\n');
break;
}
}
obj.close();
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
 OUTPUT

b) Program for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) using

UDP ALGORITHM:

Client
1. Start the program
2. Create datagram socket
3. Get the MAC address to be converted into IP address from the user.
4. Send this MAC address to server using UDP datagram.
5. Receive the datagram from the server and display the corresponding IP address.
6. Stop

Server
1. Start the program.
2. Server maintains the table in which IP and corresponding
MAC addresses are stored.
3. Create the datagram socket
4. Receive the datagram sent by the client and read the MAC address sent.
5. Retrieve the IP address for the received MAC address from the table.
6. Display the corresponding IP address.
7. Stop

PROGRAM:
Client:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*;
class Clientrarp12
{
 public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
DatagramSocket client=new DatagramSocket();
InetAddressaddr=InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
byte[] sendbyte=new byte[1024];
byte[] receivebyte=new byte[1024];
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter the Physical address (MAC):");
String str=in.readLine();
sendbyte=str.getBytes();
DatagramPacket sender=new
DatagramPacket(sendbyte,sendbyte.length,addr,1309);
client.send(sender);
DatagramPacket receiver=new DatagramPacket(receivebyte,receivebyte.length);
client.receive(receiver);
String s=new String(receiver.getData());
System.out.println("The Logical Address is(IP): "+s.trim());
client.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}}}
Server:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
importjava.util.*;
class Serverrarp12
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
DatagramSocket server=new DatagramSocket(1309);
while(true)
{
byte[] sendbyte=new byte[1024];
byte[] receivebyte=new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket receiver=new DatagramPacket(receivebyte,receivebyte.length);
server.receive(receiver);
String str=new String(receiver.getData());
String s=str.trim();
InetAddressaddr=receiver.getAddress();
int port=receiver.getPort();
String ip[]={"165.165.80.80","165.165.79.1"};
String mac[]={"6A:08:AA:C2","8A:BC:E3:FA"};
for(int i=0;i<ip.length;i++)
{
if(s.equals(mac[i]))
{
sendbyte=ip[i].getBytes();
DatagramPacket sender=new DatagramPacket(sendbyte,sendbyte.length,addr,port);
server.send(sender);
break;
}
}
break;
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}}
Output:

RESULT :

Thus the program for implementing to display simulating ARP and RARP
protocols was executed successfully and output is verified.
 EX.NO: 6 Study of Network simulator (NS) and Simulation of Congestion
Dates: Control Algorithms using NS

AIM:
To Study Network simulator (NS).and Simulation of Congestion Control Algorithms
using NS
Program:
include<wifi_lte/wifi_lte_rtable.h>
structr_hist_entry *elm, *elm2;
intnum_later = 1;
elm = STAILQ_FIRST(&r_hist_);
while (elm != NULL &&num_later<= num_dup_acks_)
{ num_later;
elm = STAILQ_NEXT(elm, linfo_);
}
if (elm != NULL)
{
elm = findDataPacketInRecvHistory(STAILQ_NEXT(elm,linfo_));

if (elm != NULL)
{
elm2 = STAILQ_NEXT(elm, linfo_);
while(elm2 != NULL){
if (elm2->seq_num_ <seq_num&& elm2->t_recv_ <
time){

STAILQ_REMOVE(&r_hist_,elm2,r_hist_entry,linfo_);
delete elm2;
} else
elm = elm2;
elm2 = STAILQ_NEXT(elm, linfo_);
}}
}}
voidDCCPTFRCAgent::removeAcksRecvHistory(){
structr_hist_entry *elm1 = STAILQ_FIRST(&r_hist_);
structr_hist_entry *elm2;

intnum_later = 1;
while (elm1 != NULL &&num_later<= num_dup_acks_){
num_later;
elm1 = STAILQ_NEXT(elm1, linfo_);
}
if(elm1 == NULL)
 return;
elm2 = STAILQ_NEXT(elm1, linfo_);
while(elm2 != NULL){
if (elm2->type_ == DCCP_ACK){
STAILQ_REMOVE(&r_hist_,elm2,r_hist_entry,linfo_);
delete elm2;
} else {
elm1 = elm2;
}

elm2 = STAILQ_NEXT(elm1, linfo_);

}
}
inliner_hist_entry
*DCCPTFRCAgent::findDataPacketInRecvHistory(r_hist_entry *start){
while(start != NULL && start->type_ == DCCP_ACK)
start = STAILQ_NEXT(start,linfo_);
return start;
}

OUTPUT

Result:
Thus we have Studied Network simulator (NS) and Simulation of Congestion ControlAlgorithms using NS.
 EX.NO: 7 Study of TCP/UDP performance using Simulation tool
Dates:
AIM:

To simulate the performance of TCP/UDP using NS2.

TCP PerformanceAlgorithm

1. Create a Simulator object.

2. Set routing as dynamic.
3. Open the trace and nam trace files.
4. Define the finish procedure.
5. Create nodes and the links between them.
6. Create the agents and attach them to the nodes.
7. Create the applications and attach them to the tcp agent.
8. Connect tcp and tcp sink.
9. Run the simulation.

PROGRAM:

set ns [new Simulator]

$ns color 0 Blue
$ns color 1 Red
$ns color 2
Yellow set n0
[$ns node] set
n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns
node] set n3
[$ns node]
set f [open tcpout.tr w]
$ns trace-all $f
setnf [open tcpout.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 5Mb 2ms DropTail
 $ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 5Mb 2ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3
queuePos 0.5 set tcp [new
Agent/TCP]
$tcp set class_ 1
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $tcp
$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink
$ns connect $tcp $sink
set ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$ns at 1.2 "$ftp start"
$ns at 1.35 "$ns detach-agent $n1 $tcp ; $ns detach-agent $n3 $sink"
$ns at 3.0
"finish" proc
finish {}

{
global ns f nf
$ns flush-
trace close
$f
close $nf
puts "Running nam.."
execxgraph tcpout.tr -geometry
600x800 & exec namtcpout.nam&
exit 0
}
$ns run

Output
UDP Performance

ALGORITHM :

1. Create a Simulator object.

2. Set routing as dynamic.
3. Open the trace and nam trace files.
4. Define the finish procedure.
5. Create nodes and the links between them.
6. Create the agents and attach them to the nodes.
7. Create the applications and attach them to the UDP agent.
8. Connect udp and null agents.
9. Run the simulation.

PROGRAM:
set ns [new Simulator]
$ns color 0 Blue
$ns color 1 Red
$ns color 2
Yellow set n0
[$ns node] set
n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns
node] set n3
[$ns node]
set f [open udpout.tr w]
$ns trace-all $f
setnf [open udpout.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 5Mb 2ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 5Mb 2ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-up
 $ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3
queuePos 0.5 set udp0 [new
Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0

set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr0 attach-agent
$udp0 set udp1 [new
Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $udp
$udp1 set class_ 0
set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1 attach-agent
$udp1 set null0 [new
Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n1
$null0 set null1 [new
Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $null1
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
$ns connect $udp1 $null1
$ns at 1.0 "$cbr0 start"
$ns at 1.1 "$cbr1 start"
puts [$cbr0 set
packetSize_] puts
[$cbr0 set interval_]
$ns at 3.0
"finish"
procfinish {} {
global ns f nf
$ns flush-
trace close
$f
 close $nf
puts "Running
nam.." exec
namudpout.nam&
exit 0
}
$ns run

Output:
RESULT :

Thus the study of TCP/UDP performance is done successfully

EX.NO: 8 Simulation of Distance Vector/ Link State Routing algorithm.

Dates:

AIM:
To simulate the Distance vector and link state routing protocols using NS2.

ALGORITHM:

1. Create a Simulator object.

2. Set routing as dynamic.
3. Open the trace and nam trace files.
4. Define the finish procedure.
5. Create nodes and the links between them.
6. Create the agents and attach them to the nodes.
7. Create the applications and attach them to the udp agent.
8. Connect udp and null..
9. At 1 sec the link between node 1 and 2 is broken.
10. At 2 sec the link is up again.
11. Run the simulation.

LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL

PROGRAM
set ns [new Simulator]
$ns rtproto LS
setnf [open linkstate.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf
set f0 [open linkstate.tr w]
$ns trace-all
$f0 proc
 finish {} {
global ns f0 nf
$ns flush-
trace close
$f0
close $nf
execnamlinkstate.nam
& exit 0
}
for {set i 0} {$i <7} {incr

i} { set n($i) [$ns node]

}
for {set i 0} {$i <7} {incr i} {
$ns duplex-link $n($i) $n([expr ($i+1)%7]) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
}
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n(0) $udp0
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005
$cbr0 attach-agent
$udp0 set null0 [new
Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n(3) $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start"
$ns rtmodel-at 1.0 down $n(1) $n(2)
$ns rtmodel-at 2.0 up $n(1) $n(2)
$ns at 4.5 "$cbr0 stop"
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
$ns run

Output:
DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING ALGORITHM

ALGORITHM:
1. Create a simulator object
2. Set routing protocol to Distance Vector routing
3. Trace packets on all links onto NAM trace and text trace file
4. Define finish procedure to close files, flush tracing and run NAM
5. Create eight nodes
6. Specify the link characteristics between nodes
7. Describe their layout topology as a octagon
8. Add UDP agent for node n1
9. Create CBR traffic on top of UDP and set traffic parameters.
10. Add a sink agent to node n4
11. Connect source and the sink
12. Schedule events as follows:
a. Start traffic flow at 0.5
b. Down the link n3-n4 at 1.0
c. Up the link n3-n4 at 2.0
d. Stop traffic at 3.0
e. Call finish procedure at 5.0
13. Start the scheduler
14. Observe the traffic route when link is up and down
15. View the simulated events and trace file analyze it
16. Stop
PROGRAM
#Distance vector routing protocol – distvect.tcl
#Create a simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
#Use distance vector routing
$ns rtproto DV
#Open the nam trace
file set nf [open out.nam
w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf
# Open tracefile
setnt [open trace.tr w]
$ns trace-all $nt
#Define 'finish' procedure
proc finish {}
{
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
#Close the trace
file close $nf
#Executenam on the trace file
exec nam -a out.nam&
exit 0
}
# Create 8 nodes
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
set n5 [$ns node]
set n6 [$ns node]
set n7 [$ns node]
set n8 [$ns node]
# Specify link characterestics
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n4 $n5 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n5 $n6 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n6 $n7 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n7 $n8 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n8 $n1 1Mb 10ms DropTail
# specify layout as a octagon
 $ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient left-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient up
$ns duplex-link-op $n3 $n4 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n4 $n5 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n5 $n6 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n6 $n7 orient down
$ns duplex-link-op $n7 $n8 orient left-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n8 $n1 orient left
#Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n1
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp0
#Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp0
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
#Create a Null agent (a traffic sink) and attach it to node n4
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n4 $null0
#Connect the traffic source with the traffic sink
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
#Schedule events for the CBR agent and the network dynamics
$ns at 0.0 "$n1 label Source"
$ns at 0.0 "$n4 label Destination"
$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start"
$ns rtmodel-at 1.0 down $n3 $n4
$ns rtmodel-at 2.0 up $n3 $n4
$ns at 4.5 "$cbr0 stop"
#Call the finish procedure after 5 seconds of simulation time
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
#Run the simulation
$ns run

OUTPUT
RESULT:

Thus the simulation for Distance vector and link state routing protocols was done using
NS2.
 EX.NO: 9 Performance Evaluation of Routing protocols using Simulation tool.
Dates:

(a) UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOL

AIM:
To write a ns2 program for implementing unicast routing protocol.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Declare the global variables ns for creating a new simulator.
3. Set the color for packets.
4. Open the network animator file in the name of file2 in the write mode.
5. Open the trace file in the name of file 1 in the write mode.
6. Set the unicast routing protocol to transfer the packets in network.
7. Create the required no of nodes.
8. Create the duplex-link between the nodes including the delay time,bandwidth
and dropping queue mechanism.
9. Give the position for the links between the nodes.
10. Set a tcpreno connection for source node.
11. Set the destination node using tcp sink.
12. Setup a ftp connection over the tcp connection.
13. Down the connection between any nodes at a particular time.
14. Reconnect the downed connection at a particular time.
15. Define the finish procedure.
16. In the definition of the finish procedure declare the global variables ns, file1, and file2.
17. Close the trace file and name file and execute the network animation file.
18. At the particular time call the finish procedure.
19. Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
set ns [new Simulator]
#Define different colors for data flows (for NAM)
$ns color 1 Blue
$ns color 2 Red
#Open the Trace
file
set file1 [open out.tr w]
$ns trace-all $file1
#Open the NAM trace file
set file2 [open out.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $file2
#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {}
{
global ns file1 file2
$ns flush-trace
close $file1
close $file2
execnamout.nam&
exit 3
}
# Next line should be commented out to have the static routing
$ns rtproto DV
#Create six nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
set n5 [$ns node]
#Create links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 0.3Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 0.3Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 0.3Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n4 0.3Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n5 0.5Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n4 $n5 0.5Mb 10ms DropTail
#Give node position (for NAM)
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient up
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n4 orient up-left
$ns duplex-link-op $n3 $n5 orient left-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n4 $n5 orient right-up
#Setup a TCP connection
settcp [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]
$ns attach-agent $n5 $sink
$ns connect $tcp $sink
$tcp set fid_ 1
#Setup a FTP over TCP connection
set ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$ftp set type_ FTP
$ns rtmodel-at 1.0 down $n1 $n4
$ns rtmodel-at 4.5 up $n1 $n4
$ns at 0.1 "$ftp start"
$ns at 6.0 "finish"
$ns run
 (b) MULTICASTING ROUTING PROTOCOL

AIM:
To write a ns2 program for implementing multicasting routing protocol.

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program.

2. Declare the global variables ns for creating a new simulator.
3. Set the color for packets.
4. Open the network animator file in the name of file2 in the write mode.
5. Open the trace file in the name of file 1 in the write mode.
6. Set the multicast routing protocol to transfer the packets in network.
7. Create the multicast capable no of nodes.
8. Create the duplex-link between the nodes including the delay time,bandwidth
and dropping queue mechanism.
9. Give the position for the links between the nodes.
10. Set audp connection for source node.
11. Set the destination node ,port and random false for the source and destination files.
12. Setup a traffic generator CBR for the source and destination files.
13. Down the connection between any nodes at a particular time.
14. Create the receive agent for joining and leaving if the nodes in the group.
15. Define the finish procedure.
16. In the definition of the finish procedure declare the global variables.
17. Close the trace file and namefile and execute the network animation file.
18. At the particular time call the finish procedure.
19. Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
# Create scheduler
#Create an event scheduler wit multicast turned on
set ns [new Simulator -multicast on]
#$ns multicast
#Turn on Tracing
settf [open output.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tf
# Turn on nam Tracing set fd [open mcast.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all
$fd
# Create nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
set n5 [$ns node]
set n6 [$ns node]
set n7 [$ns node]

# Create links
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n7 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n4 $n5 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n4 $n6 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail

# Routing protocol: say distance vector

#Protocols: CtrMcast, DM, ST, BST
set mproto DM
setmrthandle [$ns mrtproto $mproto {}]

# Allocate group addresses

set group1 [Node allocaddr]
set group2 [Node allocaddr]

# UDP Transport agent for the traffic source

set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0

$udp0 set dst_addr_ $group1
$udp0 set dst_port_ 0
set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1 attach-agent $udp0

# Transport agent for the traffic source

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp1
$udp1 set dst_addr_ $group2
$udp1 set dst_port_ 0
set cbr2 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr2 attach-agent $udp1
# Create receiver
set rcvr1 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n5 $rcvr1
$ns at 1.0 "$n5 join-group $rcvr1 $group1"
set rcvr2 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n6 $rcvr2
$ns at 1.5 "$n6 join-group $rcvr2 $group1"
set rcvr3 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n7 $rcvr3
$ns at 2.0 "$n7 join-group $rcvr3 $group1"
set rcvr4 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n5 $rcvr1
$ns at 2.5 "$n5 join-group $rcvr4 $group2"
set rcvr5 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n6 $rcvr2
$ns at 3.0 "$n6 join-group $rcvr5 $group2"
set rcvr6 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n7 $rcvr3
$ns at 3.5 "$n7 join-group $rcvr6 $group2"
$ns at 4.0 "$n5 leave-group $rcvr1 $group1"
$ns at 4.5 "$n6 leave-group $rcvr2 $group1"
$ns at 5.0 "$n7 leave-group $rcvr3 $group1"
$ns at 5.5 "$n5 leave-group $rcvr4 $group2"
$ns at 6.0 "$n6 leave-group $rcvr5 $group2"
$ns at 6.5 "$n7 leave-group $rcvr6 $group2"

# Schedule events

$ns at 0.5 "$cbr1 start"

$ns at 9.5 "$cbr1 stop"
$ns at 0.5 "$cbr2 start"
$ns at 9.5 "$cbr2 stop"

#post-processing
$ns at 10.0 "finish"
proc finish {}
{

global ns tf
$ns flush-trace
close $tf
execnammcast.nam&
exit 0
}
# Fornam
#Colors for packets from two mcast groups
$ns color 10 red
$ns color 11 green
$ns color 30 purple
$ns color 31 green

# Manual layout: order of the link is significant!

#$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right
#$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-up
#$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n3 orient right-down
# Show queue on simplex link n0->n1
#$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 queuePos 0.5

# Group 0 source
$udp0 set fid_ 10
$n0 color red
$n0 label "Source 1"

# Group 1 source
$udp1 set fid_ 11
$n1 color green
$n1 label "Source 2"
$n5 label "Receiver 1"

$n5 color blue

$n6 label "Receiver 2"
$n6 color blue
$n7 label "Receiver 3"
$n7 color blue

#$n2 add-mark m0 red

#$n2 delete-mark m0"

# Animation rate
$ns set-animation-rate 3.0ms
$ns run
RESULT:
Thus the case study about the different routing algorithms to select the network path with
its optimum and economical during data transfer is done.
 EX.NO:10 Simulation of ErrorDetection Code (like CRC)
Dates:
AIM:
To implement error checking code using java.
ALGORITHM:

1. Start the Program

2. Given a bit string, append 0S to the end of it (the number of 0s is the same as the degree
of the generator polynomial) let B(x) be the polynomial corresponding to B.
3. Divide B(x) by some agreed on polynomial G(x) (generator polynomial) and determine
the remainder R(x). This division is to be done using Modulo 2 Division.
4. Define T(x) = B(x) –R(x)
5. (T(x)/G(x) => remainder 0)
6. Transmit T, the bit string corresponding to T(x).
7. Let T’ represent the bit stream the receiver gets and T’(x) the associated polynomial. The
receiver divides T1(x) by G(x). If there is a 0 remainder, the receiver concludes T = T’ and
no error occurred otherwise, the receiver concludes an error occurred and requires a
retransmission
8. Stop the Program

PROGRAM:

import java.io.*;
class crc_gen
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
BufferedReaderbr=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
int[] data;
int[] div;
int[] divisor;
int[] rem;
int[] crc;
intdata_bits, divisor_bits, tot_length;
System.out.println("Enter number of data bits : ");
data_bits=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); data=new int[data_bits];
System.out.println("Enter data bits : ");
for(int i=0; i<data_bits; i++)
data[i]=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter number of bits in divisor : ");
divisor_bits=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); divisor=new int[divisor_bits];
System.out.println("Enter Divisor bits : ");
for(int i=0; i<divisor_bits; i++)
divisor[i]=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine())
; System.out.print("Data bits are : ");
for(int i=0; i<data_bits; i++)
System.out.print(data[i]);
System.out.println();
System.out.print("divisor bits are : ");
for(int i=0; i<divisor_bits; i++)
System.out.print(divisor[i]);
System.out.println();
*/
tot_length=data_bits+divisor_bits-1;
div=new int[tot_length];
rem=new int[tot_length];
crc=new int[tot_length];
/* CRC GENERATION */
for(int i=0;i<data.length;i++)
div[i]=data[i];
System.out.print("Dividend (after appending 0's) are : "); for(int i=0; i<div.length; i++)
System.out.print(div[i]);
System.out.println();
for(int j=0; j<div.length; j++){
rem[j] = div[j];
}
rem=divide(div, divisor, rem);
for(int i=0;i<div.length;i++)
{
//append dividend and remainder
crc[i]=(div[i]^rem[i]);
}
System.out.println();
System.out.println("CRC code : ");
for(int i=0;i<crc.length;i++)
System.out.print(crc[i]);

/* ERROR DETECTION */
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Enter CRC code of "+tot_length+" bits : "); for(int i=0; i<crc.length; i++)
crc[i]=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
System.out.print("crc bits are : ");
for(int i=0; i<crc.length; i++)
System.out.print(crc[i]);
System.out.println();
for(int j=0; j<crc.length; j++){
rem[j] = crc[j];
}
rem=divide(crc, divisor, rem);
for(int i=0; i<rem.length; i++)
{
if(rem[i]!=0)
{
System.out.println("Error");
break;
}
if(i==rem.length-1)
System.out.println("No Error");
}
System.out.println("THANK YOU. )");
}
staticint[] divide(int div[],int divisor[], int rem[])
{
int cur=0;
while(true)
{
for(int i=0;i<divisor.length;i++)
rem[cur+i]=(rem[cur+i]^divisor[i]);
while(rem[cur]==0 && cur!=rem.length-1)
cur++;
if((rem.length-cur)<divisor.length)
break;
}
return rem;
}
OUTPUT :

RESULT:
Thus the above program for error checking code using was executed successfully.