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Concept
Expressions of Free Speechvarious rights and freedoms that encompass the
ability to express thoughts, opinions, and artistic creations without
censorship or restraint.
Whistleblower ProtectionsLaws that protect individuals who expose
wrongdoing or illegal activities within organizations, allowing them to
speak out without fear of retaliation.
Freedom of Information LawsLegislation that allows individuals to access
government-held information, promoting transparency and accountability
in public institutions.
Freedom to Criticize GovernmentThe right to openly criticize government
actions and policies without fear of reprisal, which is essential for
democratic accountability.
Protest and AssemblyThe right to gather peacefully and express dissenting
opinions in public spaces, which is a fundamental aspect of free speech
and democratic engagement.
Defamation LawsWhile free speech is protected, laws against defamation
help balance the right to speak freely with the need to protect individuals
from false statements that could harm their reputation.
Civic EngagementEncouraging individuals to participate in public
discourse and community decision-making, fostering a culture of open
dialogue and expression.
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Academic Freedomthe principle that allows scholars and students to
engage in research and discussion without fear of censorship or political
interference.
Public discoursethe exchange of ideas and opinions on public issues, often
challenged by suppression and misinformation.
International Human Rights FrameworkVarious international treaties and
declarations, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, affirm
the right to free speech as a fundamental human right.
Public Interest DefenseA legal concept that allows individuals to defend
their speech if it serves the public interest, even if it is controversial or
offensive.
Censorship Resistancethe principle of opposing censorship efforts to
protect the right to express diverse viewpoints and access information
freely.
Public Speechthe act of speaking publicly, often in a formal context, to
convey information or opinions.
Counter-SpeechThe practice of responding to harmful or offensive speech
with more speech, promoting dialogue and understanding rather than
censorship.
censorship-resistant communication and storagea document storage system
designed to be highly available and robust against targeted censorship.
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Social Media PoliciesGuidelines that promote free expression while
balancing the need to prevent harassment and misinformation on social
media platforms.
Educational materialsresources used for teaching and learning, which are
being suppressed in various contexts.
Hate Speech Protectionslegal safeguards that uphold the right to express
controversial or offensive speech, essential for democratic discourse.
Free Exercise Clausea clause in the First Amendment that provides that
Congress shall make no law prohibiting the free exercise of religion.
Political SpeechThis type of speech is particularly protected under free
speech laws, as it is essential for democratic participation and the
functioning of a healthy political system.
Public Forum DoctrineA legal principle that protects speech in public
spaces, ensuring that individuals can express their views in areas
traditionally open to public discourse.
Non-Discrimination in SpeechThe principle that all individuals should
have equal rights to express their opinions, regardless of their background,
beliefs, or affiliations.
Marketplace of IdeasThis concept suggests that the best way to determine
the truth is through the free exchange of ideas in a competitive
environment, where all viewpoints can be expressed and debated.
First Amendment Rightsthe rights guaranteed by the First Amendment to
the U.S. Constitution, encompassing the freedom of speech and
expression.
right to FoTthe right that receives absolute protection under international
human rights law.
Right of assemblyprotects non-violent, organized, temporary gatherings in
public and private, both indoors and outdoors.
membership concealmentthe concept of a network that hides the real-
world identities of participants, required for censorship resistance.
Civil libertiesthe personal freedoms that protect individuals from
government overreach, which are being attacked in several countries.
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rights not to reveal one's thoughtsthe right to keep one's thoughts private
and not disclose them.
not to have one's thoughts manipulatedthe right to be free from external
influences that alter one's thoughts.
censorship goalsthe objectives of adversaries who aim to control or limit
access to information on the Internet.
plausible deniabilitythe condition where network participants have no easy
way to determine what content they are storing locally.
not to be penalized for one's thoughtsthe right to not face consequences for
one's thoughts.
clear and present danger testa legal standard that government could not
restrict speech unless it posed a known, immediate threat to public safety.
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Source
"While broadly supporting the case of free speech the authors remind users of free speech to exercise self-restraint.", "Similarly, there is a d
Dhavan & Aparna Ray 2006"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; o
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redre"Quinterrion
details the many places and situations where freedom of speech and expression are currently under attack, both on and off-line, in the Unite
the world.", "We argue that allowing high-tech surveillance and censorship of the internet carries with it far too many negative consequenc
expression and that in many cases, measures attempting to halt fake news as currently formulated will lead inevitably to more censorship."U
2022"When an employee voices his concerns over certain issues internal to the organization he/she is exercising a right to freely voice matt
"important for the organization to look into."Rusniah Ahmad & Roos Niza Mohd Shariff 2009"To lose freedom of thought (FoT) is to lose
democracy and our very selves.", "The paper argues that the domain of the right to FoT should be extended to include external actions that
constitutive of thought, including internet searches and diaries, hence shielding them with absolute protection."S. McCarthy-Jones 2019"Th
religion means, first and foremost, the right to believe and profess whatever religious doctrine one desires.", "The freedom to hold religious
is absolute.Keywords: compelled disclosure; Conscience; Free Exercise Clause; Freedom; freedom of belief; freedom of conscience; freedo
Freedoms; religious freedom"I. Dimitrakopoulos 2007"This distribution of power, or lack thereof, of power offends one of the bedrock prin
nation was built—the right to free speech.", "As this Article will discuss, free speech is a principle we as a nation should work to promote g
when it is convenient."Joseph Best 2020"Freedom of thought includes freedom of conscience, religion, and belief.", "Freedom of expressio
of opinion and freedom of information."D. McGoldrick 2017"I argue that limits to freedom of expression in and around the workplace dim
individual rights as employees, but individual effectiveness as citizensas-participants in the civic conversations that make democracy wor
the legal status of expression at work in the U.S., develop an argument for freer speech on and off the job, and suggest legal and manageria
expand workplace freedom of expression."B. Barry 2007"Freedom of Expression and Freedom of the Media 4.", "The Right to Reputation
2008"The Council reminds „the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelationing of all human rights and fundamental freed
acknowledges the need for promoting and protecting these rights in the context of the fight against terrorism, but affirms especially the pro
the freedom of opinion and freedom of speech, the right to privacy respect – domicile and correspondence, the protection of honour, reputa
one’s own image – for all persons.", "For this purpose it identifies principles, clarifies standards and good practices of the protection of the
family life."Adriana Nicoleta Odinã 2015
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"Specifically, the American Academy of Nursing:•Opposes political interference in evidence-based sexual and reproductive health care, ed
research;•Opposes the harassment and censorship of students and their faculty advisors who seek to understand and study the impact of leg
on individual and community health outcomes related to restriction of reproductive choice or SRH services;•Supports university faculty an
to 1) discuss issues of sexual and reproductive health and abortion in the classroom, and 2) provide instruction in clinical sites that provide
and reproductive health services;•Supports faculty and students’ freedom to engage in scholarship and research activities related to sexual a
health, including abortion; and•Supports faculty and students’ freedom from restriction in pursuit of education and clinical training related
unintended pregnancy prevention and sexual and reproductive healthcare.", "The American Academy of Nursing opposes attempts by polit
academic administrators to regulate instruction and research related to sexual and reproductive health based on ideology rather than princip
freedom and practice or education standards related to sexual and reproductive health."Diana L. Taylor 2017"The academy has responded t
political interference with the patient–provider relationship, ethical and evidence-based standards of care, and women's access to safe and q
the following:•Participating in an amicus brief to the U.S. Supreme Court opposing a deceptive Texas law requiring medically unnecessary
clinical practice: Read the amicus brief of the American Nurses Association/academy and the academy's press release from June 27, 2016 a
Supreme Court of the United States decision to reject Texas HB2.•Speaking out about how political interference with SRH care harms wom
the academy's President Berkowitz, “Examining What's at Stake: The Supreme Court, Nurses and Abortion Care Provision” published in H
Health (February 22, 2016 and quotes from health professionals on political interference in clinical practice [politics over quality health car
political interference in the title X family planning program and fully supported proposed Department of Health and Human Services rules
regulations that align title X requirements with established Medicaid/Medicare criteria for qualified providers based on professional and fac
practice and licensing.", "Since this posting, growing national attention has brought issues regarding political interference in academic freed
of the national conversation on SRH health care research, practice, and the education of the next generation of health care providers."Diana
May 1992 Washington Post interview during which she was quoted as saying, "If black people kill black people every day, why not have a
people ... so if you're a gang member and you would normally be killing someone, why not kill a white person?"1 Ms. Williamson's appear
inaugurated what was intended to be a series of programs designed to address diversity-related issues and (according to an administrator at
"engage the university community with thought-provoking speakers mat would really give us some opportunity to engage in a dialogue on
related to race and race relations."2 No recordings are known to exist of Ms. Williamson's appearance at the diversity forum, but the conten
apparently created a schism of debate among many students that ranged from unbridled enthusiasm to apprehension and even fear.", "These
instigate rage & encourage the black populous (sic) to commit violent acts against European-Americans based on their (sic) ethnicity.3 The
consider the KKK's request, stating that it was based on "faulty information" that did not reflect the tone of Ms. Williamson's October 2003
campus.4 Much of the university community agreed with the decision to refuse the Ku Klux Klan a forum on campus and seemed comforta
between Ms. Williamson's sometimes controversial rhetoric with the Klan's history of racially-fueled violence."John S. Greenup 2005
"From the simple dissemination of information to the suppression of educational materials, and the prosecution of individuals for speech an
discourse has become far more dangerous.", "From the simple dissemination of information to the suppression of educational materials, and
individuals for speech and expression, public discourse has become far more dangerous."Unknown author 2022
Language model
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"It is designed to resist attacks from very powerful adversaries, who are willing to shut down large sections of the Internet in order to accom
censorship goals.", "Finally, we show through theoretical analysis and simulation that the complete system, while imposing a factor of 10 s
tolerate node failure rates up to 70% while retaining the ability to route messages and retrieve every stored file with probability 99.9999866
volume of stored content is on the order of hundreds of exabytes."Nicholas Hopper 2010
"Public Speech 5.", "The Right to Reputation 3."Dario Milo 2008
Language model
"The result of this work is a document storage system which is highly available and robust to targeted censorship.", "We formalize the conc
concealment, show that it is required for censorship resistance, discuss a number of attacks against existing systems, and present real-world
results."Nicholas Hopper 2010
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Language model
"From the simple dissemination of information to the suppression of educational materials, and the prosecution of individuals for speech an
discourse has become far more dangerous.", "In Hungary, artists and playwrights are under attack."Unknown author 2022
"Examining the cartoon controversy which ignited violent protests and ban in various coutnries, this article examines the contours of "hate
legal systems.", "While broadly supporting the case of free speech the authors remind users of free speech to exercise self-restraint."Rajan D
Ray 2006"Permitting a public university the authority to censor ideas and opinions they consider repugnant-even hateful-is inappropriate fr
educational perspective.", "They presented a letter that apparently demanded the KKK be afforded the same opportunity to address the univ
was provided for Ms. Williamson, and asserted (in part) that: Such statements as blacks are at war with whites onley (sic) promotes racism
communitys (sic)..."John S. Greenup 2005
"The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, which has been made applicable to the states by incorporation into the Fourteenth Ame
that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.", "The free exercise of reli
foremost, the right to believe and profess whatever religious doctrine one desires."I. Dimitrakopoulos 2007
Language model
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Language model
"These remarks onley (sic) instigate rage & encourage the black populous (sic) to commit violent acts against European-Americans based o
ethnicity.3 The university refused to consider the KKK's request, stating that it was based on "faulty information" that did not reflect the to
Williamson's October 2003 presentation on campus.4 Much of the university community agreed with the decision to refuse the Ku Klux Kl
campus and seemed comfortable in distinguishing between Ms. Williamson's sometimes controversial rhetoric with the Klan's history of ra
violence.", "In a May 1992 Washington Post interview during which she was quoted as saying, "If black people kill black people every day
week and kill white people ... so if you're a gang member and you would normally be killing someone, why not kill a white person?"1 Ms.
appearance at the university inaugurated what was intended to be a series of programs designed to address diversity-related issues and (acco
administrator at the university), "engage the university community with thought-provoking speakers mat would really give us some opportu
dialogue on some difficult issues related to race and race relations."2 No recordings are known to exist of Ms. Williamson's appearance at t
but the content of her presentation apparently created a schism of debate among many students that ranged from unbridled enthusiasm to ap
fear."John S. Greenup 2005"The framers of the Bill of Rights understood the importance of free expression and protected it under the First
“Congress shall make no law. . . abridging the freedom of speech.”", "During the Civil War, thousands of antiwar protestors were arrested o
First Amendment did not protect disloyal speech."Unknown author 2010
"Accordingly, the right to FoT receives absolute protection under international human rights law.", "The paper argues that the domain of th
be extended to include external actions that are arguably constitutive of thought, including internet searches and diaries, hence shielding the
protection."S. McCarthy-Jones 2019
"The right of assembly protects non-violent, organized, temporary gatherings in public and private, both indoors and outdoors.", "Freedom
freedom of conscience, religion, and belief."D. McGoldrick 2017
"A major building block of our system is membership concealment — the idea of a network that hides the real-world identities of participa
the concept of membership concealment, show that it is required for censorship resistance, discuss a number of attacks against existing syst
real-world attack results."Nicholas Hopper 2010
"In Hungary, artists and playwrights are under attack.", "India, Egypt, Brazil and Turkey are notable for their attacks on universities, the int
media, social media and civil liberties."Unknown author 2022
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"After discussing contemporary threats to FoT, and recent developments in our understanding of thought that can inform the development o
considers three elements of the right; the rights not to reveal one's thoughts, not to be penalized for one's thoughts, and not to have one's tho
"The paper argues that the domain of the right to FoT should be extended to include external actions that are arguably constitutive of thoug
searches and diaries, hence shielding them with absolute protection."S. McCarthy-Jones 2019
"After discussing contemporary threats to FoT, and recent developments in our understanding of thought that can inform the development o
considers three elements of the right; the rights not to reveal one's thoughts, not to be penalized for one's thoughts, and not to have one's tho
"The paper argues that the domain of the right to FoT should be extended to include external actions that are arguably constitutive of thoug
searches and diaries, hence shielding them with absolute protection."S. McCarthy-Jones 2019
"It is designed to resist attacks from very powerful adversaries, who are willing to shut down large sections of the Internet in order to accom
censorship goals.", "Finally, we show through theoretical analysis and simulation that the complete system, while imposing a factor of 10 s
tolerate node failure rates up to 70% while retaining the ability to route messages and retrieve every stored file with probability 99.9999866
volume of stored content is on the order of hundreds of exabytes."Nicholas Hopper 2010
"Network participants who contribute storage enjoy plausible deniability, in that they have no easy way to determine what content they are
major building block of our system is membership concealment — the idea of a network that hides the real-world identities of participants.
2010
"After discussing contemporary threats to FoT, and recent developments in our understanding of thought that can inform the development o
considers three elements of the right; the rights not to reveal one's thoughts, not to be penalized for one's thoughts, and not to have one's tho
"As such, this paper draws on law and psychology to consider what the right to FoT should be in the twenty-first century."S. McCarthy-Jon
"The test was straightforward: government could not restrict speech unless it posed a known, immediate threat to public safety.", "Freedom
become a subject of important court cases until the twentieth century when the Supreme Court announced one of the most amous principles
law, the clear and present danger test."Unknown author 2010
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