Introduction to cancer biology a concise journey

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Introduction to Cancer Biology

A Concise Journey from Epidemiology through Cell and Molecular Biology
to Treatment and Prospects

This concise overview of the fundamental concepts of cancer biology is ideal for
students with little or no background in the field. A digestible summary of global
cancer patterns introduces students to the general principles of how cancers arise.
Specific key examples are then used to illustrate the role of mutations in perturbing
signalling pathways in cells, highlighting general principles without overwhelming
students with detail. Later chapters build on this foundation to provide a comprehen-
sive summary of the major signalling pathways that affect tumour development.
Reviews of current therapeutic strategies and the impact of whole genome sequen-
cing bring students up to date with important recent developments in the field.
Appendix E summarises the ten major cancers, providing a valuable reference
resource, and further reading sections point students towards helpful review articles,
offering an easy transition into the scientific literature.

Robin Hesketh has been a member of the Biochemistry Department at the University
of Cambridge for over 25 years. He has given lecture courses at all undergraduate
levels from first-year medicine to fourth-year biochemistry on a wide range of cell and
molecular biology topics with a particular focus on cancer. He has also run under-
graduate practicals on a variety of themes and for many years gave tutorials in all of
the Tripos courses taught by the Biochemistry Department. His major research area is
the development of anti-angiogenic strategies for the treatment of cancer.
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Introduction to
Cancer Biology
A Concise Journey from Epidemiology
through Cell and Molecular Biology to
Treatment and Prospects

Robin Hesketh
University of Cambridge
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,
Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107013988

© Robin Hesketh 2013

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2013

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Hesketh, Robin.
Introduction to cancer biology / Robin Hesketh.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-107-01398-8 (Hardback) – ISBN 978-1-107-60148-2 (Paperback)
I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Neoplasms. 2. Neoplastic Processes. 3. Oncogenes. 4. Sequence Analysis, DNA. QZ 200]
616.990 4–dc23
2012015670

ISBN 978-1-107-01398-8 Hardback

ISBN 978-1-107-60148-2 Paperback

Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/9781107013988

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to
in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in
accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and
publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least
because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The author and
publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of
material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information
provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.
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CONTENTS

Acknowledgements page ix
Introduction xi
Gene nomenclature xv

1 Lessons from epidemiology 1

Incidence 1
Deaths 2
Patterns around the world: how many cancers and what sort? 3
Trends 11
Age 11
Where do we stand and is there any good news? 13
Conclusions 17
Key points 17
Key questions and objectives 19
Further reading: reviews 19

2 Causes of cancer 20
Introduction 20
Infection 21
Radiation 21
Ionising radiation 22
Radon 26
Ultraviolet radiation 28
Low-frequency magnetic fields 29
High-frequency magnetic fields (mobile phones) 30
Tobacco 31
Alcohol 33
Tea and coffee 35
Diet: epidemiological studies 35
Obesity 39
Stress 40
Conclusions 40
Key points 41
Key questions and objectives 42
Further reading: reviews 43
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vi Contents

3 Signalling in normal cells 44

Introduction 44
Enzyme-coupled receptors 45
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) 47
Intracellular signalling from activated tyrosine kinase receptors 49
Activating RAS and MAPK 51
Sustained versus transient activation of RAS and MAPK 53
Mitogenic activation of cell cycle progression 54
MYC is a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation 54
MYC and proliferation 57
Cytokine receptors 58
G-protein-coupled receptors 59
Ligand-gated ion channel receptors 60
Steroid hormones 60
Conclusions 64
Key points 64
Key questions and objectives 64
Further reading: reviews 65

4 ‘Cancer genes’: mutations and cancer development 66

Collecting mutations 66
Genetic roulette 67
The cancer genomic landscape 68
Mutations in ‘cancer genes’: oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes 69
Oncogenes 70
The first human oncogene 71
What turns a proto-oncogene into an oncogene? 72
Tumour suppressor genes 85
What does the retinoblastoma protein do? 87
Tumour protein 53 (TP53 aka p53) 88
p53, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and MYC 89
p53 and cancer 90
P53 is not entirely a tumour suppressor 91
DNA repair 92
Hereditary cancers 93
Hereditary breast cancer 93
Hereditary colon cancer 94
DNA repeats itself 95
Polymorphisms and cancer 96
Modulating gene expression without mutation: epigenetic changes 96
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) 97
Conclusions 99
Key points 99
Key questions and objectives 100
Further reading: reviews 100
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vii Contents

5 What is a tumour? 102

Introduction 102
Benign tumours 103
The benign–malignant boundary 106
Types of malignant (non-benign) cancer 107
What makes a cancer cell a cancer cell? 107
Cancer cell characteristics 108
Cell growth is largely independent of normal signals 109
Resistance to inhibitory growth signals 110
Resistance to cell death 111
Unlimited replicative capacity 115
Induction of angiogenesis 117
Abnormal metabolism 121
Inflammation and the immune system 131
The uniqueness of malignancy 136
Metastasis and metastatic potential 136
How does cancer kill you? 146
Conclusions 147
Key points 148
Key questions and objectives 149
Further reading: reviews 149

6 Cancer signalling networks 152

Introduction 152
The central axis: ARF, MDM2, p53, INK4, RB1 154
MYC and RAS 155
Cancer and cell senescence 156
Tumourigenic DNA viruses 157
Signalling pathways that impact on the central axis 158
Cellular responses during tumour development 173
Signalling and systems biology 174
Conclusions 175
Key points 176
Key questions and objectives 176
Further reading: reviews 177

7 The future of cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment 178

The development of anti-cancer drugs 178
Chemotherapeutic strategies for cancer 180
Drug resistance 186
Non-specific effects 187
The efficacy of chemotherapy 188
Cancer detection: tumour imaging and molecular imaging 188
Molecular imaging 188
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viii Contents

Proteomics 196
Metabolomics 199
Gene expression profiling 199
Protein imaging 201
Nanotubes, graphene and nanocells 201
Conclusions 204
Key points 204
Key questions and objectives 205
Further reading: reviews 205

8 The future of cancer in the post-genomic era 209

Human genome sequencing 209
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and cancer 215
Chromothripsis 218
Genomic partitioning 220
Genome-wide association (GWA) studies and inherited cancer predisposition 223
Therapeutic strategies for cancer driven by the sequencing revolution 224
Tailoring therapy on the basis of whole genome sequencing 225
Tumour biomarkers 230
Microfluidics and the isolation of circulating tumour cells 231
Drug development 232
The expanding field of cancer treatment 233
Balancing priorities 236
Conclusions 238
Key points 238
Key questions and objectives 239
Further reading: reviews 239

Appendix A Tumour grading and staging 241

Appendix B Targets of specific anti-cancer drugs 245
Appendix C Classes of major oncoproteins 251
Appendix D Major tumour suppressor genes 253
Appendix E Ten major cancers at a glance 254
Glossary and abbreviations 276
Bibliography 317
Index 336
A colour plate section is between pages xxx and xxx.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

< TO FOLLOW >

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INTRODUCTION

The aim of this book is to provide an introduction to the science of cancer for those
coming to the topic for the first time – be they students or graduates or post-doctoral
scientists moving into the field of oncology. That is, to paint a picture of what we think
happens to cells and molecules in the making of cancers, how it bears on diagnosis and
prognosis, and where the science is taking us in terms of treatment. To scientists and
non-scientists alike, cancer can seem almost the ultimately daunting subject. It’s true
that cancers are the most complex diseases that afflict us and it is arguable that no two
cases are identical, if all the biochemical changes involved are identified. However,
while at some point we will face that problem – indeed we shall see that its very
complexity may offer some advantage in the therapeutic battle against the disease –
it’s now clear that the underlying principles by which cancers arise are remarkably
consistent and conceptually simple.
By keeping that in mind it is possible to advance through the story by the following
relatively simple steps:
1. Consider some facts about the frequency with which cancers arise across the world
and what the distribution patterns of different types of cancer, that is the epidemi-
ology, tell us about the underlying causes.
2. Review the major risk factors. Some of these are beyond our control: for the others
we consider possible measures to reduce the risk of getting the disease. This takes us
from cancer statistics to the underlying science, and a discussion of why the causes
can sometimes be difficult to confirm and why there is such variation in treatment
efficacy between and even within countries.
3. The fundamental feature of cancer is the perturbation of normal cellular control,
most critically of the machinery that regulates cell growth and division – the cell
cycle – and we consider next how cells respond to environmental cues, focusing on
one major signalling pathway.
4. Mutations are the driving force in cancer progression and the critical targets are the
central pathways that regulate the cell cycle. In this chapter we consider mutations:
the nature of the alterations that can occur in DNA and how they can affect protein
and, hence, cellular function. Although many genes may be targets, there are only
three basic mutational mechanisms and we use a minimal number of examples as
illustrations.
5. These mutational changes convert cells from normal to aberrant, cancerous behav-
iour. In this chapter we define what makes a tumour cell in terms of the character-
istics that differentiate them from normal cells. These emerge as eight major
features associated with the development of primary cancers and the progression
to a malignant phenotype. Of these, the most critical is the capacity to metastasise,
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xii Introduction

that is, for cells to migrate from primary tumours through the body to colonise
secondary sites.
6. This leads to a more comprehensive view of the aberrations that can occur in
intracellular signalling pathways to promote cancer. The initial focus is on a core
of pathways, parts of which are abnormal in virtually all cancers. The discussion
then expands to consider all the major signalling routes from the plasma membrane
to the nucleus and the associations that some of these have with specific types of
cancer. This reveals a complex interacting ‘information network’ of proteins and
raises the question of how cells make sense of such complex signalling inputs to
enable them to mount a discrete response.
7. The penultimate chapter reviews the progress in both diagnosis, monitoring and
therapy in the latter part of the twentieth century and the remarkable advances that
have already occurred in the first decade of this century, highlighting the extraor-
dinary scientific diversity that is being brought to bear on cancer.
8. The final chapter focuses on the impact of the revolution in DNA sequencing that
has seen the birth of ‘personalised medicine’ and has already wrought drastic
changes in our approach to cancer research, diagnosis and treatment.
The intention therefore is to provide a book that will be the ideal companion to most
student courses on cancer. The starting level required is not much more than knowing
what a molecule is and having a general concept of a cell. The chapters that introduce
cell signalling and mutations are designed to be as easy as possible by describing only
sufficient specific examples to illustrate the key points. Similarly, the chapter discuss-
ing the behavioural changes associated with the switch from normal to tumour
concentrates on the cell biology, keeping specific mentions of genes and proteins to
a minimum. The emphasis therefore is on the principles, with diagrams and photo-
graphs to help convey the key points without becoming submerged in detail, as can so
easily happen in this field. To avoid appearing to over-simplify, Chapter 6 comprises a
basic summary of the central molecular defences against cancer but then reviews the
major signalling pathways involved in some detail. This confers a reasonably compre-
hensive perspective and it also opens the way to discussing therapeutic strategies, a
field that is considered in the following chapter in a review that takes us from the
introduction of the first specific drugs to the current situation. The last chapter deals
with genomics and the sequencing revolution that has taken us into the world of
‘personalised medicine’. This has dramatically enlarging the scope for therapeutic
intervention and we end with a summary of the prospects for cancer treatment as we
move into this new era.
In addition to a glossary (the terms therein being emboldened on first appearance in
the text), there are five appendices that provide supporting reference sources: Appen-
dix A describes how tumours are graded and staged; Appendix B provides a list of
molecular targets for currently available anti-cancer drugs; Appendices C and
D summarise the main classes of oncoproteins and tumour suppressor genes; and
Appendix E summarises the principal features of the ten types of cancer that predom-
inate in terms of global mortality.
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xiii Introduction

The encouraging message is that if we limit the amount of detail we attempt to

absorb, the essential principles of cancer become easy to grasp – in contrast, say, to the
problems our physicist colleagues have in trying to explain theories of quantum
gravity. The enduring message is that, although cancer remains as fascinating as ever
from a scientific point of view, the progress that has been achieved has replaced at least
some of its mystery with effective treatments and that each passing year sees an
increase in the proportion of individuals who are afflicted with cancer and yet triumph.
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GENE NOMENCLATURE

The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC: www.genenames.org/index.html)

assigns unique symbols to human genes. Gene names are written in italicised capitals;
the protein that they encode is non-italicised: EGFR (gene)/EGFR (protein). They are
pronounced phonetically when possible (SRC is sarc, MYC mick, ABL able). Viral forms
are prefixed by v-(e.g. v-src). For some genes that have commonly used informative
names both are shown (e.g. SLC2A1/GLUT1 and SLC2A5/GLUT3).
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1 Lessions from epidemiology

We begin by looking at cancer patterns worldwide. These are of interest

because they show marked variations in the forms of the disease that afflict
different populations. These differences indicate the importance of environ-
mental factors that include lifestyle – for example, what we eat and tobacco
use – in determining both the type of cancer and the frequency of occurrence.
Although there is variation in cancer types, there is a broad trend of rising
incidence across the world, for which a major driving force is increasing
longevity. In the developed world lung, breast, bowel and prostate cancers
head the mortality table. Taking all cancers together, the last 30 years has seen
a gradual increase in the five-year survival rate, although there remain signifi-
cant variations between nations and even within some countries. For the
developing world the outlook is more depressing: not only is the annual number
of new cases rising but inadequate screening programmes often mean that
diagnosis is delayed until tumours have spread to secondary sites in the body
and therefore become very difficult to treat. Analysis of cancer mortality in
different age groups revealed many years ago that the additive effects of about
half a dozen discrete events drives cancer development – the first direct
evidence that the accumulation of mutations is the underlying cause.

Incidence

Every year over 12 million people worldwide are diagnosed with cancer. Europe and
North America together contribute about 40% of this figure with just over half of all
new cases (54%) arising in developing countries. Of the various types of cancer that
contribute to these figures, lung cancer heads the list with 1.4 million new cases
annually (12.5%) followed by breast (1.2 million, 10.6%) and colorectal (1 million,
9.4%) cancers (Fig. 1.1). The names of these three cancers will be familiar to American
and British readers because they are also in the top four of their national figures for
both incidence and deaths due to cancers. The other member of the Big Four in those
countries, and in most of the developed world, is prostate cancer (679,000, 6.3%).
However, in the world rankings prostate is pushed down to sixth on the list by stomach
and cervical cancer (934,000 and 692,000 cases annually, respectively).
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2 1: Lessons from epidemiology

Testis 52,322 (0.4%)

Hodgkin lymphoma 67,919 (0.5%)
Multiple myeloma 102,826 (0.8%)
Gallbladder 145,203 (1.1%)
Melanoma of skin 199,627 (1.6%)
Lung 1,608,055 (12.7%) Thyroid 213,179 (1.7%)
Ovary 224,747 (1.8%)
Breast Brain 237,913 (1.9%)
1,384,155 (10.9%) Kidney 273,518 (2.2%)
Pancreas 278,684 (2.2%)
Endometrium 288,387 (2.3%)
Leukaemia 350,434 (2.8%)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
356,431 (2.8%)
Bladder
382,680 (3.0%)

Oesophagus
491,645 (3.9%)

Colorectum Cervix
1,235,108 (9.8%) 530,232 (4.2%)

Head and neck

Prostate
634,760 (5.9%)
899,102 (7.1%) Stomach Liver
988,602 (7.8%) 749,744 (5.9%)

Figure 1.1 Incidence of major cancers worldwide, 2008. Shown in rank order with number of
cases and percentage of the total number (12,662,554). The figures in brackets are the mortality
rank order (see also Fig. 1.2).

Incidence varies widely around the world being highest in the USA for both men and
women. For all forms of cancer the lowest rates are about five times less than the USA figure
(e.g. in Gambia), although some specific cancers show much greater variation (e.g. there
are about 300 new skin cancer cases in some parts of Australia for every one in Kuwait).
In the UK in 2008 there were 309,527 new cancer cases: for the USA in 2012 the
estimate is that there will be 1,638,910 new cases. For women breast cancer is the most
common: 48,788 British women were diagnosed in 2009, and one in six Americans will
get it, which means over 226,800 cases in 2012, about the same percentage in the two
populations.

Deaths
Collecting numbers about the distribution of disease is called epidemiology and it has a
fascination of its own but, as we shall see, when you get to the scale of the major
cancers it can be very informative. Every year over 7 million people die from the
disease – that’s 13% of the total of 56 million deaths in the world from all causes each
year (Fig. 1.2). Unsurprisingly, the ten most common cancers worldwide are also
among the leading causes of mortality. Bladder and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, how-
ever, are displaced in the mortality table by pancreatic cancers and leukaemias. In part
this reflects the fact that there are no effective treatments for tumours of the pancreas
and it may be noted that this cancer joins the Big Four in the leading causes of USA
and UK cancer deaths.
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3 Patterns around the world: how many cancers and what sort?

Testis 9,874 (0.1%)

Hodgkin lymphoma 29,902 (0.4%)
Thyroid 35,383 (0.5%)
Melanoma of skin 45,372 (0.6%)
Multiple myeloma 72,453 (1.0%)
Endometrium 73,854 (1.0%)
Gallbladder 109,587 (1.4%)
Lung 1,376,579 (19.2%) Kidney 116,368 (1.5%)
Ovary 140,163 (1.9%)
Bladder 150,282 (2.0%)
Stomach Brain 174,880 (2.3%)
737,419 (9.7%)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
191,599 (2.5%)
Leukaemia 257,161 (3.4%)

Prostate 258,133 (3.4%)

Pancreas 266,669 (3.5%)

Cervix
275,008 (3.6%)

Liver
594,918 (9.2%) Head and neck
356,705 (4.7%)
Oesophagus
Breast 406,533 (5.4%)
Colorectum
609,051 (8.1%) 458,503 (6.1%)

Figure 1.2 World cancer deaths, 2008. Shown in rank order with percentage of the total number
(7,564,802). The figures in brackets are the incidence rank order (see also Fig. 1.1).

To put cancer in its place we might note that mankind’s biggest scourge is heart
disease, which claims over 13.5 million deaths per year (24%) –this total comprises
deaths caused by ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and hypertension.
After heart disease, the next biggest killers all fall some way behind cancer, namely,
HIV/AIDS (4.9%), tuberculosis (2.7%) and malaria (2.2%). Much less well known is the
figure of 2.2 million children (3.9%) who will die from diarrhoea this year – largely
caused by ingesting germs through living in insanitary conditions.
Gradual shifts have occurred in the worldwide cancer pattern over the last century
due to changes in lifestyle. The most dominant factor is that we are living longer,
which gives us more time to develop the disease, and this together with other factors,
has led the International Union Against Cancer to conclude that the number of new
cases each year will rise to more than 16 million by 2020.

Patterns around the world: how many cancers and what sort?

UK and USA
Unsurprisingly, the death toll that results from the avalanche of new cases also has
lung cancer at the top of the list with 1.2 million (17.5% of all cancer deaths). However,
the next biggest worldwide cancer killers are stomach (0.7 million), liver (598,000) and
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4 1: Lessons from epidemiology

colon (529,000), accounting for 10.4%, 8.9% and 7.9% of all cancer deaths, respect-
ively. In 2009, the UK weighed in with a contribution of 156,090 to the 7 million. In
2010, the USA provided 299,200 male and 270,290 female cancer deaths. We’ve
already noted that on the UK and USA incidence lists prostate displaces stomach and
so it’s unsurprising that it does the same on the killer lists, with stomach cancer being
sixth in the UK and thirteenth in the USA (Fig. 1.3). All the same, ‘twas not ever thus:
go back 80 years in the USA and stomach cancer was the biggest cancer killer, albeit
that in 1930 the total death toll was only ~120,000. Nowadays nearly two-thirds of
stomach cancers occur in the developing world, to which we will return in a moment,
but there too the incidence is declining, as it has done in the USA, for reasons that are
not entirely evident but may include the increasing availability of fresh fruit and
vegetables and of meat preserved by refrigeration rather than by salting. Nevertheless
10,540 will die of stomach cancer in the USA in 2012.
Despite having the second highest incidence, breast cancer is only fifth on the
mortality list with 458,000 deaths in 2008 (11,633 in the UK in 2010; 39,840 in the
USA in 2010). This figure of about half a million represents 1.6% of all female deaths
but again there is an imbalance – this time in the other direction. In rich countries 2%
of all female deaths are due to breast cancer but in poor countries the figure is only
0.5%. Here the difference roughly reflects incidence – about five times lower in
developing countries where the average age of populations is younger. The distribution
pattern of cancer mortality between men and women in the USA is closely mirrored in
the UK (Figs. 1.4 and 1.5). The two notable exceptions are liver cancer, comparatively
common in the USA, and stomach cancer, which is more significant in the UK. The
latter may reflect dietary differences in at least some regions of Britain and high
protein and cholesterol diets may be a factor in the USA liver rates.

Europe
The pattern across European nations (Fig. 1.6) shows the overall cancer death rates to
be generally higher in eastern Europe (Hungary is the highest with 234 per 100,000)
with the lowest being in Finland (138 per 100,000). Even so, for women over the period
2000–2004, Denmark, Scotland and Hungary were the top three (141, 123 and 132/
100,000, respectively). One might expect that the variations between countries in total
cancer mortality would be strongly dependent on differences in the toll of the major
cancers. Indeed the pattern of breast cancer, for example, broadly follows that of total
cancer deaths, although there is one notable exception: Poland has the third highest
rate of total cancer deaths but one of the lowest breast cancer rates. Despite these
generalities it should be borne in mind that breast cancer and other major cancers, such
as melanoma and prostate cancer, vary markedly in national impact.
Russia has by far the highest population of any European nation (148 million) but in
terms of cancer it remains something of an enigma. In the period after 1960 there was a
gradual decline in Russian cancer death rates but this reversed in the early 1980s. The
major contributors to the reversal were male lung and female breast cancer. In the
1990s, however, the trend reversed again, mainly due to a drop in cancer deaths among
the elderly. Broadly similar trends have also occurred in the Ukraine (52 million),
 5
Date:31/7/12 Time:02:29:55 Page Number: 5
Comp. by: KNarayanan Stage: Proof Chapter No.: 1

WORLD INCIDENCE USA UK WORLD DEATH USA UK

1 Lung Prostrate Breast 1 Lung Lung Lung

Title Name: HESKETH

2 Breast Breast Lung 2 Stomach Prostrate Bowel

3 Bowel Lung Bowel 3 Liver Breast Breast

4 Stomach Bowel Prostrate 4 Bowel Bowel Prostrate

Non-Hodgkin
5 Prostrate Cervix lymphoma 5 Breast Pancreas Pancreas

6 Liver Bladder Melanoma 6 Oesophagus Ovary Oesophagus

Non-Hodgkin
7 Cervix lymphoma
Bladder 7 Cervix Leukemia Stomach

Non-Hodgkin
8 Oesophagus Melanoma Kidney 8 Pancreas Bladder
Patterns around the world: how many cancers and what sort?

lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin
9 Bladder Kidney Oesophagus 9 Prostrate Liver lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin
10 lymphoma
Ovary Pancreas 10 Leukemias Bladder Ovary

Figure 1.3 Top ten world rankings for incidence and death compared with UK and USA positions.
Comp. by: KNarayanan Stage: Proof Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: HESKETH
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6 1: Lessons from epidemiology

Lung Lung
Prostate Breast
Colon and Rectum Colon and Rectum
Pancreas Pancreas
Liver Ovary
Leukemia Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Oesophagus Leukemia
Bladder Uterine corpus
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Liver
Kidney Brain & CNS
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 0 20,000 40,000 60,000
Male deaths Female deaths

Figure 1.4 The ten most common causes of cancer death estimated for the USA for 2008.

Lung Lung
Prostate Breast
Colorectal Colorectal
Oesophagus Ovary
Pancreas Pancreas
Bladder Oesophagus
Stomach Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemias Stomach
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Leukemia
Kidney Uterus
Other Other
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Male deaths Female deaths

Figure 1.5 The ten most common causes of cancer death in the UK in 2008.

Hungary
Czech Republic
Poland
Slovak Republic
Denmark
Netherlands
Ireland
UK
France
Italy
Germany
Luxemburg
Austria
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Greece
Switzerland
Finland
0 50 100 150 200
Deaths per 100,000 in the population (ASR)

Figure 1.6 Total cancer deaths and breast cancer deaths in 20 European countries in 2006,
shown as the Age Standardised Rate (ASR) per 100,000 of the population.
Comp. by: KNarayanan Stage: Proof Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: HESKETH
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7 Patterns around the world: how many cancers and what sort?

which was, of course, part of the Soviet Union until 1991. Analysing Russian data is
particularly problematic partly because the quality of the information has varied over
time and with the area from which it has been collected. There has also been a
competitive effect from large rises in other causes of death, notably heart diseases
and accidents. As in other countries, improvements in health care have also begun to
make an impact. In addition, the turbulence of the twentieth century has produced
marked birth cohort effects, a major example being those who reached their early teens
during the Second World War when the living conditions for Russians were even more
severe than usual. One can only guess whether history has been a driving factor but
smoking in Russia is strikingly prevalent with about 40 million lighting up – that’s
63% of men and 12% of women. There’s no national anti-smoking campaign and
Russia has not signed the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control. To make the outlook even worse, a recent survey of doctors and
nurses revealed that they smoke even more than the general population. Historically
Russia has had a relatively low rate of breast cancer, the early age of first childbirth
being a contributory factor but, in a contrary shift, the trend in the last decade has seen
the mortality rate rise to 17.3/100,000. Russia is also slightly at odds with general
worldly wisdom in producing one survey showing that a bottle of vodka a day keeps
breast cancer at bay – that is, heavy drinkers have a lower breast cancer death rate.
Unsurprisingly, this level of drinking greatly increases overall mortality, so that
whether the effect is real or not, it is of little relevance to strategies for cancer therapy.
In the UK about 100 people die each day from lung cancer and another 33 from
breast cancer. Within the European Union there is a diagnosis of breast cancer every
2.5 minutes and a woman dies from the disease every 7.5 minutes. Altogether in Britain
there are over 400 cancer deaths every day. That’s roughly the number of people in a
typical commuter train with all seats taken and the standing space full – dying. Every
day. For students of twentieth century European history the train analogy may have
chilling resonances but perhaps that’s appropriate given, as we shall see, that cancer is
a bit of a mixture, in part due to things beyond our control but with a hefty leavening
of what human beings do to themselves and each other.

The rest of the world

We’ve already seen that there are big contrasts in the prevalent types of cancer across
the world, and stomach and liver cancer are not alone in this respect. In fact most
forms of cancers show marked variation between countries that differ significantly in
what might broadly be called lifestyle. Thus, for example, as recently as 2002 the
chances of a woman developing or dying from breast cancer were about three times
lower in Japan than in Britain or the USA (Fig. 1.7). Lung cancer, highest incidence,
biggest killer in the developed world, is rare in East Africa.
We know that these differences reflect lifestyle because of what has happened when
significant numbers of people have emigrated. Thus, for example, after the Second
World War a considerable number of Japanese people moved to the USA: within a
generation the women had acquired the statistical profile for breast cancer of American
women. Similar shifts have been observed in the incidence and mortality of colon
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8 1: Lessons from epidemiology

BREAST LUNG
Incidence Mortality Incidence Mortality
UK UK
USA USA
Australia/ More developed
New Zealand
Japan Less developed
East Africa Western Africa
0 50 100 0 50 100 0 20 40 80 0 20 40

Figure 1.7 Worldwide variation in breast and lung cancer. The numbers are rates per 100,000
of the population. The total figures (2008) for incidence were 1,384,000 (breast) and 1,607,000
(lung) and for mortality 458,000 (breast) and 1,375,000 (lung).

cancer following group migrations. Even so, the gap in breast cancer incidence
between the USA and Japan is closing, presumably as Western habits swamp trad-
itional Japanese lifestyles.
The picture is, however, complicated by the fact that such differences occur not only
between countries but also within national populations. Thus, for example, we noted
that in the USA stomach cancer is thirteenth on the list of killers but in 2009, for every
white person that this disease claims, 2.3 African Americans will die despite 66% of the
population being white and only 14% African Americans. A further 15% of the USA
population is Hispanic or Latino, originating mainly from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Central
and South America, Cuba and Dominica, 60% of these having been born in the USA.
For this group, overall cancer death rates are lower than for non-Hispanic whites
(419 versus 574/100,000 in the period 2000–2003). This is because the rates for the
major cancers (prostate, breast, colorectal and lung) are lower although Hispanic rates
are higher for stomach, liver, cervix, acute lymphocytic leukaemia and gallbladder
cancers. This difference appears to be more sustained than occurred in the cohorts of
migrants mentioned earlier, but the cancer rates in descendants of Hispanics are
nevertheless approaching those of non-Hispanic whites.

Latin America
For the Caribbean (Fig. 1.8) the overall cancer mortality rate is similar to that of South
America (around 120 per 100,000) but both are significantly greater than in Central
America (92). Taken together the average cancer mortality for Latin America is some-
what below that of North America (Canada and the USA being very similar). As might be
anticipated, the rates vary markedly between countries. For men, Uruguay, Argentina
and Chile have the highest mortality and for women it is Colombia and Chile.
A significant factor is tobacco use, which varies widely across the region but is high in
Uruguay where the male lung cancer rate is the highest in Latin America. In Argentina
male lung, prostate and colorectal cancers are high but in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and
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9 Patterns around the world: how many cancers and what sort?

UK
USA
China
Japan
Caribbean
South America
Central America
India
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Deaths (ASR) per 100,000

Figure 1.8 Cancer mortality rates in the Americas, China, Japan and India compared with
the UK.

Peru stomach cancer is the major male cancer and, for females in those countries, it is
also one of the most common, together with cervical cancer. The latter, together with
breast cancer, are major causes of female death throughout South America. There is
some evidence that stomach cancer deaths may be declining across Latin America as
food quality improves. However, the effect of smoking together with the trend towards
excess weight and obesity in the entire region is a significant factor in the increasing
cancer mortality evident in most countries, Chile being an exception where there has
been a slight fall since 1996.

China
In the most populous country in the world, with over 1,300 million people spread over a
vast area, the difficulty in obtaining cancer figures is even greater than for elsewhere.
Notwithstanding data collection problems, it is clear that by the 1990s cancer had
become the second most common cause of death in China, as in so many other countries
(Fig. 1.7). In 2008 the major cancers were of the lung, stomach, liver and bowel for both
sexes, together with oesophageal cancer for men and breast cancer for women. The rates
are rising, there being, for example, 130,000 more deaths from breast cancer in 2005
than there were in 2000 and this is the trend for leukaemia and cancers of lung, liver,
bowel and prostate in men, and for breast, lung, liver, bowel and cervical cancer in
women. At the same time the incidence of some cancers is declining – notably stomach,
oesophagus and nasopharynx – as is mortality from cervical cancer. These improve-
ments are due to the dramatic changes occurring in China as sanitary conditions and
diets improve and screening programmes are introduced. The latter are extensive for
employees of the government and major companies who provide annual health checks
that may be beginning to have an impact on mortality rates for some cancers. On the
other hand, as in the Western world, these changes are increasing lifespan and, together
with the continuing widespread use of tobacco, the overall result is that cancer rates in
China are rising by about 3% each year. Currently lung cancer kills over 1,200 Chinese
every day and the WHO estimates that by 2025 there will be a million new cases a year.
By then annual tobacco deaths in China will exceed three million.
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10 1: Lessons from epidemiology

India
With a population (1,140 million) only slightly smaller than that of China, India is also
undergoing a transition to being a ‘developed’ nation (Fig. 1.7). This means that there is
migration from country to city, a general change in lifestyle and a rising life expect-
ancy. Overall cancer rates are lower than in more developed countries (by about three
times compared with the USA, for example) despite the rates for oral and oesophageal
cancers being among the highest in the world (chewing betel is generally held to be
responsible). The most common Indian cancers in men are lung, oesophageal, stomach
and larynx; for women they are cervical, breast, ovarian and oesophageal and the total
cancer death figure is currently about 600,000 per year. Unfortunately the socio-
economic changes taking place mean that, like many other developing nations, the
numbers of people dying from non-communicable diseases such as cancer and heart
disease are growing.

Africa
We have noted the prediction of 16 million new cancer cases in 2020: 70% being in the
developing world. Sub-Saharan Africa will contribute over 1 million of these but, as
might be predicted, the patterns across the different regions of Africa show wide
variation (Fig. 1.9). The major forms are liver and prostate in men and breast and
cervical cancer in women, although AIDS has propelled the otherwise rare Kaposi
sarcoma to the top of the table in some countries (Uganda, Swaziland, Malawi and
Zimbabwe). Seventy per cent of cervical cancers arise from infection by human
papillomavirus (HPV). Liver cancer, the major cancer in males, is caused by hepatitis
viruses, mainly hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is carried by about 12% of the popula-
tion. More than 2 billion people, mostly in Africa and Asia, are infected with HBV,
accounting for a good deal of the 600,000 deaths a year from liver cancer.

Deaths/ Lung cancer deaths/

100,000 (ASR) 100,000 (ASR)
160 25
140
20
120
100 15
80
60 10

40
5
20
0 0
Western Northern Middle Eastern Southern Western Northern Middle Eastern Southern
Africa Africa Africa Africa Africa Africa Africa Africa Africa Africa

Figure 1.9 Total cancer deaths in regions of Africa and lung cancer deaths in the same regions
(men and women).
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11 Age

Although there are now effective vaccines against both HPV and HBV, these have
not yet been used on a significant scale in Africa, where the expenditure on health per
head of the population is minute compared with developed nations, with the result that
when cancers are detected they have usually advanced beyond the treatable stage. As
yet there is no hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine, and existing therapies are limited, often
poorly tolerated and frequently ineffective.
The global data raise the general question of why the incidence of different cancers
is so variable. We’ve noted several factors (tobacco, diet, economics, etc.), to which we
will return later, but yet another is infection. Cervical and liver cancers dominate the
global picture but are less prominent in the developed countries because most cases
occur as a result of infection by viruses.

Trends

One of the most interesting questions arising from all the global cancer data is how are
things changing? Most countries in the developed world have produced a gradual decline in
their total cancer mortality rate (Fig. 1.10). Nevertheless, Japan has maintained its position
of having one of the lowest rates and the UK remains significantly worse than the USA.
One of the most dramatic changes has been brought about by Finland. Up to the
1970s Finland had the world’s highest death rate from cardiovascular disease and was
also high in the cancer league – mainly due to the factors we’ll come back to (heavy
tobacco use, high-fat diet and low vegetable consumption). The effect of a national
effort to improve these aspects of lifestyle has been to reduce heart disease in men by at
least 65% and to reduce cancer mortality to one of the lowest rates in the world,
thereby extending the average life expectancy of its citizens by over six years.

Age

Part of the explanation for the worldwide differences we’ve noted is how long we live.
The longer we’re around the more likely we are to develop cancer (Fig. 1.11), even
though we generally equate longevity with an idyllic lifestyle. For the latter, according
to the US Census Bureau, the place to be is Andorra where you’ll live to be nearly 84

UK
200
USA
Finland
150
Japan
100
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006
UK USA FINLAND JAPAN

Figure 1.10 Cancer mortality rates from 1960 to 2006 in the UK, USA, Finland and Japan.
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12 1: Lessons from epidemiology

Deaths/
Incidence % 100,000 (ASR)
100 1000

500
80

60
100

40 50

20
10
0
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80
Age, years Age, years

Figure 1.11 The (global) relationship between age and cancer incidence (left) and a double
logarithmic plot of cancer deaths versus age (right). (from Nordling, 1953).

(on average, that is); whereas if you’re a male living in some parts of Glasgow 54 is the
cut-off age and in Swaziland the average life expectancy is under 32 years. So you
would guess, therefore, that not many Swazis die of cancer – and you’d be right: fewer
than 5% compared with about 30% of UK denizens. You might also guess that their
spectrum of cancers is a bit odd and indeed we’ve already noted that in countries where
the AIDS epidemic is out of control, Kaposi sarcoma is the most common cancer.
Both heart disease and cancers are diseases of old age. Men over the age of 50 who
have never smoked are more likely to die of heart disease than anything else and more
than two thirds of cancers are first identified in individuals who are more than 65 years
old. In general, the average age of populations is steadily rising both in the developed
world and in developing countries. In the Bronze Age the average lifespan was 18
years; the average worldwide is now 66 – and that has risen from about 35 in the early
part of the twentieth century. So, of course, the heart disease and cancer figures are
rising and the prediction that the figure of 10 million new cancer cases in 2000 will rise
to 16 million in 2020 is perhaps not so surprising. By then there will be 30 million
individuals with the disease, 70% of them in the developing world. Other factors are
contributing to this progression: notably trends in smoking and unhealthy lifestyles.
Of course, not all cancers are so protracted in development. The entire category of
childhood cancers, by definition, only appears in the first 14 or so years of life.
In addition, most adults will know of someone who has succumbed to a particularly
aggressive cancer in early life. So cancers do strike the young but these are mercifully
rare manifestations and, from an overall statistical point of view, cancers are indeed
one consequence of getting old.
When either incidence or mortality figures are plotted against age as a double
logarithmic plot they give straight lines (of the form y ¼ an where a is age). The index
n is the gradient of the log-log plot and (n þ 1) represents the number of specific events
that drive the development of the disease (Fig. 1.10). Between different types of cancer
the number varies from four to seven but is typically six, indicating that, on average,
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13 Where do we stand and is there any good news?

acquisition of a major cancer-promoting event requires more than ten years. This type
of deduction from cancer statistics was made 60 years ago and was the first evidence
that a cancer cell contains a number of mutations that have accumulated over
extended periods. The log-log plot shown is for USA white males but similar linear
plots can be derived for all major cancers, regardless of country, sex and race.
This indicates that although, as we have seen, the incidence of different types of cancer
varies widely around the world, similar molecular events drive the development of
all cancers.
We now know that cancers are the result of the cumulative effects of mutations in
genes that control cell division and repair damaged DNA such that cells are released
from the normal controls governing their proliferation and location.
So the major conclusion from this kind of finding is that, to a considerable extent,
cancers are self-inflicted in that we have a degree of choice in the way we lead our
lives: they are a consequence of our lifestyle – where we live and how we live. The
problem with ‘lifestyle’ is that it is a bit tricky to define what is good and what is not.
That notwithstanding, in the context of cancer susceptibility there are one or two basic
guidelines, namely, be lucky enough to have a decent standard of housing and
sanitation, eat well and keep reasonably physically fit. It’s also a good idea to live
where airborne pollution isn’t an unseen hazard. That may be easier said than done,
particularly given the considerable evidence that links auto emissions to breast and
lung cancers. Living near a railway is probably OK – just don’t get a job maintaining
any diesels that might run on it because at least one study shows that significantly
increases your risk of lung cancer.

Where do we stand and is there any good news?

It has to be admitted that on a quick glance there doesn’t seem to be much to be

cheerful about. The predictions for the worldwide increase in cancer rates are almost
beyond comprehension and, as we’ve noted in passing, there isn’t anywhere to hide.
Certainly not in the UK where in 2008 there were 309,527 new cancer cases, an
increase of 54,000 compared with 1994. In particular, there was a 15% increase in
breast cancer and sharp increases in bowel and prostate cancer. Of course, part of the
reason for the increasing trends is that we are living longer and, as we saw earlier,
cancers are mainly diseases of old age. Even so, cancers also afflict the young. The
~156,000 cancer deaths/year makes up ~25% of all UK deaths but that proportion
rises to 36% for all deaths under the age of 65 and it’s ~50% for deaths in women
under 65. This reflects sub-sets of cancer (e.g. childhood cancers and aggressive
forms of breast cancer, as we noted earlier) that are relatively rare but have a big
statistical impact on an age group that, by and large, doesn’t tend to die from
other causes.
Some encouragement may be had from the progressively earlier detection of
the disease through improved screening programmes (Fig. 1.12) together with the
development of effective drug treatments. This has been particularly true for cervical
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14 1: Lessons from epidemiology

Figure 1.12 Lobular breast carcinoma. These tumours can be difficult to detect by mammog-
raphy, that is using X-rays. This tumour was revealed by magnetic resonance imaging
after injection of a contrast agent. (From Esserman et al., 2002. Endocrine-Related Cancer 9,
142. © Society for Endocrinology, 2002. Reproduced with permission.)

and breast cancers and has meant that the developed world has seen a steady improve-
ment in the five-year survival rate for breast cancer. Overall in the richest countries
about 50% of cancer patients survive the disease. However, in the developed world
you are more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with cancer than elsewhere, with
the result that in developing countries 80% of initial diagnoses are of late-stage,
incurable tumours.
Thus generally the world needs to improve the screening programmes referred to
earlier, but we could also do much more by way of prevention. In developed
countries only about 8% of cancers arise from infections but elsewhere almost one
quarter are caused by agents such as HBV and HCV (liver cancer), HPV (cervical and
ano-genital cancers) and bacteria. Thus, for example, 80% of deaths from cervical
cancer are in developing countries. We noted the efficacy of HBV and HPV vaccines
and it is to be hoped that these will become sufficiently available to make a major
impact on the incidence of the cancers promoted by these viruses. Despite these
wonderful contributions by science, it is difficult to be optimistic about controlling
cancer in Africa, given the economic and logistical problems. The setting up in 2008
of AfrOx to bring UK expertise to bear on the African cancer problem is at least one
encouraging step.
In the UK the picture is somewhat mixed. Better diagnosis and treatment has
produced an annual decline in cancer deaths since 1983. The long-term survival rate
is ~40% although the figure varies widely across the ~200 distinct forms of cancer
(Fig. 1.13). Of these, as we noted earlier, four types (breast, bowel, prostate and lung)
account for ~50% of adult cancer deaths in the UK. In the period from 1984 to 2004
the five-year percentage survival rates for the first three of these cancers improved,
prostate from 42 to 74%, breast from 59 to 81% and bowel from 40 to 50%. For lung
cancer the rate remained unchanged at 5%. The most dramatic improvements of all
have been for testicular cancer and some childhood cancers where the five-year
survival rate has gone from being very low 20 years ago to >90%. These large
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Olga's Beauty Salon, 169 Avenue rd Ollie's Beauty Shop, 1559
Dupont Orchid Beauty Salon, 908 Danforth av Oscar &. Joseph
Salon. 60 Avenue rd Ottl's Beauty Parlor, 2531 Eglinton av w (Y Twp)
Paisley Beauty Salon, 416 Roncesvalies av Pamela's Beauty Salon,
469 Rogers rd (York Two) Pape Ave Beauty Lounge, (rear) 996 Pape
av (E Y) Paragon Hai''dressina Est. 337 Ronce
 Beauty Shops Reith's Beauty Salon, 315 Roncesvalles av
Reno's Hair Stylists, 290 Wilson av (Nth York) Renoir Salon, 12 Jane
Revlan Beauty Salon, 853 College Riviera Beauty Salon, 1095
Eglinton av w (York Twp) Robert Beauty Salon, 947 Kingston rd
Robert Jay Beauty Salon, 865 Jane (York Twp) Roberta Beauty
Parlour, 637 Dupont Roberts Beauty Salon, 186 Sixth (New T) Rolf's
Beauty Salon, 1966 Eglinton av w (York Twp) Roma Beauty Salon,
1701 Jane (Nth York Roma Beauty Salon & Barber Shop, 501 College
Roma's Beauty Salon & Barber Shop, 608 Trethewey drive (Nth Y)
Rosa Beauty Salon, 3 Nairn av Rosaria Beauty Salon, 201 Delaware
av Rosario Beauty Salon, 3462 Danforth av (Scar) Rose Marie Beauty
Shop, 190 Wallace av Rose Petal Beauty Salon, 1390 Gerrard e Rose
Sc Pierre Hairdressing, 1132 Woodbine av (t Y) Rose's Beauty
Shoppe, 1106 Yonge Rosia Beauty Salon, 66 Wellesley e Ruby's
Beauty Salon, 23 Speers av (Wstn Rudy's Beauty Salon, 3423 Lake
Shore blvd w (Long Branch) Rudy's Fashion Hair Styling, 2372
Kingston rd (Scar) Rusholme Beauty Salon, 1338 Dundas w Russ-
Mar Beauty Lounge, 639 Dupont Sally's Beauty Lounge, 1437 Queen
w Salter's Beauty Salon, 982A Bloor w Sammon Beauty Parlor, 344
Sammon av (E Y) San Remo Beauty Salon, 204 Islington av s (Etob)
Sandra Beauty Salon, 792A Carlaw av Sara's Beauty Salon, 3011
Bathurst (Nth York) Satellite Beauty Lounge, 1484 Queen w
Scandinavian Beauty Salon, 2785 St Clair av e (E Y) and 221
Rexleigh dr (E Y) Schatz Rene Beauty Parlour, 270 Avenue rd Scott's
Beauty Salon, 2867B Dundas w Seitja's Beauty Salon, 1564 Kingston
rd (Scar) Selby Beauty Salon, 594 Sherbourne Shelly's Beauty Salon,
1210 Victoria Park av (E Y) Silhouette Beauty Salon, 248 Jane Silva
Beauty Salon, 1263 Gerrard e Silva-Rene Hair Stylists, 2396 Eglinton
av e (Scar) Silvana's Beauty Salon, lA 'Harvie av Simone Claude
Salon, 1254 Bay Simpson Flora Harper Method Beauty Salon, 2309
Bloor w Skyline Salon, 269 Yonge Smits Austra Mrs, 737 Bloor w
Snider Wm Ltd, 863 Eglinton av w (Fst H) Sophie-Ann Beauty Salon,
384 Bathurst Sophie's Beauty Service, 4 Robert Scuth Regent Park
Beauty Salon, 33 Belshaw pi Sparkling Silver Salon, 1064 Yonge Spry
Beauty Salon The, 758 St Clair av w Star Beaunty Salon. 705A
Lawrence av w (Nth Y) Stardust Beauty Lounge, 1329 St Clair av w
Stauffer System Ltd, 1173 Bay and 831 Eglinton av w (Forest Hill
Village) Stella's Beauty Parlor, 633 Queen w Stephan's Beauty Salon,
553 Kennedy Rd (Scar) Stephen Hair Stylists, 3212 Lake Shore blvd
w (New Toronto) Sterling Hairdressing, 2 Temperance Stinson Hazel
Beauty Salon, 792 Eglinton av e (Leas) Stonegate Beauty Salon, 150
Berry rd (Etob) Style Lounge Beauty Salon, 9 John (Wstn) Slylon
Beauty Salon, 3352 Dundas w Sue Carroll Beauty Salon, 1640 Queen
w Sunshine Beauty Salon. 1478 Eglinton av w (York Township)
Suzanne Beauty Salon, 852 Eglinton av e (Leas) Suzanne's Beauty
Salon, 2745 Dundas w Swan Beauty Parlor, 1019 Bloor w Sylvia's
Beauty Salon, 911 Davenport rd Terrace Beauty Salon, 2899 Bloor
(Etob) Terry's Beauty Lounge, 1568 Avenue rd (Nth York. Terry's
Beauty Salon, 238 Pape av Thistle Beauty Salon, 913 Queen e
Thorncliffe Park Beauty Salon Ltd 45 Overlea blvd (Leaside) Town
Shop Beauty Salon, 144 Victoria Town & Country Beauty Lounge,
706 The Queensway (Etob) Trudie's Beauty Salon, 57 Avenue rd
Turay Salon, 338 (Allege Unique Coiffures, 67 Marlee av (Nth York)
Val's Beauty Salon, 1333 Dundas w Vales Beauty Salon, 117
Roncesvalles av Van Joseph Beauty Salon, 1413 Gerrard e and 1841
Danforth av Van's Beauty Salon, 740 Bathurst Vanity Beauty Salon,
2290 Lake Shore blvd w (New T) Vanity Beauty Salon, 936 Queen e
Vel-Gina Beauty Salon, 1545 Kingston rd (Scar) Venezia Beauty
Salon, 701 Bloor w Venta Beauty Salon, 3 Westmoreland av Verna's
Beauty Salon, 693A St Clair av w Verne's Beauty Lounge, 1216 King
w Vicki's Beauty Lounge, 1171A Victoria Park av (Scar) Vicky's
Beauty Salon, 1858 Queen e Victory Beauty Parlor, 629A Bloor w
Vienna Beauty Salon, 350 Bathurst Viennese Beauty Salon, 2605
Eglinton av e (Scar) Village Hairdressing The, 394V2 Spadina rd
Vince Beauty Salon, 2870 Danforth av Vincent & Tony, 8 Charles e
Violet Beauty Shop, 1578 Queen e Waimer Beauty Shoppe, 366
Bloor w Warden Beauty Salon. 14131/2 Kingston rd (Scar) Warren
Park Beauty .Salon, 85C Varsity rd (Yk Twp) Warwick Beauty Salon,
1652 Bathurst (York Twp) Westdale Beauty Shop, 2727 Weston rd
(Nth Y) White's Beauty Parlour, 10 Teraulay Willow Beauty Shoppe,
1033 Kingston rd Wimmer's Beauty Salon, 164 Eglinton av e Windsor
Beauty Salon, 1376 St Oiair av w Winn's Beauty Salon, 1431 ISerrard
e Women's World Beauty Salon, 574 Jarvis Woodgreen Beauty Salon,
rear 898 (Jueen e "Wright's", 1262 Danforth av BED SPRING MFRS.
(See also Spring Manufacturers) Gerrard Bedding Co Ltd, 1279
Queen w BEDDING MANUFACTURERS (See also Mattress Mfrs.) Ace
Bedding & Upholstering, 2A Earnbridge Allan Bedding Co Ltd, 1180
King w Arrow Bedding (Eastern) Ltd, 405 Adelaide w Ayers Ont Ltd
(blankets), 410 Adelaide w Bedford Bedding Co, 151 Sterling rd
Beverley Bedding Co Ltd, 147 Tycos dr (Nth York) Burrell Bedding
Co, 27-31 Davies av Comet Bedding Ltd, 893 Queen e Coral Bedding
Ltd, 24 Ryerson Esmond Mills Ltd The, 64 Wellington w Jahns
Bedding &. Supplies, 908 Bathurst -20 Lou-Est Products Ltd, 66
Fraser av Luxor Pillow Case Mfg Co, 1054 Bloor w Maple Leaf
Feather & Down Co Ltd, 66 Fraser av and 134-136 Euclid av
McCallum & Craigie Ltd, 64 Wellington w Montreal Quilting Co Ltd,
137 Wellington w Queen City Bedding Co Ltd, 103 Orfus rd (Nth Y)
Super-Rest Ltd, 36 Milford rd (Nth Y) Toronto Bedding Co Ltd, 14
Brockton av Toronto Feather & Down Co Ltd, 2160 Dundas w
Toronto Quilting & Embroidery Ltd, 352 Adelaide w Trans-Canada
Bedding Co, 1162 Dupont Union Bedding Ltd, 26 Noble BEDS AND
BEDDING Mattress Land, 1635 Eglinton av w (York Township) BEEF
PACKERS (See Meat Packers) BELT MFRS.-WEARING APPAREL
Avenue Belt Mfg Ltd, 96-104 Spadina av Berk Belt Ltd, 1379 Dufferin
Harris Banks Reg'd 116 Spadina av Tail-A-Belts, 322 King w BELTING
Beardmore & Co Ltd, 37 Front e Brammer H Canada Ltd, 25 Jutland
rd (Etob) McLaren D K Ltd, 436 Wellington w McLaren J C Belting Co
Ltd, 51 Colborne Monarch Belting Co, 436 VJellington w Tindall Geo
W Ltd, 111 King e York Belting Co, 135 King e BENEVOLENT AND
FRATERNAL SOCIETIES See Societies — Benevolent and Fraternal
BEVERAGES See also Bottlers — Carbonated Beverages, also
Distillers ALLiN S LTD, Apple Juice, Fruit Drinks, 409 Evans Avenue
Toronto 18, Phone Clifford 1-2261 BICYCLE MANUFACTURERS
Canada Cycle and 'Motor Company Limited, 2015 Lawrence av w
(Wstn) BICYCLE TIRES See Tires BICYCLES (Repairers and Supplies)
Acme Cycle and Sports, 861 Bloor w Bathurst Bicycle & Sporting
Goods, 758 Bathurst Bloor Cycle & Sports, 1165 Bloor w Chianelll
Cycle & Sport Shop, 925 Sheppard av w (Nth Y) Chong Q G Cycle
Shop, 739 Mt Pleasant rd Duke Cycle & Radio Co Ltd, 619-625
Queer> w George's Sport &. Cycle, 1556 Eglinton av w (York
Township) Gib's Cycle & Sports, 890 The Queensway (Etob) Grove
Cycle & Lock Works, 335 College Guildford Art Cycle & SpO'rts, 2393
Dufferin (York Township) Hale's Cycle & Sports, 3673 Lake Shore
blvd w (Long Branch) Henry's 'Bicycle Repairs and Hobbies, 957
Kingston road Hopkins Ken Cycle & Sports, 2620 Yonge International
Cycle & Sports, 314 Wilson av (Nth York) Jane Cycle & Sport Shop,
243 Jane Lane Stan Ltd, 2135 Danforth av Laurie Doug Sports &
Cycle, 62 Carlton Main Cycle & Sports, 2203-2205 Gerrard e
Marathon Bicycle Works, 1340 Gerrard e Marsala Wm, 1584 Queen e
Middleton Geo W & Son ,3238 Yonge Owen's Cycle & Sports Shop,
2797 Lake Shore blvd w (New Toronto) Piponi Bicycle and Pet
Supplies, 624 Parliament Plymouth Bicycle Co, 1242 Dan-forth av
Pontiac 'Bicycle Store, 3308 Dundas w Premier Cycle & Sport Shop
2263 Bloor w Ralph Cycle & Sport Shop, 8 Westmoreland av St Clair
Cycle & Sport, 1251 St Clair av w Scarboro Cycle, 3224A Danforth av
(Scar) Stan's Cycle & Sports, 328 Silverthorn av (York Twp) Taylor's
Sports and Cycle, 2641 Eglinton av e (Scar) Tom's Cycle & Sports
Shop, 1247 Durvdas w • Toronto Cycle Products, 130 Ossington av
Warren Cycle & Key Works, 890 Queen e BILL POSTERS See
Advertising, also Signs BILLIARD ROOM SUPPLIES Chapman Billiard
Supplies, 1186 Queen w Ontario Billiard Supply, 52 Newcastle (Mim)
BILLIARDS AND POOL Academy Billiards, 1288 Bloor w Arcade
Academy, 1529 Eglinton av w (York Twp) Bardwell Billiards, 1356A
Queen e Beach Billiard Academy, 2173-2175 Queen e Benny's
Billiards, 3392 Lake Shore blvd w (Long B) Bersagliere Billiards, 861
College Billiard Hall, 3310 Danforth av (Scar) Bloor Billiards, 574V2
Bloor w and 1222 Bloor w BIoor-Dovercourt Billiards, 954 Bloor w
Boytchuk Wasyl, 1615 Dupont Broadview Billiard Parlor, 723 Queen e
Brock's Billiards, 468V2 Spadina av Carl's Billiard Academy, 2343A
Dundas w Club Billiards, 411-419 Danforth av College Billiards, 962
College Columbia Billiards & Pool Room, 1020 Queen w Coronation
Billiard Academy, 1954 Avenue rd (Nth Y) Cue The, 31 Bloor e
Danforth Billiard Academy, 1500 Danforth av Danforth-Main Billiard
Parlour, 2362 Danforth av Daniel's Billiards, 440 Queen w Danylyk
Mike, 446 Queen w Davenport Billiard's, 1138 Davenport rd Debonis
Dominic, 688 College DelMonte Billiards, 324 Oakwood av (York
Twp) Dino's Billiards, 1384 St Clair av w Dufferin Billiards, 1483
Dundas w Dundas Billiards, 2819 Dundas w East Lynn Billiards, 1855
Danforth av Fairbank Billiards, 1940 Eglinton av w (York Twp)
Gerrard Billiards, 1401 Gerrard e Harrison Billiards, 2230 Kingston rd
(Scar) Hillcrest Billiards, 1085 Bathurst Horodeczny John, 585 Queen
w Hub Billiard Parlour, 305 Spadina av Imperial Billiards, 2852
Dundas w Jack's Billiards, 685 Bloor w John's Billiards, 3084 'Dundas
w Junction Billiards, 2907 Dundas w Karry's Billiards, 579 Yonge King
George Billiard Room, 310 Queen w Lakeshore Billiards, 3771 Lake
Shore blvd w (Long Branch) Lawrence Billiards, 3011 Bathurst (Nth
York) Logan Billiards, 909 Queen e Louis' Billiards, 1020 Queen w
Main Billiard & Smoke Shop, 170 Main Mannie's Billiards, 296A
Wilson av (Nth Y) Mar's Billiards, 411 College Marina Billiards, 876
Dundas w McDermott Billiards, 703 Queen e Meyer's Billiards, 3517
Lake Shore blvd w (Long B) Midtown Billiards, 2878 Lake Shore blvd
w (New T) M'imico Billiards & Coffee Shop, 415 Royal York rd
(Mimico) Modern Billiard Parlor, 334 Queen w Monte Carlo Billiards,
587A College Mount Pleasant Billiards, 618 Mt Pleasant rd Napoli
Billiards, 523 Rogers rd (York Twp) Nest Billiards, 355 College New
Garden Billiard Academy. 290 College New Toronto Billiards, 2979
Lake Shore blvd w (New Toronto) Niagara Billiards, 815-817 Queen
w Norm's Billiard's (basement) 1355 St Clair av w North End Billiards,
799 Yonge Olympia Billiard Academy, 8 Edward Palmerston Billiards,
658 Queen w Parkdale Billiards, 1290 Queen w Pharmacy Billiards,
3200 Danforth av (Scar) Plantation Billiards, 5419-21 Dundas w
(Etob) Plaza Billiard Academy, 59'8V2 Bay Prince Edward Billiards,
3250 Yonge Prince of Wales Billiards, 365 Queen w Queen Billiards,
1182 Queen w Regent Billiards, 352V2 Queen e Reuben's New
Midtown Billiard Academy, 290V2 Yonge Riverside Billiard Parlor, 813
Queen e St Clair Billiards, 1249 St Clair av w Sam's Billiard Academy,
1219 St Clair av w San Remo Billiards, 582 College Silverthorn
Billiard Parlor, 17'64'A St Clair av w Spadina Billiard Parlor, 318
Spadina av Stanley Billiards & Restaurant, 1292 Queen w Superior
Billiards, 2386 Lake Shore blvd w (Mim) Talamo's Billiards, 708 Bloor
w Town Billiards, 14-16 Queen e United Billiards, 551 Queen w
Vaughan Billiard Academy, 615-615A Vaughan rd (York Township)
Weston Billiards, 1899 Weston rd (Wstn) Woodbine Billiards, 2057
Danforth av Woodrow's Billiards, lA Arundel av BIRD AND PET
ANIMAL DEALERS See Pet Shops and Supplies BLACKSMITHS Clark
Kennedy Co Ltd, 931 Weston rd (York Twp) Ewing John & Co 'Ltd, 30
Dalhousie Grimmond Malcolm, 2A Westwood av (E Y) Rubin Sami, 3
Harvie av Sebire Regd, 18’6 Mulock av Watton Robt, 1561 Dundas w
BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURERS Modern Album of Canada Ltd, 1244
Dufferin BLANKET MANUFACTURERS (See Bedding Manufacturers)
BLOCK MANUFACTURERS (See Concrete and Cinder Block Mfrs.)
BLOWERS AND EXHAUST FANS (Manufacturers) Diamond Specialty
Ltd, 1835 Yonge Fuller Co Ltd, 1415 Lawrence av w (Nth York)
Leader Fan Co Ltd, 1228-1230 Dupont Research-Cottrell (Canada)
Ltd, 33 Bloor e Roots-Connersville Blower (Canada) Ltd, 212 King w
BLUE PRINTS Abso Blue Prints Ltd, 2848 Bloor (Etob) and 5122
Dundas w (Etob) Atlas Helio Co Ltd, 140 Avenue rd and 124 Merton
Canadian Photo Copy Co Ltd, 2069 Yonge Central Photo Service, 610
Church Clearprint Ltd, 362 King w Commercial Photoprints Ltd, 593
Yonge Crabtree H S Ltd, 38 Wellington e Douglas-Kerr Ltd, 1912A
Avenue rd (Nth York) Grimson Robert P Co Ltd, 97 Eglinton av e
Homograf Co Canada, 228 King e HUGHES OWENS CO LTD, THE,
Reproduction Department, 470 Yonge Street, Phone 924-7433-4
International Photostat Service, 455 Spadina av McKeown J A Co
Ltd, 1 Alexander pi Metro Blueprint Co, 97 Eglinton av e Midtown
Reproduction Services Ltd, 22 Cumberland Ontario Blueprint Co Ltd
The, 123 Queen e Plaza Reproduction Service Ltd, 465 Wilson av
(Nth Y) Rapid Blue Print Ltd, 88 Wingold av (Nth York) Tech
Reproductions Ltd, 126A Bloor w Topley Reproduction Service, 102
Eglinton av e Wade Norman Co 'Ltd, 891 and 2291 Yonge BOARDS
OF TRADE See Associations BOAT BUILDERS AND DEALERS (See
also Ship Builders, also Sporting Goods) Amalgamated Trades, 42
Northline rd (Nth Y) Anchor Marine Ltd, 1518 Bayview av Avenue Rd
Marine Ltd, 1600 Avenue rd (Nth Y) Bransym (Delta Boatlift) ltd,
2386 Lake Sho're blvd west (Mim) Brown A E Motors Ltd, 59 Main
Canada Yacht & Boat Centre Ltd, 40 Stadium rd Charboneau Joan &
Bill Ltd, 1681 Weston rd (Wstn) Deegan's Marine Rentals, 3250
Dufferin (Nth York) Great Lakes Marine, 102 Brown's Line (Etob)
Humber Boats Ltd, 131 Wendell av (Nth York) Kettle Marine, 227
Pape av Lackie's Marina Ltd, 4 Kingsway South (Swan) Manfredo's
Marine, 527 Rogers rd (York Twp) Mur-Don Marine, 1525 O'Connor
dr (E Y) Nipissing Watercraft Sales, 1681 Weston rd (Wstn) O'Day
Associates of Canada Ltd, 40 Stadium rd Ogilvie Wm G, 7-9 Adelaide
e Port Carling Marine Ltd, 1986 Avenue rd (North York) Sachau
Marine Constn Co, 2161 Lake Shore blvd w (Etobicoke) Sansom A J,
191 McRoberts av Sansom Marine Supply, 1279 Dundas w Scarboro
Marine Ltd, 767 Warden av (Scar) Strong Tight Plastic Co, 108
Manville rd (Scar) Taylor J J & Sons Ltd, 2 Stadium rd Watercraft
Equipment Co, 5140 Dundas w (Etob) Weston Marine, 2600 Weston
rd (Nth York) BOAT CHARTERING AND RENTING SERVICE Rent A
Cruiser, 213 Bingham av BOAT MOTORS-OUTBOARD Aqua Motors
Ltd, 760 Dovercourt rd Bulnier Currey Ltd, 2919 Bathurst (Nth Y)
Mercury Outboard Motors Ltd, 54 Connie (Nt'h Y) Ontario Outboard
& Mower Service, (rear) 327 Bathurst BOILER CLEANERS AND
REPAIRERS Automatic Boiler Control Servicing & Electric Co, 1220
Woodbine av (E Y) Boiler Repair Co (Toronto) Ltd, 37 Carlaw av Carr
Boiler Repairs, 7 Glencrest blvd (E Y) Fernbank Boiler & Furnace
Repairs, 7 Breadalbane Metro-Wide Boilers & Furnace Removal
Service, 185 Simpson av BOILER COMPOUND Copeland Products,
383 Sutherland dr (Leas) BOILER MANUFACTURERS Babcock-Wilcox
& Goldie McCulloch Ltd, 321 Bloor east Inglls John Co Ltd The, 14
Strachan av and 1900 Eglinton av e (Scar) Lloyd (Sc Westwood
Machinery Co, 492 Gilbert av (York Township) Lunt Ernest C
(Canada) Ltd, 20 College McDonnell & Miller, 1541 Davenport rd
McGregor Boiler Works, 92 Twenty-Ninth \Long B) Pendell Boilers
Ltd, 50 Bartlett av Waterloo Manufacturing Co Ltd, 491 Lawrence av
w (North York) Well-McLain (Canada) Ltd, 24 Newcastle (Mim) Wood
John Co Ltd, 101 Hanson BOILER AND RADIATOR DEALERSSTEAM
AND WATER Boyce Boiler & Machinery Co Ltd, (reconditioning), e s
ft of Jarvis Campbell C R & Co Ltd, 3077 Bathurst (Nth Y) BOLOGNA
MFRS. See Sausage Mfrs. BOLT AND NUT MFRS. Apex Bolt Products
of Canada, 28 Milford av (Nth Y) Federal Bolt & Nut Corp Ltd, 1171
Queen w Freeway Washer Co, 122 Judge rd (Etob) Steel Co of
Canada Ltd, 15 Windermere av (Swan)
 IE Page 21 *BOND DEALERS AMES A E & CO LIMITED, 320
Bay, Phone EMpire 3-^>611 HARRIS & PARTNERS LIMITED, 55
Yonge Street, Phone 362-5751 BOOKBINDERS Anstey-Graphic Ltd,
183 Bathurst Art Bookbinding & Novelty Ltd, 43 Densley av (Nth Y)
Beck Bindery Service, 68 Broadview av Blackhall & Co Ltd, 77-79
Peter Brooker Trade Bindery Ltd, 622 Fleet w BRYANT PRESS
LIMITED, THE, 360 Adelaide Street West, Phone EMpire 3-146?
Canada Binding Ltd, 42 Duchess CARSWELL CO LIMITED, THE, 245
Bartley Drive, Phone PLymouth 7-4175 Chapman Chas Co Ltd, 713
Spadina av Couchman Trade Bindery Ltd, 221 Broadview av Dak
Bindery, 206 Main Folding and Bindery Systems of Canada, 92 Geary
avenue Harmsworth Bindery, 39 McMurrich HENDERSON BROS
LIMITED, 355 King West, Phone EMpire 6-6294-5 HENDERSON
BRUCE LIMITED, 187 Duchess, Phone EMpire 3-4189 Henderson
Wm N Ltd, 112 Duke Holmes Graphic Service, 431 Dundas e Kinsley
& McColeman Bindery, (rear) 11 Lavender rd (York Twp) Lumley
James E Ltd, 237 Front e Martin Bookbinding Ltd, 24 Advance rd
(Etob) McDonnell Thos, Co, 329 Church Reliable Bookbinders Ltd, 58
Raleigh av (Scar) Ryan J Harry, 70 Grenville Sanderson Binding Ltd,
(west wing) 48 Abell Starr H & Sons, 468 Dundas w Stewart W J Ltd,
12 Drummond (Mim) T & D Bookbinding Co, 2222 Dundas w
Thomas E G & Son Ltd, 191 Niagara Toronto Bindery Service Ltd, 90
Ontario Universal Bookbindery Service, 443 King w BOOKBINDERS
SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT Blackthorn (Canada) Ltd, 63 Wellington
w Elbe File & Binder Co Inc, 209 Davenport rd Woodcliff Distributors
Ltd, 284 King w BOOKING AGENTS Affiliated Theatrical Offices of
America, 224 Adelaide west Associated Booking Service, 21 Dundas
sq Fonger Studios, 53 Queen e Independent Theatre Services, 600
Bay National Ballet Guild of Canada, 66 Temperance Stewart Bill
Attractions, 224 Adelaide w Train Sylvia Ltd, 404 Jarvis Universal
Associates Ltd, 697 Bay Variety Findings, 697 Bay Warlow Harry, 29
Colborne Widdes Doug Entertainment, 125 Dupont ^BOOKKEEPING
MACHINES (See also Adding Machines) NATIONAL CASH REGISTER
CO OF CANADA LTD, 222 Lansdowne av. Phone LEnnox 7-1241,
Sales Office, 117 Eglinton Avenue East, Phone HUdson 1-5141
BOOKKEEPING SERVICE Acme Bookkeeping Service, 471 College
Bookkeeping Services, 2477A Dufferin (York Twp) Tancredi
Bookkeeping Service, 210 Christie BOOKS (Wholesale) Americana
Corp of Canada Ltd, 99 Avenue B.F.C. Distributors, 21 Dundas sq
Bible Foundation of Canada Distributors Ltd, 21 Dundas sq
Canadiana Co Ltd, The, 38 Berwick av Compton F E of Canada Ltd,
151 Bloor w Consolidated Book Service, 8 Berkeley Co-Operative
Book Centre of Canada Ltd, 125A Bermondsey drive (North York)
General Reference Research Co Ltd, 159 Bay Gordon Magazine
Enterprises Ltd, 54 Front e Harvard Classics, 55 York House of Grant
(Canada) Ltd, 29 Mobile dr (Nth Y) Les Editions Champlain Ltd, 25
Melinda McLean Merchandise Sales Ltd, 37 Industrial (Leas) Progress
Books, 44-48 Stafford Smith W H & Son Wholesale Ltd, 113 Merton
Wholesale Book Co, 8 B'erkeley York Post Book Co, 716A Bay (Retail)
A &. A Book Store, 351 Yonge Anglican Book Centre The, 600 Jarvis
Arka Book Store, 575 Queen w Balint Kalman, 272 Spadina av
Benson's Book Shop, 369 Queen w Book Cellar The, 1184 Bay Book
Exchange & Pet Supplies: 518 Rogers rd (York Township) Book Fair
Ltd, 56 Peter and 45 Overlea blvd (Leas) Book Shop The, 2442
Yonge Book World, 72 Gerrard w Book & Magazine Exchange, 1240
Dundas w Bookbin Ltd, 492 Yonge Britnell Albt ‘Book Shop The, 765
Yonge Burnill's Book Shop, 100 Yonge Carillon Book Centre, 531
Yonge Central Book Store, 632 Yonge Centrum, 1578 Eglinton av w
(York Twp) Cole C Co Ltd, (book exchange), 726-8 Yonge (For list of
branches see Alphabetical Section) Convent Book Room, 134 Ulster
DeLuxe Book Co, 57 Queen w Economy House, 2847 Danforth av
Eglinton Book Store, 406 Eglinton av w Europe Book Shop, 267
Spadina Evangel Book Store, 926 Danforth av Evangelical Book
Shop, 241 Yonge Ex Libris Bookroom, 50 Avenue rd Ford Hing Book
Store, I6OV2 McCaul German Book &. Gift Shop Lending iLibrary,
457V2 Spadina av Good Book Distributors Ltd, 467 Spadina av Grail
Shop The, 850 Bathurst Highway Evangel Book Store, 867 The
Queensway (Etob) Hood's Dora Book Room Ltd, 34 Ross Hyman's
Book & Gift Centre, 1032 Eglinton av w (Fst H) Hyman's Booksellers
& Stationers, 412 Spadina av International Records, 322 Bathurst
Irwin Company The, 413 Brock av Jack's Book Store, 232 Queen e
Kameoka Books Trading Co, 113 McCaul Korda Book Store (br), 533
Bloor w Magazine Store (used), 353 Queen w Marloborough's Book
& Stationery, 2346 Bloor w McAinsh & Co Ltd, 748 Bay
Montgomery's Book Store, 384 Queen e Munro The Bookman, 301
Spadina av Nelson J A Book Centre Ltd, 329Va Yonge Old Favorites
Book Shop, 30 Front w and 321V2 King w Old Vienna Book Shop,
112 Avenue rd Panmonia Books, 2 Spadina rd Paragon Agencies Co,
2 Sammon av (E Y) Parisienne Books, 316 Queen w Park Plaza Book
Shop, 12 Avenue rd Pashal's Book Store, 237 Queen e Paternoster
Book Shop, 112 Bloor w Play Co-op Ltd, 768 Queen w Rendezvous
Book Shop, 734 Yonge St Joseph Book Centre, 620 Yonge St Paul
Catholica Book Centre, 1063 St Clair av w Smith W H & Son Can Ltd,
35 Etobicoke dr (Etob), 113 Merton and 1500 Yonge Times Square
Books & Magazines, 329V2 Yonge Troyka Book Ltd, 799A College
United Church Book Room, 85 St Clair av e United Church Publishing
House, Retail Dept, 299 Queen w University of Toronto Students
Book Store, 63A St George Village Book Store, 29 Gerrard w Walter's
Book & Gift Store, 454V2 Dundas w World Wide Books, 371 Queen
w Young's Books, 772 Broadview av Zucker's Jewish Books &. Arts,
363 Wilson av (North York) BOOT BLACKS See Shoe Shiners BOOT
AND SHOE MAKERS See Shoes— Mfrs, and Whol. BOOTS AND
SHOES (Retail) See Shoes— Retail BORAX PRODUCERS Twenty Mule
Team Products, 51 Eglinton av e *BOTTLE CAPS ANCHOR CAP &
CLOSURE CORP OF CANADA LTD, 275 Wallace Avenue, Phone
LEnnox 4-1131 BOTTLERS (Carbonated Beverages) Bernard
Beverages Ltd, 2 Stewart Canada Dry Ltd, 145-155 Sherbourne Cinci
Cola Products, 130 Sixth (New T) Coca-Cola Ltd, 90 Broadview av
Crush International Ltd, 1590 O'Connor dr (E Y) Dominion Dry
Ginger Ale Co Ltd, 105-107 Manning av Dominion Seven-Up Co Ltd,
12 Cranfield rd (E Y) Home Beverage Co The, 26 Eugene (Nth York)
International Soda Water Co, 61 Markham IVTagda Soda Water, 521
Keele Mid Manufacturing Ltd, 16 Eugene (Nth Y) Nu-'Grape
(Toronto) Ltd, 1100-4 Queen w Nu-Jersey Creme, 229 Manning av
Pepsi-Cola Co of Can Ltd, 1435 Weston rd (York Twp) and 55 Yonge
Prime Beverage Co, rear 251 Sorauren av Private Brand's Beverages
Ltd, 844 Bathurst Regina Beverages Co, 16 Eugene (Nth Y) Royal
Crown Cola Ltd, 100 Sunrise av (Nth Y) Seven Up (Ontario) Ltd, 21
Essex Stubby Co The, 335 Judson (Etob) Sunnyside Beverages,
(rear) 1068 Queen w Vernor's Ginger Ale, 2 Stewart Wilson Chas Ltd,
509-523 Sherbourne Wishing Well (Toronto) Ltd, 146 George Wynola
Corporation Ltd, 1100-1104 Queen w BOWLING ALLEY SUPPLIES
Ace Bowling Supply, 1850 Queen e American International Bowling
Co of Canada, 99 Avenue rd Argo Bowling Services Ltd, 22 Sheppard
Bowling Displays, 2533 Gerrard e Double Diamond Bowling Supply
Ltd, 47 Orfus rd (Nth York) Fleetwood Bowling Equipment Ltd, 47
Orfus rd (Nth York) BOWLING ALLEYS (See also Billiards and Pool)
Ace Bowling Centre, 737 Danforth av Acorn Bowling Ltd, 22-24
Sheppard Acorn Central Bowling, 22-24 Sheppard All Canada
Bowling Ltd, 1654-6 Avenue rd (Nth York) Bally Bowl (Canada) Ltd,
2800 Eglinton av e (Scar) Bayview Bowl Ltd, 1500 Bayview av
Bowlaway Bowling Alleys, 1453 Bathurst Bowl-O-Orome, 2411 Yonge
Brimley Bowl Ltd, 2646 Eglinton av e (Scar) Canadian Bowlerama
Ltd, (rear) 851 Jane (York Twp) Cliffside Bowling Lanes, 2477
Kingston rd (Scar) Cloverdale Bowling Centre, 35 Etobicoke dr (Etob)
Danforth Bowling, 124-26 Danforth av Danwood Bowling Centre,
2057 Danforth av Dufferin Plaza Bowling Lanes, 786 Dufferin
Eglinton Bowling Lanes, 378 Eglinton av w Elite B'owling Alleys, 466
Dovercourt rd Fermack Bowling Ltd, 737 Danforth av Forest Hill
Bowling Co Ltd, 570 Eglinton av w (Fst Hill) Golden Mile Plaza
Bowling Lanes, 1872A Eglinton av e (Scar) Karry's Recreation Club
Ltd, 14-24 Teraulay Kingsway Bowling Alley Ltd, 3056 Bloor (Etob)
Kingsway Lambton Bowling Alley, 4133 Dundas west (Etob) Knob Hill
Bowling Alley, 2791 Eglinton av e (Scar) Lakeside Recreation
Academy, 1499 Queen w Leaside Bowling Ltd, 832 Eglinton av e
(Leas) Long Branch Bowling Lanes, 3301 Lake Shore blvd w (Long
Branch) Lucky Strike Bowling Ltd, 2775 Dundas w McDonald Bowling
Academy, 881A Bloor w Metro Bowling Centres, 22-24 Sheppard and
832 Eglinton av e (Leas) Midtown Bowling Academy, 505 Bloor w
Mimico Bowl, 2487 Lake Shore blvd w (Mim) Mount Dennis Bowling
Alley & Billiards, 1120 Weston road (York Township) New Toronto
Bowling Academy, 2733 Lake Shore blvd west (New T) North Park
Bowling, 1359 Lawrence av w(Nth York) Nortown Bowling, 1410
Eglinton av w (Fst H) Oakwood Bowl, 524 Oakwood av (York Twp)
O'Connor Bowl, 1401 O'Connor Dr (€ Y) O'Connor Bowl West, 136
Islington av s (Etob) Olympia Fallingbrook Bowling Club, 1234
Kingston road (Scar) Olympia-St Clair Bowling Alley, 1430 Yonge
Plantation Bowling Alleys, 5429 Dundas w (Etob) Playtime Bowl Ltd,
45 Samor rd (Nth Y) Plaza B'owling, 1554 Danforth av Queen City
Bowling Club, 909 Queen e Queensway Bowl, 773 The Queensway
(Etob) Riverdale Bowling Alleys, 339-341 Queen e Rockmount
Bowling Club Ltd, 2456 Lake Shore blvd w (Mimico) Rosedale
Bowling Club, 601 Danforth av Roxton Bowl Academy Ltd, 815
College Royal York Bowling Alley, 1500 Royal York rd (Etob) St Clair
Recreation Club, 1670 Dufferin Shamrock Bowling, 282 Coxwell av
Shea's Bowling Centre, 1654-6 Avenue rd (Nth Y) Shea's North
Bathurst Bowl, 2788 Bathurst (Nth York) Shea's Parkdale Bowl, 1435
King w Shopper's Bowling Centre, 3003 Danforth av (E Y) Spadina
Bowling Academy, 450 Spadina av Studio Bowl, 2560 Eglinton av w
(York Twp) Sunnyside Bowling, 11-13 Roncesvalles av Sunrise
Bowling & Billiard Centre, 1294 Weston rd (York Twp) Sunset
Bowles, 1036 Pape av (E Y) Thorncliffe Bowl, 45 Overlea blvd (Leas)
Town Bowling Recreation Centre, 14 Queen e Vaughan Bowling
Academy, 601-611 Vaughan rd (York Township) Weston Bowling
Lanes, 1736 Weston rd (Wstn) York Bowl, 545 Wilson av (Nth York)
BOX LUNCHES Blue Bird Box Lunch, 149 Church Brien Catering, 272
Broadview_ av Daily Coffee Service, 256 Lansdowne av Diamond Box
Lunch, 162 McCaul Doc's Lunch, 1298 Queen w Gil's Lunch Service,
1158 The Queensway (Etob) H & S Box Lunch & Coffee Shop, 166
Bathurst Kaufman Box Lunch, 126 Wellington w Kozak's Food
Service, 1499 Dundas w McClelland Wm, 193 Church Model Box
Lunch, 596V2 Gerrard e Morris Box Lunch, 382 Queen e Scott's Box
Lunch Ltd, 30 Canmotor av (Etob) Scott's Snack Service, 142
Davenport rd Snappy Service, 122 Fortieth (Long B) Superior Box
Lunch, 429 Adelaide w Tasty Box Lunch, 149 Church Tony's Snack
Service, (rear) 2871 Dufferin (Nth Y) Toronto Box Lunch, 188
Adelaide w BOTTLES Consolidated Bottle Co Ltd, 51-53 Vine av
Dominion Bottle Co, 80 Ontario Roher Fred, 407 Shuter Toronto Milk
Bottle Exchange Ltd, (rear) 1293 Dundas west BOTTLERS' SUPPLIES
AND MACHINERY Anchor Cap & Closure Corp of Canada Ltd, 275
Wallace av Crown Cork & Seal Co Ltd (caps), 320-328 Carlaw avenue
Jet Spray of Canada Ltd, 80 Advance rd (Etob) MUNDET CORK &
INSULATION LTD, 35 Booth av. Phone HOward 5-2481 Purity Milk
Cap Co Ltd, 1190 King w Willson &. Warden Engineering Ltd, 2533
Gerrard e BOX MANUFACTURERS Accurate Co (paper), 7 Dohme av
(E Y) Barchard &. Co Ltd, 214 Front e BATHURST CONTAINERS
LIMITED Manufacturers: Corrugated Containers — Corrugated
Products Wirebound Boxes and Crates Nailed Wooden and Plywood
Boxes SALES OFFICES AT; 1035 Hodge Street 1000 Gerrard St. East
£t. Laurent, Quebec Toronto, Ontario Phone 461-9494 643 Dundas
St. E. London, Ontario 825 Marion Street St. Boniface, Manitoba
Cave 1 1 Avenue Hamilton, Ontario 730 Dever Road Lancaster, N.B.
Bathurst Containers Ltd, 1000 Gerrard e Beck C Co Ltd, 10
Parliament Bolting Boxes, (rear) 576 Ontario Corrugated Carton
Supply, 124 Manville rd (Scar) Dominion Corrugated Paper Co Ltd,
142 Old Weston road Dupont Paper Box Ltd, 1244 Dufferin Elvidge
Paper Box Co Ltd The, 124 Portland (Mim) Guthrie Containers Co
Ltd, 23 Medulla av (Etob) Jones Box & Label, 106 Adelaide w Lynch
Packing Cartons, (rear) 576 Ontario Metro Carton Service, 58 Hyde
av (York Twp) Package Forming Machinery Co Ltd, 352 McRae dr
(Leas) Package Master Ltd, 3620 Lake Shore blvd w (Long B)
Pembroke Shook M'ills Ltd, 408 University av Thompson Boxes, 150
Wildwood cres THOMPSON PAPER BOX CO LTD, Folding Boxes and
Cartons, 44 Norwood Terrace, Phone oxford 1-1168 Toronto
Packaging Ltd, 22 Research rd (Leas) Universal Box & Bag Co, 519
Bay Wilson Box Co, 83 Front e *BOXES-CORRUGATED BATHURST
CONTAINERS LIMITED, Sales Offices at 1000 Gerrard Street East,
Toronto, Phone 461-9494; Cavell Avenue, Hamilton; 643 Dundas
Street East, London; 1035 Hodge Street, St. Laurent, Q'uebec; 825
Marion Street, St. Boniface, Manitoba; 730 Dever Road, Lancaster,
New Brunswick. BOXES-SECOND HAND Business Boxes Unlimited
(Regd), 36 Tilson rd Curran Cartons, 108 Wildwood cres Natale
Anthony, 131 Donway rd e *BOXES WIREBOUND BATHURST
CONTAINERS LIMITED, Sales Offices at 1000 Gerrard Street East,
Toronto, Phone 461-9494; Cavell Avenue, Hamilton; 1035 Hodge
Street, St. Laurent, Quebec. BRASS FOUNDERS AND FINISHERS
(See also Foundries) Anaconda American Brass Ltd, w s Eighth (New
T) Atkins (Sc Hoyle Ltd, 69-71 Portland Brascop Products Ltd, 328
Dupont Coulter Copper & Brass Co Ltd, 44 Coronet rd (Etob)
Dominion Brass Products Ltd, 65 Saulter Galt Brass Co Ltd, 67 Yonge
National Brass &. Aluminum Foundry, 117 St Patrick Non Ferrous
Castings Ltd, 65 Frederick Queen City Brass Foundry, 28 Dalhousie
Wilson Brass & Aluminum Foundry Ltd, 21 Jarvis BRASSIERES MFRS.
Exquisite Form Brassiere (Canada) Ltd, 215 Spadina avenue Lovable
Brassieres of Canada Ltd, 590 King w .Maiden Form of Canada Ltd
156 Front w Styline Specialties, 3034 Yonge BREWERIES CANADIAN
BREWERIES LIMITED, 297 Victoria Street, Phone EMpire 6-7211
Carling Berweries Ltd, 1047 Yonge Dow Brewery (Ontario) Ltd,
(sales office), 276 Simcoe Labatt John Ltd, 311 King e Molson's
Brewery (Ont) Ltd, 640 Fleet w O'Keefe Brewing Co Ltd, 285 Victoria
BREWERS-RETAIL STORES Brewers Warehousing Co Ltd, 42-8
Charles e and 1015 Lake Shore blvd e (For list of branches see
Alphabetical Section) Dow Brewery (Ont) Ltd, 250 Dundas w Labatt's
Retail Store, 383 King e O'Keefe's Retail Store, n s Dundas e
BREWERS' SUPPLIES FREYSENG CORK CO LIMITED, 69-71 Sumach,
Phone EMpire 4-7117 Golden Gate Mfg Co Ltd, 207 Queen's Quay w
Toby F J Ltd, 207 Queens Quay w BRICK MANUFACTURERS Booth
Brick Ltd, 320 Horner av (Etob) Burlington Brick Co Ltd, 2171
Avenue rd (Nth York) Diamond Clay Products Ltd, 80 King w Green A
P Fire Brick Co Ltd, 234 Rosemount av (Weston) Harbour Brick Co
Ltd, 499 Lake Shore blvd w Harbour Brick Co Ltd, 400 Mt Pleasant rd
McFarren F B Ltd, 1255 Yonge Plibrico (Canada) Ltd, (plastic) s s
Horner av (Etob) Rowland Fire Brick Co, 1347 Dufferin Toronto Brick
Co Ltd, 1425 Bayview av (Leas) (For list of branches see Alphabetical
Section) BRIDGE BUILDERS Central Bridge Co Ltd, 951 Queen e and
629 Eastern avenue Dominion Bridge Co Ltd, 1139 Shaw and 665
Trethewey dr (Nth York) BROKERS (Business) Collins & Taylor Ltd,
651 Church Marsh John R & Co Ltd, 1560 Bayview av Metropolitan
Industrial Sales Ltd, 558 Eglinton av w (Fst H) S'herrin Geo A, 697
Bay
 Brokers -22(Custom House) Active Customs Brokers Ltd, 32
Front w Airspeed Brokers (1962) Ltd, 60 Front w Argue Sophie, 67
Yonge Bathgate Wm T Ltd, 8 King e Baxter Hoare & Co Ltd, 159 Bay
Benness S G Ltd, 159 Bay Bertram & Cumming Ltd, 159 Bay Border
Brokers Ltd, 60 Front w and 363 Keele Caledonia Customs Brokers,
3^6 Caledonia rd Callaghan Edwd Ltd, 77 York Carson Custom
Brokers Ltd, 159 Bay Chamberlain W G Ltd, 32 Front w Clavir Albert
A, 159 Bay Crickmore, LeRoy & Davis Ltd, 11 Jordan Cromar Peter G,
25 Chauncey av (Etob) Currier &. Smith Ltd, 200 Bay Davis Beatrice
M, 159 Bay Federated Custom Brokers Ltd, 1608 The Queensway
(Etobicoke) Fowler & Collard, 64 Wellington w General Customs
Services Ltd, 159 Bay Gurza Max, 32 Front w Henderson Bros, 19
Melinda Import Customs Brokers, 60 Front w International Custom
Brokers Ltd, 159 Bay and West Toronto Br, 371 Keele Jackson W R &
Co, 64 Wellington w Kaplan Customs Brokers Ltd, 160 Bay
MacKinnon & McCaskill, 371 Keele Martin W H (Canada) Ltd, 51
Yonge Mayhue Henry D, 100 Adelaide w McKay W G Ltd, 159 Bay
McLean Neil C, 2995 Dundas w Metro Custom Brokers Ltd, 32 Front
w Mills J W & Son Ltd, 159 Bay Moffatt P J Customs Brokers, 64
Wellington w Murray & Robinson Ltd, 11 Adelaide w Norris James C
& Son, 2834 Dundas w Qua Robt J, 67 Yonge Robinson & Heath, 32
Front w EM 2-1371 Rutherford Wm L Ltd, 219 N Bldg, Ont Food
Term, s s The Queensway (Etob) Ryder Gus, 2977 Lake Shore blvd w
(New T) Sanders-Hawkyard Ltd, 32 Front w Sarg? Alfred R Ltd, 37
Front e Stewart D M, Customs Broker, 137 Wellington w THOMPSON,
AHERN & CO, 40 Yonge, Phone EMpire 6-2761 Thomson J MacD Ltd,
160 Bay Trans World Custom Brokers Ltd, 277 Victoria United
Customs Brokers (Ont) Ltd, 160 Bay and 209 N Bldg, Ont Food
Terminal, s s The Queensway (Etob) Universal Customs Brokers Ltd,
159 Bay Unsworth E W Ltd, 53 Yonge Watts Watts Shipping Agencies
Ltd, 37 Front e Weiner Henry Ltd, 119 Spadina av Wingate W &
Johnston Ltd. 217 Bay Yeomans J M Ltd, 35 Front e (Food Products)
Adamson Mark T Ltd, 253 Ont Food Term, s s The Queensway (Etob)
Allison Cornish & Co, 1500 Royal York rd (Etob) Arthurs J Co vgro),
19 Melinda Bain Donald H Ltd (gro), 159 Bay Bendon S G Utility Co
Inc, 207 Queens Quay w Birks E E & Co, 67 Yonge Canada Food
Distributors Co (rear) 252 Spadina av Canadian Lecithin Co Ltd, 4195
Dundas w (Etob) Cork Thos Brokerage Ltd, 16 Goodrich rd (Etob)
Cronin Sales Ltd, 3005 Bloor (Etob) Cruickshank-Guild Ltd, (gro), 214
Laird dr (Leas) Czarnikow (Canada) Ltd, 191 Eglinton av e
Deslauriers Geo Toronto Ltd, 337 S Bldg, Ontario Food Terminal, s s
The Queensway Donohue Wm T Co, 1220 Woodbine av (E Y)
Dynatrade Canada Ltd, 32 Front w Fahn Products Co Ltd, 32 Ingram
dr Gaynor Howard B, 49 Wellington e Goodman Food Brokers Ltd, 30
Eglinton av w Green Philip •& Co Ltd, 3 St Lawrence Griffiths F D &
Co Ltd, 1303 Yonge Higgins Ltd, 1870 Davenport rd Hoogstraten
Henry F, 3645 Bathurst (Nth York) Imco Trading Co Ltd (br), 833
King w International Brokerage Co, 343-347 S Bldg, Ont Food Term,
s s Queensway (Etob) Jeffrey & Horton Ltd, 72 Duchess Jenkins V R
Co Ltd, 1961 Queen e Johnston Harry E Sales Ltd, 2231 Bloor w
Kaell S & Co Ltd, 137 Wellington w King & Raphael Ltd, 212 N Bldg,
Ont Food Term, s s The Queensway (Etob) Large & Singer Ltd, 412
Mt Pleasant rd Lauder Frozen Foods, 168 Wicksteed av (Leas)
Lauder W E (Harry) Co Ltd, 168 Wicksteea av (Leas) Lee Brokerage
Ltd, 217 N Bldg, Ont Food Term, s s The Queensway (Etob) MacLean
John R & Co, 109 Eglinton av e May A S Sc Co (gro), 11 Jordan
McConnachie Sales Co Ltd, 71 Kincort (York Twp) McCrea F R & Co,
164 Lascelles blvd Moase S Y Potato Brokers, 208 N Bldg, Ont Food
Terminal, s s The Queensway (Etob) Mortson-Hafner Food Brokers
Ltd, 213 N Bldg, Ont Food Terminal, s s The Queensway (Etob)
Nicholson Jay I Ltd, 220 Eglinton av e Overweel Jan K Ltd, 207
Queens Quay w Powell C B Ltd, 207 Queens Quay w Rex Brokerage
Central Ltd, 315 S Bldg, Ont Food Ter. s s The Queensway (Etob)
Reynolds L N Co Ltd, 3246 Bloor (Etob) Riddell J A Ltd, 49
Wellington e Sainsbury A H & Co Ltd, 1491 Yonge Sainsbury
International Agencies Ltd, 1491 Yonge Scott Thomas & Co, 2842
Bloor (Etob) Snell C W Sales Ltd, 239 N Bldg, Ont Food Terminal s s
The Queensway (Etob) Snow Wm E, 67 Yonge Switzer R G Sc Co.
2259 Bloor w Taylor G F Ltd, 4208 Dundas w (Etob) Taylor Wm E
(Canada) Ltd, 76 St Clair av w Thomas Trading Co, 656 The
Queensway (Etob) Van de Water Boyd Ltd, 11 Adelaide w Wade-
Ryans Sales Co, 2 Homewood av Ward F W Sc Sons Ltd, 228 N Bldg,
Ont Food Term, s s The Queensway (Etob) Watt Sc Scott Ontario
Ltd, 105 Crocker av (Etob) Wiley A F Sc Co, 7 Riverview gdns (Swan)
(Insurance) (See Insurance Brokers) (Investment) Borthwick Hugh T
Ltd, 66 King w Gotham Securities Ltd, 55 York Latimer W D Ltd, 244
Bay Mackay R P Sc Co Ltd, 19 Melinda Macpherson A C Sc Co, 25
Adelaide e Metro Investments, 133 Fifth (New T) Mid-Terrain
Investments Ltd, 10 Adelaide e (Merchandise) (See also Brokers—
Food Products) (Mining) (See Brokers Stocks and Bonds) (Mortgage)
Ackwin Investments Ltd, 487 College Bell Frank H, 9 Richmond e
Bender Dawson Associates Ltd, 12 Shuter Campbell J G Sc Co, 88
Spadina rd City-Wide Investments Co Ltd, 1964 Avenue rd Empire
Mortgage Brokers, 137 Wellington w Forest Hill Invest Corp Ltd, 146
Carlton General Fiscal Service Corp of Canada Ltd, 68 Yonge
Greenaway A M Sc Co Ltd, 169 Yonge Hall Murray E, 22 Woodlawn
av e Hargo Investments Ltd, 57 Queen w Haynes Harry Sc
Asscoiates Ltd, 2028 Avenue rd (Nth York ) Honickman Reuben, 455
Spadina Keegan J P, 23 Sultan Knapp Arthur W, 2470A Yonge Limon
Ross, 394 Bay Mack Jchn W Sc Co, 88 Richmond w Mayer Mike
Investments, 2828 Bathurst (Nth York) Municipal Bankers
Corporation (1931) Ltd, 80 King w Nasimck Agency The, 455
Spadina av Pete E L, 67 Richmond w Rose Park Corp Ltd, 2970 Lake
Shore blvd w (New T) Rubinstein Sam, 22 Kirkland blvd (Nth York)
Sky Norman Enterprises Ltd, 837 Eglinton av w (Fst Hill) (Produce)
Catania Michl L & Co, 224 Ont Food Terminal, s s The Queensway
(Etob) Chisholm Harry T, 4 St Clair av w Chisholm Ronald A Ltd, 130
Bloor e Dick Hugh H, 331 S Bldg, Ont Food Terminal, s s The
Queensway (Etob) Mutual Brokers (Toronto) Ltd, 210 N Bldg, Ont
Food Terminal, s s The Queensway (Etob) (Real Estate) (See also
Real Estate) Bedder Jack B Ltd, 3077 Bathurst (Nth Y) Blainey Real
Estate Ltd, 17 Queen e Bloor Danforth Agencies Ltd, 690 Coxwell av
Clarke Robert F, 21 Craiglee dr (Scar) Consolidated Investors Ltd, 67
Yonge Creller Frank Real Estate, 24 Eglinton av w Davis
 Page 23 PRINTING DIRECT MAIL MAILING LISTS MIGHT
DIRECTORIES LIMITED LJ 192 SPADINA AVE., TORONTO 2B, ONT. -
EM. 4-1481 CITY DIRECTORIES STREET GUIDES MAPS Parmenter
Devices (Canada) Co, 524 Front w Paulmar Sales Ltd, 6 Ingrain dr
(Nth Y) Perma-Stone of Ontario Ltd, 64 Merton Perry Building
Products Ltd, 218 Front e Plywood Plaza, 2168 Dundas w Precast
Building Products Co, 190 Bridgeland av (Nth York) Pre-Con Ltd, 980
Yonge Premier Building Materials Ltd, 1-15 Basin & 20 Eglinton av e
Queensway Builders Supply, 712 Queensway (Etob) Ramset
Fasteners Lto, Ii-15 Laplante av Rex Building Materials, 407 Rogers
rd (York Twp) Rickett Building Specialties, 1432 Victoria Park av
(North York) Robertson-Irwin Ltd, 696 Yonge Romac Enterprises, 1
Bestobell rd (Etob) Safeway Building Materials, 1640 Queen e St
Clair House Wrecking Co Ltd, 75 Hyde av (York Twp) Saivo Tile Co,
109 Cartwright av (Nth York) Sanjon Building Supplies Ltd, 120 Mill
Scaffold & Rigger Co Ltd, 101 Brookhaven dr (Nth York) Siporex Ltd,
447 Victoria Park av (Scar) Sonneborn Ltd, 133 Laird dr (Leas)
Standard Biulding Supplies, 383 Weston rd (York Township) Sylglas
Division of Denso of Canada Ltd, 47 Cranfield rd vE Y) Taylor Geo A
Supply Co, 208 Sherbourne Thoro Building Materials Co Ltd, 393
Birchmount rd (Scarboro) Tile Town, 2832 Dundas w Toohall Ltd,
220 New Toronto (New T) Trans Canada Truss Inc, 85 Bloor e
Victoria Building supply Ltd, 28 Musgrave Walker-Quinn Ltd, 191
Douglas dr Wall Covering Centre of Ontario, 664 Vaughan rd (York
Twp) Warden Lumber Distributors, 1319 Bloor w Webster & Sons
Ltd, 5521 Dundas w (Etob) and 1912 St Clair av w and 2457
Eglinton av e (Scar) Western Builders Supply Co, 311 Queen e
Weston Home Improvements Centre, 1985 Weston rd (Wstn)
Wheeler J S Enterprises Ltd, 5 Grand av (M!m) White D A & Co Ltd,
15 Colville rd (Nth York) BUILDINGS-OFFICE AND PUBLIC (See also
Halls) Adelaide Building, 119-131 Adelaide w Adrian Building, 4-10
Camden Albion Building. 72 Carlton All Canada Building, 1000 Yonge
Alwyn Building, 251 Spadina av Amen House, 480-6 University av
Anatomy Building (U of T), w s Queens Park Anderson Building, 284-
286 King w Annedel Building, 1076 Bathurst Aragon Building, 440
Adelaide w Archives & Canadlana Building, 14 Queen's Park Arlington
Building The, 130 Dundas w Ash-Temple Building, 243 College
Associated Medical Bldg, 615 Yonge Atkin Building, 2970 Lake Shore
blvd w (New T) Avalon Building, 442 Adelaide w Avenue Building,
19'6-198 Spadina av Avenue Road Medical Centre, 99 Avenue rd Aziz
J & A Building, 266-268 King w Bailey Building, (rear) 42 Murray
Balfour Building, 119-121 Spadina av Banack Building, 32-36
Camden Bank of Canada Bldg, 250 University av Bank of Commerce
Chambers, 2 College, 165 and 480 Spadina av Bank of Montreal
Building, 50 King w Bank of Nova Scotia Building, 44 King w Bathurst
Building, 3768 Bathurst (Nth York) Bathurst Medical Building, 312
Bathurst Bathurst Towers, 2828 Bathurst (Nth Y) Bay-Charles
Building, 1139 Bay Bay-Front Building, 1'60 Bay Bay Grosvenor
Building, 880 Bay Beattie, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Oldsmobile Bldg, 832
Bay Beaunit Building, 176-180 John Beauty Form Building, 44
Camden Bell Building, 619 King w Bell Telephone Building, 50
Eglinton av e and 789 Briar Hill av (Fst Hill) Berkeley House, 360 Bay
Best Chas H Bldg, 112-6 College Bible House, 14-16 College
Biological Building (University of Toronto), w s Queen's Park Biology
Building (U of T), e s University Grounds Bloor Building, 57 Bloor w
Bloor Building, 344 Bloor w Bloor Humber Building, 2490 Bloor w
(Swan) Bloor Medical Building, 310 Bloor w Bloor Medical Centre,
605 Bloor w Bloor- Sherbourne Building, 612 Sherbourne Bloorhill
Building, 2842 Bloor (Etob) Blue Bird Building, 444 Adelaide w Board
of Trade Building, 11 Adelaide w Bockner Building, 732 Danforth av
Botany Building (U of T), w s Queen's Park Brass Building, 7
Adelaide w Breithaupt-Milsom Building, 120 Eglinton av e Brill
Building, 240-6 Richmond w Britannia House, 151 Bloor w British
American Oil Building, 800 Bay and 60-62 College Brock Building,
200 Bay and 49 Wellington w Brooks Building, 22 Duncan Brown
John S Building The, 91-93 Wellington w Brown's Office Building,
2977 Lake Shore blvd w (New Toronto) Bulucon & Ivales Bldg The,
4-20 Edward Burns Building, 18 Temperance Byron Building, 47
Granby C.I.L. Building, 130 Bloor w Caldwell Building, 447 Jarvis
Camden Building, 20 Camden Camden Fashion Centre, 14 Camden
Canada Life Building, 320-340 University av Canada Permanent
Building, 320 Bay Canada Permanent Toronto General Trust Co Bldg,
255 Bay Canada Trust Building, 112 Yonge Canadian Bank of
Commerce Building The, 19-25 King west and 796 Yonge Canadian
Bank of Commerce Chambers, 90 Danforth av and 2 Bloor w
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, 365375 Bay
Canadian Insurance Building, 223 Church Canadian Legion Memorial
Building, 22 College Canadian Medical Association House, 150 St
George Canadian Mortgage Building, 10 Adelaide e Canadian
National Express B'uilding, s s Station and 20 York Canadian Oil
Building, 188 University av Canadian Pacific Building, 69-71 Yonge
Canadian Perfect Garment Building, 163V2 Church Canadian Press
Building The, 55 University av Capitol Building, 366-378 Adelaide w
Capitol Theatre Building, 2498 Yonge Caplan Building, 30 Duncan
Carlaw Building, 28-30 Wellington w Cairlton Tower, 2 Carlton
Carswell Building, 145-149 Adelaide w Carty Building, 4 Albert
Cassidy's Building, 20-22 Front w Caulk Building, 172 Jo-hn Cawthra
Square Building, 14 Cawthra sq Central Building, 45 Richmond w and
204 Spadina av r.'*r?mics Building, 7 Wellington w Challenger
Building, 18-20 Duncan Chartered Accountants Bldg The, 69 Bloor e
Chartered Trust Building, 34 King w Chemical Building (U of T), w s
University Grounds City Hall, n s Queen w cor Bay City Hall Annex,
465 Bay Clemes Building, 105 King e Cockfield Brown Building, 185
Bloor e Coghlan Building, 7 King w College Medical Center, 167
College Colon'al Building, li King w Colonnade Building, s s Bloor w
between ill and 151 Commerce & Transportation Building, 159 Bay
Commercial Building, 147 Spadina av and 218 John Commercial Life
Building, 1301-1303 Yonge Commercial Travellers Assn of Can
Building, The, 17 Dundonald Commercial Travellers Building, 51
Yonge Commodore Building, 317-321 Adelaide w Comstock Building,
73-77 Victoria Concourse Building, 100 Adelaide w Confederation
Life Building, 321 Bloor e Consumers Building. 84-86 Market
Continental Can Building, 790 Bay Continental Companies Building,
160 Bloor e Coroner's Building, 86 Lombard Credit Foncier Building,
244 Bay Crown Life Building, 120 Bloor e Crown Office Building, 26
Queen e Crown Trust Building, 302 Bay Currie Building, 50-54 Yo-rk
Custom House, 1-21 Front w Darling Building, 96-104 Spadina av
David Building, 1912A Avenue rd (Nth York) David Buildings The, 80-
90-96 Eglinton av e Davis Building, 253-259 Spadina ew
Decalcomanla Building, 507-511 King e Deer Park Library Building,
40 St Clair av e DeMarco Building, 1415 Lawrence av w (Nth Y) Dept
of Labour Building (Ont), 8 York Dept of Public Works Building, 225
Jarvis Dickinson Building, 184 Bay Dineen Building, 2-6 Temperance
Dinnick Building, 10-12 King e Doctors Building, 345 Bloor w Doherty
Building, 310-316 Spadina av Dominion Bank Building, 66-74 Yonge
Dominion Bank Chambers, 394 Bay Dominion of Canada General
Insurance Co Bldg, 165 University av Dominion Public Building, 1-21
Front w Doubleday Building, 105 Bond Downtown Office Centre, No.
1, 12 Richmond e, No 2, 4 Richmond e. No. 3, 17 Queen e, No. 4, 7
Queen e, No. 6, 169 Yonge Dun-Bay Building, IlOA Dundas w
Dundas Chambers, 371 Keele Dunlap Building, e s University av
Dupont Textiles Building, 533-535 College Du-Sel Building, 485 King
w Dyment Building, 245 Carlaw av East Eglinton Medical Centre, 168
Eglinton av e East York Medical Building, 901 O'Connor dr (E Y)
Education Centre Building, 155-57 College Eglinton Medical Centre,
51 Eglinton av e Ehmann Corporation Building, 42 Wellington e
Eighty-'Eight Richmond w, 88 Richmond w Electrical Building (U of
T), w s University Grounds Elgin Building, 7-11 Sheppard and 63
Temperance Elliott Building The, 2281 Yonge Ellis Building 384-388
Adelaide w Embassy Building, 82 Bloor w Empire Building, 64
Wellington w Engineering Building (U of T), w s University Grounds
Excelsior Life Building, 36 Toronto Exchange Building, 590 Keele
Fairweat'hers Furs Ltd Building, 30-36 Bloor w Falaise Building, 429
Lake Shore blvd w Fashion Building, 126-138 Spadina av Federal
BuMding. 83-95 Richmond w Federal Govt Offices, 27-55 St Clair av
e Federation House, 1260 Bay Fidelity Building, 34 King e Fifty-Nine
Wellington w, 59-61 Wellington w Film Exchange Building, 277-279
Victo-ria Forest Hill Building, 825 Eglinton av w (Fst H) Forestry
Building (U of T), 45 St George ^oster Building, 460-470 Richmond
w Four Hundred & Fifteen Bloor West Building, 415 Bloor w Foy
Building, 32-34 Front w Frankel Building, 81 Queen w Frederick
Building, 1(12-108 Peter Fremes Building, 333 Adelaide w Frontwell
Building, 50 Front e and 45-47 Wellington e Galbraith Building, 35 St
George Gale Building, 24-30 Spadina av Garden City Press Building,
263-267 Adelaide w Gasee Building, 108 Wellington w Gasoline
Retail Building, 454 Spadina av Gay-Town Building, 438 Adelaide w
Gelber Building, 217-225 Richmond w General Assurance Building,
353-357 Bay General Motors Buidling, 68-70 Richmond e Globe
Display Bldg, 41 Chauncey av (Etob) Gooderham Building, 49
Wellington e Goulding Building, 380 Victoria Goulding Building, 55-57
Wellington w Graphic Arts Building, 71-75 Richmond w Greisman
Building, 80-82 Wellington w Gross Building, 14-16 Queen e
Guaranty Trust Building, 366 Bay Gwendor Building, 209 Davenport
rd Halliday Building, 717 Pape av Hallman & Sable Building, 400
Richmond w Hamilton Trust Building, 57-65 Queen w Harbour
Administration Building 60 Harbour Hargraft Building, 29 Colborne
Hart Building, 489-493 King w Hart House, (U of T), e s University
Grounds Hartz Builciing, 32-34 Grenville Harvey Building, 646
Adelaide w Harvey-Alan Building, 66-68 Temperance Hayhurst
Building The, 55 Eglinton av e Heintzman Hall, 195 Yonge Helena
Building, 452-454 Richmond w Hendry Building, 262 St Clair av w
Herbert House, 335 Bay Hermant Annex, 254-8 Victoria Hermant
Building, 21 Dundas sq Hertel Building, 326-328 Spadina av Hillman
Building, 197-20-5 Spadina av Hobberlin Office Building The, 9
Richmond e Holiday Building, 93-99 Spadina av Holland Life Building,
1130 Bay Hollinger Building, 328-338 Adelaide w Holt Renfrew
Building, 144-146 Bloor w House of Daltons, 227-237 Front e
Household Finance Corp of Can Building, 85-89 Bloor east Household
Science Building (U of T), 153-157 Bloor w Howarth Building, 318
Richmond w Hunter-Rose Building, 12-14 Sheppard Hutchinson
Building, 79 Don Roadway e Imperial Bank Buildings, 171 Yonge,
179 Bathurst, 530 Bloor w, 51 King w and 304 Bay Imperial Life
Building, 16-32 Victoria Imperial Life Tower, 44 Victoria Islington
Professional Centre, 3329-3331 Bloor (Etob) Ivy John D Building, 74
Wellington w Jane-Bloor Building The, 12-20 Jane Joel Building, 54“
Esplanade e Joseph Gibbons Building, 14 Carlton Kantel Building,
187-189 Church Kemp House, 18 Gifford Kennedy Building ,113-115
King w Keystone Building, 96 King w King Building, 309-311 King w
King-Simcoe Building, 208-210 King w Kingsley Building, 79-83
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