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Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of
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Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

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Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 POLITICAL LEADERS AND THEIR ASSESSMENT

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND ITS

SIGNIFICANCE IN A TIME OF TROUBLES
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 POLITICAL LEADERS AND THEIR ASSESSMENT

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 POLITICAL LEADERS AND THEIR ASSESSMENT

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND ITS

SIGNIFICANCE IN A TIME OF TROUBLES

ANNA L. LARSEN
EDITOR
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

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 Copyright © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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Political leadership and its significance in a time of troubles / editor,

Anna L. Larsen.
p. cm.
Includes index.
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Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 Japanese Conservative Views on Foreign Policy: The Defensive
Nature of Japan‘s Wars 1
Hiroshi Kaihara
Chapter 2 Lights and Shadows of Political Leadership: A Review of the
Literature and a Research Agenda 23
Beatriz Junquera and Esteban Fernández
Chapter 3 If the Market is so Efficient, Why Do We Need Leadership?
Reflections on Corporate Mismanagement 47
Matt Vidal
Chapter 4 Multi-Polar Leadership – Success in Nam Puoi Village
Resettlement, Vietnam 69
Pham Thi Bich Ngoc and Anders Hjort-af-Ornas
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Chapter 5 Japan‘s Historic 2009 Elections: Implications for U.S. Interests 87

Weston S. Konishi
Chapter 6 Iran‘s 2009 Presidential Elections 103
Casey L. Addis
Chapter 7 Party Leaders in the House: Election, Duties and Responsibilities 117
Valerie Heitshusen
Chapter 8 The Speaker of the House: House Officer, Party Leader, and
Representative 121
Valerie Heitshusen
Chapter 9 The Role of the House Minority Leader: An Overview 135
Walter J. Oleszek
Chapter 10 The Role of the House Majority Leader: An Overview 149
Walter J. Oleszek
Index 163

Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 PREFACE

Political leadership is defined as ―one that has been democratically elected and is a
representative vulnerable to re-election, who works inside and is influenced by a legal and
constitutional framework.‖ This book presents and discusses varied topics on global political
leadership such as the Japanese conservative views of foreign policy; a look at the roles of the
U.S. Speaker of the House, and the House Minority and Majority leaders; Iran's 2009
Presidential elections; corporate scandals and its relationship to political leadership; multi-
polar leadership in Vietnam, and a review of the most relevant academic literature on political
leadership.
Chapter 1 - Japanese conservatives are getting lauder and influential in politics.
Newspapers and magazineshave been reporting their views sporadically. But it is rare to deal
with their most distinctive view; that is, their views on the nature of Japan‘s wars before and
during the Second World War. This issue of the interpretations of Japan‘s wars is not totally a
matter of the past; it is related to a matter of the present. Conservatives firmly believe that
China uses the so-called history issue to divide Japanese public opinions so that Japan cannot
adopt more active foreign and defense policy. Their gut feeling seems to be supported by
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

evidence. Peter Hays Greis and his co-authors has concluded in their latest article that the
more Japanese students―recognized the negative impact of their past colonization of
Manchuria and Korea, the less they perceived threat from China or South Korea and the less
they advocated for tougher foreign policies‖ (2008, p. 263). Due to the negative
interpretations of Japan‘s war, Japan still does not admit her state right of collective self-
defense. Without it she cannot participate in any military operations under the aegis of the
United Nation or an international coalition such as the 2003 Iraqi War. And it is not clear that
Japan can handle with China militarizing with a double digit increase of military budget every
year and North Korea developing nuclear-weapon and missiles without it. Moreover, such a
divided and immobilized Japan is an interest for America and Europe: they will lose a polar
force which can counter China, Russia and North Korea in Far East. Then conservatives
believe that Japan and the Japanese cannot revive unless they overcome the negative
interpretations of Japan‘s wars.
Chapter 2 - The aim of this chapter is to review the most relevant academic literature on
political leadership. To this end, materials in which this issue appears explicitly in the centre
of the debate will be used. There are many and very diverse issues analyzed on this matter. A
first aspect on which the debate is supported is the following. Are the classical leadership
models useful to analyze the political one? Based on this, it is necessary to go deeply into a

Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 viii Anna L. Larsen

lot of other issues: What are the challenges of political leadership in times of changes and
crisis? How can author measure its quality and effectiveness, and more specifically, when
does political leadership lead to conflict and when to compromise? Is there a unique type of
political leadership? What defines the charismatic leader? Must political leadership go hand
in hand with ethical behaviours? What happens when this is not so and, more specifically,
when political leadership induces behaviours that beyond opportunism, even generate a
destructive aim? Would this be the exclusive responsibility of the leader or is this also
responsibility of his context? What are the characteristics that define the political leader
(speeches, gesture, personality traits, experience, etc)? Although there is no doubt about the
leader‘s influence, what can affect him/her? That is, which factors (socio-demographic,
ethnic-cultural, institutional and organizational contexts, national culture, voter
characteristics, etc.) affect him/her? On the other hand, what is the utility of the models
elaborated for the analysis of political leadership in the world of business? These are the
issues that raise interest today with respect to political leadership and which will be discussed
in this work. From the review of the literature relevant conclusions are drawn. First, political
leadership has already achieved remarkable contributions from researchers. Moreover, this
area of research is expanding clearly and that raises interest inside and outside the academic
world. Nevertheless, there is still a lot of work to be done so that the literature on political
leadership reaches its critical mass. After the review, this work finishes with the development
of an agenda about those issues still hardly dealt with.
Chapter 3 - As a result of two recent waves of corporate scandals – the Enron accounting
scandals and the subprime mortgage crisis – millions of unwitting victims have lost their jobs,
homes and/or retirement savings; hundreds of billions in taxpayer money has been spent on
bailouts; and tens of trillions in paper wealth has evaporated. The prevailing analysis of these
scandals is that there was a crisis in corporate leadership. Yet, the core aspects of the free
market doctrine – most notably, the institutionalized worship of private enterprise and profit –
have survived largely intact. The leadership analysis is correct that managerial discretion is of
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

fundamental importance. But leadership is a construct that is ambiguous, symbolic, and

romantic, one that individualizes the complex, organizationally and institutionally shaped
process of management. Far more than a problem of individual ethics, the corporate scandals
were driven by an institutional environment that not only celebrates the single-minded pursuit
of self-interest, in general, but one that structurally encouraged mismanagement. The
structural context included enormous pools of money for investment in a financialized
economy, norms of obscene individual compensation, extreme pressures to perform, and
specific pressures to adopt questionable practices due to competitive mimesis.
Chapter 4 - The decentralization process in Vietnam stresses stakeholder participation. A
new leadership style is then needed, one that replaces traditional top-down management. This
study of a voluntary resettlement of Nam Puoi village in northern Vietnam puts the policy to a
test.
The process supporting villagers‘ request combined natural disaster relief and
development with support from administrations trained in the Sida-financed Chia Se Poverty
Alleviation Program. As expected, the involved administrations were trained in stakeholder
interaction, bottom-up, and rights based approaches. Yet, put in action, the resettlement
process revealed a range of complications that called for good leadership and new thinking
for involved parties. This learning process involved interaction across stakeholder categories.
Facilitation proved necessary at a point where this communication had come to a deadlock.
Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Preface ix

The result was success for the villagers to shape their new homes along with the experience
for the administration to address issues that are frequent for resettlement projects in an
empowerment style.
The study concludes that multi-polar leadership and participatory interaction process
were crucial factors for the success in Nam Puoi resettlement. This process has involved
collective action linking local community, administrations, and local decision makers that
moves its leadership gravity away from a highly centralized tradition into decentralization.
The success in Nam Puoi was not automatic just because initiative came from the village,
and the Chia Se program offered stakeholder participation. There have been a number of
specific circumstances around even this small project. At the onset, interaction across
stakeholder boundaries was absent. Tackling tension and security threats proved awkward and
interaction even came to a stand-still until proper facilitation was introduced. The ways in
which this obstacle was resolved has lessons of value for scaling-up into other resettlement.
When going into the implementation of decentralization not only for routine administration
management but also for problem-solving, all parties need to show flexibility and courage to
improvise and delegate when confronted with specific concerns. The article addresses one
case where a multi-polar leadership has been effective.
Chapter 5 - In a historic landslide victory, on August 30, 2009, Japan‘s largest opposition
party, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), ousted the main ruling party, the Liberal
Democratic Party (LDP), in elections for control over Japan‘s Lower House of parliament.
The LDP has had almost continuous control of the Japanese government since 1955 and has
been a staunch supporter of the U.S.-Japan alliance throughout the postwar period. The DPJ,
which includes a mixture of right- and left-leaning members and is led by Yukio Hatoyama, is
now Japan‘s main ruling party. The Diet (Japan‘s parliament) is expected to elect Hatoyama
as Japan‘s new prime minister in a special Diet session scheduled to begin on September 16.
Since 2007, the DPJ has controlled the less powerful Upper House of the Diet, along with two
smaller parties, a coalition that is expected to continue once the DPJ officially takes over the
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

government.
The DPJ policy platform advocates sweeping economic and administrative reforms and
has called for a ―proactive‖ foreign policy with greater ―independence‖ from the United
States through deeper engagement with Asia and a more United Nations-oriented diplomacy.
In particular, the party has in the past criticized many issues related to the U.S.-Japan alliance,
such as plans to realign U.S. forward deployed forces based in Okinawa, Japan‘s ―Host
Nation Support‖ (HNS) payments (worth around $4 billion) that defray much of the costs of
American troops and bases in Japan, and the bilateral Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). In
2007, the DPJ briefly blocked legislation allowing the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
(JMSDF) to continue the refueling of U.S. and allied vessels engaged in Operation Enduring
Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan. For the United States, the most significant of these issues
would be the HNS and base realignment plans.
During the campaign for the Lower House elections, the DPJ showed signs of a more
pragmatic approach toward the U.S.-Japan alliance in order to deflect LDP criticism that it
was not prepared to run the country. The DPJ dropped demands to end the current legislative
authorization for the JMSDF refueling mission in the Indian Ocean, and took a slightly more
ambiguous position regarding the SOFA and other bilateral alliance management issues. The
party‘s call for a U.N. and Asia-oriented diplomacy also appears to fall short of a more
strategic shift to replace the U.S.-Japan alliance with an alternative regional security
Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 x Anna L. Larsen

arrangement. Other signs suggest that the party might indirectly support U.S. foreign policy
interests over the long-term through enhanced Japanese contributions to U.N.-sanctioned
activities, as well as engagement in regional trade institutions and multilateral fora.
Nonetheless, the party remains deeply divided on many foreign policy-related issues and
continues to send conflicting signals about its overall approach toward the United States.
While a political changeover in Tokyo represents a watershed moment for Japan and
potentially for U.S.-Japan relations, the extent to which there will be significant policy
changes in Tokyo remains uncertain. It is not clear whether some of the DPJ‘s past criticism
of the U.S.-Japan alliance and other LDP-backed policies was the result of opposition party
politicking or more fundamental policy principles that will be implemented now that the party
is coming to power. The DPJ faces daunting political and economic challenges at home that
many see as a higher priority for the party than its proposals for adjusting the structure of the
U.S.-Japan alliance.
This report analyzes the DPJ‘s policy platform and reviews the implications for U.S.
strategic and economic interests now that the party and its coalition allies are set to take
control of the Japanese government in the wake of the August 30 parliamentary elections.
Chapter 6 - On June 12, 2009, following a heated campaign between reformist candidate
Mir Hussein Musavi and incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iranians turned out in
record numbers to vote in the presidential election. Shortly after the polls closed, the Interior
Minister announced that President Ahmadinejad had been reelected by a 62% margin. The
announcement was followed by allegations of vote rigging and election fraud and prompted
supporters of leading reformist candidate Mir Hussein Musavi and others to hold public
demonstrations in several major cities of a size and intensity unprecedented since the Iranian
Revolution of 1979.
Despite a government ban on unauthorized public gatherings, protests reportedly have
continued since the election. Restrictions on foreign and domestic journalists, reported
disruptions of mobile phone networks, limited accessibility of some internet sites, mass
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

arrests, and clashes between civilian protestors and Basij forces have garnered international
attention and increased concerns about the Iranian government‘s apparent disregard for
human rights and basic civil liberties.
Regardless of the actual election results, the Supreme Leader Khamenei, along with the
Revolutionary Guard and the Basij, appear determined to impose the election outcome by
force. The government crackdown on protestors appears to be effective, even as smaller
gatherings have continued in Tehran and other major cities. Attention has now focused on the
potential long-term effects of the post-election unrest on Iranian government and society, and
what the outcome might mean for U.S. efforts to resolve the issues of Iran‘s nuclear program,
its support for terrorism, and other national security concerns.
The Obama Administration‘s response has been cautious, but somewhat has hardened as
reports of deaths, injuries, and mass arrests of Iranian citizens have increased. Many
observers believe that President Obama is attempting to balance the need to condemn the
violence against the protestors with the need to avoid the perception of U.S. interference,
which some worry could prompt the Iranian government to clamp down further on freedom of
expression or jeopardize U.S. efforts to engage Iran on the issue of its nuclear program.
Chapter 7 - Each major party in the House has a leadership hierarchy. This report
summarizesthe election, duties, and responsibilities of the Speaker of the House, the majority
andminority leaders, and the whips and whip system. For a listing of all past occupants of
Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Preface xi

congressional party leadership positions, see CRS Report RL30567, Party Leaders in
Congress, 1789-2009.
Chapter 8 - The Speaker of the House of Representatives is widely viewed as
symbolizing the power and authority of the House. The Speaker‘s most prominent role is that
of presiding officer of the House. In this capacity, the Speaker is empowered by House rules
to administer proceedings on the House floor, including the power to recognize Members on
the floor to speak or make motions and the power to appoint Members to conference
committees. The Speaker also oversees much of the non-legislative business of the House,
such as general control over the Hall of the House and the House side of the Capitol and
service as chair of the House Office BuildingCommission. The Speaker‘s role as ―elect of the
elect‖ in the House also places him or her in a highly visible position with the public.
The Speaker also serves not only as titular leader of the House but also as leader of the
majority party conference. The Speaker is often responsible for airing and defending the
majority party‘s legislative agenda in the House.
The Speaker‘s third distinct role is that of an elected Member of the House. Although
elected as an officer of the House, the Speaker continues to be a Member as well. As such the
Speaker enjoys the same rights, responsibilities, and privileges of all Representatives.
However, the Speaker has traditionally refrained from debating or voting in most
circumstances, and does not sit on any standing committee of the House.
Chapter 9 - The House minority leader is head of the ―loyal opposition.‖ The party‘s
nominee for Speaker, the minority leader is elected every two years by secret ballot of his or
her party caucus or conference. The minority leader‘s responsibilities involve an array of
duties. Fundamentally, the primary goal of the minority leader is to recapture majority control
of the House. In addition, the minority leader performs important institutional and party
functions.
From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific
responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XIII, clause 6, grants the minority
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

leader (or his designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; and Rule II,
clause 6, states that the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the
Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader. The minority leader also has other institutional
duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal or congressional entities.
From a party perspective, the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments,
all geared toward retaking majority control of the House. Five principal party activities direct
the work of the minority leader. First, he or she provides campaign assistance to party
incumbents and challengers. Second, the minority leader devises strategies, in consultation
with other partisan colleagues, that advance party objectives. For example, by stalling action
on the majority party‘s agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against
a ―do-nothing Congress.‖ Third, the minority leader works to promote and publicize the
party‘s agenda. Fourth, the minority leader, if his or her party controls the White House,
confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the
Administration‘s agenda, and political events generally. Fifth, the minority leader strives to
promote party harmony so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success.
Chapter 10 - The majority leader in the contemporary House is second-in-command
behind the Speaker of the majority party. Typically, the majority leader functions as the
Speaker‘s chief lieutenant or ―field commander‖ for day-to-day management of the floor.
Although the majority leader‘s duties are not especially well-defined, they have evolved to
Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 xii Anna L. Larsen

the point where it is possible to spotlight two fundamental and often interlocking
responsibilities that orient the majority leader‘s work: institutional and party.
From an institutional perspective, the majority leader has a number of duties. Scheduling
floor business is a prime responsibility of the majority leader. Although scheduling the
House‘s business is a collective activity of the majority party, the majority leader has a large
say in shaping the chamber‘s overall agenda and in determining when, whether, how, or in
what order legislation is taken up. In addition, the majority leader is active in constructing
winning coalitions for the party‘s legislative priorities; acting as a public spokesman—
defending and explaining the party‘s program and agenda; serving as an emissary to the
White House, especially when the President is of the same party; and facilitating the orderly
conduct of the House‘s business.
From a party perspective, three key activities undergird the majority leader‘s principal
goal of trying to ensure that the party remains in control of the House. First, the majority
leader assists in the reelection campaigns of party incumbents by, for example, raising
campaign funds and traveling to scores of House districts to campaign either with incumbents
or challengers of the party. Second, the majority leader promotes the party‘s agenda by
developing themes and issues important to core supporters in the electorate. Third, the
majority leader encourages party cohesion by, for instance, working to minimize internal
factional disagreements that may undermine the majority party‘s ability to govern the House.
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 In: Political Leadership and Its Significance in a Time… ISBN: 978-1-61668-396-2
Editor: Anna L. Larsen © 2011 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Chapter 1

JAPANESE CONSERVATIVE VIEWS ON FOREIGN

POLICY: THE DEFENSIVE NATURE OF JAPAN’S WARS

Hiroshi Kaihara

INTRODUCTION
Japanese conservatives are getting lauder and influential in politics. Newspapers and
magazineshave been reporting their views sporadically. But it is rare to deal with their most
distinctive view; that is, their views on the nature of Japan‘s wars before and during the
Second World War. This issue of the interpretations of Japan‘s wars is not totally a matter of
the past; it is related to a matter of the present. Conservatives firmly believe that China uses
the so-called history issue to divide Japanese public opinions so that Japan cannot adopt more
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

active foreign and defense policy. Their gut feeling seems to be supported by evidence. Peter
Hays Greis and his co-authors has concluded in their latest article that the more Japanese
students―recognized the negative impact of their past colonization of Manchuria and Korea,
the less they perceived threat from China or South Korea and the less they advocated for
tougher foreign policies‖1 (2008, p. 263). Due to the negative interpretations of Japan‘s war,
Japan still does not admit her state right of collective self-defense. Without it she cannot
participate in any military operations under the aegis of the United Nation or an international
coalition such as the 2003 Iraqi War. And it is not clear that Japan can handle with China
militarizing with a double digit increase of military budget every year and North Korea
developing nuclear-weapon and missiles without it. Moreover, such a divided and
immobilized Japan is an interest for America and Europe: they will lose a polar force which
can counter China, Russia and North Korea in Far East. Then conservatives believe that Japan
and the Japanese cannot revive unless they overcome the negative interpretations of Japan‘s
wars.

1
Peter Hays Gries, Qingmin Zhang, Yasuki Masui, and Yong Wook Lee, ―Historical Beliefs and the Perception of
threat in Northeast Asia: colonialism, the tributary system, and China-Japan-Korea relations in the twenty-first
century‖, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific (May 2008), pp. 245-65.

Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 2 Hiroshi Kaihara

Conservatives claim that Japan‘s wars were defensive and challenge a dominant view on
the wars. The dominant view is that Japan‘s wars were aggressive, irrational and brutal. This
is the view propagated by the Tokyo Trial, Japanese history textbooks, and Japanese leftist
and non-Japanese media. There have been published articles which doubt this view. Sir
George Sanson2 and Scott D. Sagan3 argue that Japan‘s decision to go war against America
was not as irrational as it appeared, although they do not argue that Japan‘s wars were neither
aggressive nor brutal. Noam Chomsky,4 Richard H. Minear,5 James B. Crowley6 and Helen
Mears7 are very sympathetic to Japan, although they don‘t say that Japan was not brutal.
Barry Buzan does argue that Japan‘s wars were not exceptionally brutal, although he says that
Japan‘s wars were opportunistic and aggressive. 8Thus there is no article which is written in
English and simultaneously argues that Japan‘s wars were not aggressive, irrational, nor
brutal. This paper is intended to fill the lacunae.
Japanese conservatives argue that Japan was forced to fight the wars to defend her
independence and autonomy .And they argue that the wars‘ decisions were not irrational: they
were made after intense discussions among major policymakers and supported by the pre-war
Japanese people.Moreover, Japan‘s war conducts were not exceptionally brutal: many
accusations and pictures which are alleged to prove her brutality are war propaganda. These
conservative claims are unbelievable for non-Japanese and hard-line leftist Japanese. But
conservatives are serious. Right now, the world seems to dismiss them as fringe.This paper is
to take their claims seriously and to try to see whether there are any reasonable grounds for
them.
Specifically, the paper is to examine their assertions on war propaganda, the setting up of
Manchu state, the war against China, and the war against America. Accusers of Japan have
never mentioned this issue, while conservatives have conducted photographic examinations
on woeful war-time pictures. Most people, whether Japanese and non-Japanese, believe these
pictures and conclude from them that Japan was an aggressors. Thus how these pictures are
produced or/and what exactly they prove are very important issue in this debate. Also the
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

paper is to examine whether Japan had reasonable grounds for self-defense when she decided
to set up the Manchu state, a war against China and a war against America. There are some
conservatives who refute the brutality accusation but argue that Japan could have avoided the
wars which were so destructive. Their argument is a major concern of this paper, and thus the
paper is to assess whether Japan could have avoided the wars by using counterfactual
analysis. 9Especially the paper is to consider whether Japan could have maintained her

2
George Sansom, Sir, ―Japan‘s Fatal Blunder,‖ in Robert J. Art and Kenneth N. Waltz, ed. The Use of Force:
International Politics and Foreign Policy (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1971), pp. 203-15;
3
Scott D. Sagan, ―The Origins of the Pacific War,‖ Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18: 4 (Spring 1988), pp.
893-922.
4
Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York: Pantheon Books, 1967).
5
Richard H. Minear, Victor‟s Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Center for Japanese
Studies, 2001).
6
James B. Crowley, Japan‟s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930-1938 (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1966).
7
Helen Mears, Nobuji Ito, trans., America no Kagami: Nihon [Mirror for Americans: JAPAN] (Tokyo: Kadokawa
Shoten, 2005).
8
Buzan, Barry, ―Japan‘s Future: Old History versus New Roles‖, International Affair (autumn 1988), pp. 557-73.
9
Philip E. Tetlock and Aaron Belkin, ed. Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1996).

Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Japanese Conservative Views on Foreign Policy 3

security and independence had she accepted America‘s diplomatic demands in November
1941.

HISTORIC VIEWS OF THE TOKYO TRIAL

Japan‘s wars before and during the Second World War were aggressive, irrational and
brutal. These views are firmly crystallized in the minds of the Chinese, Koreans, Westerners
and leftist Japanese. The Tokyo Trial concluded that in 1931 Japan ―launched a war of
aggression against China and conquered Manchuria and Jehol. … From 1937 onwards they
continued their aggressive war against China. … [O]n 7thDecember 1941 the
conspiratorslaunched a war of aggression against the United States and the British
Commonwealth.‖ 10And as Minear writes, ―Far from condemning the Soviet Union for its
attack on Japan, the Tokyo majority found Japan guilty of aggression against the Soviet
Union.‖ 11About sixty years later after the trial‘s judgment, former Japanese Prime Minister
Jun‘ichiro Koizumi, who was criticized of playing up nationalism, still embraced this view.
And the Japanese were irrational because they hit an enemy which was probably ten
times stronger than them. 12The New York Times wrote ―sublime insanity‖ when Japan hit
Pearl Harbor. The Los Angeles Time wrote ―the act of a mad dog.‖ The Philadelphia Inquirer
wrote ―an insane adventure that for fatalistic abandon is unsurpassed in the history of the
world.‖ 13About sixty years later after these utterances, Yukio Okamoto, a Japanese diplomat,
still laments the folly of the pre-war Japanese leaders. 14He claims, without elaboration, that
China and Japan would have already established a common economic body if Japan had not
made a reckless decision to invade China.
Finally, the Japanese were brutal. The Nanking Incident is a star evidence for the
Japanese brutality during the war. According to the judgment of the Tokyo Trial, Japanese
solders entered the city of Nanking on 13 December 1937 and committed murders, rapes,
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

robbery and arsons. They were drunken, and indiscriminately killed men, women and
children with no provocations. 15The trial estimates that in the first six weeks after the
Japanese troops occupied the city, the total number of Chinese civilians and war prisoners
who were killed by them in and around the city is more than 200,000. 16After having
occupied, America inculcated the conclusion of the trial in Japanese minds. Its War Guilt
Information Program was intended to implant the sense of guilt about the war in Japanese
minds, and forced a Japanese radio station to broadcast radio programs called ―Shinso ha
Koda [This is the Truth]‖ and ―Shinso Bako [Box of the Truth] from December 9, 1945
to December 4, 1946. 17These programs spread the trial‘s stories about the Naking Incident.

10
Richard H. Minear, Victor‟s Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Center for Japanese
Studies, 2001), p. 195-6.
11
Ibid., p. 135.
12
Sanson, ―Japan‘s Fatal Blunder,‖ p. 203.
13
Quoted in Sagan, ―Origins of the Pacific War,‖ p. 893.
14
Yukio Okamoto and Akihiko Tanaka, ―Sekai ha Chugoku to Kyozondekiruka [Can the World Coexist with
China?],‖ Chuo Koron (August 2008), pp. 26-37, at p. XX.
15
Quoted in Nobukatsu Fujiwara, Jiyu Shugi Shikan towa [What Is the Liberal History View?] (Tokyo: PHP
Bunko, 1997), p. 252.
16
Ibid.
17
Ibid., pp. 242-50.

Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 4 Hiroshi Kaihara

Sixty years after the trial, Japan‘s history textbooks still characterize this incident as a great
massacre and tell the number of the dead as the trial concluded.Tokyo Shoseki‘s [Tokyo
Books] junior high school history textbook tells the number of the dead in this incident is
70,000 to 80,000 for civilians including women and children.If soldiers who abandoned
weapons are included, the number is said to amount to 200,000.Kyouiku Shuppan‘s
[Education Publisher] textbook even speaks for the Chinese government which puts the death
number at 300,000. The Japanese believed these views. That is why they quietly accept post-
war Japanese leaders making apologies every time they went to Asian countries. That is why
they quietly accept their leaders making apologies whenever Asians complain of the issues of
history textbooks, the Yasukuni Shrine, and comfort women.Even those who think Asians‘
accusations are not based on facts accept their accusations, believing that the history issue
will disappear as long as Japan continues to apologize. Alas, no matter how many times Japan
has apologized (i.e., every year in the 1990s),18 the history issue has never disappeared.Indeed
it is getting worse. Meanwhile, the Japanese seriously face history, examine it and are
surprised to find a new history which is very different from the history which their teachers
told them.

WAR PROPAGANDA FOR JAPAN’S BRUTALITY

Katsuichi Honda wrote a book about the Naking incident.19When I was a university
student, I read it and believed it.Pictures which vividly showed burnt Chinese bodies
convinced me that a massacre did happen. Iris Chan wrote a book about the incident.20Her
book became a bestseller in America and greatly contributed to the propagation of the
incident among Americans. Then I am surprised to read Shudo Higashinakano‘s book which
examines these pictures.21He and his colleagues show that some pictures are faked and
unnatural, photographically speaking. For example, two shadows in one picture run in
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

different directions. A shadow of a soldier‘s foot, which must be long because the incident
happened in winter, is short. People who were watching the Japanese soldiers burying
Chinese dead bodies wore summer clothing. And Higashinakano went to the Nationalist
Party‘s library in Taipei, Taiwan, and found the party‘s secret document which shows the
party aimed at foreign presses, such as the New York Times and the Life,to spread war
propaganda in Western countries. 22Books written by conservatives such as Nobukatsu

18
Prime Minister Tanaka apologized on September 25 and 29, 1972; Suzuki on September 26, 1982; Takeshita on
August 25, 1988 and on April 12 and 13, 1989; Kaifu on August 11, 1991; Japanese Emperor on October
1992; Miyazawa on August 10, 1993; Hosokawa on March 20, 1994; Murayama on May 3, 1995; Hashimoto
on November 24, 1996 and on September 4, 1997; Obuchi on November 26, 1998 and on July 8, 1999; Mori
on October 13, 2000; Koizumi on October 8, 2001. Ma Lichen observes that the Chinese seem to think that the
Japanese have never apologized despite Japan apologized 21 times. See his article ―Nashonarizumu no
Chokoku ga Saidai no Kadaida [Transcending Nationalism is the Biggest Task],‖ Chuo Koron (August 2004),
p. 127.
19
Katsuichi Honda, Nankin heno Michi [Road to Nanking] (Tokyo: Asahi Shimbunsha, 1989).
20
Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (New York: Basic Book, 1997).
21
Higashinakano Shudo, Kobayashi Susumu, and Fukunaga Shinjiro, Nankin Jiken: Shoko Shashin o Kensho suru
(Analyzing “the Photographic Evidence” of Nanking Massacre) (Tokyo: Soshisha, 2005).
22
Higashinakano Shudo, Nankin Jiken: Kokuminto Gokuhi Bunsho kara Yomitoku (Nanking Incident: Reading
Nationalist Party‟s Top Secret Documents) (Tokyo: Soshisha, 2006), p. 15.

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 Japanese Conservative Views on Foreign Policy 5

Fujioka,23 Naoki Komuro24 and Shouichi Watanabe25 forced me to reconsider my judgment

on the incident.
What exactly happened in December 1937 in the city of Naking? 26Are the accusations
against Japanese brutality in the city true? One accusation made by the New York Times is
not true. On December 9, 1937, Japanese Commander Matsui recommended a Chinese
commander who was responsible for the defense of the city to surrender. The Japanese waited
until 1:00 p.m. of the next day and received no response. Immediately the Japanese started a
war. They fought heavy battles at a mountain and a plateau outside the city. Two days later,
the Japanese surrounded the city. Although he pledged Chiang Kaishek to defend the city to
death, the Chinese commander quickly fled.High-ranking Chinese soldiers also fled from the
northern and northwestern gates of the city. And they closed the gates from outside so that
Chinese citizens and remaining soldiers couldn‘t get out of the city. 27The number of boats
floating at the YangtzuRiver was limited. Thus the high-ranking officers wanted to secure
boats for themselves and their families.In the city, shootings happened among Chinese
solders: one side was fleeting soldiers and the other side was soldiers who were ordered to
prevent the escape. The result was a mount of dead bodies at the northwestern gate, reaching
two meters high. But Tillman Durdin of the New York Time reported that it was the Japanese
who killed all these Chinese soldiers. And he went on to claim that the Japanese left them as
a warning. As Higashinakano shows, the Nationalist Party‘s secret document specifically
named Durdin as a target. 28Durdin mistakenly reported this horror as a Japanese deed due to
Nationalist war propaganda activities.
Similarly many reports about the Japanese brutality in the incident are dubious. The
Tokyo Trial found that the Japanese troops committed murders, rapes, robberies and arsons
after they entered the city .One of examples is Xu Chuanyin, a Chinese civilian, who testified
at the trial a story which he heard from a Chinese boatman. According to his testimony, two
Japanese soldiers raped daughters in the boat. The family, which was composed of the
daughters, their father, and a husband of one of the daughters, committed suicides by jumping
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

in the sea after the rapes. But as Justice Radhabinod Paar wondered, why couldn‘t three brave
and honorable Chinese men (i.e., the father, the husband and the boatman) who died to defend
their family‘s honor fight against two Japanese? 29They could have hit the Japanese heads
when the latter were raping their daughters Another example is John Magee, an American
pastor, who testified more than hundred cases of Japanese atrocities. But when a defense
lawyer asked him whether he directly witnessed the atrocities, he answered that he witnessed
only one case. 30How did Magee collect these accusations? Tokuyasu Fukuda, a Japanese
consul at Nanking at the time of the incident, remembered what was going on in an office of
the International Committee which supervised the Safe Zone in the city of Nanking.Magee
was working in the office, and one Chinese young after another came to him every day. The

23
Fujiwara, Jiyu Shugi Shikan.
24
Naoki Komuro and Shouichi Watanabe, Fuin no Showashi [Sealed Showa History] (Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten,
1995).
25
Shouichi Watanabe, Showa History by Shouichi Watanabe (Tokyo: WAC, 2003).
26
The following accounts on the Naking incident rely on Fujioka, Jiyu Shugi Shikan, pp. 281-7: Ikuhiko Hata,
Yugamerareru Nihon Gendaishi [Distorted Japanese Modern History] (Tokyo: PHP Kenkyusho, 2006).
27
Fujioka, Jiyu Shugi Shikan, p. 285.
28
Higashinakano, Kokuminto, p. 45.
29
Fujioka, Jiyu Shugi Shikan, p. 236.
30
Ikuhiko Hata, NankinJiken [Nanking Incident], enlarged ed. (Tokyo: Chukou Shinsho, 2007), p. 35.

Political Leadership and its Significance in a Time of Troubles, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 6 Hiroshi Kaihara

Chinese told him, ―the Japanese soldiers are gang-raping a 15 to 16 year-old girl,‖ or ―a group
of Japanese soldiers are robbing goods at the Pacific Street.‖ 31And Magee and others were
typing these claims without questioning.Fukuda was surprised and protested Magee and
others, ―Wait a minute!Don‘t type them without scrutiny.‖ And Fukuda took them to places
where the Japanese crimes allegedly happened, and found that there were no civilians living
or traces of crimes.72.7 % of the evidences of the trial were hearsay of this kind.32
The Japanese did kill the Chinese in the Naking City in December 1937. But the issue is
the nature of the killing. They were accused of wanton killings of hundreds of thousands of
Chinese.Did they really do that? An important point is that they were fighting a war in
China.Killings which were necessary or inevitable for military goals must be distinguished
from those which were not. The latter can be rightly condemned, but the former cannot. Most
accusers of Japanese war conducts in China do not make this distinction. Take as an example
a case of shootings at a place called Xiaguan between the Yangtze River and a northwestern
gate of the city on December 13, 1937. Driven by the Japanesesoldiers, the Chinese soldiers
abandoned their weapons, ride on boats on the Yangtze River and tried to flee.The Japanese
were shooting at about 10,000 such Chinese.Yutaka Yoshida called the shootings as a
massacre. 33But many wonder whether shooting at fleeing enemies is a common war practice
in the world. 34Even if this shooting is illegal, the Allied Powers‘ soldiers did the same thing.
In February 1943, their airplanes were shooting at Japanese sailors who were floating at the
Sea of Bismarck. 35The Japanese are wondering why their war crimes are intensely criticized
while the Allied Powers‘ not .Don‘t international humanitarian laws apply to both the winner
and the loser of a war alike?
The Chinese commander should have surrendered and opened the city for the Japanese
troops. Instead he fled without giving any instruction to his soldiers.So they wore civilian
clothes and intermingled among Chinese civilians in the Safe Zone in the city. John H.D.
Rabe, a German and chairman of the International Committee, should have delivered them to
the Japanese. Instead they hide them.So the Japanese started to hunt them among houses in
Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

the zone .But it was hard to distinguish soldiers and civilians. Thus the Japanese solders
indiscriminately captured Chinese men of fighting age and executed them. The Seventh
Regiment of Kanazawa proudly reported, ―6,670 defeated enemies stubbed to death.‖
36
Among them were probably included Chinese male civilians who were mistaken to be

31
Fujioka, Jiyu Shugi Shikan, p. 237.
32
Ibid., p. 232.
33
Quoted by Fujioka, Jiyu Shugi Shikan, p. 294. Yoshida also concluded that the shootings were at Chinese
civilians as well as Chinese soldiers. See, his Tenno no Guntai to Nankin Jiken [Emperor‘s Military and
Naking Incident], (Tokyo: Aoki Shoten, 1985), p. 113. But how did he reach this conclusion? He was born in
1954 and did not witness the shootings. Thus he had to rely on other people who witnessed or heard about the
shootings. He brought up in his 1985 book four people who directly witnessed the shootings and two people
who heard about the shootings. The four witnesses wrote about the shootings in their diary. All of them used
the words ―enemy soldiers,‖ ―troops,‖ or ―men looked as enemy soldiers‖ to describe the Chinese who were
killed in the shootings; none of them suggested the Chinese civilians were killed in the shootings. The two
Japanese who heard about the shootings from other people claimed that the Chinese civilians were killed in the
shootings. Under this circumstance, objective historians should be very careful to conclude that civilians were
intentionally killed in the shootings. But Yoshida, without showing a rationale, jumped to such a conclusion.
34
Fujioka, Jiyu Shugi Shikan, pp. 294-6.
35
Yutaka Yoshida, ―Kokusaiho no Kaishakude Jiken o Seitokadekiruka [Can We Justify the Incident by the
Interpretation of International Law]‖ in Nanking Daigyakusatu Hiteiron: Ju-san no Uso [Deniers of the
Nanking Massacre: Thirteen Lies] (Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobo, 1999), p. 174.
36
Hata, Yugamerareta, p. 73.

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wisdom to the blind: The Lord sets up the broken down: the Lord
loves the righteous: the Lord preserves the strangers; 986 will
relieve the orphan and widow: but will utterly remove the way of
sinners. 19 Lord shall reign for ever, even thy God, O Sion, to all
generations. Alleluia, a Psalm of Aggeeus and Zacharias. Praise ye
the Lord: for psalmody is a good thing; let praise be sweetly sung to
our God. 2The Lord builds up Jerusalem; and he will gather together
the dispersed of Israel. 3He heals the broken in heart, and binds up
their wounds. ΗΘ. numbers the multitudes of stars; and calls them
all by names. ®Great is our Lord, and great is his strength; and his
understanding is infinite. ©The Lord lifts up the meek ; but brings
sinners down to the ground. Ἵ Gr.in every generation and generation
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thanksgiving to the Lord ; sing praises on the harp to our God: *who
covers the heaven with clouds, who prepares rain for the earth, who
causes grass to spring up on the mountains, [β and green herb for
the service of men :] Sand gives to cattle their food, and to the
young ravens that call upon him. Ὁ He not take pleasure in the
strength of a horse; neither is he well-pleased with the legs of a
man. !The Lord takes pleasure in them that fear him, and in all that
hope in his mercy. Alleluia, a Psalm of Aggeeus and Zacharias.
12Praise the Lord, O Jerusalem; praise thy God, O Sion. For he has
strengthened the bars of thy gates; he has blessed thy children
within thee. ' He makes thy borders peaceful, and fills thee with the
y flour of wheat. ™He sends his oracle to the earth: his word will run
swiftly. 6 ΗΘ es snow like wool: he scatters the mist ike ashes.
Casting forth his ice like morsels: who shall stand before his cold? 18
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ordinances and judgments to Israel. 2 He has not done so to ὃ any
other nation; and he has not shewn them his judgments. Alleluia, a
Psalm of Aggeeus and Zacharias. Praise ye the Lord from_the
heavens: praise him in the highest. 2 Praise ye him, all his angels:
praise ye him, all his hosts. ? Praise him, sun and moon: praise him,
all ye stars and light. 4 Praise him, ye heavens of heavens, and the
water that is above the heavens. *® Let them praise the name of
the Lord: for he spoke, and they were made; he commanded, and
they were created. He has established them for ever, even for ever
and ever: he has made an ordinance, and it shall not pass away. 7
Praise the Lord from the earth, ye serpents, and all deeps. 8 Fire,
hail, snow, ice, stormy wind; the things that perform his word.
%Mountains, and all hills; fruitful trees, and all cedars: 19 wild
beasts, and all cattle; reptiles, and winged birds: | kings of the
earth, and all peoples princes, and all judges of the earth: 3 young
men and virgins, old men with youths: let them praise the name of
the Lord: for his name only is exalted; his praise is above the earth
and _ heaven, “and he shall exalt the horn of his people, ὁ there is a
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πρεσβύται μετὰ νεωτέρων αἰνεσάτωσαν τὸ ὄνομα Kypiov, 13 4 e , a
A ὅτι ὑψώθη τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ μόνου: ἡ ἐξομολόγησις αὐτοῦ Ν a“ Ν
~ “ ἐπὶ γῆς καὶ οὐρανοῦ, καὶ ὑψώσει κέρας λαοῦ αὐτοῦ: ὕμνος 14
πᾶσι τοῖς ὁσίοις αὐτοῦ, τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραὴλ, λαῷ ἐγγίζοντι > nw αὕτῷ.
᾿Αλληλούϊα. 149 "Acate τῷ Κυρίῳ 4 ὄν: ἡ αἵ ὑτοῦ ἐν ἐκκλησί cate τῷ
Κυρίῳ ᾷσμα καινόν" 7 αἴνεσις αὑτοῦ ἐν ἐκκλησίᾳ ὁ Gr. every, ζ Or,
who is the praise of.
 ΨΑΛΜΟΙ. 787 ε , > , > Ν >. N “ , ΣᾺ Ἁ «a 2 ὁσίων.
Ἐϊῴφρανθήτω ᾿Ισραὴλ ἐπὶ τῷ ποιήσαντι αὐτὸν, καὶ viol 8 Σιὼν
ἀγαλλιάσθωσαν ἐπὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν. Αἰνεσάτωσαν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ
ἐν χορῷ, ἐν τυμπάνῳ καὶ ψαλτηρίῳ ψαλάτωσαν > A qq 3 a , 3 “ > ~
Ὁ ’ Lal 4 αὐτῷ: Ὅτι εὐδοκεῖ Κύριος ἐν λαῷ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ὑψώσει πρᾳεῖς
ἐν σωτηρίᾳ. = , 9 > 4 Ν 3 4 SEN A 5 Καυχήσονται ὅσιοι ἐν δόξῃ, καὶ
ἀγαλλιάσονται ἐπὶ τῶν Αἱ ὑψώσεις τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν λάρυγγι αὐτῶν, καὶ 7
ῥομφαῖαι δίστομοι ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῶν: Τοῦ ποιῆσαι ἐκδίκη8 σιν ἐν
τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, ἐλεγμοὺς ἐν τοῖς λαοῖς: Τοῦ δῆσαι τοὺς βασιλεῖς αὐτῶν
ἐν πέδαις, καὶ τοὺς ἐνδόξους αὐτῶν ἐν χειροπέ9 dais σιδηραῖς: Τοῦ
ποιῆσαι ἐν αὐτοῖς κρίμα eyypamtov: δόξα αὕτη ἐστὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ὁσίοις
αὐτοῦ. 6 κοιτῶν αὐτῶν. 150 ᾿Αλληλούϊα. Αἰνεῖτε τὸν Θεὸν ἐν τοῖς
ἁγίοις αὐτοῦ, αἰνεῖτε αὐτὸν ἐν 2 στερεώματι δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ.
Αἰνεῖτε αὐτὸν ἐπὶ ταῖς δυναστείαις αὐτοῦ, αἰνεῖτε αὐτὸν κατὰ τὸ
πλῆθος τῆς μεγαλωσύνης 8 αὐτοῦ. Αἰνεῖτε αὐτὸν ἐν ἤχῳ σάλπιγγος,
αἰνεῖτε αὐτὸν ἐν 4 ψαλτηρίῳ καὶ κιθάρᾳ. Αἰνεῖτε αὐτὸν ἐν τυμπάνῳ
καὶ χορῷ, 5 αἰνεῖτε αὐτὸν ἐν χορδαῖς καὶ ὀργάνῳ. Αἰνεῖτε αὐτὸν ἐν
κυμβά6 λοις εὐήχοις, αἰνεῖτε αὐτὸν ἐν κυμβάλοις ἀλαλαγμοῦ. Πᾶσα
πνοὴ αἰνεσάτω τὸν Κύριον. Οὗτος ὁ ψαλμὸς ἰδιόγραφος εἰς Δαυὶδ,
καὶ ἔξωθεν τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ, ὅτε ἐμονομάχησε τῷ ΤΓολιάδ. Μικρὸς ἤμην
ἐν τοῖς ἀδελ οἷς ον, καὶ νεώτε os ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ ρὸς ἤμη ρ 2 τοῦ πατρός
μου, ἐποίμαινον τὰ πρόβατα τοῦ πατρός μου. Αἱ χεῖρές μου ἐποίησαν
ὄργανον, καὶ οἱ δάκτυλοί μου ἥρμοσαν 8 ψαλτήριον. Kai τίς
ἀναγγελεῖ τῷ Κυρίῳ μου; αὐτὸς Κύριος, 4 αὐτὸς εἰσακούει. Αὐτὸς
ἐξαπέστειλε τὸν ἄγγελον. αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἡρέ με ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τοῦ
πατρός μου, καὶ ἔχρισέ. με ἐν τῷ ᾽ 5 ἐλαίῳ τῆς χρίσεως αὐτοῦ. Οἱ
ἀδελφοί μου καλοὶ καὶ μεγάλοι 6 καὶ οὐκ εὐδόκησεν ἐν αὐτοῖς
Κύριος. ᾿Βξῆλθον εἰς συνάντησιν η p 7 “ > ’ \ 9 , ’ὕ ΕῚ “-“) ΕῚ ’ 9 A
τῷ ἀλλοφύλῳ, καὶ ἐπικατηράσατό με ἐν τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτοῦ. 7 Ἐγὼ
δὲ σπασάμενος τὴν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ μάχαιραν, ἀπεκεφάλισα αὐτὸν, καὶ
ἦρα ὄνειδος ἐξ υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ. 8 @r. exaltations, α. d. extoliings. Gr.
mecribed, sc. in the scripture. Psatms CXLIX. 2—CL. is in the
assembly of the saints. 7? Let Israel rejoice in him that made him;
and let the children of Sion exult in their ‘king, * Let them praise his
name in the dance: let them sing praises to him with timbrel and
psaltery. 4 For the Lord takes pleasure in his people; and will exalt’
the meek with salvation. >The saints shall rejoice in «δον; and shall
exult on their beds. ®The Shigh praises of God shall be in their
throat, and two-edged swords in their hands; 7to execute vengeance
on the nations, and punish. ments er the peoples; ®to bind their
kings with fetters, and their nobles with manacles of iron; to execute
on them the judgment ywritten: this honour have all his saints.
Alleluia. Praise God in his holy places : praise him in the firmament
of his power. ? Praise him on account of his mighty acts: praise him
according to his abundant greatness. 3 Praise him with the sound of
a trumpet: praise him with psaltery and harp. ‘Praise him with
timbrel and dance: praise him with stringed instruments and the
organ. ὃ Praise him with melodious cymbals: praise him with loud
cymbals. Let every thing that has breath praise the Lord. This Psalm
is a genuine one of David, though supernumerary, composed when
he fought in single combat with ὃ Goliad. I was small among a
brethren, and aes est in my father’s house: I tended ather’s sheep. ?
My hands formed a αν γέμα instrument, and m το fingers tuned a
psaltery. %And who shall tell my Lord? the Lord himself, he himself
hears. 4He sent forth his an nee, and took me from my father’s
sheep, and he ere me with the oil of his anointing. brothers were
handsome and tall; Ale t e Lord did not take pleasure in them. ®I
went forth to meet the Philistine; and he cursed me b his idols. 7 But
I drew his own sword, an beheaded him, and removed reproach
from the children of Israel. ὃ Alex. Goliath.
 Proverss I. 1—23. IIAPOIMIAIT THE Proverbs of Solomon
son of David, who reigned in Israel; 2to know wisdom and
instruction, and to perceive words of understanding; *to receive also
& hard sayings, and to understand true justice, and how to direct
judgment; ‘that he might give subtlety to the simple, and to the
young man ¥discernment and understanding. *For by the hearing of
these a wise man will be wiser, and the man of understanding will
gain direction; ‘and will understand a parable, and a dark speech;
the sayings of the wise also, and riddles, 7The fear of the Lord is the
ὃ beginning of wisdom ; and there is good understanding to all that
practise it: and piety toward God is the beginning of discernment;
but the ungodly will set at nought wisdom and instruction. 8 Hear,
my son, the instruction of thy father, and reject not the rules of thy
mother. 9% For thou shalt receive for thine head a crown of graces,
and a chain of gold round thy neck. 10 My son, let not ungodly men
lead thee astray, neither consent thou to them. If they should exhort
thee, saying, Come with us, partake in blood, and let us unjustly
hide the just man in the earth: and let us swallow him alive, as
Hades would, and remove the memorial of him from the earth : 3let
us seize on his valuable property, and let us fill our houses with
spoils: # but do thou cast in thy lot with us, and let us all provide a
common purse, and let us have one pouch: go not in the way with
them but turn aside thy foot from their paths:¢ 17 for nets are not
without cause spread for birds. ’For they that are concerned in
murder store up evils for themselves; and the overthrow of
transgressors is evil. These are the ways of all that perform lawless
deeds; for by ungodliness they destroy their own life. 20 Wredom
sings aloud in passages, and in the broad places speaks boldly. 2!
And she makes proclamation on the top of the walls, and sits by the
gates of princes; and at the gates of the city boldly says, 22 So long
as the simple cleave to justice, they shall not be ashamed: but the
foolish being lovers of haughtiness, having become ungodly have
hated knowledge, end are become subject to reproofs. * Behold, I
will bring forth to you the utterance of my breath, and I will instruct
you in my speech. β Gr. turnings, g. d. knotty words. See Heb. 788
MAPOIMIAI. > AAQMONTOS. IIAPOIMIAI Σαλωμῶντος υἱοῦ Δαυὶδ,
ὃς ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ἰσραὴλ: γνῶναι σοφίαν καὶ παιδείαν, νοῆσαί τε
λόγους φρο- 3 νήσεως, δέξασθαί τε στροφὰς λόγων, νοῆσαί τε
δικαιοσύνην 8 ἀληθῆ, καὶ κρίμα κατευθύνειν. Ἵνα δῷ ἀκάκοις
πανουργίαν, 4 παιδὶ δὲ νέῳ αἴσθησίν τε καὶ ἔννοιαν. Τῶν δὲ γὰρ
ἀκούσας ὅ σοφὸς σοφώτερος ἔσται, ὃ δὲ νοήμων κυβέρνησιν
κτήσεται: Νοήσει τε παραβολὴν καὶ σκοτεινὸν λόγον, ῥήσεις τε
σοφῶν 6 καὶ αἰνίγματα. ᾿Αρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κύυριου, σύνεσις δὲ
ἀγαθὴ πᾶσι τοῖς 7 ποιοῦσιν αὐτήν" εὐσέβεια δὲ εἰς Θεὸν ἀρχὴ
αἰσθήσεως, σοφίαν δὲ καὶ παιδείαν ἀσεβεῖς ἐξουθενήσουσιν. “Axove
υἱὲ παιδείαν 8 πατρός σου, καὶ μὴ ἀπώσῃ θεσμοὺς μητρός σου.
Στέφανον 9 γὰρ χαρίτων δέξῃ σῇ κορυφῇ, καὶ κλοιὸν χρύσεον περὶ
σῷ τραχήλῳ. Υἱὲ μή σε πλανήσωσιν ἄνδρες ἀσεβεῖς, μηδὲ βουληθῇς.
10 ᾿Εὰν παρακαλέσωσί σε, λέγοντες, ἐλθὲ μεθ᾽ ἡμῶν, κοινώνησον 1]
αἵματος, κρύψωμεν δὲ εἰς γῆν ἄνδρα δίκαιον ἀδίκως, καταπίω. 12
μεν δὲ αὐτὸν ὥσπερ ἄδης ζῶντα, καὶ ἄρωμεν αὐτοῦ τὴν μνήμην ἐκ
γῆς, τὴν κτῆσιν αὐτοῦ τὴν πολυτελῆ καταλαβώμεθα, πλή- 13 σωμεν
δὲ οἴκους ἡμετέρους σκύλων: Τὸν δὲ σὸν κλῆρον βάλε 14 ἐν ἡμῖν,
κοινὸν δὲ βαλάντιον κτησώμεθα πάντες, καὶ μαρσίπmov ἕν γενηθήτω
ἡμῖν: Μὴ πορευθῇς ἐν ὁδῷ per αὐτών, 15 ἔκκλινον δὲ τὸν πόδα σου
ἐκ τῶν τρίβων αὐτῶν. Οὐ γὰρ 17 ἀδίκως ἐκτείνεται δίκτυα
πτερωτοῖς. Αὐτοὶ γὰρ οἱ φόνου μετ- 18 ἔχοντες, θησαυρίζουσιν
ἑαυτοῖς κακά: ἡ δὲ καταστροφὴ ἀνδρῶν παρανόμων κακή. Αὗται αἱ
ὁδοί εἰσι πάντων τῶν συντε- 19 λούντων τὰ ἄνομα: τῇ γὰρ ἀσεβείᾳ
τὴν ἑαυτῶν ψυχὴν adatροῦνται. Σοφία ἐν ἐξόδοις ὑμνεῖται, ἐν δὲ
πλατείαις παῤῥησίαν ἄγει. 20 "Ex ἄκρων δὲ τειχέων κηρύσσεται, ἐπὶ
δὲ πύλαις δυναστῶν 2] παρεδρεύει, ἐπὶ δὲ πύλαις πόλεως θαῤῥοῦσα
λέγει, ὅσον ἂν 92 χρόνον ἄκακοι ἔχονται τῆς δικαιοσύνης, οὐκ
αἰσχυνθήσονται: οἱ δὲ ἄφρονες τῆς ὕβρεως ὄντες ἐπιθυμηταὶ,
ἀσεβεῖς γενόμενοι ἐμίσησαν αἴσθησιν, καὶ ὑπεύθυνοι ἐγένοντο
ἐλέγχοις" ἰδοὺ 28 προήσομαι ὑμῖν ἐμῆς πνοῆς ῥῆσιν: διδάξω δὲ ὑμᾶς
τὸν ἐμὸν λόγον. Ὑ Or, discretion. ὁ Or, sum, or, top. ¢ For ver. 16,
see Appendix.
 ΠΑΡΟΙΜΊΙΑΙ. 789 , 24 Ἐπειδὴ ἐκάλουν, καὶ οὐχ
ὑπηκούσατε: καὶ ἐξέτεινον λόγους, Ν 3 ’ ἀλλὰ > 4 3 ψε 49. oN λὰ 25
καὶ οὐ προσείχετε:' ἃ ἀκύρους ἐποιεῖτε ἐμὰς βουλὰς, a A 3 “.Ἵ» 26
τοῖς δὲ ἐμοῖς ἐλέγχοις ἠπειθήσατε' Τοιγαροῦν καγὼ τῇ 4 A Nix 1 μὴ
ὑμετέρᾳ ἀπωλείᾳ ἐπιγελάσομαι, καταχαροῦμαι δὲ ἡνίκα ἔρχηται 27
ὑμῖν ὄλεθρος: Καὶ ὡς ἂν ἀφίκηται ὑμῖν ἄφνω θόρυβος, ἡ δὲ - 9 n~
καταστροφὴ ὁμοίως καταιγίδι παρῇ, Kat ὅταν ἔρχηται ὑμῖν Γ ’ὔ Ν ’ a
'¢F μὴ ean + » 28 θλίψις καὶ πολιορκία, ἢ ὅταν ἔρχηται ὑμῖν
ὄλεθρος. ᾿Εσται ap ὅταν ἐπικαλέσησθέ με, ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ εἰσακούσομαι
ὑμών-" 3 29 ζητήσουσί με κακοὶ, καὶ οὐχ εὑρήσουσι. ᾿Ἐμίσησαν γὰρ
80 σοφίαν, τὸν δὲ λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου οὐ προείλαντο, οὐδὲ ἤθελον “
“4 ἐμαῖς προσέχειν βουλαῖς, ἐμυκτήριζον δὲ ἐμοὺς ἐλέγχους" 31
Τοιγαροῦν ἔδονται τῆς ἑαυτῶν ὁδοῦ τοὺς καρποὺς, καὶ τῆς 39 3 a >
’ Xr. An 3 A θ᾽ ® Ν 3 δί 4 2 ἐαυτῶν ἀσεβείας πλησθήσονται. “Av ὧν
yap ἤδικουν νηπίους, 99 ’ A 9 Ν 3 “a 3 ~ ε δὲ > ~ 23
φονευθήσονται, καὶ ἐξετασμὸς ἀσεβεῖς ὀλεῖ. Ὃ δὲ ἐμοῦ 3 4 , 2
WIRES 4 \ ε / > / aN ἀκούων κατασκηνώσει ἐπ᾽ ἐλπίδι, Kal ἡσυχάσει
ἀφόβως ἀπὸ παντὸς κακοῦ. 2. Υἱὲ, ἐὰν δεξάμενος ῥῆσιν ἐμῆς
ἐντολῆς κρύψῃς παρὰ a , / Ν > \ a“ 2 σεαυτῷ, ὑπακούσεται σοφίας
τὸ οὖς σου, καὶ παραβαλεῖς al , καρδίαν gov eis σύνεσιν, παραβαλεῖς
δὲ αὐτὴν ἐπὶ νουθέτησιν τῷ υἱῷ σου: 8 Ἐὰν γὰρ τὴν σοφίαν
ἐπικαλέσῃ, καὶ τῇ συνέσει δῷς φωνήν 4 σου, καὶ ἐὰν ζητήσῃς αὐτὴν
ὡς ἀργύριον, καὶ ὡς θησαυροὺς ἐξ, , ot? 4 Τό , 58 K , “τ Sea! ὅ
ἐξερευνήσῃς αὐτήν. Τότε συνήσεις φόβον Κυρίου, καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν
Θεοῦ εὑρήσεις. 6 “Ore Κύριος δίδωσι σοφίαν, καὶ ἀπὸ προσώπου
αὐτοῦ γνῶσις 7 καὶ σύνεσι. Καὶ θησαυρίζει τοῖς κατορθοῦσι
σωτηρίαν, 8 ὑπερασπιεῖ τὴν πορείαν αὐτῶν, τοῦ φυλάξαι ὁδοὺς
δικαιω9 μάτων, καὶ ὁδὸν εὐλαβουμένων αὐτὸν διαφυλάξει. Τότε
συνήσεις δικαιοσύνην καὶ κρίμα, καὶ κατορθώσεις πάντας ἄξονας
ἀγαθούς. 10 Ἐὰν γὰρ ἔλθῃ ἡ σοφία εἰς σὴν διάνοιαν, ἡ δὲ αἴσθησις
τῇ σῇ 11 ψυχῇ καλὴ εἶναι δόξῃ, βουλὴ καλὴ φυλάξει σε, ἔννοια δὲ
ὁσία 12 τηρήσει ce “Iva ῥύσηταί σε ἀπὸ ὁδοῦ κακῆς, καὶ ἀπὸ ἀνδρὸς
λαλοῦντος μηδὲν πιστόν. 18 ὮΔΟ οἱ ἐγκαταλείποντες ὁδοὺς εὐθείας
τοῦ πορεύεσθαι ἐν ὁδοῖς 14 σκότους: Ot εὐφραινόμενοι ἐπὶ κακοῖς
καὶ χαίροντες ἐπὶ a a « ε / Ν Ν , e 15 διαστροφῇ κακῇ Qv at τρίβοι
σκολιαὶ, Kat καμπύλαι at 16 τροχιαὶ αὐτῶν, τοῦ μακράν σε ποιῆσαι
ἀπὸ ὁδοῦ εὐθείας, καὶ ἀλλότριον τῆς δικαίας γνώμης: υἱὲ, μή σε
καταλάβῃ κακὴ 17 Bovdy ἫἪ ἀπολιποῦσα διδασκαλίαν νεότητος, καὶ
διαθήκην ΕΣ n 18 θείαν ἐπιλελησμένη. “EOero yap παρὰ τῷ θανάτῳ
τὸν οἶκον αὐτῆς, καὶ παρὰ τῷ ἅδῃ μετὰ τῶν γηγενῶν τοὺς ἄξονας
αὐτῆς. 19 Πάντες οἱ πορευόμενοι ἐν αὐτῇ οὐκ ἀναστρέψουσιν, οὐδὲ
μὴ / , > , > \ i ε Ν καταλάβωσι τρίβους εὐθείας: οὐ γὰρ
καταλαμβάνονται ὑπὸ 20 ἐνιαυτῶν ζωῆς. Εἰ γὰρ ἐπορεύοντο τρίβους
ἀγαθὰς, εὕροσαν 21 ἂν τρίβους δικαιοσύνης λείας. Ὅτι εὐθεῖς
κατασκηνώσουσι ῬΒΟΥΕΒΒΒ I. 24—II. 21. *% Since 1 called, and ye
did not hearken; and I spoke at length, and ye gave no heed ; >but
ye set at nought my counsels, an disregarded my reproofs; 325
therefore I also will laugh at your destruction; and I will rejoice
against you when ruin comes upon you: % yea when dismay
suddenly comes upon you, and your overthrow shall arrive like a
tempest; and when tribulation and distress shall come upon you, or
when ruin shall come upon you. * For it shall be that when ve call
upon me, I will not hearken to you: wicked men shall seek me, but
shall not find me. 329 For they hated wisdom, and did not choose
the word of the Lord: 30 neither would they attend to my counsels,
but derided my reproofs. *!Therefore shall they eat the fruits of their
own way, and tall be filled with their own ungodliness. * For because
they wronged the simple, they shall be slain; and_an inquisition shall
ruin the ungodly. * But he that hearkens to me shall dwell in ®
confidence, and shall rest securely from all evil. My son, if thou wilt
receive the utterance of my commandment, and hide it with thee ;
2thine ear shall hearken to wisdom; thou shalt also apply thine heart
to understanding, and shalt apply it to the instruction of thy son.
3For if thou shalt call to wisdom, and utter thy voice for
understanding; ‘and if thou. shalt seek it as silver, and search
diligently for it as for treasures; °then shalt thou understand the fear
of the Lord, and find the knowledge of God. 6 Hor the Lord gives
wisdom; and from his presence come knowledge and understanding,
7 and he treasures up salvation for them that walk uprightly: he wili
protect their way; ®that he may guard the righteous ways: and he
will preserve the way of them that fear him. °Then shalt thou
understand righteousness, and judgment ; and shalt direct Yall thy
course aright. 10Ror if wisdom shall come into thine understanding,
and discernment shall seem pleasing to thy soul, " good counsel
shall guard thee, and holy understanding shall keep thee; }2to
deliver thee from the evil way, and from the man that speaks
nothing faithfully. 13 Alas for those who forsake right paths, to walk
in ways of darkness; who rejoice in evils, and delight in wicked
perverseness; 5 whose paths are crooked, and their Scourses
winding; ‘to remove thee far from the straight way, and to estrange
thee from a righteous purpose. My son, let not evil counsel overtake
thee, ” of her who has forsaken the instruction of her youth, and
forgotten the covenant of God. 8 For she has fixed her house near
death, and guided her wheels near Hades with the S$ giants. 19
None that go by her shall return, neither shall they take hold of right
paths, for they are not apprehended of the 9 years of life. 2 For had
they gone in good paths, they would have found the paths of
righteousness Aeasy. 2! For the upright shall dwell in the B Gr. hope.
See Ps. 16. + Lit. all good a les. θ Singular variation from Heb, ὁ Lit.
wheel tracks. X Gr. smooth Compare Heb. 12. 18. ζ See Heb.
 Proverss lI. 22—III. 28. earth, and the holy shall be left
behind in it. *The paths of the ungodly shall perish out of the earth,
and transgressors shall be driven away from it. ; My son, forget not
my laws; but let thine heart keep my words: ?for length of
existence, and years of life, and peace, shall they add to thee. Let
not mercy and truth forsake thee; but bind them about thy neck: ‘so
shalt thou find favour:® and do thou y provide things honest in the
sight of the Lord, and of men. Trust in God with all thine heart; and
be not exalted in thine own wisdom. ®In all thy ways acquaint
thyself with her, that she may rightly ‘direct thy paths. 7 Be not wise
in thine own conceit; but fear God, and depart from all evil. ® hen
shall there be health to thy body, and good keeping to thy bones. é :
Honour the Lord with thy just labours, and give him the first of thy
fruits of righteousness: that thy storehouses may be completely filled
with corn, and that thy presses may burst forth with wine. 11¢ My
son, despise not the chastening of the Lord; nor faint when thou art
rebuked of him: "for whom the Lord loves, he rebukes, and scourges
every son whom he receives. 13 Blessed is the man who has found
wisdom, and the mortal who knows prudence. 14 For it is better to
traffic for her, than for treasures of gold and silver. } And she is more
valuable than precious stones: no evil thing shall resist her: she is
well known to all that approach her, and no precious thing is equal
to her in value. ‘For length of existence and years of life are in her
right hand; and in her left hand are wealth and glory: out of her
mouth proceeds righteousness, and she carries law and mercy upon
her tongue. ™” Her ways are good ways, and all her paths are
peaceful. '8She is a tree of life to all that lay hold upon her; and she
18 ὦ secure help to alt ᾿ς: stay themselves on her, as on the ΟΥ̓.
19God by wisdom founded the earth, and by yea he prepared the
heavens. * By understanding were the depths broken up, and the
clouds dropped water. 21 My son, let them not 9 pass from thee, but
keep my counsel and understanding: “that thy soul may live,and that
there may be grace round thy neck; and it shall be health to thy
flesh, and safety to thy bones: %that thou mayest _go confidently in
peace in all thy ways, and that thy foot may not stumble. * For if
thou 4 rest, thou shalt be undismayed ; and if thou sleep, thou shalt
slumber sweetly. * And thou shalt not. be afraid of alarm coming
upon thee, neither of approaching attacks of ungodly men. 26Hor
the Lord shall be over thy ways, and shall establish thy foot that
thou Ἷ not move 27 Forbear not to do good to the poor, whensoever
thy hand may have power to help him. *Say not, Come back another
time, to-morrow I will give; while thou art able to do him good: for
thou knowest not B Alex. + ‘and write them on the table of thine
heart.’ IIAPOIMIAI. γῆν, καὶ ὅσιοι ὑπολειφθήσονται ἐν αὐτῇ, “Odo
ἀσεβῶν 22 ἐκ γῆς ὀλοῦνται, οἱ δὲ παράνομοι ἐξωσθήσονται ἀπ᾽
αὐτῆς. 790 Υἱὲ, ἐμῶν νομίμων μὴ ἐπιλανθάνου, τὰ δὲ ῥήματά pov
τηρείτω 8 σὴ καρδία: Μῆκος γὰρ βίου, καὶ ἔτη ζωῆς, καὶ εἰρήνην
προσ- 2 θήσουσί σοι. ᾿Ελεημοσύναι καὶ πίστεις μὴ ἐκλειπέτωσάν σε:
8 ἄφαψαι δὲ αὐτὰς ἐπὶ σῷ τραχήλῳ, καὶ εὑρήσεις χάριν" καὶ 4
προνοοῦ καλὰ ἐνώπιον Κυρίου καὶ ἀνθρώπων. »” \ ore Ie, a , “Ὁ ἌΝ
ΚΝ Ν a , 5 Ισθι πεποιθὼς ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ ἐπὶ Θεῷ, ἐπὶ δὲ σῇ σοφίᾳ
ἢ μὴ ἐπαίρου. ἸΙΠάσαις ὅδοϊῖς cou γνώριζε αὐτὴν, ἵνα ὀρθοτομῇ Ν ε ,
\ »# , Ν nq A Q Ν τὰς ὁδούς cov. Μὴ ἴσθι φρόνιμος παρὰ σεαυτῷ,
φοβοῦ δὲ τὸν Θεὸν, καὶ ἔκκλινε ἀπὸ παντὸς κακοῦ. Τότε ἴασις ἔσται
τῷ σώματί σου, καὶ ἐπιμέλεια τοῖς ὀστέοις σου. 7 8 Τίμα τὸν Κύριον
ἀπὸ σῶν δικαίων πόνων, καὶ ἀπάρχου αὐτῷ 9 ἀπὸ σῶν καρπῶν
δικαιοσύνης: Ἵνα πίμπληται τὰ ταμιεῖά cov 10 “" ’ y Ν ε , > 4
πλησμονῆς σίτῳ, οἴνῳ δὲ ai ληνοί σον ἐκβλύζωσιν. 11 12 Υἱὲ, μὴ
ὀλιγώρει παιδείας Κυρίου, μηδὲ ἐκλύου ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐλεγχόμενος. “Ov
γὰρ ἀγαπᾷ Κύριος, ἐλέγχει, μαστιγοῖ δὲ πάντα υἱὸν ον παραδέχεται.
Μακάριος ἄνθρωπος ὃς εὗρε σοφίαν, καὶ θνητὸς ὃς εἶδε 13
φρόνησιν. Κρεῖσσον γὰρ αὐτὴν ἐμπορεύεσθαι, ἢ χρυσίου καὶ 14 > , ,
, | At) ’, “- > ἀργυρίου θησαυρούς. Τιμιωτέρα δέ ἐστι λίθων
πολυτελῶν, οὐκ 15 ἀντιτάξεται αὐτῇ οὐδὲν πονηρόν: εὔγνωστός ἐστι
πᾶσι τοῖς 3 , 3. A a Ν , 3 »” 4 σὰ 3 A ἐγγίζουσιν αὐτῇ, πᾶν δὲ τίμιον
οὐκ ἄξιον αὐτῆς ἐστι. Μῆκος 16 γὰρ βίου καὶ ἔτη ζωῆς ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ
αὐτῆς, ἐν δὲ τῇ ἀριστερᾷ αὐτῆς πλοῦτος καὶ δόξα: ἐκ τοῦ στόματος
αὐτῆς ἐκπορεύεται. ΄ ’ Ν ΝΟΥ 5. ΕΝ , A ee Ν δικαιοσύνη, νόμον δὲ
καὶ ἔλεον ἐπὶ γλώσσης φορεῖ. Αἱ ὁδοὶ 17 a A δὸ Ν \ Ν aA e ’ ΕΝ, 3 >
4 , αὐτῆς ὁδοὶ καλαὶ, καὶ πᾶσαι ai τρίβοι αὐτῆς ἐν εἰρήνῃ. Ἐξύλον 18
ζωῆς ἐστι πᾶσι τοῖς ἀντεχομένοις αὐτῆς, καὶ τοῖς ἐπερειδο, > 93 STL
ε εις ’, > / μένοις ἐπ᾿ αὑτὴν ws ἐπὶ Κύριον ἀσφαλῆής. Ὁ Θεὸς τῇ
σοφίᾳ ἐθεμελίωσε τὴν γῆν, ἡτοίμασε δὲ 19 οὐρανοὺς φρονήσει. Ἔν
αἰσθήσει ἄβυσσοι ἐῤῥάγησαν, νέφη 20 δὲ ἐῤῥύησαν δρόσους. Υἱὲ,
μὴ παραῤῥνῇς, τήρησον δὲ ἐμὴν βουλὴν καὶ ἔννοιαν" 2] σ , ε ΄ Ν 2
> Ν a , μ᾿ ἵνα ζήσῃ ἡ ψυχή σου, καὶ χάρις ἢ περὶ σῷ τραχήλῳ: ἔσται
22 δὲ ἴασις ταῖς σαρξί σον, καὶ ἐπιμέλεια τοῖς σοῖς ὀστέοις" σ ’ Ν 3 3 ,
4, Ν δὸ , ε δὲ a“ 9 ἵνα πορεύῃ πεποιθὼς ἐν εἰρήνῃ πάσας τὰς ὁδούς
σου, ὃ δὲ ποῦς 23 σου ov μὴ προσκόψῃ. Ἐὰν yap κάθῃ, ἄφοβος eon:
ἐὰν δὲ 24 καθεύδῃς, ἡδέως ὑπνώσεις. Καὶ οὐ φοβηθήσῃ πτόησιν
ἐπελ- 25 “ ῸΝ € Ν > a > , *e Ν be θοῦσαν, οὐδὲ ὁρμὰς ἀσεβῶν
ἐπερχομένας. Ὃ yap Κύριος 26 ἔσται ἐπὶ πασῶν ὁδῶν σου, καὶ
ἐρείσει σὸν πόδα ἵνα μὴ σαAevO ys. aa 4 > “ 2 Loe A A Ἅ ᾿ € , Μὴ
ἀπόσχῃ εὖ ποιεῖν evden, ἡνίκα ἂν ἔχῃ H χείρ σου Bon- 27 al Ν + 3 Ν
3 ΄ ἊΨ ’ “-Ο θεῖν. Μὴ εἴπης, ἐπανελθὼν ἐπάνηκε, αὔριον δώσω,
δυνατοῦ 28 cal > σου ὄντος εὖ ποιεῖν: ov γὰρ οἶδας τί τέξεται ἡ
ἐπιοῦσα. y See Rom. 12. 17. ὁ Gr. divide. See 2 Tim, 2. 13. ζ Heb,
12. δ, 6. @ See Heb. 2, 1. X Gr. sit down.
 MAPOIMIAL 791 ° ΄ “ Ν "4 29 My τεκτήνῃ ἐπὶ σὸν φίλον.
κακὰ παροικοῦντα καὶ πεποιθότα ἐπὶ σοί. 80 Μὴ φιλεχθρήσῃς πρὸς
ἄνθρωπον μάτην, μήτι σε ἐργάσηται κακόν. 81 Μὴ κτήσῃ κακῶν
ἀνδρῶν ὀνείδη, μηδὲ ζηλώσῃς τὰς ὁδοὺς 82 αὐτῶν. ᾿Ακάθαρτος γὰρ
ἔναντι Κυρίου πᾶς παράνομος, ἐν δὲ Κατάρα Θεοῦ ἐν οἴκοις ἀσεβῶν,
84 ἐπαύλεις δὲ δικαίων εὐλογοῦνται. Κύριος ὑπερηφάνοις ἀντι35
τάσσεται, ταπεινοῖς δὲ δίδωσι χάριν. Δόξαν σοφοὶ κληρονομήσουσνν.
οἱ δὲ ἀσεβεῖς ὕψωσαν ἀτιμίαν. 33 δικαίοις οὐ συνεδριάζει. 4
᾿Ακούσατε, παῖδες, παιδείαν πατρὸς, καὶ προσέχετε γνῶναι 2 ἔννοιαν.
Δῶρον γὰρ ἀγαθὸν δωροῦμαι ὑμῖν, τὸν ἐμὸν νόμον 8 μὴ
ἐγκαταλίπητε. Ὑἱὸς γὰρ ἐγενόμην κἀγὼ πατρὶ ὑπήκοος, 4 καὶ
ἀγαπώμενος ἐν προσώπῳ μητρός. Ot ἔλεγον καὶ ἐδίδασκόν με,
ἐρειδέτω ὁ ἡμέτερος λόγος εἰς σὴν καρδίαν: φύλασσε ἐντο= x NP es
ἊΨ» Xv , ea > “ 4 Ν ὅ, 6 λὰς, μὴ ἐπιλάθῃ: Μηδὲ παρίδῃς ῥῆσιν ἐμοῦ
στόματος, μηδὲ ἐγκαταλίπῃς αὐτὴν, καὶ ἀνθέξεταί σου: ἐράσθητι
αὐτῆς, καὶ ’ ld 8 τηρήσει oe. Περιχαράκωσον αὐτὴν, καὶ ὑψώσει oe
τίμησον τ A aA a ΄' 9 αὐτὴν, ἵνα σε περιλάβῃ: Ἵνα δῷ τῇ σῇ κεφαλῇ
στέφανον χαρίτων, στεφάνῳ δὲ τρυφῆς ὑπερασπίσῃ σου. Ι0
ἤλκονυε υἱὲ καὶ δέξαι ἐμοὺς λόγους, καὶ πληθυνθήσεται ἔτη 11 ζωῆς
cov, ἵνα σοι γένωνται πολλαὶ ὁδοὶ βίου. ᾿Οδοὺς γὰρ 12 σοφίας
διδάσκω σε, ἐμβιβάζω δέ σε τροχιαῖς ὀρθαῖς. “Hay γὰρ πορεύῃ, οὐ
συγκλεισθήσεταί σου τὰ διαβήματα: ἐὰν δὲ 13 τρέχης, οὐ κοπιάσεις.
Ἐπιλαβοῦ ἐμῆς παιδείας, μὴ ἀφῇς, ἀλλὰ φύλαξον αὐτὴν σεαυτῷ εἰς
ζωήν σου. 14 _ Odors ἀσεβῶν μὴ ἐπέλθης, μηδὲ ζηλώσῃς ὁδοὺς
παρα1ὅ νόμων. Ἔν ᾧ ἂν τόπῳ στρατοπεδεύσωσι, μὴ ἐπέλθῃς ἐκεὶ,
16 ἔκκλινον δὲ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ παράλλαξον. Οὐ γὰρ μὴ ὑπνώσωσιν,
ἐὰν μὴ κακοποιήσωσιν: ἀφήρηται ὁ ὕπνος αὐτῶν, καὶ 17 οὐ
κοιμῶνται. Οἷδε γὰρ σιτοῦνται σῖτα ἀσεβείας, οἴνῳ δὲ 18 παρανόμῳ
μεθύσκοντα. Αἱ δὲ ὅδοὶ τῶν δικαίων ὁμοίως φωτὶ λάμπουσι,
προπορεύονται καὶ φωτίζουσιν. ἕως κατορθώσῃ 19 ἡ ἡμέρα. Αἱ δὲ
ὁδοὶ τῶν ἀσεβῶν σκοτειναὶ, οὐκ οἴδασι πῶς προσκόπτουσιν. 20 Υἱὲ
ἐμῇ ῥήσει πρόσεχε, τοῖς δὲ ἐμοῖς λόγοις παράβαλλε 2] σὸν ots. Ὅπως
μὴ ἐκλίπωσί σε αἱ πηγαί σου, φύλασσε 22 αὐτὰς ἐν καρδίφ. Ζωὴ γάρ
ἐστι τοῖς εὑρίσκουσιν αὐτὰς, καὶ 28 πάσῃ σαρκὶ tacts. ἸΠάσῃ φυλακῇ
τήρει σὴν καρδίαν, ἐκ γὰρ 24 τούτων ἔξοδοι ζωῆς. Περίελε σεαυτοῦ
σκολιὸν στόμα, καὶ 25 ἄδικα χείλη μακρὰν ἀπὸ σοῦ ἄπωσαι. Οἱ
ὀφθαλμοί σου ὀρθὰ 26 βλεπέτωσαν, τὰ δὲ βλέφαρά σου νευέτω
δίκαια. ᾿Ορθὰς τρο27 χιὰς ποίει σοῖς ποσὶ, καὶ τὰς ὁδούς σου
κατεύθυνε. Μὴ ἐκκλίνῃς εἰς τὰ δεξιὰ, μηδὲ εἰς τὰ ἀριστερὰ,
ἀπόστρεψον δὲ σὸν πόδα ἀπὸ ὁδοῦ κακῆς" ὁδοὺς γὰρ τὰς ἐκ δεξιῶν
οἶδεν ὁ Θεὸς, διεστραμμέναι δέ εἰσιν αἱ ἐξ ἀριστερῶν: αὐτὸς δὲ B
See Pet. &. δ, 7 See App. ὁ Lit. dig ἃ trench about her, see Heb. @
Gr. order itself aright. A Or, healing. Proverss ill. 29—IV. 27. what the
next day will bring forth. Ὁ De. vise not evil against thy friend, living
near thee and trusting in thee. 80 Be not ready to quarrel with a
man without a cause, lest he do thee some harm. 31 Procure not the
reproaches of bad men, neither do thou covet their ways. or every
transgressor is unclean before the Lord; neither does he sit among
the righteous. ™ The curse of God isin the houses of the ungodly ;
but the habitations of the just are blessed. “8 Ihe Lord resists the
roud; but he gives grace to the humble. 35>"he wise shall inherit
glory; but the ungodly have exalted thei own dishonour. Hear, ye
children, the instruction of a father, and attend to know
understanding. 2 For 1 give you a good gift; forsake ye not my law.
8 For I also was a son obedient to my father,and loved in the sight of
my mother: ‘who spoke and instructed me, saying, Let our speech
be fixed in thine heart, keep our commandments, forget them not: ὃ
and do not neglect the speech of my mouth.y And forsake it not,
and it shall cleave to thee: love it, and it shall keep thee. %6Secure
it, and it shall exalt thee: honour it, that it may embrace thee; 9that
it may give unto thy head a crown of graces, and may zover thee
with a crown of delight. 10 Hear, my son, and receive my words; and
the years of thy life shall be increased, that the resources of thy life
may be many. 11For I teach thee the ways of wisdom; and I cause
thee to go in right $ paths. 12 For when thou goest, thy steps shall
not be straitened ; and when thou runnest, thou shalt not be
distressed. ™ Take hold of my instruction; let it not go,—but keep it
for thyself for thy life. 14 Go not in the ways of the ungodly, neither
covet the ways of transgressors. 8 In whatever place they shall pitch
their camp, go not thither; but turn from them, and pass away. 6 For
they cannot sleep, unless they have done evil: their sleep is taken
away,and they rest not. For these live upon the bread of
ungodliness, and are drunken with wine of transgression. But the
ways of the righteous shine like light; they go on and shine, until the
day ® be y come. }9 But the ways of the ungodly are dark; they
know not how they stumble. 20 My son, attend to my speech; and
apply thine ear to my words: 2! that thy fountains may not fail thee;
keep them in thine heart. “* For they are life to those that find
them, and 4health to all their flesh. * Keep thine heart with the
utmost care; for out of these are the issues of life. 24 Remove from
thee a froward mouth, and put far away from thee unjust lips. % Let
thine eyes look right on, and let thine eyelids assent to just things.
*6 Make straight paths for thy feet, and order thy ways aright. ὙΠ
ΌΤΙ not aside to the right hand nor to the left, but turn away thy
foot from an evil way: [for God knows the ways on the right hand,
but those on the ζ Gr. wheel-tracks, see chap. 2.18. Heb. 12, 13. μ
Heb. omits.
 Proverss V. 1—VI. 8.. and he will make thy will guide thy
steps in left are crooked: ways straight, an peace. Y My son, attend
to my wisdom, and apply thine ear to my words; * that thou mayest
keep good understanding, and the discretion of my lips gives thee a
charge. Give no heed to a worthless woman; 8for honey drops from
the lips of a harlot, who for a season pleases thy palate: 4 but
afterwards thou wilt find her & more bitter than gall, and sharper
than a two-edged sword. ®For the feet of folly lead those who deal
with her down to the grave with death; and her steps are not
established. δ For she goes not upon the paths of life; but her ways
are slippery, and not easily known. 7Now then, my son, bear me,
and make not my words of none effect. 8 Remove thy way far from
her; draw not near to the doors of her house: °%lest thou give away
thy life to others, and thy substance to the merciless: lest strangers
be filled with thy strength, and thy labours come into the houses of
strangers; "and thou repent at last, when the flesh of thy body is
consumed, !2and thou shalt say, How have I hated instruction, and
my_heart avoided reproofs! 3701 heard not the voice οὗ him that
instructed me, and taught me, neither did I apply mine ear. 341 was
almost in all evil in the midst of the congregation and assembly. Ἶ 4
Drink waters out of thine own vessels, and out of thine own
springing wells. '6 Let not waters out of thy fountain be spilt by thee,
but let thy waters go into thy streets. Let them be only thine own,
and let no stranger partake with thee. '8Let thy fountain of water be
truly thine own; and rejoice with the wife of thy youth. Let thy loving
hart and_ thy graceful colt company with thee, and let he= be
considered thine own, and be with thee at all times; for ravished
with her love thou shalt be greatly increased. » Be not intimate with
a strange woman, neither fold thyself in the arms of a woman not
thine own. 2! For the ways of a man are before the eyes of God, and
he looks on all his paths. “ Iniquities ensnare a man, and every one
is bound in the chains of his own sins. %Such a man dies with the
unin. structed; and he is cast forth from the abundance of his own
substance, and has perished through folly. My son, if thou become
surety for thy friend, thou shalt deliver thine hand to an enemy. *For
a man’s own lips become a strong snare to him, and he is caught
with the lips of his own mouth. 3 My son, do what 1 command thee,
and deliver thyself; for on thy friend’s account thou art come into the
power of evil men: faint not, but stir up even thy friend for whom
thou art become surety. ‘Give not sleep to thine eyes, nor slumber
with thine eyelids; * that thou mayest deliver thyself as a doe out of
the toils, and as a bird out of a snare. 6Go to the ant, O sluggard;
and see, and emulate his ways, and become wiser OC 8 Gr. a more
bitter thing. 792 MAPOIMIAL. 2 A ’ ‘ Ld Ν x , 1 3, ἦν ὀρθὰς ποιήσει
τὰς τροχιάς σου, τὰς δὲ πορείας σου ἐν εἰρήνῃ προάξει. 4 Υἱὲ, ἐμῇ
σοφίᾳ πρόσεχε, ἐμοῖς δὲ λόγοις παράβαλλε σὸν 8 , 3, , a οὖς, ἵνα
φυλάξῃς ἔννοιαν ἀγαθήν: αἴσθησις δὲ ἐμῶν χειλέων 2 ἐντέλλεταί σοι
Μὴ πρόσεχε φαύλῃ γυναικί. Μέλι γὰρ ἀποστάζει ἀπὸ 8 χειλέων
γυναικὸς πόρνης, ἣ πρὸς καιρὸν λιπαίνει σὸν φάρυγγα, ὕστερον
μέντοι πικρότερον χολῆς εὑρήσεις, καὶ ἠκονημένον 4 μᾶλλον
μαχαίρας διστόμου͵ Τῆς γὰρ ἀφροσύνης οἱ πόδες 5 κατάγουσι τοὺς
χρωμένους αὐτῇ μετὰ θανάτου εἰς τὸν ἄδην, τὰ δὲ ἴχνη αὐτῆς οὐκ
ἐρείδεται. ᾿Οδοὺς γὰρ ζωῆς οὐκ ἐπέρχεται, 6 σφαλεραὶ δὲ αἱ τροχιαὶ
αὐτῆς, καὶ οὐκ εὔγνωστοι. Niv οὖν υἱὲ ἄκουέ μου, καὶ μὴ ἀκύρους
ποιήσεις ἐμοὺς 7 , Ν , B 3... μή Ῥ ε , Ν > / λόγους. Μακρὰν ποίησον
ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς σὴν 6ddv: μὴ ἐγγίσῃς 8 Ν , ” 37 A 9 \ / y+ / \ πρὸς θύραις
οἴκων αὐτῆς, ἵνα μὴ πρόῃ ἄλλοις ζωήν σου, καὶ \ , 3 , σ Ν θῶ ἀλλό a
10 σὸν βίον ἀνελεήμοσι' “Iva μὴ πλησθῶσιν ἀλλότριοι σῆς ἰσχύος, οἱ
δὲ σοὶ πόνοι εἰς οἴκους ἀλλοτρίων ἔλθωσι: Καὶ 11 μεταμεληθήσῃ ἐπ᾽
ἐσχάτων, ἡνίκα ἂν κατατριβῶσι σάρκες σώματός σου, καὶ ἐρεῖς, πῶς
ἐμίσησα παιδείαν, καὶ ἐλέγχους 12 954.) ε δί 3 " N ὃ ͵ , 13 ἐξέκλινεν
ἡ καρδία μου; Οὐκ ἤκουον φωνὴν παιδεύοντός \ ὃ , , . ὑδὲ , Ν 3 I 3
14 με καὶ διδάσκοντός με, ὀὐδὲ παρέβαλλον τὸ οὖς μου. αρ “ XN
ὀλίγον ἐγενόμην ἐν παντὶ κακῷ, ἐν μέσῳ ἐκκλησίας Kal συναγωγῆς.
Πίνε ὕδατα ἀπὸ σῶν ἀγγείων, καὶ ἀπὸ σῶν φρεάτων πηγῆς. 15 a aA
A Ν ‘\ Μὴ ὑπερεκχείσθω σοι ὕδατα ἐκ τῆς σῆς πηγῆς, εἰς δὲ σὰς 16 3,
, , πλατείας διαπορευέσθω τὰ σὰ ὕδατα. “Eotw σοι μόνῳ ὑπάρ- 17 ε
χοντα, καὶ μηδεὶς ἀλλότριος μετασχέτω Got. Ἢ πηγή σου τοῦ 18 A A
ὕδατος ἔστω σοι ἰδία, Kal συνευφραίνου μετὰ γυναικὸς τῆς ἐκ lal “ ν
νεότητός σου. "Ἔλαφος φιλίας καὶ πῶλος σῶν χαρίτων 19 ὁμιλείτω
σοι, ἡ δὲ ἰδία ἡγείσθω σου καὶ συνέστω σοι ἐν παντὶ ΄ > Ν “ὦ , ’ l4
ἂς καιρῷ: ἐν γὰρ τῇ ταύτης φιλίᾳ συμπεριφερόμενος, πολλοστὸς 5)
> ἔσῃ. Μὴ πολὺς ἴσθι πρὸς ἀλλοτρίαν, μηδὲ συνέχου ἀγκάλαις 20 τῆς
μὴ ἰδίας. ᾿Ενώπιον γάρ εἰσι τῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ ὀφθαλμῶν 21 A , ὁδοὶ
ἀνδρὸς, εἰς δὲ πάσας τὰς τροχιὰς αὐτοῦ σκοπεύει. Tlapa- 22 νομίαι
ἄνδρα ἀγρεύουσι, σειραῖς δὲ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ἁμαρτιῶν A 4 ἕκαστος
σφίγγεται. Οὗτος τελευτᾷ μετὰ ἀπαιδεύτων, ἐκ δὲ AO Ae a ΄, 3 ser
A. edie λ ὃ 2 9 πλήθους τῆς ἑαυτοῦ βιότητος ἐξεῤῥίφη, καὶ ἀπώλετο
du ἀφροσύνην. Υἱὲ, ἐὰν ἐγγυήσῃ σὸν φίλον, παραδώσεις σὴν χεῖρα
ἐχθρῷ. 6 , Παγὶς yap ἰσχυρὰ ἀνδρὶ τὰ ἴδια χείλη, Kat ἁλίσκεται
χείλεσιν 2 Ν , ἰδίου στόματος. ἸΠΟοίει υἱὲ ἃ ἐγώ σοι ἐντέλλομαι, καὶ
σώζου" 3 a a ᾽ m” 4S / ἥκεις γὰρ εἰς χεῖρας κακῶν διὰ σὸν φίλον:
ἴσθι μὴ éxAvopevos, a , AY a 9 παρόξυνε δὲ καὶ τὸν φίλον σου ὃν
ἐνεγγυήσω. Μὴ δῷς ὕπνον 4 a a , σ , σοῖς ὄμμασι, μηδὲ ἐπινυστάξῃς
σοῖς βλεφάροις, ἵνα σώζῃ 5 »” / ὥσπερ δορκὰς ἐκ βρόχων, καὶ
ὥσπερ ὄρνεον ἐκ παγίδος. 28 Ἴθι πρὸς τὸν μύρμηκα ὦ ὀκνηρὲ, καὶ
ζήλωσον ἰδὼν τὰς 6 y Alezx. omits ‘ not.’
 ΠΑΡΟΙΜΙΑΙ. 793 7 ὁδοὺς αὐτοῦ, καὶ γενοῦ ἐκείνου
σοφώτερος. ᾿Εἰκείνῳ γὰρ γεωρίου μὴ ὑπάρχοντος, μηδὲ τὸν
ἀναγκάζοντα ἔχων, μηδὲ ὑπὸ 8 δεσπύτην ὧν, ἑτοιμάζεται θέρους τὴν
τροφὴν, πολλήν τε ἐν τῷ ἁμητῷ ποιεῖται τὴν παράθεσιν' ἢ πορεύθητι
πρὸς τὴν μέλισσαν, καὶ μάθε ἁ ὡς ἐργάτις ἐστὶ, τήν τε ἐργασίαν ὡς
σεμνὴν ποιεῖται: ἧς τοὺς πόνους βασιλεῖς καὶ ἰδιῶται πρὸς ὑγίειαν
προσφέρονται: ποθεινὴ δέ ἐστι πᾶσι καὶ ἐπίδοξος, καίπερ οὖσα 9 τῇ
ῥώμῃ ἀσθενὴς, τὴν σοφίαν τιμήσασα προήχθη. Ἕως τίνος 10 ὀκνηρὲ
κατάκεισαι; πότε δὲ ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθήσῃ; Ὀλίγον μὲν ὑπνοῖς, ὀλίγον
δὲ κάθησαι, μικρὸν δὲ νυστάζεις, ὀλίγον δὲ ἐναγκαλίζῃ χερσὶ στήθη.
Εἶτ᾽ ἐμπαραγίνεταί σοι ὥσπερ κακὸς ὁδοιπόρος ἡ πενία, καὶ ἡ ἔνδεια
ὥσπερ ἀγαθὸς δρομεύς- ἐὰν δὲ ἄοκνος ἧς, ἥξει ὥσπερ πηγὴ ὁ
ἀμητός σου: ἡ δὲ ἔνδεια, ὥσπερ κακὸς δρομεὺς ἀπαυτομολήσει. 11
12 ᾿Ανὴρ ἄφρων καὶ παράνομος πορεύεται ὁδοὺς οὐκ ἀγαθάς. 18 Ὁ
8 αὐτὸς ἐννεύει ὀφθαλμῷ, σημαίνει δὲ ποδὶ, διδάσκει δὲ 14
ἐννεύμασι δακτύλων. Διεστραμμένη καρδία τεκταίνεται κακὰ, 15 ἐν
παντὶ καιρῷ ὃ τοιοῦτος ταραχὰς συνίστησι πόλει. Διὰ τοῦτο ἐξαπίνης
ἔρχεται 7 ἀπώλεια αὐτοῦ, διακοπὴ καὶ συντριβὴ ἀνίατος. 16 Ὅτι
χαίρει πᾶσιν οἷς μισεῖ ὃ Θεὸς, συντρίβεται δὲ dv 17 ἀκαθαρσίαν
ψυχῆς. ᾿Οφθαλμὸς ὑβριστοῦ, γλῶσσα ἄδικος: 18 χεῖρες. ἐκχέουσαι
αἷμα δικαίου, καὶ καρδία τεκταινομένη λο19 γισμοὺς κακοὺς, καὶ
πόδες ἐπισπεύδοντες κακοποιεῖν. Ἔκκαίει ψευδῇ μάρτυς ἄδικος, καὶ
ἐπιπέμπει κρίσεις ἀναμέσον ἀδελφῶν. 20 Υἱὲ, φύλασσε νόμο ) i μὴ
ἀπώσῃ 6 ὶ μους πατρός σου, καὶ μὴ ἀπώσῃ θεσμοὺς 2] μητρός σου:
ἴΑφαψαι δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ σῇ ψυχῇ διαπαντὸς, καὶ Ad p , Ν “ , Ἔ ’, uf \
xa a > ¢ 22 ἐγκλοίωσαι περὶ σῷ τραχήλῳ: Ἡνίκα ἂν περιπατῇς,
ἐπάγου αὐτὴν καὶ μετὰ “σοῦ ἔστω, ὡς δ᾽ ἂν καθεύδῃς φυλασσέτω
σε, 28 ἵνα ἐγειρομένῳ συλλαλῇ σοι. Ὅτι λύχνος ἐντολὴ νόμου καὶ A“
ε aA μὲ Ν “A , 24 φῶς, ὁδὸς ζωῆς, καὶ ἔλεγχος καὶ παιδεία, τοῦ
διαφυλάσσειν > \ ἝΝ ε / \ aN aA ’ > σε ἀπὸ γυναικὸς ὑπάνδρου, καὶ
ἀπὸ διαβολῆς γλώσσης ἀλλοτρίας. 25 My σε νικήσῃ κάλλους
ἐπιθυμία, μηδὲ ᾿ἀγρευθῇς σοῖς ὀφθαλ26 μοῖς, μηδὲ συναρπασθῇς
ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῆς βλεφάρων. Τιμὴ γὰρ πόρνης ὅση καὶ ἑνὸς ἄρτου,
γυνὴ δὲ ἀνδρῶν τιμίας ψυχὰς 27 ἀγρεύει. ᾿Αποδήσει., τις πῦρ ἐν
κόλπῳ, τὰ δὲ ἱἑ ἱμάτια οὐ κατα28 καύσει; ἢ περιπατήσει τις er
ἀνθράκων πυρὸς, ᾿ τοὺς δὲ πόδας 29 οὐ κατακαύσει; Οὕτως ὃ
εἰσελθὼν πρὸς γυναῖκα ὕπανδρον, 90 οὐκ ἀθωωθήσεται, οὐδὲ πᾶς ὃ
ἁπτόμενος αὐτῆς. Οὐ θαυμαστὸν ἐὰν ἁλῷ τις κλέπτων, κλέπτει γὰρ
ἵνα ἐμπλήσῃ τὴν ψυχὴν 9] πεινῶν. "Hav δὲ ἁλῷ, ἀποτίσει
ἑπταπλάσια, καὶ πάντα τὰ 92 ὑπάρχοντα αὐτοῦ δοὺς p ῥύσεται
ἑαυτόν. Ὃὧ δὲ “μοιχὸς δι᾿ ἐν88 δειαν φρενῶν ἀπώλειαν τῇ ψυχῇ
αὐτοῦ περιποιεῖται, ὀδύνας τε καὶ ἀτιμίας ὑποφέρει, τὸ δὲ ὄνειδος
αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐξαλειφθήσεται 84 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα. Μεστὸς γὰρ ζήλου
θυμὸς ἀνδρὸς αὐτῆς, οὐ Proverss VI. 7—34. than he. ‘For whereas
he has no husbandry, nor any one to compel him, and is under no
master, § he prepares food for himself in the summer, and lays by
abundant store in harvest. Or go to the bee, and learn how diligent
she is, and how earnestly she is engaged in her work; whose labours
kings aud private men use for health, and she is desired and
respected by all: though weak in 8 body, she is advanced by
honouring wisdom. Shing long wilt thou lie, O sluggard? and when
wilt thou awake out of sleep? !°Thou sleepest a little, and thou
restest a little, and thou slumberest a short time, and thou foldest
thine arms over thy breast a little. ™ Then poverty comes upon thee
as an evil traveller, and want as a swift courier: but if thou be
diligent, thine harvest shall arrive as a fountain, and poverty shall
flee away as a bad courier. * A foolish man and a transgressor goes
in ways that are not good. And the same winks with the eye, and
makes a sign with his foot, and teaches with the beckonings of his
fingers. ‘4 His perverse heart devises evils: at all times such a one
causes troubles to a city. Therefore his destruction shall come
suddenly; overthrow and irretrievable ruin. ¥ ‘6 For he rejoices in all
things which God hates, and he is ruined by reason of impurity of
soul. ‘The eye of the haughty a tongue unjust, hands shedding the
blood of the just; and a heart devising evil thoughts, and feet
hastening to do evil,— are hateful to God. %An unjust witnese
kindles falsehoods, and ὃ brings on quarrels between brethren. Ὁ My
son, keep the laws of thy father, and reject not the ordinances of thy
mother : *1 but bind them upon thy soul continually, and hang them
as a chain about thy nec 22 Whensoever thou walkest, lead this
along and let it be with thee; and when thou sleepest let it keep
thee; that it may talk with thee when thou wakest. Ὁ ΒῸΣ the
commandment of the law is a lamp and a light; a way of life; reproof
also and correction: 33 to keep ane continually from a married
woman, and from the calumny of a strange tongue. 25 Let not the
desire of beauty overcome thee, neither be thou caught by thine
eyes, neither be captivated with her eyelids. 26For the value of a
harlot is as much as of one loaf; and a woman hunts for the
precious souls of men. * Shall any one bind fire in his bosom, and
not burn his garments? Sor will any one walk on coals of fire,and not
burn his feet? “So is he that goes in to a married woman; he shall
not be held. guiltless, neither any one that touches her. It is not to
be wondered at if one should be taken stealing, for he aa that when
hungry he may satisfy his 31 but if he should be taken, he shall Lea
sevenfold, and shall deliver himself by giving all his goods. 2 But the
adulterer through wan of μα rocures destruction to his soul He
endures both pain and disgrace, and ἜΝ reproach shall never ὉΘ
wiped off. 4 For the sowl of her husband is B Gr. strength. 7 Comp.
Hed. 6 Gr. sends forth judgments,
 Proverss VI. 35-—VIII. 6. full of jealousy: he will not spare
in the day of vengeance. He will not forego his enmity for any
ransom: neither will he be reconciled for many gifts. ; : My son, keep
my words, and hide with thee my commandments. * Myson, honour
the Lord, and thou shalt be strong; and ‘ear none but him: keep my
commandments, and thou shalt live; and keep my words as the
pupils of thine eyes. 3 πα bind them on thy fingers, and write them
on the table of thine heart. 4Say that wisdom is thy sister, and gain
prudence as an acquaintance for thyself; >that she may keep thee
from the strange and wicked woman, if she should assail thee with
flattering words. 6 For she looks from a window out of her house
into the streets, at one whom she may see of the senseless ones, a
young man void of understanding, ‘passing by the corner in the
passages Bnear her house, 8and speaking, in the dark of the
evening, 3when there happens to de the stillness of night and of ΤΑ
ΠΕΡΙ Wand the woman meets him haying the appearance of a
harlot, that causes the hearts of young men to flutter. ™ And she is
fickle, and debauched, and her feet abide not at home. 13 For at
one time she wanders without, and at another time she lies in wait
in the streets, at every corner. Then she caught him, und kissed him,
and with an impudent face said to him, 4} have a peace-offering ;
today 1 pay my vows: therefore I came forth to meet thee, desiring
thy face; and I have found thee. 'I have spread my bed with sheets.
and I have covered it with double tapestry from Egypt. “1 have
sprinkled my couch with saffron, and my house with cinnamon.
'8Come, and let us enjoy love until the morning; come, and let us
embrace in love. 1 For my husband is not at home, but is pone on a
long journey *~ having taken in his hand a bundle ὁ money: after
many days he will return to his house. 21S0 with much converse she
prevailed on him to go astray, and with the snares of her lips she
forced him from the right path. 2 And he followed her, being gently
led on, and that as an ox is led tothe slaughter, and as a dog to
bonds, or as a hart shot in the liver with an arrow: “and he hastens
as a bird into a snare, not knowing that he is running for his life. *4
Now then, my son, hearken to me, and attend to the words of my
mouth. “5 Let not thine heart turn aside to her waysy: “for she has
wounded and cast down many, and those whom she has slain are
innumerable. * Her house is the ὃ way of hell, leading down to the
chambers of death. Thou shalt proclaim wisdom, that understanding
may be obedient to thee. ?For she is on lofty eminences, and stands
in the midst of the ways. *For she sits by the gates of princes, and
sings in the entrances, saying, * You, O men, I exhort; and utter my
voice to the sons of men. 5O ye Ssimple, understand subtlety, and
ye that are untaught, imbibe knowledge. ® Hearken 8 Gr. of. « Alex.
+ ‘and stray not in her paths. 794 UAPOIMIAL. φείσεται ἐν ἡμέρᾳ
κρίσεως. Οὐκ ἀνταλλάξεται οὐδενὸς λύτρου 35 τὴν ἔχθραν, οὐδὲ μὴ
διαλυθῇ πολλῶν δώρων. Υἱὲ φύλασσε ἐμοὺς λόγους, τὰς δὲ ἐμὰς
ἐντολὰς κρύψον 7 παρὰ σεαυτῷ. Ὑἷὲ τίμα τὸν Κύριον καὶ ἰσχύσεις,
πλὴν δὲ 2 αὐτοῦ μὴ φοβοῦ ἄλλον: φύλαξον ἐμὰς ἐντολὰς καὶ
βιώσεις, τοὺς δὲ ἐμοὺς λόγους ὥσπερ κόρας ὀμμάτων. Περίθου δὲ 3
αὐτοὺς σοῖς δακτύλοις, ἐπίγραψον δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ πλάτος τῆς καρδίας σου.
Εἰπὸν τὴν σοφίαν σὴν ἀδελφὴν εἶναι, τὴν δὲ φρόνησιν 4 γνώριμον
περιποίησαι σεαυτῷς. Ἵνα σε τηρήσῃ ἀπὸ γυναικὸς ξ ἀλλοτρίας καὶ
πονηρᾶς, ἐάν σε λόγοις τοῖς πρὸς χάριν ἐμβάλληται. ᾿Απὸ γὰρ
θυρίδος ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου αὐτῆς εἰς τὰς πλατείας 6 παρακύπτουσα, ὃν ἂν
ἴδῃ τῶν ἀφρόνων τέκνων νεανίαν ἐνδεῆ 7 φρενῶν,
παραπορευόμενον παρὰ γωνίαν ἐν διόδοις οἴκων αὐτῆς, 8 καὶ
λαλοῦντα ἐν σκότει ἑσπερινῷ, ἡνίκα ἂν ἡσυχία νυκτερινὴ 9 καὶ
γνοφώδης, ἡ δὲ γυνὴ συναντᾷ αὐτῷ, εἶδος ἔχουσα πορνικὸν, 10 ἣ
ποιεῖ νέων ἐξίπτασθαι καρδίας. ᾿Ανεπτερωμένη δέ ἐστι καὶ 11
ἄσωτος, ἐν οἴκῳ δὲ οὐχ ἡσυχάζουσιν οἱ πόδες αὐτῆς. Χρόνον 12 γάρ
τινα ἔξω ῥέμβεται, χρόνον δὲ ἐν πλατείαις παρὰ πᾶσαν γωνίαν
ἐνεδρεύει. Εἶτα ἐπιλαβομένη ἐφίλησεν αὐτὸν, ἀναιδεῖ 13 δὲ
προσώπῳ προσεῖπεν αὐτῷ, θυσία εἰρηνική μοι ἐστὶ, σήμερον 14
ἀποδίδωμι τὰς εὐχάς pov. Ἕνεκα τούτου ἐξῆλθον εἰς συνάντη- 1 σίν
σοι, ποθοῦσα τὸ σὸν πρόσωπον, εὕρηκά oe. ΚΚΕειρίαις 16 τέτακα
τὴν κλίνην μου, ἀμφιτάποις δὲ ἔστρωκα τοῖς ἀπ᾽ Αἰ, ? A 739 ε ‘ ’, Ν
δὲ => 7 » γύπτου. ιέρῥαγκα τὴν κοίτην μου κροκίνῳ, τὸν δὲ οἶκόν
μου 17 ’, 3 λθὲ VS , Nb Ψ » “ κινναμώμῳ: Ἐλθὲ καὶ ἀπολαύσωμεν
φιλίας ἕως ὄρθρου, δεῦρο 18 19 20 Ν 3 “ μὴ 3 Ἁ 4 ε » , ᾽ καὶ
ἐγκυλισθῶμεν ἔρωτι. Οὐ γὰρ πάρεστιν ὁ ἀνήρ μου ἐν οἴκω,
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