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MCQs in
MCQs in .RADIOLOGY_
with Explanatory Answers

Second Edition

Satish K Bhargava
MBBS; MD (Radio Diagnosis); MD (Radiotherapy};
DMRD;.FICRI; FIAMS; FCCP; FUSI; FIMSA; FAMS
Professor and Head, Department of Radiology and
Imaging, University College of Medical Sciences
(Delhi University) _and G'I'B Hospital, Delhi
Sumeet Bhargava
MBBS; DNB (Radio Diagnosis); FCGP; FICRI; MNAMS
Department of Radiology and Imaging
University College qf Medical Sciences
(Delhi University) and GTB Hospital, Delhi

JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTCJ

. New Delhi • Panama City • London
Published by
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Corporate Office
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357, Fax: +91-11-43574314
Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Offices in India
• Ahmedabad, e-mail: [email protected]
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• Kolkata, e-mail: [email protected]
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• Mumbai, e-mail: [email protected])rn
• Nagpur, e-mail: [email protected]
Overseas Offices
• Central America Office, Panama City, Panama, Ph: 001-507-317-0160
e-mail: [email protected], Website: www.jphmedical.com
• Europe Office, UK, Ph: +44 (0) 2031708910
e-mail: [email protected]
MCQs in Radiology with Explanatory Answers
© 2011, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the editor and the publisher.

This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by
contributors is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material,
but the publisher, printer and editors will not be held responsible for any
inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be settled
under Delhi Jurisdiction only.

First Edition: 2006

Second Edition: 2011
ISBN 978-93-5025-428-8
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed in India
 To

My Loving Late Wife Kalpana

and My Late Parents
Shri ]agannath Bhargava and
Mrs Brahma Devi Bhargava
Whose Inspiration and Sacrifice have made possible
to bring out this book
 List of Contributors
AK Srivastava Sumeet Bhargava
Physicist and Radiation safety Resident, Department of Radiology
Officer, Department of Radiology and Imaging, University College of
and Imaging, University College of Medical Sciences (Delhi University)
Medical Sciences (Delhi University} Delhi
Delhi

P.ackia Agnes Vimalan Shuchi Bhatt

Resident, Department of Radiology Reader, Department of Radiology
and Imaging, University College of and Imaging, University College of
- Medical Sciences (Delhi University) Medical Sciences (Delhi University)
Delhi Delhi
~-
Rajul Rastogi
Senior Resident, Department of Shiva Rastogi
Radiology and Imaging, University Ex Senior Resident, Department of
College of Medical Sciences Radiology and Imaging, University
(Delhi University) Delhi College of Medical Sciences (Delhi
Ravi Dutt University) Delhi
Resident, Department of Radiology
and Imaging,_University College of Swati Gupta
Medical Sciences
Resident, Department of Radiology
(Delhi University) Delhi
and Imaging, University College of
Satish K Bhargava Medical Sciences (Delhi University)
Head, Department of Radiology and Delhi
Imaging, University College of
Medical Sciences (Delhi University)
Delhi
 Preface
The overwhelming response and the input from the readers
along with new development in the field of Radiology and
Imaging has prompted us to add more questions so as to keep
pace with the technological advancements. I am sure the sincere·
effort made by the contributors will be further appreciated and
critically analyzed. The book will definitely be useful to improve
the general understanding of the subject and ·also to provide an
in depth knowledge of Radiology and Imaging not just to clear
various PG Entrance Exams but also to become better clinicians.

Satish K Bhargava
Sumeet Bhargava
 Acknowledgments

I am grateful to my colleagues and friends who gave timely

support and stood behind me in our joint endeavor of bringing
out this book which was required keeping in view of the fact that
no such book is available in an Indian perspective and wide
acceptability of this imaging modality for _the diagnosis and
staging of the disease. My special thanks are due tp sincere and
hardworking staff of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P)
Ltd, particularly Shri Jitendar P Vij, Chairman and Managing
Director, Mr Tarun Duneja, Director '!,
(Publishing), Mr Bhupesh
Arora, General Manager and Ms Mubeen Bano and the
contributors who have always been keen desire to work with
smiling faces and with soft and polite voices, as a result of which
this book has seen the light of the day.
Satish K Bhargava
Sumeet Bhargava
 Referenced Books

1. Radiological Differential Diagnosis, 1st Edition by Satish K

Bhargava. Published_ by. Jaypee Brothers. Medical Publishers
(P) Ltd.
2. Computed Body Tomography with Mri Correlation, 3rd
Edition by Lee, Sagel, Stanley and Heiken. Published by
-Lippincott and Raven.
3. Diagnostic Radiology, 4th Edition by Grainger, Allison,
Adamand Dixon. Published by Churchill Livingstone.
4.. Textbook of Radiology and Imaging, 7th Edition by David
Sutton. Published by Churchill Livingstone.
5. Head and Neck Imaging, 4th Edition by Som and Curtin.
· Published by Mosby.
6. Textbook of Radiology for Residents and Technicians, 2nd
Edition by Satish Kumar Bhargava. Published by CBS
Publishers.
7. Textbook of Medical Imaging, 3rd Edition by JT Bushberg.
8. Christensen's Physics of Diagnostic Radiology, 3rd Edition by
Curry and Dowdy. Published by Lippincott and Raven.
9. Diagnostic Neuroradiology, 1984, Osborne Anne G Published
by Mosby.
 Contents
1. Brainand Spine .......................................................... 1-53
Satish K Bhargava, Raju Rastogi, Swati Gupta
2. Para nasal Region ..................................................... 54-6 6
Raju Rastogi, Satish K Bhargava, Packia Agnes Vimalan
3. Orbit ...................................................................... 67-86
.
Satish K Bhargava, Raju Rastogi, Packia Agnes Vima/an
4. Neck :.................................................................... 87- 9 7
Satish K Bhargava, Raju Rastogi, Packia Agnes Vimalan
5. Ear ........................................................................ 98-117
Sumeet Bhargava, Raju Rastogi, ,fackia Agnes Vimalan
6. Respiratory system . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . ... ... ........... 118-148
Satish K Bhargava, Swati Gupta, Raiu Rastogi
7. Cardiovascular System .......................................... 149-169
Raju Ra!>lugi, Swali Gupta, Shiva Rastogi
8. Hepatobiliary and GIT.......................................... 170-198
Sumeet Bhargava, Raju Rastogi, Packia Agnes Vima/an
9. Retroperitoneum and Mesentery ........................... 199-210
Satish K Bhargava, Raju Rastogi, Packia Agnes Vimalan
10. Genitourinary System ........................................... 211-240
Sumeet Bhargava, Satish K Bhargava,
Suchi Bhatt, Packia Agnes Vimalan
11. Obstetrics and Gynecology................................. 241-258
Suchi Bhatt, Sumeet Bhargava,
Satish K Bhargava, Swati Gupta
12. Musculoskeleral syscem ........................................ 259-298
Suchi Bhatt, Shiva Rastogi, Satish K Bhargava,
Swati Gupta
13. Soft Tissues and Breast ......................................... 299-322
Suchi Bhatt, Ravi Dutt, Packia Agnes Vimalan
14. Endocrine System ................................................. 323-352
Raju/ Rastogi, Puneet Kocher, Satish K Bhargava,
Swati Gupta
15. Radiophysics and Radiotherapy··············-············· 353~377
· AK Srivastava, Raju/ Rastogi, Swati Gupta
 D
1. 'Swirl Sign' is seen:
A As hypodense area within hyperdense acute hematoma
B. Old calcified hematoma
C. Blood in sylvian fissure
D. Rehemorrhage within an organized hematoma
(Osborne 1994, Page-158)
2. Acute ICH appears isodense in:
A Extreme anemia (Hb less than 8 gm %)
B. Coagulation disorder
C. After thrombolytic therapy
D. All of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-159)
3. Cephalhematoma is most common in:
A Occipital region
B. Frontal region
C. Parietal region
D. Temporal region
(Osborne 1994, Page-174)
4. The most common location of ICH with traumatic delivery is the:
A Subdural space
B. Subarachnoid space
C. Extradural space
D. Intraventricular space
(Osborne 1994, Page-174)
5. Most common non-traum:,tic cause of intracranial hemorrhage in
adults:
A Trauma
B. Hypertension
C. Aneurysm
D. Arteriovenous malformation
(Osborne 1994, Page-174)
6. Most common site of hypertensive bleed is:
A Putamen
B. Thalamus
C. Pons
D. Cerebellum
(Osborne 1994, Page-175)

Answer- lA 2D 3C 4A 5B 6A
7. Which condition can mimic SAH on CT scan:
A. Extremely premature
B. Grossly unmyelinated brain
C. Diffuse cerebral edema
D. All of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-182)
All these conditions cause very low-density brain, so the surrounding blood
appear hyperdense compared to brain, which may be confused with SAH ..

8. Focal, anterior interhemispheric bleed is usually due to

aneurysmal bl~ed from:
A. Anterior comm1.1nieating artery
B. lpsilateral internal carotid artery
C. Posterior communicating artery
D. Middle cerebral artery
(Osborne 1994, Page-182)
9. Which type of skull fracture is more often associated with
epidural and subdural hematoma:
A. Linear fracture
B. Depressed fracture
C. Diastatic fracture
D. All of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-203)
10. Which is false about EDH:
A. EDH may cross duml attllchmcnt, but not Guturcn
B. EDH may cross sutures, but not dural attachments
C. It is biconvex on cross section imaging
D. Associated fracture in 85% to 95% cases
(Osborne 1994, Page-204)
11. White cerebellum" sign is seen in:
A. Diffuse cerebral edema
B. Extensive subdural hematoma
C. Premature brain
D. Largely unmyelinated brain
(Osborne 1994, Page-231)
Diffuse cerebral edema typically exhibits homogeneously decreased
attenuation of cerebral hemispheres on CT. Hence the normal cerebellum
appears relatively hyperdense, the so-called white cerebellum sign.

Answer- 7D SA 9A llA
12. Growing fracture is synonymous with:
A. Leptomeningealcyst
B. Post-traumatic leptomeningeal cyst
·C. · Crista galli fracture
· D. None of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-243)
13. Which type of intracranial hemorrhage seen in Battered baby
syndrome:
A. Subdural hemorrhage B. Extradural
C. Subarachnoid D. lntraventricular
(Osborne 1994, Page-245)
Shaking injuries tear bridging veins.

14. "String of beads" appearance of carotid angiogram is classic for:

A. Fibromuscular dysplasia
B. Connective tissue disorder
C. Spontaneous arterial dissection
D. All of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-251)
15. Which one is the leading cause of disability and death from
aneurysm rupture:
A. Vasospasm
B. Rebleeding
C. Mass effect
D. None
(Osborne 1994, Page-254)
Vasospasm is more important cifuse of death than rebleed. Mass effect only
occurs in giant aneurysm (>2.5 cm).

16. Which one is the pathognomonic sign of aneurysm rupture:

A. Contrast extravasation
B. Surrounding clot seen in CT /MR
C. Configuration (irregular, lobulated)
D. Localized vasospasm
(Osborne 1994, Page-260)
Contrast extravasation is pathognomonic for aneurysm rupture though it is
found rarely; B and C are very helpful signs while D is relatively less
helpful.

Answer-12B 13A 14A 15A 16A

I
 17. Which is not seen in an intracranial aneurysm?
A. Normal angiographic findings
B. Contrast filled outpouching on angiography _
C. Mural calcification on CT
D. Bone erosion on CT
E. None of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-259, 262)
18. Which is false about pseudoaneurysm?
A. Superficial °temporal artery is most· commonly involved in
scalp trauma
B. May be caused by missile injuries
C. Lacks any eomponent of a vessel wall
D. Meningeal vessels are commonly involved
(Osborne 1994, Page-270)
Meningeal vessels are uncommon site for traumatic aneurysm .
.
19. Which one is most common cause of 'early draining' veins on
angiogram?
A. Cerebral infarction
B. Contusion
C. Infections
D. Postictal
(Osborne 1994, Page-288)
Thou~ 'e11fl}"dt~}f yems __are most_ commonlyseenin'.AV malformation
but in the given tpti.i~ c'er~bral infarction is most common.

20. False about CT findings of patent A VM:

A. Mass that enhance strongly after contrast administration
B. Hyperdense mass that does not enhance
C. AVM may be represented by a small nidus with enlarged
draining vein
D. Calcification is seen
(Osborne 1994, Page-294)
21. Which of the following is not found in cavernous angiomas?
A. Isodense lesion on noncontrast CT
B. Calcification
C. Minimal enhancement
D. Moderate edema
(Osborne 1994, Page-288)
Cavernous angiomas show minimal or absent enhancement but are usually
not associated with edema or mass effect.

- I Answer-17E 18D 19A 20B 21 D

22. 'Popcorn' appearance on MRI is:
A Cavernous angioma
·B. Capillary telangiectasia
C. AVM
D. All of the above
(Osborn~ 1994, Page-313)
"Popcorn appearance' arises · dUl!'''~"4'le:rno:r;rhage in .different. stage of
evolution.

23. 'Medusa head' is classic for.

A Venous malformation
B. Cavernous angioma
C. Capillary telangiectasia
D. AVM .
(Osborne 1994, Page-316)
It is angiographic finding of venous malformation characterised by a
collection of dilated medullary veins (the so called Medusa head)
converging in an enlarged transcortical draining vein..

24. All of the following findings are suggestive of carotid artery

stenosis, except
A Increased flow velocity at the site of stenosis
B. Narrowing of spectral waveform
C. Color shift from red to light pink
D. Turbulent flow in poststenotic zone
(Osborne 1994, Page-332-333)
Broadening rather than narrowing.is seen in spectral waveform in cases
of artery stenosis. ·
..,
25. Sign of cerebral infarction on angiography include:
A Vessel occlusion
B. Slow antegrade flow with delayed arterial emptying
C. Early draining vein
D. All of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-343)
26. All are true about CT findings of cerebral infarction except:
A NormalCT
B. Hyperdense MCA sign
C. Insular nbbon sign
D. None of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-345)

Answer- 22A 23A 24B 25D 26D

27. Which of the following is seen in subacute infarct except?
A. Ring enhancement B. Edema
C. Mas~ effect D. CSF density
(Osborne 1994, Page-345)
Mass effect, edema and enhancement may persist up to 2 months. ·

28. Most common site of lacunar infarct is:

A. Basal ganglia
B. Cortex
C. Brainstem
D. Cerebellum
(O~hnrnP 1994,. Page-.1SS.)
29. Empty delta sign is seen in:
A. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis
B. Middle cerebral artery thrombosis
C. Cortical vein thrombosis ~-
D. None of the above
(Osborne 1991,, Page-388)
Empty -delta sign is.seen on postcon:ti"ast''E'F"in"patients•with•1'1trombosed·
dural sinus due to enhancing dura surroundin~ the • nonenhancin~
thrombus.

30. Pseudodelta sign is seen in all except:

A. Noncontrast CT in SAH
B. Contrast CT in SDH
C. Normal infants
D. High splitting tentorium on contrast CT
E. None
(Osborne 1994, Page-388)
31 The investigation of choice for acute SAH is:
A. Noncontrast CT B. Contrast CT
C. MRI D. CSF examiriation
(Osburne 1994, Page-182
32. The investigation of choice for diagnosis of acoustic schwannoma is:
A. CECT
B. Gd enhanced MRI
C. SPECT
D. PETScan
(Sutton, 7th edition, Page-1598)

Answer- 27D 28A 29A 30C 31A 32B

33. Which of the following is classic CT appearance of an acute SDH:
A. Lentiform hyperdense collection
B. Crescentic hypodense collection
C. Crescentic hyperdense collection
D. Lentiform shaped hypodense collection
(Osborne 1994, Page-207)
34. Most common primary brain tumor is:
A. Glioma B: Meningioma
C. Craniopharyngioma D. Pinealoma
(Osborne 1994, Page-404)
Of all the brain tumors l/3rd are metastases and
2/3rd are primary tumors,.Of all primary tumors, 50% are glioma and 15%
are meningioma. Meningioma is 2nd most common tumor of brain.

35. Which is the most common intracranial tumor in a neonate?

A. PNEf
B. Astrocytoma
C. teratoma ·
D. Oloroid plexus papilloma
(Osborne 1994, Page-406)
36. Which one is the most common intracranial neoplasm in
children?
A. Glioma B. PNEf
C. Ependymoma D. Craniopharyngioma
(Osborne 1994, Page-406)
Approximately half of the intracranial neoplasms in children are glioma.
i;
37. Which one is the most common posterior fossa tumor in children?
A. Cerebellar astrocytoma B. Medulloblastoma
C. Ependymoma D. Glioma
(Osborne 1994, Page-407)
Medulioli>1astema,is 2nlli·most common tumor of children,

38. Which is the most common 4th ventricular neoplasm in an adult?

A. Metastases B. Hemangioblastbma
C. Olronic plexus papilloma D. Dermoid
(Osborne 1994, Page-436)
Primary neoplasm in 4th ventricle is rare in adults. Hemangioblastoma is
the most common among these uncommon lesions.

Answer- 33 D 34A 35C 36A 37A 38A

39. Which one is the least specific sign for cerebellopontine angle
cistern lesion?
A. Ipsilateral CPA cistern enlarged
B. CSF/vascular cleft between mass and cerebellum
C. Brainstem rotated
D. 4th ventricle compressed
(Osborne 1994, Page-438)
40. Which is the most common mass of cerebellopontine angle
cistern lesion?
A. Acoustic neuroma
B. Meningiorrut
C. Epidermoid
D. Metastases
(Osborne 1994, Page-441)
~eOT!fstic .n:ew,oma •is 75%·•of all massel in CPA cistern followed by
mmringi.0ma 8-'1-0%and,epiderm0id 5%.

41. Which one is false about Acoustic Neuroma?

A. It is the most common mass in cerebellopontine angle cistern
B. It is hypointense on TlW images and show enhancement after
Gadolinium injection
C. It is hyperintense on Tl images and do not take enhancement
D. Calcification is very rare
(Osborne 1994, Page-450)
Acoustic neuroma is hypo to isointense on TlW images and hyperintense on
T2Wimages.

42. Which one is true about pituitary macroadenoma?

A. Calcification is common
B. Hyperintense on TIW
C. Hyperintense on TIW
D. Isodense of NCCT
(Osborne 1994, Page-474)
Hyperintensity on TlW images is seen in cases of hemorrhagic adenoma
when a mixed signal is seen on T2W images. Nonhemorrhagic adenoma
appears isointense on Tl W images.

Answer- 39D 40D 41C 42A

43. Which one is true about meningioma?
A Hypodense on noncontrast CT
B. lsoint'ense on TlWI
C. No contrast enhancement on contrast CT
D. Calcification is rare
(Osborne 1994, Pag~-474)
Meningioma is hyperdense on noncontrast CT and commonly shows
calcification. It shows homogeneous contrast enhancement on postcontras:t"
CT/MR.

44. Most common brain tumor to calcify is:

A Craniopharyngioma
B. Glioma
C. Meningioma
D. Pituitary macroadenoma
(Osborne 1994, Page-475)
Jtealcifies in:90%·,of cases;

45. Which one is most common primary to metastasize in pituitary

gland?
A Breast
B. Pancreas
C. Stomach
D. Uterus
(Osborne 1994, Page-477-478)
ln female: Breast > Lung > Stomach> Uterus.
ln male: Lting > Prostate> Blad~r >Stomach.

46. Which one of the following is not associated with diffuse

thickening of skull vault?
A Normal variant
B. Orronic Phenytoin therapy
C. Microcephalic brain
D. Fibrous dysplasia
(Osborne 1994, Page-515)
First 3 causes diffuse thickening while the 4th one will cause focal/regional
thickening.

Answer- 43 B 44A 45A· 46D

 47. All of the following are causes of generalized thinning of skull
bones except:
A Osteoporosis_ circurnscripta
B. Cushing's syndrome
C. Normal variant
D. Long standing hydrocephalus
(Osborne 1994, Page-515) ·
~er-•,;~+-,0p~ons.,·•pr0duee -··•.ge.neralizee:,,:,,~, ••whiie-•"''osteop@rosis
cittumseripta (Paget's disease; causes focal thinning.

48. Which is not a.feature of normal meningeal enhancement?

A Thin
B. Smooth
C. Continuous
D. Less intense than cavernous sinus
E. Most prominent near vertex "
(Osborne 1994, Page-520)
Normal meningeal enhancement is discontinuous.
QI

....i:::
~ 49. All are the causes of diffuse meningeal enhancement except:
"C A Infectious meningitis
; B. Carcinomatous meningitis
.5IC C. Dural sinus thrombosis
~ D. Meningioma
(Osborne 1994, Page-520)
First 3 causes diffuse while meningioma causes focal meningeal
enhancement.

50. Which is not true about the frequency of occurrence of brain

tumors?
A Two-third of all brain neoplasms are primary neoplasms
B. Almost half of all primary brain tumors are glioma
C. Three-fourth of all gliomas are astrocytoma
D. One--fourth of all astrocytoma are anaplastic astrocytoma and
glioblastoma multiforme
(Osborne 1994, Page-529)
Nearly three-fourth of all astrocytoma are anaplastic or GBM.

Answer- 47 A 48C 49D 50D

51. Which is false about low grade astrocytoma?
A. Focal/ diffuse mass
B. Hypodense on noncontrast CT
C. 15-20 % calcify -
D. Edema and hemorrhage is common
(Osborne 1994, Page-531)
Edema and hemorrhage is rare in low grade gliomas.

52. Which is false about anaplastic astrocytoma?

A. Inhomogeneous mixed density mass
B. Calcification is uncommon
C. Edema common
~
D. No enhancement seen n
(Osborne 1994, Page-537) iO
fl.I
~~ticrastroeytom~showc5;,i,:-~~<tr-~im ~apcement.

53. Which is false.about GBM?

A. Calcification common
B. Thick irregular rim of tissue around necrotic center
C. Highly vascular
D. Strong inhomogeneous enhancement
(Osborne 1994, Page-541)
Calcification is rare in GBM.

54. Which is false about pilocytic astrocytoma?

A. It occurs around ID and IV ventricle
B. Cystic/solid mass "
C. Occurs in young adults and children
D. Cerebellum is the commonest site
(Osborne 1994, Page-554)
•~;ap,iihhyJO~W!l'\llMkarelitle.commones~location.

55. Which one is associated with tuberous sclerosis?

A. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
B. Pilocytic astrocytoma
C. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
D. All of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-561)

Answer- 51 D S2D S3A S4D SSA

56. Which is the most commori route for spread of GBM?
A. White matter tract B. Ventricular ependyma
C. Subpial D. Into leptomeninges _
. (Osborne 1994, Page-544)
57. Most common pediatric· infratentorial .tumor is:
A. Medulloblastoma
B. Brainstem gliomas
C. Cerebellar astrocytoma
D. Pilocytic astrocytoma
(Osborne 1994, Page-555)
58. Which is commonest primary supratcntorial neoplasm in an
adult?
A. Glioblastoma multiforme
B. Oligodendroglioma
C. Meningioma
D. Craniopharyngioma
(Osborne 1994, Page-541)
59. Which is false about subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma?
A. Seen in 10--15% of patients with tuberous sclerosis
B. Occurs around the foramen of Monro
C. Partially calcified, partially cystic mass
D. Non-enhancing or mildly enhancing mass
(Osborne 1994, Page-562)
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma shows strong heterogeneous
enhancement. They occur only at foramen of Monro.

60. Which is false about ependymoma?

A. Most common site is IV ventricle
B. It is the third most common pediatric brain tumor
C. 50% calcify
D. Strongly enhancing mass
(Osborne 1994, Page-568)
Ependymoma shows mild to moderate enhancement.

61. Which is false about choroid plexus papilloma?

A. Occurs in trigone of lateral ventricle in children
B. Occurs in 4th ventricle in adults
C. Mass that is hyperdense to brain
D. Calcification may be present
(Osborne 1994, Page-572)
,~~Q.plexus papill~tffieisodense tobrain and it enhance intensely,

Answer- 56A 57C SSA 59D 60D 61C

62. Most common non-glial primary brain tumor is:

~ ~:tufo~:toma ~- ~i!n7;:ia c] ·7·

(Osborne 1994, Page-579) "s''"' ·
63. Which is false aboutmeningioma?
A. PartofNF-2syndrome
··1 , r·: 2
::~
'"-;tt
B. Part of NF.J. syndrome
C. Benign meningioma can metastasize
D. Malignant meningioma can metastasize
(Osborne 1994, Page-587)
64. Which is the commonest site for meningioma?
A. Parasagittal
B. Convexity
C. Sphenoid ridge
D. It is equally distributed
(Osborne 1994, Page-588)
Parasagittal meningioma form 25% of all meningioma, 20% occur ov.er
convexity and 15-20% at sphenoid ridge.

65. Which is not a feature of meningioma on plain film?

A Bone erosion
B. Enlarged vascular channels
C. Pneumosinus dilatation
D. None of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-593)
66. 'Mother in law' sign is seen in:
A Hydrocephalus ,.,
B. Pituitary fossa tumor
C. Meningioma
D. Fracture of base of skull
(Osborne 1994, Page-590)
It is an angiographic finding of meningioma, i.e. it tales up contrast early
that goes late.

67. 'Dural tail sign' is seen in:

A. Meningioma and is highly suggestive
B. Meningioma and is highly specific
C. Glioma and is highly suggestive
D. Glioma and is highly specific
(Osborne 1994, Page-600)

Answer- 62A 63B 64A 65D 66C 67 A I

 68. Which one is the commonest pineal germ cell tumor?
A. Germinoma
B. Teratoma
C. Otoriocarcinoma
D. Embryonal cell carcinoma
(Osborne 1994, Page-608)
69. Sugar icing is seen in:
A. Meningioma B. Glioma
C. Ependymoma · D. Medulloblastoma
(Osborne 1994, Page-615)
1~pJ~t@µl.,1:1roetastasize -through ·CSF!.010issemmateel -6:~FJffl.etastases
0

iJQp,,t~,the: bram like frosting on a cake givittg rise to . the term 4'1.11::kerguss
,~g.ai,icing~.

70. Which is not a differential diagnosis of arachnoid cyst?

A. Epideimoid tumor B. Open lip schizenceplraly
C. Infarct D. None of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-640)
71. Which is not true about colloid cyst?
A. Always occur in anterior 3rd ventricle/ foramen of Momo
B. H~dense to gray matter
C. Hypodense to gray matter
D. Noncalcified mass
(Osborne 1994, Page-642)
In two-third cases it is hyperdense and in one-third cases it is isodense.

72. Which one is the most common non-glial primary brain tumor of
children?
A. Craniopharyngioma B. Meningioma
C. Medulloblastoma D. Pinealoma
(Osborne 1994, Page-654)
Meningioma is commonest non-glial brain tumor of adult.

73. Which is false about craniopharyngioma?

A. It is usually both suprasellar and intrasellar
B. It is usually intrasellar
C. It is cystic
D. It shows calcification
(Osborne 1994, Page-655)
Craniopharyngioma is usually both suprasellar and intrasellar mass,
completely intrasellar craniopharyngioma are rare.

Answer- 68A 69D 70D 71C 72A 73B

74. Which is the commonest site of intracranial metastases?
A Arachnoid mater B. Duramater
C. Piamater D. Brain parenchyma
(Osborne 1994, Page-660)
75. Which is the most frequent primary for skull
metastases?
A Breast B. Cervix
C. Stomach D . .Prostate
(Osborne 1994, Page-657)
In female, breast is the commonest site while in male, lung is the commonest
site.
:!::
76/ Which is the commonest site for subarachnoid metastases? n
10
A Basal cisterns Cll

B. Sylvian fissure
C. Base of skull
D. All of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-659)
1lfttc1•~,J~1,111~1.Qil~ti,sp~~~~-imtolved;,?\1>qt.c:lfflsal,cistem is
-~~§i.te:

77. Commonest primary to metastasize to brain is:

A Lung
B. Breast
C. Malignant melanoma
D. Gltract
(Osborne 1994, Page-660)
These four are the common site for metastases to brain in decreasing
order of frequency.

78. Which is the commonest site for metastases to brain?

A Gray matter
B. White matter
. C. Junction of gray and white matter
D. Intraventricular
(Osborne 1994, Page-661)
·:fflflim;ooau~ll.e11e, wt junctiOl'l•is the commonest site:

Answer- 740 75A 76A 77 A 78C

79. Which is not true about brain metastases?
A. 80% are multiple
B. Calcification is common
C. Shows strong enhancement
D. Iso to hyperdense on NCCT
(Osborne 1994, Page-662)
In parenchymal metastases calcification is rare in untreated cases.

80. Metastases in brain most likely to bleed include except:

A. Renal
B. Breast
C. Melanoma
D. Gastric adenocarcinoma
(Osborne 1994, page -663)
Any metastases in brain can bleed, first, three and choriocarcinoma are
most likely metastases to bled.

81. Which is the most sensitive imaging procedure for evaluating

intracranial metastases?
A. Noncontrast CT B. Contrast CT
C. Noncontrast MRI D. Contrast MRI
(Osborne 1994, Page-665)
82. Which is the most frequent cause of congenital CNS infection?
A. CMV
B. Toxoplasmosis
C. Rubella
D. Herpes
(Osborne 1994, Page-674)
~•~is ·is•2nd,most ColI!J.'lron·cause of congenital infection.

83. Which is false about CNS CMV infections?

A. Shows macrocephaly
B. Periventricular calcifications are common
C. Many show encephalomalacia
D. Neuronal migration anomaly are common
(Osborne 1994, Page-674)
Microcephaly is seen in congenital CMV infections.,

Answer- 79B 80D 81 D 82A 83A

84. Imaging features of toxoplasmosis include all except:
A Hydrocephalus
B. Bilateral chorioretinitis
C. Intracranial calcification
D. Neuronal migration anomaly
(Osborne 1994, Page-675)

85. Which is false about congenital rubella?

A. Microcephaly
· B. Parenchymal calcification
C. Delayed myelination
D. None of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-677/
86. Ependymal enhancement is seen in:
A Sturge Weber syndrome
B. Anaplastic astrocytoma
C. Dural sinus thrombosis
D. All of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-682)
87. Which one is not a complication of meningitis?
A Hydrocephalus B. Epei:tdymitis
C. Venous infarct D. None of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-680)
88. Which one is not a ring enhancing lesion?
A Anaplastic astrocytoma" B. Focal cerebritis
C. Granuloma D. Multiple sclerosis
(Osborne 1994, Page-690-691)
89. Immature tuberculoma are seen on noncontrast CT as:
A lsodense
B. Hypodense
C. Do not take contrast on CECT
D. All of the above
(Osborne 1994, Page-706)
Tuberculoma is isodense or slightly hyperdense on noncontrast images and
show postcontrast enhancement.

Answer- .84 D 85D 86D 87D 88B 89A

90. Which one is the commonest site for cysticercus in brain?
A Corticomedullary junction in brain parenchyma
B. Intraventricular
C. Subarachnoid space
D. Gray matter of spinal cord
(Osborne 1994, Page-710)
"91. Which stage of cysticercus do not show enhancement?
A Colloid vesicular stage
B. Granular nodular stage
C. Vesicular stage
· D. Nodular calcified stage
(Osborne 1994, Page-711-712)
Enhancement is rare in vesicular stage, but it is typically absent in nodular
calcified stage.

92. Which is false?

A Prominent CSF spaces are common in children under one year
ufage
B. Craniocorti~al width up to 4 mm is normal
C. Interhemispheric width up to 16 mm is normal
D. Under normal condition the ventricular system has a volume of 20
25ml
(Osborne 1994, Page-752)
Interhemispheric width up to 6 mm is normal.

93. Alzheimer disease shows severe atrophy of:

A Frontal lobe
B. Parietal lobe
C. Occipital lobe
D. Temporal lobe
(Osborne 1994, Page-772)
~-®•.1,of,sthe,,brain>show· atrophy~but tempotal· ·fo~'"iltrwphy, ,is•· the
Severest.

94. The anteroposterior diameter of cervical canal at the level of Cl

and C2 is - mm: · ·
A 10 - 12 B. 12- 14
C. 15-16 D. 18-20
(Osborne 1994, Page-798)

Answer. 90A 91 D 92C 93D 94C

95. Which of the following structures in an adult enhance on MR?
A. Meninges B. Dorsal root ganglia
C. Marrow D. Both A and B
(Osborne 1994, Page-799)
Intervertebral disc enharice in children.·

96. Myelomeningocele is associated with all except:

A. Oliari I malformation B. Oliari II malformation
C. Hydrocephalus · D. Diastematomyelia
(Osborne 1994, Page-801)
97. Which is a part of Chiari II malformation?
A. Llpomyelomeningocele ~
(")
B. Myelomeningocele IO
Ill
C. Both
D. None
(Osborne 1994, Page-801)
Lipomyelomeningocele is not associated with Chi~>Il malformation but
has been reported With Chiari I malformation,"

98. Which is the commonest site of tuberculosis in spine?

A. Dorsolumbar B. Cervical
C. Thoracic D. Lumbosacral
(Osborne 1994, Page-822)
99. In cervical spine commonest site of disc herniation is:
A. C6-C7 B. CS-C6
C. C4-C5 ~ D. C3-C4
(Osborne 1994, Page-840)
~on<:! ®llll'OOne5tsite is cs~c6.

100. Jefferson fracture is:

A. Fracture of 0 B. Fracture of C2
C. Fracture of C3 D. Fracture of C4
(Osborne 1994, Page-867)
101. A distance of greater than - - - - - mm from dens to basion on
lateral film radiograph suggests atlantooccipital dislocation.
A. 5.5 mm B. 7.5 mm
C. 125 mm D. 15.5 mm
(Osborne 1994, Page-867)

Answer- 95 D 96 A 97 B 98 A 99 A 100 A 101 A

102. Hangman's fracture is:
A. Fracture of 0 B. Fracture of C2
C. Fracture of C3 D. FractureofC4
(Osborne 1994, Page-868)
103. Clay Shoveler's fracture is of:
A. Spinous process of C4 B.· ·BodyofC5
C. Spinous process of C6 D. BodyofCJ
(Osborne 1994, Page-869)
Clay Shoveler's fracture is fracture of spinous process of C6 or C 7

104. Most common benign, extradural spinal mass is:·

A. Herniated cfu;k
B. Hemangioma
C. Metastases
D. Osteoid osteoma
(Osborne 1994, Page-876)
•Mtlst--,,oommon ,be:nigvi,,eX:traaural lesib'n"s •irt the spina:i · •canal are. the
de"generated and traumatic -lesiens as1•-El.1sk herniatient•osteephytes and
mactures.

105. Sylvian fissure bleed cannot be due to the rupture of aneurysm of

ipsilateral:
A. Internal carotid artery
B. Middle cerebral artery
C. Posterior cerebral artery
D. Posterior communicating artery
(Osborne 1994, Page-182)
106. Commonest benign spinal neoplasm is:
A. Osteoid osteoma B. Hemangioma
C. Aneurysmal bone cyst D. Lipoma
(Osborne 1994, Page-877)
107. Polka-dot appearance on rnal CT scan of spine is characteristic of:
A. Enchondroma
B. Hemangioma
C. Osteoid osteoma
D. Osteoblastoma
(Osborne 1994, Page-878)

Answer- 102 B 103 C 104 A 105 C 106 B 107 B

108. Important differentiating feature between vertebral hemangioma
and focal fatty marrow on MR images is:
A Hemangioma is hyperintense on both Tl and T2 weighted
.images
B. Hemangioma is hypointense on Tl and hyperintense on T2
. weighted images
C. Focal fatty marrow appears hypointense on both Tl and T2
weighted images
D. Focal fatty marrow appears hypointense on both Tl and
hyperintense on T2 weighted images
(Osborne 1994, Page-879)
109. All are MR features of pathological compression fracture of the
vertebra except:
A Signal characteristics are usually different from the other vertebra
B. Signal is usually heterogeneous
C. Usually hypointense on Tl and hyperintense on T2
D. Usually hyperintense on Tl and hypointense on T2
(Osborne 1994, Page-895)
110. All are true regarding Nerve sheath tumors of the spine except:
A They are the commonest intradural extramedullary tumor
B. They cause enlargement of neural foramina
C. Target appearance seen on T2 weighted MR images
D. Enhancement is seen in 80% cases
(Osborne 1994, Page-897)
Virtually 100% of nerve sheath tumors enhance.
111. All are true about spinal meningioma except:
A Most common location is dorsal spine
B. Calcification is common
C. Dural tail sign may be "seen
D. Moderate contrast enhancement
(Osborne 1994, Page-899)
In contrast to intracranial meningioma, calcification is rare in spinal
meningioma.

112. All of the following conditions are associated with diffusely

thickened nerve roots except:
A Carcinomatous meningitis
B. Histiocytosis .
C. Toxic neuropathy
D. Multiple sclerosis
(Osborne 1994, Page-903)

_ _1_11_s__1_1_2_0_ _ _ _ ___.I
~An_s_w_e__r_-_1_os_A_·_1_09_0__1_1_0_0
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
William Smith, the leaders of the popular party, as opposed to the
"Court Party" composed of the adherents of Gov. Cosby of New York,
between which two factions an extraordinarily bitter contest was
being waged, at the polls, in the forum of public opinion and in the
halls of legislation and government. On the election of Morris as a
member of the New York Assembly from Westchester county,
Zenger's paper was filled with songs, squibs and articles e.xulting
over the victory and severely scoring the other party. When a year
later, 1734, a like rejoicing over the success of the popular party, had
further incensed the Court Party, Chief Justice DeLancey charged the
Grand Jury that Zenger's paper was inculcating treason and
defamation, and insisted on his indictment, but they contented
themselves with presenting the songs and copies of the papers to be
burned by the common hangman. A year later, however, August 4,
1735, Zenger was brought to trial. Alexander and Smith, who
appeared as Zenger's counsel, were disbarred by Chief Justice
DeLancey. The friends of Zenger then secured the services of
Andrew Hamilton, who undertook the case without fee or reward.
Hamilton admitted the publication of the articles by his client and
laid the whole stress of his argument on their non-libelous character.
The Chief Justice refusing to listen, Hamilton turned to the jury and
declared
 HAMILTON 523 that, as the court would not hear him, the
jury alone must be judge of the law, as well as of the facts. And
then for hours the great advocate held the packed courtroom spell-
bound, as he made the first pica ever Iicard in America for the
freedom of the citiccn and of the press, from the tyranny of the
rulers, and in their criticism of their public acts. Despite the
extremely bitter charge of the Chief Justice, the verdict of the jury
was "not guilty," and Zenger was borne away in triumph on the
shoulders of his friends. It was the most memorable trial ever held in
America, and established the principle that in such cases the jury
must be judges of the law and the evidence, and was therefore a
grand victory for the people. The next day, when Hamilton was
about to take the boat for his home in Philadelphia, he was followed
to the water's side by nearly the whole populace, who hailed him as
the champion of popular liberty, and the corporation of New York
presented him with the "freedom of the City" and a gold box for the
seal. This speech of Andrew Hamilton was repeatedly printed in
England and America, and justly "established its author's fame as
the first lawyer of his time in the British Provinces." "It may be
commended more for its bold enunciation of a principle, than for the
accumulation of learned citations and for its argument from
precedents ; but it uses its authorities with masterly skill, and deals
crushing blows to the prosecution and the Court." The masterly
effort in the interest of personal liberty is more to be commended
from the fact that it was made entirely without remuneration or the
hope thereof, and when the author was suffering from ill health. Air.
Hamilton was in the employ of the Proprietary family, from his
removal to Philadelphia until his death. Ire the difficulties with Lord
Baltimore, he was particularly useful, and served in various
commissions, to meet the Maryland authorities in framing the Terms
of Agreement in 1732, upon which the case was brought before the
Privy Council, and prepaied the materials for the brief upon which it
was finally submitted to the Court of Chancery, after his death. Chief
Justice Langhorne, of Bucks county, in a letter to John Penn, dated
May 20, 1737, says, "I am very sorry the dispute you have with Lord
Baltimore, is not likely to be brought to an issue. * * * Had Mr.
Hamilton's advice been strictly pursued relating to the disputes with
the province of Maryland, I am of opinion our province would have
come off with more credit and reputation." Andrew Hamilton was
held in high consideration by his professional brethren in the
neighboring provinces, where his opinion was constantly sought for.
He was also consulted by dififerent Provincial Governors, and was
employed in the courts of several colonies. The first Philadelphia
home of Andrew Hamilton, was the mansion on Chestnut street near
Third, where it is said his son Gov. James Hamilton was born, later
owned and occupied by Israel Pemberton, and during Washington's
administration occupied by Alexander Hamilton, as the Treasury
Department of the L^nited States. The "Bush Hill" estate, where his
later days were spent and where he died, was granted to him by
William Penn, from a part of the Manor of Springettsbury. It
comprised that part of the present city of Philadelphia, extending
from Vine street to Fairmount avenue and from Twelfth to
Nineteenth. Here he erected a spacious and stately mansion in
which he died, and where his son, the Governor, long exercised a
magnificent and generous hospitality : during
 524 HAMILTON Washington's administration it was the
residence of John Adams, Vice-president of the United States. He
also owned a great amount of valuable real estate in the city, on
Walnut and Chestnut streets and elsewhere ; considerable land in
New Jersey and the lower counties, and in Bucks county. He
acquired a large estate in Lancaster county, on which the town plot
of the city of Lancaster was laid out, 1728. Andrew Hamilton died at
Bush Hill, August 4, 1741, and was buried in the family burial-ground
on that estate, but upon its sale his remains, with those of other
members of the family, were removed to a spacious mausoleum in
Christ Churchyard, which was closed upon the interment of the last
of his name, about 1851. Andrew Hamilton married, March 6, 1706,
in Northampton county, \'irginia, Anne, widow of Joseph Preeson,
and daughter of Thomas and Susanna (Denwood) Brown. She was a
lady of some fortune, and was connected with many of the best
families in Maryland. She died about 1736. Issue of Andreiv and
Anne ( Broivn-Preeson) Hamilton: James Hamilton, Lieut. -Gov. of
Pa., b. about 1710: d. unm., Aug. 14, 1783; "a gentleman of great
dignity and private worth — distinguished for liberality and
independence; the only native Governor of Pennsylvania before the
Revolution; and probably the most esteemed of his countrymen, as
well as the Proprietary Family." Was Prothonotary of Phila.. 1733;
member Colonial Assembly for Lancaster county, 1734-1738; elected
to Common Council of Phila., 1739; Alderman and Associate Justice
of the City Court, 1741; Mayor, 1745; member Provincial Council,
1745-1776; Deputy Governor of Pa., Nov. 23, 1748-Oct. 3, 1754; and
again, Nov. 17, 1759-Oct. 31, 1763; "everybody pleased with the
appointment," says Watson, "and a dinner given him at the Lodge;"
again Acting Governor, as President of Council in 1771 and 1773;
President of American Philosophical Society and of Board of Trustees
of College of Phila., and interested in all public enterprises; he held
by deed of gift from his father, the Lancaster property, which by his
will, dated March 4, 1776, and proved Sept. 15, 1783, he devised,
with the Bush Hill estate, to his nephew William Hamilton, Esq., of
Phila., second son of his brother, Andrew; to his other nephews and
their children he bequeathed his real estate in Phila. and nearly
10,000 acres of land in N. J.; to his nephew, William Hamilton, he
devised the "Gold Box, which was presented to my Honoured Father
with the Freedom of the Corporation of the City of New York;"
.•\ndrevv H.\mii.Ton, d. Phila., Sept., 1747; of whom presently;
Margaret Hamilton, only dau., d. May 13, 1760; m. Feb. 16, 1733-4,
William Allen, Chief Justice of Pa. Supreme Court, 1750-74; he was a
son of William and Mary (Budd) Allen, b. Aug. 5, 1704; d. Sept. 6,
1780; was among most prominent men of the Province and probably
its largest landowner; elected to Common Council of Phila., 1727;
Alderman, 1730; Mayor, 1735; Recorder, 1741-50; Judge of several
courts; member Colonial Assembly, 1730-38; issue: John Allen, d.
Feb., 1778; m. April 6, 1775, Mary Johnston, dau. of David Johnston,
of N. Y.; Andrew Allen, b. June, 1740; d. March 7, 1825; member
Provincial Council, 177076; m. April 24, 1768. Sarah, dau of William
and Mary (Francis) Co.xe; James Allen, b. 1742; d. Sept. 19, 1778;
m. March 10, 1768, Elizabeth, dau. of John and Elizabeth (Francis)
Lawrence; William Allen, b. 1751; d. 1838; unm.; ^i Anne .Mien, m.
May 31, 1766, John Penn, last Proprietary Governor of Pa.; Margaret
Allen, d. Oct. 18, 1827; m. Aug. 19, 1771, James DeLancey, b. 1732;
d. April 8, 1800, son of James DeLancey, Chief Justice and Governor
of New York. Andrew H.\milton, second son of Andrew and Anne
(Brown) Hamilton, born in Philadelphia ; died there in September,
1747 ; took up a much less prominent part in public alTairs then his
father and brother. He was a member of Cominon Council of the city
from October 6, 1741, to his death, and filled the position of Clerk of
the City Court of Quarter Sessions, and Town Clerk, and was a
charter
 HAMILTON 525 member of Library Company of
Philadelphia. Turning his attention to mercantile pursuits, his father
erected for him a wharf and storehouses, and he carried on an
extensive shipping and commission business, in partnership with
William Coleman, up to the time of his death. He lived at Third and
Walnut streets, where he owned considerable property, part of which
he devised to his son, William ; the mansion house being devised to
his wife. He had received by bequest from his father, a plantation on
the west side of the Schuylkill, which became a part of "The
Woodlands," later the elegant home of his son, William, and also had
received five hundred acres of land in Hilltown township, Bucks
county, by the will of Justice Jeremiah Langhorne, which, with his
wharves and storehouses on Front street, he devised to his son,
Andrew. Andrew Hamilton married, December 24, 1741, Mary Till,
born in Sussex county, on Delaware, 1722; died October 18, 1803,
at "The Woodlands." She was the daughter of William Till, who
removed from Sussex county to Philadelphia prior to 1736, by his
wife Mary Lillingston, daughter of George Lillingston, of Sussex
county, by his wife Elizabeth Watson, daughter of Luke Watson, of
Sussex county, and stepdaughter of Berkly Codd, Esq., before
referred to. John Till, the father of William, was a druggist of Watling
street, London, who married, 1693, Cassandra, daughter of Thomas
and Cassandra Newton, of the city of Norwich. William Till, son of
John and Cassandra, born in England about 1697. came to America
when a young man, and married at Christ Church, January 7, 1720,
Mary Lillingston, of Sussex county, to whom Berkly Codd, Esq. (who
had married her grandmother, the widow of Luke Watson, Jr.),
conveyed a tract of land in Sussex county, February 3, 1718. It is
presumed that William Till and his wife settled on this land after
their marriage. They later acquired other large tracts of land there.
\\'illiam Till engaged extensively in shipping business in Sussex
county and later at Philadelphia. He was commissioned a Justice of
Sussex county, July 25, 1726; was trustee of Loan Office there,
1723-32; commissioned Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the
counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex, on the Delaware, October
23, 1736, having been an Associate Justice of that court sometime
previous to that date. Made a Justice of the Supreme Court of
Pennsylvania in 1743, and was still filling that position in 1756,
when, with others, he was given a Dcdimns Potestatum to
administer oaths to officials, April 10, 1756. He was called to
Provincial Council of Pennsylvania in 1741, and sat in that body until
his death, 1766. Entered Common Council of Philadelphia, October
2, 1739; elected by that body an Alderman, October 6, 1741, and in
1742 became Mayor of the city. On May 9, 1747, he was appointed
Collector of the Port of New Castle, and doubtless at that date took
up his residence there, as December 8, 1748, he was appointed
Prothonotary of the Courts of New Castle county, holding the former
position and probably the latter until his death. His will, as William
Till, of the town and county of New Castle, is dated July 16, 1761,
and was proved May 8, 1766; it devised his house, stores, lot of
ground and wharf on Water street. Philadelphia, then in the tenure
of Samuel Smith, to his wife, and after her decease to his daughter,
]\Iary Hamilton, until his grandson, William Hamilton, should attain
his majority, when the title was to vest in him. It confirmed to his
daughter, the houses and buildings erected by him on the lot in
Philadelphia, where Mrs. Hamilton was then residing, devised to her
by her husband. He left various legacies to other grandchildren,
making his wife, Mary Till, his daughter, Mary Hamilton,
 526 HAMILTON and his grandson, Andrew Hamilton,
executors. His only other child was Thomas Till, who married
Gertrude Ross, of New Castle county, 1752; resided at Prime Hook,
Sussex county, and was a Justice, and a Captain in the Provincial
service ; left issue. Issue of Andrew and Mary (Till) Hamilton:
Andrew Hamilton, b. Jan. 12, 1742-3; d. Nov. 22, 1784; m. Jan. 6,
1768, Abigail Franks; of whom presently; William Hamilton, b. April
29, 1745; d. June 5, 1813; unm. ; inherited from his father a large
plantation on west side the Schuylkill, where he built his home, "The
Woodlands." among finest and most noted seats in the Province ;
the grounds and gardens, planted with foreign and rare trees
collected from all parts of the globe, were entered by a gateway
flanked by imposing lodges; the luscious fruits and exquisite flowers,
selected with the greatest care and taste, attracted the attention of
the cultivated people of the whole country, many of whom were
entertained there; he was a noted collector of pictures, in which he
was assisted by Benjamin West, and many rare, valuable and
tasteful works of art found a place on the walls of "The Woodlands;"
here William Hamilton many years led the life of a country
gentleman; at the close of the Revolutionary War he made a tour of
Europe, and in England his full length portrait and that of his niece
Anne Hamilton (later Mrs. James Lyle), was painted by Benjamin
West, and is one of the best productions of that artist; in 1797 he
was elected member of American Philosophical Society; in 1805 he
laid out the northern portion of his land in streets and building lots,
giving to the streets many of the old family names, none of which
they now bear; Till street is now Fortieth; James, now Chestnut;
Andrew, now Walnut; Moore, now Thirty-fourth; Margaret, now
Thirty-sixth, and Mary, now Thirtyeighth; he gave the land on which
St. Mary's Church was built; by his will "The Woodlands" was devised
to his nephew, James Hamilton, who did not long survive him; it was
many years the home of the sisters of the latter, Margaret and Mary
Hamilton, and their nieces ; it is now Woodland Cemetery, and says
Joshua Francis Fisher, in his sketch of Andrew Hamilton, Sr.,
(published in the Pennsylvania Magazine, written in 1868) "the
present gloomy appearance makes a sad contrast to the hospitalities
and gaieties of which it was the scene, within the recollection of the
writer." Andrew Hamilton, eldest son of Andrew and Mary (Till)
Hamilton, born January 12, 1742-3, died November 22, 1784. He
married, January 6, 1768, Abigail Franks, born January 6, 1744-5,
died September 11, 1798; daughter of David and Margaret (Evans)
Franks, and granddaughter of Jacob Franks, a merchant of New
York, born in Germany in 1688, came to New York from London
about 1705, in company with Moses Levy, whose daughter, Bilhah
Abigail Levy, he married in 1719. Jacob Franks had the degree of
Doctor of Divinity and was a Rabbi of the Jewish Congregation in
New York. His son David Franks, born in New York, September 23,
1720, married, Deceinber 17, 1743, Margaret Evans, born August 2,
1720, died September 28, 1780, daughter of Peter Evans, "of the
Inner Temple, London, Gentleman," Sherifif of Philadelphia, 1707-
09; RegisterGeneral of Pennsylvania, etc., by his wife Mary, daughter
of John and Rebecca (Axtell) Moore, and sister of William Moore of
"Moore Hall," of whom an account is given in these volumes. Andrew
Hamilton inherited from his father, the wharves, storehouses and
business properties, as well as the old family mansion, but having
ample wealth, he probably did not engage in trade. In his will, dated
November 21, 1784. and proved January i, 1785, he was styled
"Andrew Hamilton of Philadelphia, Gentleman." The will devised the
house where he lived and the houses, stores, wharf and lots of
ground on Front street, to his wife for life, with his plate, household
goods and furniture, and mentioned his children. Ann, Mary, Andrew,
Franks and Rebecca as legatees. His son James having inherited
amply under the will of his uncle William Hamilton, was left but a
hundred guineas.
 HAMILTON 527 Abigail Hamilton, the widow, continued to
reside in the old mansion at Third and Walnut, but her death, which
occurred at "The Woodlands." September 11. 1798, is thus noted in
the Pciinsyhania Gazette of September 12. 1798: "Died in the
township of Blockley, yesterday, after a lingering indisposition, Mrs.
Hamilton, relict of the late Andrew Hamilton, Esq., of Third street."
Issue of Andreiv and Abigail (Franks) Hamilton: — Margaret, b. Oct.
4. 1768; d. Jan., 1828: unm. ; Ann, b. Dec. 16. 1769: d. Aug. 12.
1798; m. Oct. 17, 1792. James Lyle: of whom presently; Mary
Hamillon. 1). .\ng. i. 1771 : d. .\pril, 1849; unm.; last of the name to
occupy "The Woodlands;" James, b. July 31. 1774; d. July 20, 1817;
unm.; Andrew, b. Nov. 4, 1776; d. at Bath, Eng., May 16, 1825; m.
June 11, 1817, Eliza, dau. of Rev. D. H. Urquhart; had issue; Mary
Ann Hamilton, m. Capt. Septimus Palairet, of British Army; their
children have in their possession, the gold box in which the seal of
the "Freedom of City of N. Y.," was presented to their distinguished
ancestor, Andrew Hamilton, in 1735. for "his Learned and generous
Defence of the Rights of Mankind, and the Liberty of the Press."
Franks, b. May 22, 1779; d. Aug. 14, 1798; unm.; buried at Christ
Church; Rebecca, b. Nov. 7, 1783; d. Feb. 2, 1842; m. Nov. 28,
1809, Francis Lewis O'Bierne, son of Bishop of Meath; left issue. Ann
Hamilton, second daughter of Andrew and Abigail (Franks) Hamilton,
born in Philadelphia, December 16, 1769, married there, October 17,
1792, James Lyle, born in Ireland, October 25, 1765, died in
Philadelphia August 10, 1826. He was a son of Hugh Lyle of
Coleraine, Ireland, by his wife Eleanor, daughter of Samuel and Mary
(Aderne) Hyde of Belfast, and grandson of Capt. Hugh Lyle of
Coleraine, an officer of Dragoons, and his wife, Eleanor Bankhead.
James Lyle came to Philadelphia when a young man, and, in
partnership with John Beauclerc Newman, under firm name of Lyle &
Newman, carried on a large and successful mercantile business and
amassed a fortune. After the death of his wife, Mr. Lyle and his two
daughters resided at "The Woodlands" with the Misses Margaret and
Mary Hamilton. He was a member of Corporation of Contributors to
Pennsylvania Hospital. His will, dated July 24, 1826, proved August
15, 1826, devised his entire estate, in trust, for the use of his
daughters and their issue. Issue of James and Ann (Hamilton) Lyle:
— Mary Lyle, b. Jan. 22. 1796; d. Nov. 21, 1829, in Phila. ; m. Nov.
12, 1818, Henry Beckett, b. .'Kpril II. 1791; d. Sept. 11. 1871; son of
Sir John Beckett, by wife, Mary Wilson; had issue : Marianna
Beckett, b. April 27, 1820; d. s. p.. May 10, 1849; m. July 10, 1839,
Sir Thomas Whichcote, Baronet; James Beckett, d. y. ; Hamilton
Beckett, b. Oct. 15. 1829; m. Dec. 14, 1854. Hon. Sophia Clarence
Copley, dau. of Baron Lyndhurst; issue; Henry Lyndhurst Beckett, b.
1857; d. 1896; Constance Mary Beckett, b. Nov. 11, 1855; m. Feb.
11, 1880, Hon. Henry Campbell Bruce, now Lord Aberdare. Ellen
Lyle, b. Oct. 21, 1797; d. Feb. 8, 1852; m. Dec. 15, 1818. Hartman
Kuhn. of Phila. (see Kuhn). George Martin Kuhn, ancestor of
Philadelphia family of that name which was prominent in business
and professional life of the city in Colonial days, was a
 528 HAMILTON son of John Kulin, magistrate of
Berwangen, W'iirtembcrg, Germany, who died before November 30,
1676. George Martin Kuhn was Assistant Jurat of the Court at
Fiirfeld, a village on the Neckar, in Province of Wiirtemberg. He
married at Fiirfeld, November 30, 1676, Barbara, daughter of
Frederick Ponmes, a Justice of the Peace, at Fiirfeld. A son, John
Christopher, was born to them at Fiirfeld, December 16, 1684. John
Christopher Kuhn, born at Fiirfeld, Wiirtemberg, December 16, 1684;
married there, January 31, 1713, Margaret, daughter of Marx
Reichss, deceased, late "a Citizen of Sernum, in Piertrigan, in
Grannbeinden," as recited in the marriage record, on the Register at
Fiirfeld. After 1716 John Christopher Kuhn and his family removed
from Fiirfeld, and in 1719 he became a citizen of Hiitten, under the
jurisdiction of Strasburg, where he continued to reside until 1732. He
received, April 25, 1732, from the Governor and Council of
Strasburg, permission "to leave his place and vassalage and go to
Pennsylvania, in America." He with his family, consisting of his wife
Alargaret, son Adam Simon, aged nineteen, and daughters, Eva
Barbara, aged thirteen, and Anna Maria, aged nine years, embarked
from Rotterdam in the ship, "Hope," and arriving in Philadelphia,
were qualified August 28, 1733. Among the papers in the possession
of the present generation of the family is a receipt for the passage
money on the "Hope," paid in Holland before their embarkation. The
family seem to have located for a time in Germantown, where the
eldest son, Adam Simon, remained until after his marriage, but the
father became a resident of Maiden Creek township, Philadelphia,
(now Berks) county, Pennsylvania, where he died in 1754. He was
naturalized March 28, 1747, and probably took up land in Maiden
Creek at that time, as "Kuhn's Estate" is taxed for land there some
years later. Issue of John Christopher and Margaret (Reichss) Kuhn:
Ad.am Simon, b. Dec. 26, 1713, at Fiirfeld, Germany; d. at
Lancaster, Pa., Jan. 23, 1780; m. Dec. II, 1740, Anna Maria Sabina
Schrack; of whom presently; Anna Rosina, b. Aug. 2, 1716, at
Fiirfeld, Germany; Eva Barbara, b. Aug. 8, 1719, at Hiitten; Anna
Maria, b. Dec. 13, 1722, at Hiitten; Maria Margaretha. b. Aug. 24,
1725, at Hiitten; Maria Catharina, b. July 16, 1728, at Hiitten; Maria
Magdalena, b. Dec. 29, 1731, at Hiitten. Dr. Adam Simon Kuhn was a
resident of Germantown, 1741, when his son Adam was born, and
had probably resided there from the time of his arrival in America,
1733. He removed to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and was naturalized
there, April 8, 1744. He was a physician, described as "a man of
bright natural parts, improved by the benefits of a liberal education,
and was considered a very skillful, attentive and successful
practitioner of Medicine." He was evidently connected in some
manner with the military operations on the frontier in the Indian war
of 1754-6, as he writes to Edward Shippen, Esq., under date of
November 26, 1755, in reference to powder and lead, "as our
company is in need of it at Adam Reed's." Adam Reed was then
Captain of a Lancaster Company of Associators and located "on the
Susquehannah." No roll of this company or of the regiment is in
existence. Dr. Kuhn was probably Surgeon. He was Chief Burgess of
Lancaster, 1749-53; was commossioned a Justice of Lancaster
County
 HAMILTON 529 Courts, 1752-61-64-70. Xamed as one of
the first Committee of Observation and Correspondence of Lancaster
Coimty. December 15, 1774, and a delegate to the Provincial
Convention at Philadelphia, January 23, 1775. He was an elder of
Trinity Lutheran Church, Lancaster, where there is a tablet to his
memory. He was interested in the cause of education, and was the
principal person, actively concerned in the promotion of classical
learning in his county at that period. He procured the erection of a
school house, in which Greek and Latin were taught by the best
qualified masters. He died January 23, 1780. Dr. Adam Simon Kuhn
married, December 11, 1740, Anna Maria Sabina Schrack, who was
born on the high seas, October 26, 1717, while her parents were on
their way to Pennsylvania, and was baptized at Gloria Dei (Old
Swedes) Church, Philadelphia, January 12, 1718. John Jacob and
Eva Rosina Schrack, parents of Mrs. Kuhn, came from Germany,
1717, and soon after settled in Providence township, on the
Perkiomen, in what is now Montgomery county. Mrs. Kuhn died at
Lancaster, 1799. Issue of Dr. Adam Simon and Anna Maria Sabina
(Schrack) Kuhn: Adam Kuhn, M. D.. b. at Germantown, Nov. 17,
1741 ; d. July 5, 1817: m. May 14, 1780, Elizabeth (Hartman)
Markoe: John Kuhn, M. D., b. 1746; d. Lancaster, Pa., Nov. 24, 1810;
graduated Univ. of Pa., 1771: also graduate of Univ. of Edinburgh;
Surgeon Continental Army; m. Susanna ; Johann Frederich Kuhn, b.
Aug. 24, 1748; d. April 2, 1816; graduated Univ. of Pa., 1771;
Surgeon Third Battalion, Penna. Militia, during Revolution; SherifT
Lancaster co., 1789, and Associate Justice Court of Common Pleas;
m. 1782, Sarah Bethel, of Lancaster; Daniel Kuhn, b. Nov. 14. 1750;
entered Univ. of Pa., 1765, graduated 1769; was student at Upsala
Univ., Sewden, 1777, when he was appointed pastor of Swedish
Church, at Christianna, near Wilmington, Del., but died at London,
Eng., without returning to the United States; Peter Kuhn, b. 1751 ;
d. Nov. 27, 1826; graduated Univ. of Pa., 1768; member of the State
of Schuylkill Fishing Company, 1769-1801; merchant in Phila.;
resided corner Tenth and Arch streets; m. Elizabeth, b. 1758, d.
1799, dau. of John Henry Keppele; Maria Sabina Kuhn. b. Sept. 18,
1755; m. James Ross, Esq., of Lancaster; John Jacob Kuhn, b. Oct.
30, 1757: merchant; Hannah Kuhn, b. Nov. 13, 1761; Eve Kuhn, m.
Swope. Dr. Ad.\m Kuhx, born at Germantown, November 17, 1741,
was reared at Lancaster. He studied medicine under his father until
1761, when he sailed for Europe, to take a course at the famous old
University of Upsala, Sweden, where he arrived in January, 1762. He
studied medicine and botany, under Linnaeus, and other professors,
until July or August, 1764, when he proceeded to Edinburgh, taking
his degree of Doctor of ^Medicine at the University of Edinburgh,
June 12, 1767. He visited France, Holland and Germany, and in
January, 1768, returned to Pennsylvania, and took up the practice of
medicine in Philadelphia. He was in correspondence with Linnaeus,
with whom he appears to have been a favorite pupil, during the
remainder of the life of that famous naturalist and botanist, many of
whose letters are still in possession of the family. Dr. Kuhn soon rose
to a position of distinction among the medical fraternity, and
acquired a large and lucrative practice. He was appointed Professor
of Materia Medica and Botany in the College of Philadelphia, January,
1768, and in May, 1775, elected one of the physicians of the
Pennsylvania Hospital, a position
 530 HAMILTON he continued to fill for a period of twenty-
three years. He was appointed physician at the Philadelphia
Dispensary, at its institution in 1786, was one of the active members
of the Philadelphia College of Physicians, and succeeding Dr. William
Shippen as its president at the latter's death in July, 1808, held the
position until he died. He married on the Island of St. Croix, May 14,
1781, Elizabeth (Hartman) Markoe, born August 20, 1755, died
February 25, 17QI, widow of Francis Markoe, and daughter of Isaac
and Margaret Carrell ( Nanton ) Hartman, of that island. Returning to
Philadelphia, Dr. Kuhn continued in his profession until 1815, when
he retired from active practice, and died July 5, 1817. Dr. JCuhn was
appointed Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the
University of Pennsylvania, November, 1789. He was a member of
the American Philosophical Society. Issue of Dr. Adam and Elizabeth
(Hartman-Markoc) Kuhn: Hartman Kuhn, b. Feb. 4, 1784; d. Nov. 6,
i860; m. Dec. 15, 1818, Ellen Lyle; of whom presently ; Charles
Kuhn, b. April 12, 1785; d. Sept. 22, 1842; graduated Univ. of Pa.,
1799; merchant; m. July 28, 1808, Elizabeth Hester Yard; William
Kuhn, b. June 15, 1789; d. June 28, 1789. Hartm.vn Kuhn, eldest
son of Dr. Adam and Elizabeth (Hartman) Kuhn, born February 4,
1784, graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, with the degree
of Bachelor of Arts, class of 1800. He was one of the original
members of the company raised by Col. Clement C. Biddle, May 26,
1813, known as the "State Fencibles ;" and became captain of the
same in 1814-15 ; was one of the committee appointed in 1813 to
prepare a pkn of defense for the harbor and ports of the river
Delaware. A member of the American Philosophical Society, and a
trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, from 1836 until his death,
November 6, i860. He married, December 15, 1818, Ellen, whose
father, James Lyle, was born in Ireland, October 25, 1765, and
settled in Philadelphia, where he married, October 17, 1792, Ann,
daughter of Andrew and Abigail (Franks) Hamikon, of Philadelphia.
Mr. Lyle was a merchant and senior member of the firm of Lyle &
Newman. He had two daughters, Mary, married Henry, son of Sir
John Beckett, and Ellen, married Hartman Kuhn. Mrs. Kuhn was born
October 21, 1797, died February 8, 1852. Issue of Hartman and
Ellen (Lyle) Kuhn: Marv, b. Oct. 5, 1819; d. Nov. 6, 1886; m. Feb. 3,
1842, her cousin, Hartman Kuhn, son of' Charles and EHzabeth
Hester (Yard) Kuhn; Charles, b. Nov. 2, 1821; d. Oct. 28, 1899, in
Paris, France; m. April 13, 1854, Louisa Catherine, dau. of Charles
Francis Adams; lawyer; graduate Univ. of Pa., 1839; member
American Philosophical Society; Ellen, b. Aug. 13, 1823; d. April 11,
1894: m. April 14, 1846, Manlius Glendour Evans; Elizabeth, b. July
17, 1826; d. April 2, 1830; Rosalie, b. April 23, 1829; d. Dec. 20,
1841 ; Hartman, b. Feb. 22, 1831 ; d. in Rome, in consequence of a
fall from his horse, Jan. 21, 1870; m. April 6, 1865, Grace Morris
Cary; Elizabeth, b. April 24, 1833: d. Oct. 13, 1890; m. July 15,
1856, George Calvert Morris; Sophia, b. June 5. 1835; d. at Bar
Harbor, Me., Oct. 7, 1885; James Hamilton, b. Dec. 2, 1838; d. June
30, 1862; killed in action at the battle of White Oak Swamp, at New
Market Cross Roads, \'a.
 WHARTON FAMILY. The Wharton Family is an ancient and
honorable one tracing back to the time of Edward I, when one of the
family, then known as de Wherton, married a daughter of Philip
Hastings, of Croglin in Cumberland. As showing the association of
these two ancient families, the arms of the Wharton family of
\\^harton Hall, Westmoreland, are very similar to those of the
Hastings family. Thomas Wharton held the manor of Wharton in the
reign of Henry IV. and the succeeding Lords of Wharton Hall held the
manor of Ravenstonedale for one hundred and eighty-seven years.
Thomas, second Lord Wharton, died in the fourteenth year of Queen
Elizabeth's reign and was succeeded by Philip, third Lord Wharton,
who was a partisan of Cromwell. He had a younger son, Henry, who
was a favorite pupil of Isaac Newton. Philip, fourth Lord Wharton,
who died 1695-6, was made \'iscount Winchenden and Earl of
Wharton and finally Marquis of Wharton. The descent of the
Pennsylvania Whartons from the Whartons of Wharton Hall has
never been traced, but Richard Wharton, whose son Thomas came
to Pennsylvania in 1683, was doubtless descended from one of the
younger sons of one of the Lords of Wharton. • Thom.\s Wh.\rton,
son of Richard Wharton, of Kellorth, Parish of Orton or Overton,
Westmoreland, was baptized at All Saints Church, Orton, October 16,
1664, He probably retained his association with the Established
Church until coming to America, but united himself with the Society
of Friends sometime prior to his marriage at Bank Meeting,
Philadelphia, iimo (January) 20, 1688-9, to Rachel Thomas, born in
Monmouthshire, England, September i, 1664. Thomas Wharton
engaged in mercantile business in Philadelphia, and became
prominently identified with the business interests of the city. As a
member of Common Council. October 6, 1713, he gave an active
attendance and interest in the work of that body until his death, July
3, 1718. He was a successful business man and left a considerable
estate. He and his wife were regular attendants at the Friends
Meeting. Issue of Thomas and Rachel ( Thomas j Wharton: Joseph,
b. Nov. 21, 1689; bur. July 24, 1690; Richard, d. March 5, 1691 ;
unm. ; Mary, b. 1696: d. Jan. 10, 1763; unm.; James ; Thomas, m.
(first) Sept. 12, 172S. Mary Curry, who d. 1730, (second) widow of
Richard Grafton ; Rachel, d. Aug. 7, 1735; unm.; John, m. Nov. 2,
1727, Mary Dobbins: of whom presently; Joseph, b. Aug. 4. 1707;
buried July 27, 1776; m. (first) Hannah Carpenter, (second) Hannah
Ogden, nee Owen. John Wharton, seventh child of Thomas and
Rachel (Thomas) Wharton, removed to the town of Chester, where
he followed the trade of a saddler for a number of years. He served
as Coroner of Chester county for the years 1730-37.
 532 WHARTON He married, November 2, 1727, Mary,
daughter of James Dobbins, of Philadelphia, where she was born in
1696. After the death of her husband she returned to Philadelphia
and died there January 10, 1763. Issue of John and Mary (Dobbins)
Wharton: James, b. 1732; buried May 4, 1785; was Sheriff of Colony
in Schuylkill, 1760; m. (first) Mary Hogg; (second) Christiana Redd;
Thomas, b. 1735; d. May 23, 1778; m. (first) Susannah Lloyd,
(second) Elizabeth Fishbourne; of whom presently; John, b. 1737; d.
Oct. 22, 1799; m June 24, 1751, Rebecca Chambless; Rachel, m.
William Crispin; Mary, m. Dec. 23, 1788, Joseph Baxter. Thomas
Wharton Jr., first Governor of Pennsylvania, under the constitution of
1776, was second son of John and Mary (Dobbins) Wharton, and
was born in CThester, 1735. He was probably educated in the city of
Philadelphia, where he served his apprenticeship to mercantile
business with Reese Meredith, a colonial merchant and importer.
Soon after arriving at his majority, he engaged in business for
himself, and by 1762 had become one of the largest importers of
foreign goods in the city, as evidenced by the Custom House bonds.
Sometime after this date he became associated in business with
Anthony Stocker, who died in 1777, under the firm name of Stocker
& Wharton. He prospered in his business undertakings, and became
a prominent figure in the business and social circles of the city in the
prosperous times prior to the Revolution. He became a member of
the "Colony in Schuylkill" in 1760. This unique social organization
was organized in 1732 by a company composed of the ardent
disciples of the piscatorial art, who erected their "castle" on the
banks of the Schuylkill near the falls, where they resorted to fish and
entertain their friends. It became known as the "State in Schuylkill"
in 1781, and was later incorporated under the title of "The Schuylkill
Fishing Company of the State in Schuylkill." On the passage of the
Stamp Act in 1765, Thomas Wharton Jr. with his uncle, Thomas
Wharton Sr., and a number of other members of the family, were
among the earliest signers of the Nonimportation Agreement, and
from that date he was foremost in the protest against the oppressive
measures of the mother country. When the news of the closing of
the port of Boston by the British reached Philadelphia, he was one of
those who hastily gathered in the long room of the City Tavern, May
20, 1774, to confer as to measures of relief for their brethren of New
England, and to devise means of uniting the Colonies in a common
cause against the oppressive measures of the British Parliament, by
the formation of an organization composed of delegates from each
Colony. This historic meeting, after hearing the Boston letter read,
agreed "that a committee be appointed to correspond with the
representatives of our sister Colonies" thereafter known as the
"Committee of Correspondence," who drafted a letter to the Boston
Committee, which letter says Bancroft, the historian, "for the coming
year was to control the councils of America." Thomas Wharton Jr.,
June 22, 1774, with Joseph Reed and John Nixon of the committee,
called upon the Governor to convene the Assembly, and on his
expected refusal, called on the Speaker of the Assembly to request
him to summon the members to meet, August i, to consult upon
public affairs. These measures were the preliminary steps taken by
the direct representatives of the patriotic element of the community
towards taking into their own hands the control of aff^airs of state,
on
The text on this page is estimated to be only 0.00%
accurate

^^^//7^, ^
 IV HART ON 533 failure of the constituted authority to
respond to their call. Thomas Wharton Sr. and Thomas Wharton Jr.
represented Philadelphia in the Provincial Conference of the
representatives of the different counties that met in Philadelphia,
July 15, 1774, and Thomas Wharton Jr. was one of the Committee of
Safety of State of Pennsylvania, named by resolve of the Assembly,
October, 1775, which was the governing body of the State until the
constitution was framed by the convention of August and September,
1776. He was also one of the Delegates to this convention. He was
also named as one of the Council of Safety, of which he was first
president and for five months that intervened before the election of
members of Assembly and Supreme Executive Council, under the
constitution, was acting chief executive of the State and as such did
all in his power to aid in organization and equipment of the militia
that was to aid Washington in the Jersey campaign of 1776-7, and
the preparation for the defense of the City and State. In February,
1777, he was elected a member of the Supreme Executive Council,
and at its organization, March 4, 1777, was elected its president by
the Council and Assembly, George Bryan being elected its Secretary.
On March 5, he was installed into office with impressive ceremonies,
as "His Excellency, Thomas Wharton Junr. Esquire, President of
Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
Captain General and Commander-in-Chief in and over the same."
That Gov. Wharton fully realized the responsibilities he assumed as
Chief Executive of the State at this critical time, is evidenced by a
letter written by him to Gen. Arthur St. Clair, in reference to the
widespread and threatening dissatisfaction with the provisions of the
new constitution among the people of the Province, in which he
says: "True it is, there are many faults which I hope one day to see
remedied ; but it is also true, that if the Government should at this
time be overset, it would be attended with the worst consequences,
not only to this state, but to the whole continent in the opposition
we are making to Great Britain. If a better frame of Government
should be adopted, such an one as would please a much greater
majority than the present one, I should be very happy in seeing it
brought about ; and any gentleman that should be thought by the
public qualified to take my seat, should have my hearty voice for it.
My ardent ambition never led me to expect or ask for it, and if I
have any it is to be thought and to merit the character of an honest
man. I feel myself very inadequate to the station I am in, but some
that were fit for it have either withdrawn themselves entirely, or are
opposing the Government. However as it is in the power of every
man to act with integrity and uprightness, he that does that will at
least have the approbation of his own conscience and merit that of
the public." The lofty sentiments modestly yet firmly expressed in
this letter, marked his administration of the high office he held
through the most trying period of the nation's existence, and while
mistakes were no doubt made in piloting the newly launched and
unwieldly ship of State, the verdict of posterity has been, that Gov.
Wharton administered with honor and integrity the high position of
trust to which the voice of the people of Pennsylvania had called
him. He was re-elected by the Assembly and Council, in their exile at
Lancaster, November 20, 1777, and continued to fill the office of
Chief Executive of the State until his sudden death in the following
May. Never in the history of Pennsylvania has its Chief Executive
been surrounded with greater difficulties than he encountered during
the winter of 1777-8. The
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