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 historicalal
ve
perspective
Do you know...
..
that the year before
President Obama was
as
born, another young
and vibrant politician
n
smashed through age-old
e-ol
e-oldd
demographic barriers
rs ooff hi
hiss
own to win the White
eHHouse
ouse
ou
against a far more seasoned
easo
ea sone
nedd
and experienced opponent?
pone
po nent
nt??

Turn to page 360

60

global
perspective
e
Do you know....
that some thoughtful
Europeans actually
consider the tedious
American bureaucracy
cy tto
o
be downright efficientt ass
compared to bureaucracy
crac
acy
in their home country??

Turn to page 211

1

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 different
perspectives
on american popular
perspective
politics Do you know...
that popular television
shows, such as 24 and
The West Wing, may have
helped pave the way for
the landmark election of an
African-American President
in 2008?

Turn to page 377

your
perspective
Do you know...
that a college sophomore
played a significant role
in securing passage of
the Twenty-seventh
Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution?

Turn to page 44

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 AMERICAN
GOVERNMENT
HISTORICAL, POPULAR AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
BRIEF VERSION
SECOND EDITION

Kenneth Dautrich
Associate Professor of Public Policy
University of Connecticut

David A.Yalof
Associate Professor of Political Science
University of Connecticut

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

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 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
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 American Government: Historical, Popular © 2012, 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
and Global Perspectives, Brief Version,
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Second Edition
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by
Kenneth Dautrich
any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to
David A. Yalof
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 T his book is dedicated to the next generation of responsible
citizens who will inherit the American government; in
particular, our students and our own children:

Allison, Benjamin, Jane, Kenny, and Rachel

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 Brief Contents

BETTMANN/CORBIS SAUL LOEB/AFP/GETTY IMAGES AP PHOTO/MATT SAYLES

1 FOUNDATIONS 3 POLITICAL BEHAVIOR

Chapter 1 Perspectives on American Chapter 10 Public Opinion 254
Government 2 Chapter 11 Interest Groups 280
Chapter 2 The Founding and the Constitution 24 Chapter 12 The Media and Politics 306
Chapter 3 Federalism 52 Chapter 13 Political Parties 332
Chapter 4 Civil Liberties 78 Chapter 14 Voting and Participation 360
Chapter 5 Civil Rights, Equality, and Social Chapter 15 Campaigns and Elections 386
Movements 108

2 INSTITUTIONS 4 PUBLIC POLICY

Chapter 6 Congress 138 Chapter 16 American Economic Policy 418
Chapter 7 The Presidency 170 Chapter 17 American Social Policy 442
Chapter 8 The Federal Bureaucracy 200 Chapter 18 American Foreign Policy 464
Chapter 9 The Judiciary 226 Chapter 19 State and Local Government 490

AP PHOTO/MICHAEL CAULFIELD

iv

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 Contents
Preface xvi

PART 1 The Case against Decline 18

Historical, Popular, and Global Perspectives
Politics InterActive! The Politics
20

of Negativity? 21
FOUNDATIONS
Chapter 1 Perspectives on American Chapter 2 The Founding and the
Government 2 Constitution 24
Placing the 2010 Midterm Elections Now & Then: The Politics of the Amending
into Perspective 3 Process 25
Introduction to Perspectives on American The Beginnings of a New Nation 28
Government 4 British Actions 29
Historical Perspective 4 Colonial Responses 29
Popular Perspective 4 The Decision for Independence 30
Global Perspective 5 The First National Government: The Articles
Forms and Functions of Government 6 of Confederation 31
American Government and Politics 7 The Constitutional Convention 32
American Government In Global Perspective: Plans and Compromises 34
World Views on America 9 The Slavery Issue 35
The New Constitution 36
American Political Culture 10
The Ratification Battle 39
American Government In Historical Perspective:
Federalists versus Anti-Federalists 39
Constitutional Amendments That Have
The Federalist Papers 39
Extended Voting Rights in the United States 11
American Government In Historical Perspective:
Is American Democracy on the Decline? 15 The Continuing Call to The Federalist Papers 40
The Case for Decline 15
A Bill of Rights 41
American Government In Popular Perspective:
Changing the Constitution 43
Voter Turnout in U.S. Presidential Elections 17
The Formal Amendment Process 43
Your Perspective on American Government:
One Student’s Term Paper Proves That the
Constitution Is Indeed a “Living Document” 44
Informal Processes of Change 44
American Government In Popular Perspective:
The State of the Union Address 46
Politics InterActive! Constitutional Technicalities
Meet Political Reality 49

ANNOTATED CONSTITUTION
OF THE UNITED STATES
AP PHOTO/RICK BOWMER OF AMERICA C-1

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 Chapter 3 Federalism 52
Now & Then: Dueling Sovereign Powers in the
United States 53
What Is Federalism? 56
Comparing Federalism to Other Systems
of Government 57
Government Powers in a Federal System 58
American Government In Popular Perspective:
Comparing Views of Federal, State, and Local
Government 59
The Supremacy Clause 60
Relations between the States 60
Your Perspective on American Government:
The Real-life Benefits of Attending College
TAMI CHAPPELL/REUTERS/LANDOV
Close to Home 61
The History of American Federalism 62 Freedom of the Press, Libel Laws, and Prior
State-Centered Federalism, 1789–1819 62 Restraints 91
National Supremacy Period, 1819–1837 63 American Government In Historical
Dual Federalism, 1837–1937 64 Perspective: Crossing the Bounds of
Cooperative Federalism, 1937–1990 65 Contemporary Tastes 92
The “New Federalism,” 1990–Present 67
Obscenity and Pornography 93
American Government In Historical Symbolic Speech and the Flag-Burning
Perspective: When Must the Federal Controversy 94
Government Put State Governments in American Government In Popular Perspective:
Their Place? 68 Varying Levels of Support for the First
American Government In Global Perspective: Amendment 95
Old Rivals Georgia and Florida Do Battle Hate Speech Codes 96
in a Brand New Venue 70 The Right to Bear Arms 96
Why Federalism? Advantages The Rights of the Accused 97
and Disadvantages 70 Your Perspective on American Government:
Advantages of Federalism 70 Shedding Fourth Amendment Rights at the
Disadvantages of Federalism 72 Schoolhouse Door 98
Politics InterActive! The Medical Use Fourth Amendment Rights 98
of Marijuana 75 Fifth Amendment Rights 99
Chapter 4 Civil Liberties 78 Sixth Amendment Rights 101
Eighth Amendment Rights 101
Now & Then: Civil Liberties during Wartime 79
The Modern Right to Privacy 102
The Bill of Rights 82
Freedom of Religion and the Establishment Politics InterActive! A Holdout on Capital
Clause 85 Punishment 105
The Free Exercise of Religion 85
The Establishment Clause 87 Chapter 5 Civil Rights, Equality, and Social
Free Expression Rights 89 Movements 108
Free Speech during the Early Twentieth Century: Now & Then: Slow Going for a Pioneer
“The Clear and Present Danger Test” 90 in Equal Rights 109
The Warren Court and the Rise of the “Preferred Types of Equality 112
Freedoms” Doctrine 90 The Struggle for Equality: Approaches
American Government In Global Perspective: and Tactics 113
The Leading Middle East Network Weighs in The African American Struggle for Equality
on “Gitmo” 91 and Civil Rights 115

vi C o nt e nt s

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 Racial Discrimination: From Slavery
to Reconstruction 115
Racial Segregation and Barriers to Equality 116
The Beginnings of the Civil Rights
Movement 118
PART 2
Birmingham 1963: The Turning Point INSTITUTIONS
of the Civil Rights Movement 119
Continuing Struggles over Racial Equality 120 Chapter 6 Congress 138
American Government In Historical Now & Then: The U.S. Senate Plays the Role of
Perspective: Securing a Piece Disloyal Opposition 139
of the Franchise 123 Article I and the Creation of Congress 142
The Women’s Movement The Structure and Organization
and Gender Equality 124 of Congress 143
Women’s Suffrage and the Equal Rights The House of Representatives: The “People’s
Amendment 124 House” 144
American Government In Global Perspective: American Government In Popular Perspective:
International Perceptions of Women Confidence in Congress 145
as Leaders 125 The Senate: A Stabilizing Factor 146
Legal Challenges to Gender Discrimination 126 Political Parties and Leadership in Congress 147
Your Perspective on American Government: American Government In Historical
Title IX Brings Gender Equality—and Perspective: Important Tie-breaking Votes
Controversy—to a Campus Near You 127 Cast by Vice Presidents in the Senate 149
Other Struggles for Equality 128 The Committee System 150
Native Americans 129 Types of Committees in Congress 151
Asian Americans 129 Leadership of Congressional Committees 153
Muslim Americans 130 Partisan Nature of the Committee System 153
Hispanic Americans 130 Congressional Staffing 153
Older Americans 131 How a Bill Becomes a Law 155
Individuals with Disabilities 131 Step 1: A Bill Is Introduced 155
Gays and Lesbians 132 Step 2: The Bill Is Sent to a Standing Committee
American Government In Popular Perspective: for Action 156
Recognizing the Legitimacy of Same-Sex Step 3: The Bill Goes to the Full House
Marriage 133 and Senate for Consideration 157
Politics InterActive! Even in Congress, a Muslim Step 4: Conference Committee Action 159
Braces for Discrimination 135 Step 5: Presidential Action 159
Oversight and Personnel Functions
of Congress 160
Congressional Oversight 160
American Government In Global Perspective:
World Views of the United States 161
Confirmation of Presidential Nominations
and Approval of Treaties 162
Your Perspective on American Government:
An Internship as a Steppingstone 163
AP PHOTO/STEPHAN SAVOIA

Constituent Service: Helping People Back

Home 164
Politics InterActive! Replacing Members of the
U.S. Senate: Special Elections or Gubernatorial
Appointment? 167

C o n ten ts vii

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 Presidential Resources 190
Chapter 7 The Presidency 170
The Vice President 191
Now & Then: A Leader’s Determination to Stick
The Cabinet 191
to His Principles during a Severe Economic
Your Perspective on American Government:
Crisis 171
Where Do Presidents Come From? Presidential The White House Interns Program 192
Comings and Goings 174 The Executive Office of the President
American Government In Historical and the White House Staff 192
Perspective: Presidential Sex Scandals 175 The First Lady 193
The Evolution of the American Presidency 176 Important Presidential Relationships 194
The President as “Chief Clerk” of the United The President and the Public 194
States: 1789–1836 176 The President and Congress 194
The Weakened Presidency in the Wilderness The President and the Media 195
Years, 1837–1900 178 Politics InterActive! A Honeymoon
The Birth of the Modern Presidency and Its Rise to for the President? 197
Dominance, 1901–1945 179
American Government In Global Perspective: Chapter 8 The Federal Bureaucracy 200
A Nominee with African Roots, as Viewed by a Now & Then: The Elusive Goal of Reducing the
Writer in Kenya 180 “Bloated” Bureaucracy 201
The Imperial Presidency Comes Under Attack, What Is Bureaucracy? 204
1945–1980 181 Your Perspective on American Government:
Redefining the Presidency in an Era of You, Your Parents, and the Dreaded FAFSA
Divisiveness, 1981 to the Present 182 Form 205
American Government In Popular Perspective: American Government In Popular Perspective:
Another “Tweet” from the Commander Mixed Views on Bureaucracy 206
in Chief: The Interactive Presidency What Does the Federal Bureaucracy Do? 207
of Barack Obama 183 Policy Implementation 207
Express Powers and Responsibilities Bureaucratic Legislation 208
of the President 184 Bureaucratic Adjudication 209
Head of State 184 The Development of the Federal
Chief Executive and Head of Government 185 Bureaucracy 209
Chief Diplomat 186 American Government In Global Perspective:
Chief Legislator 187 One Italian Writer Experiences American
Commander in Chief 187 Bureaucracy 211
Implied Powers and Responsibilities Getting Control of the Growing
of the President 189 Bureaucracy 212
Crisis Manager 189 The Organization of the Federal
Party Leader 189 Bureaucracy 214
Executive Orders and Agreements 190 Cabinet Departments 214
American Government In Historical
Perspective: Conflicts within
the President’s Cabinet 216
KEVIN LAMARQUE/REUTERS/LANDOV

Independent Agencies 217

Regulatory Agencies 217
Government Corporations 218
The Executive Office of the President 218
The Federal Workforce 219
Political Appointees and Career
Professionals 219
The Civil Service 219

viii C o nt e nt s

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 Limitations on Courts 238
Electing and Appointing Judges 240
CHIP SOMODEVILLA/GETTY IMAGES
The Nomination Process 241
The Confirmation Process 243
American Government In Global Perspective:
Still a Nation Where Anyone Can Grow Up to
Be a Supreme Court Justice . . . 244
How a Case Proceeds within the U.S. Supreme
Court 245
Why the Justices Vote the Way They Do 247
American Government In Historical
Perspective: Cases That Kept a Nation
Getting a Job in the Federal Government 221 on Edge 248
Politics InterActive! Czars Aplenty in the U.S. Politics InterActive! Overturning Roe v.
Government 223 Wade 251

Chapter 9 The Judiciary 226

Now & Then: A Pathbreaking Appointment Offers
a New Look—and Possibly a New Perspective—
to High Court Deliberations 227
Types of Law 230
PART 3
The Structure of the U.S. Legal System 231 POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
State Legal Systems and State Courts 232
Development of the Federal Court System 232 Chapter 10 Public Opinion 254
The Adversarial System of Justice 234 Now & Then: The Highs and Lows of Presidential
Elements of Civil Litigation 234 Popularity 255
The Criminal Justice System at Work 235 Public Opinion in American Politics 258
Judicial Review and Its Implications 236 How Is Public Opinion Expressed? 259
American Government In Popular Perspective: The Levels of Public Opinion 260
Criminal Defense Attorneys as Heroes of the Values and Beliefs 260
American Cinema 237 American Government In Popular Perspective:
Shaping Public Opinion, One Blog at a
Time 261
Political Orientations 262
Political Preferences 263
How Informed Is Public Opinion? 264
How Does Public Opinion Form? 265
American Government In Global Perspective:
What the World Thinks about the United
States 266
Family 267
Friends and Peer Groups 267
Your Perspective on American Government:
College Students Making Their Voices
Heard 268
The Schools 268
The Media 269
Religion 269
MARK WILSON/GETTY IMAGES NEWS/GETTY IMAGES
How Is Public Opinion Measured? 269

C o n ten ts ix

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 Economic Groups 293
Noneconomic Groups 295
Your Perspective on American Government:
“Before the Lecture Begins, Students from
PIRG Have an Announcement. . . .” 297
How Interest Groups Achieve Their Goals 298
Lobbying 298
American Government In Historical
Perspective: High-Powered Lobbyists 299
Supporting Candidates and Parties
AP PHOTO/MANUEL BALCE CENETA in Elections 299
Litigation 300
American Government In Historical Persuasion Campaigns 301
Perspective: Polling Problems in Presidential Politics InterActive! The Newest Way for
Elections 270 Organized Interests to Influence Elections:
Scientific Sampling 271 527s 303
Unscientific Polls and Pseudo-Polls 271
Sample Size 272 Chapter 12 The Media and Politics 306
Asking Questions on Polls 274 Now & Then: A New Medium Assists in the Cause
Interpreting Public Opinion Data 275 of Landmark Legislation 307
Politics InterActive! Tracking the Latest Public The Media in American Politics 310
Opinion Polls 277 Government Regulation of the Media 310
Functions of the Media in American Politics 311
Chapter 11 Interest Groups 280 Historical Development of the Media 314
Now & Then: Lobbying Scandals with a Ring The Era of the Partisan Press 314
of Familiarity 281 American Government In Historical
Pluralism and the Interest Group System 284 Perspective: Can the Media Be Trusted to Tell
What Is an Interest Group? 284 the Truth? 315
The Pros and Cons of Interest Groups 285 The Emergence of Electronic Media 316
American Government In Global Perspective: The Mass Media Today 317
In the Words of French Political Philosopher The Print Media 318
Alexis de Tocqueville 286 The Electronic Media 319
Interest Groups in Action 287 Your Perspective on American Government:
The Growth of Interest Groups 288 You and Your Blog Can Make a
American Government In Popular Perspective: Difference 322
AARP: The Behemoth of Interest Group Ownership of the Media 323
Politics 289 The Effects of the Media 323
Iron Triangles, Issue American Government In Popular Perspective:
Networks, and The Commercial Success of Fox News 325
the Influence of Criticisms of the News Media 326
Groups 290 American Government In Global Perspective:
Membership in Foreign Press: All Obama, All the Time 327
Groups 291 Politics InterActive! Comedy Television:
What Makes Some A New Rite of Passage for Presidents and
JEFF GREENBERG/ALAMY

Groups More Candidates 329

Powerful Than
Others? 292
Types of Interest
Chapter 13 Political Parties 332
Now & Then: An Upstart Political Movement
Groups 292
Takes on the Two-Party System 333

x C o nt e nt s

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 American Government In Historical
Perspective: Senators Who Leave Their Party
Loyalties Behind 337
History of Political Parties in the United States 338
The First Parties in America 338

JUSTIN SULLIVAN/GETTY IMAGES

A Second Party System Emerges 340
American Government In Global Perspective:
The Importance of Having Honest Two-Party

NEWS/GETTY IMAGES
Elections 341
The Modern Party System in America:
Democrats versus Republicans 342
The Functions of Political Parties 344
Contesting Elections 344
Recruiting and Nominating Candidates 344
Your Perspective on American Government:
The Republicans versus the Democrats . . . Making a Vote Choice 376
at a College Campus Near You 345 Candidate Familiarity 376
Providing a Framework for Voters Party Identification 376
to Make Vote Choices 346 American Government In Popular Perspective:
American Government In Popular Perspective: Television Presidents Paving the Way for Voter
Partisan Differences on Social Issues 347 Open-Mindedness 377
Providing Organization for the Operations of Issue Voting 378
Government 348 Retrospective Voting 379
Why a Two-Party System? 349 Candidate Image Voting 380
Reasons for the Two-Party System in the United Political Participation Beyond the Voting
States 350 Booth 380
Minor and Third Parties 351 Politics InterActive! Genetics and Political
Party Organizations 353 Participation 383
Are Parties in Decline? 354
Politics InterActive! A Democrat Even a
Republican Nominee Could Love 357
Chapter 15 Campaigns and Elections 386
Now & Then: The Stolen Election? 387
American Presidential Elections in Historical
Chapter 14 Voting and Participation 360 Perspective 390
Now & Then: A Young, Charismatic Campaigner The Nomination Phase 390
Energizes Voters and Overcomes the Weight of American Government In Global Perspective:
History 361 A Presidential Candidate Captures the
The Legal Structure for Voting 365 Imagination of Foreigners 391
Toward Universal Suffrage 365 The General Election Phase 392
American Government In Historical American Government In Historical
Perspective: When One Vote Made Perspective: The Comeback Kids
the Difference 366 of Presidential Elections 393
Voter Registration Laws 368 The Prenomination Campaign 394
Exercising the Franchise 369 The Nomination Campaign 396
Who Turns Out to Vote? 369 Primaries and Caucuses 396
Your Perspective on American Government: The Traditional Importance of the Iowa
Courting the Youth Vote 371 and New Hampshire Contests 397
Why Don’t People Vote? 371 The Nominating Conventions 398
Voting in the United States Compared with Other The General Election Campaign 400
Democracies 373 Incumbent Race versus Open Election 400

C o n ten ts xi

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 American Government In Global Perspective:
“What about Us?” The Chinese Reaction to the
U.S. Fiscal Stimulus Plan 431
RHONA WISE/AFP/GETTY IMAGES

Spending Policies: Dividing the Pie 431

Your Perspective on American Government:
College Students Get an Education . . . in
Credit Card Abuse 432
Theories and Practice in Monetary Policy 434
American Government In Historical
Perspective: Hurricane Relief That Calls for a
“Hands-on” President 436
Emergency and Disaster Relief Policy 437
Your Perspective on American Government: Politics InterActive! Former Fed Chairman
Getting Involved in Political Campaigns 401 Greenspan: A Legacy of Forcefulness 439
The Choice of a Vice Presidential Candidate 401
Gathering a Winning Coalition of States 402
The Presidential Debates 402

YELLOW DOG PRODUCTIONS/

The Advertising 403
The Electoral College Vote 404
American Government In Popular Perspective:

GETTY IMAGES
Appealing to Voters the Old Fashioned Way . . .
by Writing a Book 406
Campaign Funding 407
Sources of Funding 407
Regulating Campaign Financing 410
Congressional Campaigns and Elections 411
Chapter 17 American Social Policy 442
Now & Then: When a President Scales Back
Politics InterActive! Campaign Donations: Just a
His Goals to Achieve Major Social Policy
Click Away 415
Reforms 443
The Nature and Practice of Crime Policy 446

4
The Welfare State 447

PART American Government In Historical

Perspective: Innovative Crime Policies
through the Years 448
PUBLIC POLICY Your Perspective on American Government:
Realistic Options for National Service 450
Chapter 16 American Economic Policies and Programs for the Poor 450
Policy 418 The Social Security System 452
Now & Then: When the Greed and Arrogance Health Care Policy 453
of Financial Institutions Demand a National Other Policy Areas 454
Solution . . . 419 Environmental Policy 454
An Overview of the Policymaking Process 422 Education Policy 454
Theories and Practice in Fiscal Policy 423 American Government In Popular Perspective:
Assessing the Economy’s Performance 424 And the Oscar Goes to . . . the Former Vice
American Government In Popular Perspective: President? 455
Assessing the All-Important Consumer Energy Policy 456
Confidence Measure 426 Immigration Policy 458
The Federal Budget-Making Process 427 Politics InterActive! Social Security: The Third
Taxation Policy 429 Rail of American Politics 461

xii C o nt e nt s

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 American Government In Global Perspective:
A Perspective on Obama’s Afghan Strategy
AP PHOTO/MANUEL BALCE CENETA
from the Other Side of the World 483
Foreign Policy Dilemmas for the Twenty-first
Century 483
Is the “Preemption Doctrine” Justifiable? 483
What Role Does Foreign Aid Play in the New
International Order? 485
Does the United Nations Still Serve an Important
Function? 485
Politics InterActive! A Growing Threat from
Iran? 487
Chapter 18 American Foreign Policy 464
Now & Then: A Domestic Focus Yields to Interna-
tional Realities 465 Chapter 19 State and Local
The Constitutional Framework of American Government 490
Foreign Policy 468 Now & Then: State “Laboratories of Democracy”
American Government In Historical That Point the Way 491
Perspective: Presidential Dominance Historical Development of State and Local
of the War-Making Power 469 Governments 494
The Roots of American Foreign Policy 470 Structure of State and Local Governments 495
The Isolationist Tradition and the Monroe State Constitutions 495
Doctrine 471 American Government In Historical
Expansionism and the Birth of a Perspective: Failures in the Laboratories
Superpower 472 of Democracy 496
Foreign Policy during the Cold War 473 Local Government Charters 497
Your Perspective on American Government: Who Governs the States? 498
Is the American Military Draft a Thing of the Who Governs the Localities? 500
Past? 475 State Elections 501
New World Order and New World Disorder 475 American Government In Popular Perspective:
The U.S. Government Confronts the Middle The New England Town Meeting: Still Going
East 476 Strong after 380 Years 502
Navigating the New World Order After the State Party Organizations 503
September 11 Attacks 477 Gubernatorial Elections 505
The Structure of American Foreign State Legislative Elections 506
Policymaking 478 Your Perspective on American Government:
The Role of the Executive Branch 478 Yes, Virginia, You Too Can Run for Political
American Foreign Policy and Public Office 507
Opinion 480 State Judicial Elections 508
American Government In Popular Perspective: Referendum, Initiative, and Recall 509
“Jaywalking” and Americans’ Lack of Knowl- Politics InterActive! The “State of the
edge of World Affairs 481 States” 513
Appendix A-1
Declaration of Independence A-2
Federalist No. 10 A-5
Federalist No. 51 A-10
Presidents of the United States A-14
Glossary G-1
AP PHOTO

Notes N-1
Index I-1

C o n ten ts xiii

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 Special Features
American Government Criminal Defense Attorneys as Heroes of the
American Cinema 237
In Historical Perspective Shaping Public Opinion, One Blog at a Time 261
Constitutional Amendments That Have Extended AARP: The Behemoth of Interest Group
Voting Rights in the United States 11 Politics 289
The Continuing Call to The Federalist Papers 40 The Commercial Success of Fox News 325
When Must the Federal Government Put State Partisan Differences on Social Issues 347
Governments in Their Place? 68 Television Presidents Paving the Way for Voter
Crossing the Bounds of Contemporary Tastes 92 Open-Mindedness 377
Securing a Piece of the Franchise 123 Appealing to Voters the Old Fashioned Way . . .
Important Tie-breaking Votes Cast by Vice by Writing a Book 406
Presidents in the Senate 149 Assessing the All-Important Consumer Confidence
Presidential Sex Scandals 175 Measure 426
Conflicts within the President’s Cabinet 216 And the Oscar Goes to . . . the Former Vice
Cases That Kept a Nation on Edge 248 President? 455
Polling Problems in Presidential Elections 270 “Jaywalking” and Americans’ Lack of Knowledge
High-Powered Lobbyists 299 of World Affairs 481
Can the Media Be Trusted to Tell the Truth? 315 The New England Town Meeting: Still Going Strong
Senators Who Leave Their Party Loyalties after 380 Years 502
Behind 337
When One Vote Made the Difference 366 American Government
The Comeback Kids of Presidential Elections 393 In Global Perspective
Hurricane Relief That Calls for a “Hands-on”
World Views on America 9
President 436
Old Rivals Georgia and Florida Do Battle in a Brand
Innovative Crime Policies through the Years 448
New Venue 70
Presidential Dominance of the War-Making
The Leading Middle East Network Weighs in on
Power 469
“Gitmo” 91
Failures in the Laboratories of Democracy 496
International Perceptions of Women
as Leaders 125
American Government World Views of the United States 161
In Popular Perspective A Nominee with African Roots, as Viewed by a Writer
Voter Turnout in U.S. Presidential Elections 17 in Kenya 180
The State of the Union Address 46 One Italian Writer Experiences American
Comparing Views of Federal, State, and Local Bureaucracy 211
Government 59 Still a Nation Where Anyone Can Grow Up to Be a
Varying Levels of Support for the First Supreme Court Justice . . . 244
Amendment 95 What the World Thinks about the United
Recognizing the Legitimacy of Same-Sex States 266
Marriage 133 In the Words of French Political Philosopher Alexis
Confidence in Congress 145 de Tocqueville 286
Another “Tweet” from the Commander in Chief: Foreign Press: All Obama, All the Time 327
The Interactive Presidency of Barack Obama 183 The Importance of Having Honest Two-Party
Mixed Views on Bureaucracy 206 Elections 341

xiv

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 A Presidential Candidate Captures the Imagination
of Foreigners 391
“What about Us?” The Chinese Reaction to the U.S.
The Politics of Negativity? 21
Fiscal Stimulus Plan 431
Constitutional Technicalities Meet Political
A Perspective on Obama’s Afghan Strategy from the
Reality 49
Other Side of the World 483
The Medical Use of Marijuana 75
Your Perspective A Holdout on Capital Punishment 105
Even in Congress, a Muslim Braces for
on Amercian Government Discrimination 135
One Student’s Term Paper Proves That the Replacing Members of the U.S. Senate: Special
Constitution Is Indeed a “Living Document” 44 Elections or Gubernatorial Appointment? 167
The Real-life Benefits of Attending College Close to A Honeymoon for the President? 197
Home 61 Czars Aplenty in the U.S. Government 223
Shedding Fourth Amendment Rights at the School- Overturning Roe v. Wade 251
house Door 98 Tracking the Latest Public Opinion Polls 277
Title IX Brings Gender Equality—and Controversy— The Newest Way for Organized Interests
to a Campus Near You 127 to Influence Elections: 527s 303
An Internship as a Steppingstone 163 Comedy Television: A New Rite of Passage for
The White House Interns Program 192 Presidents and Candidates 329
You, Your Parents, and the Dreaded FAFSA A Democrat Even a Republican Nominee Could
Form 205 Love 357
College Students Making Their Voices Heard 268 Genetics and Political Participation 383
“Before the Lecture Begins, Students from PIRG Campaign Donations: Just a Click Away 415
Have an Announcement. . . .” 297 Former Fed Chairman Greenspan: A Legacy of
You and Your Blog Can Make a Difference 322 Forcefulness 439
The Republicans versus the Democrats . . . Social Security: The Third Rail of American
at a College Campus Near You 345 Politics 461
Courting the Youth Vote 371 A Growing Threat from Iran? 487
Getting Involved in Political Campaigns 401 The “State of the States” 513
College Students Get an Education . . . in Credit Card
Abuse 432
Realistic Options for National Service 450
Is the American Military Draft a Thing
of the Past? 475
Yes, Virginia, You Too Can Run for Political
Office 507

S p eci al Featu res xv

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 Preface

T his is a textbook about the American government. It is both concise in

its presentation of all the major aspects of the American political system
and up-to-date through the outcome of the 2010 midterm elections. The
success of American government depends upon a responsible citizenry willing to
ask tough questions of its leaders and demand reasonable answers in return. We
live in an increasingly interconnected world; more than at any time in Ameri-
can history, the policies and actions of the U.S. government have an impact on
the citizens of other nations, just as their governments’ policies in turn have an
impact on American citizens. Despite all the changes that have occurred over
the course of the nation’s history, the past is replete with examples from which
we can learn. The challenge facing instructors of American government today is
how to take adequate account of all these changes while never losing sight of the
issues and events from the nation’s past and their significance today.
We offer in this second edition of our textbook all the nuts and bolts of
the U.S. government and how it works; but as with our first edition, we do
not settle for mere surface descriptions and analysis of American govern-
ment and politics. We also seek to educate students about American politics in
ways that go beyond the essentials of government by placing current political
issues and debates in perspective. By examining the current state of American
politics from different angles, we hope to encourage students to think criti-
cally about the significance of certain persons, places, and events in American
politics and consider all the different ways in which they might be viewed and
interpreted. College students in recent years have been witness to historical
shifts in American politics: Barack Obama’s presidential campaign and the
emergence of a more energetic and younger voting contingent as a force in
the 2008 election; the unified resistance of moderate and conservative Repub-
licans to most aspects of the Obama administration’s agenda; the rise of the
so-called Tea Party movement and its criticism of both parties; the passage of
landmark health care legislation and the political fallout of the Obama admin-
istration’s legislative agenda on the 2010 elections. All of these events offer
unprecedented opportunities for testing political theories and concepts against
modern-day realities.
As educators, we never want to let students accept at face value these and
other essential aspects of American politics—we thus offer alternative perspec-
tives to help students think more critically about American government and
politics. For example, we don’t want students to assume that all victories in the
American political system are equally important; we want them to realize that
prevailing political circumstances exert a powerful influence on how different
entities may define “victory.” Consider that some observers criticized Barack
Obama and the Democrats for passing comprehensive health care legislation

xvi

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 on the strength of a slim partisan majority; and yet when Lyndon Johnson, at
the height of his party’s political power in early 1965, was informed by an aide
that the White House had just won passage of a desired piece of legislation by
a wide margin, the president purportedly remarked: “How much more could we
have gotten had we been willing to win by just one vote?” In similar fashion,
some defeats may still advance the given cause, such as when losses generate
attention or publicity for a previously unrecognized issue. For instance, the
newly formed Republican Party’s defeat in the 1856 presidential election set the
stage for Abraham Lincoln’s election as the first Republican president in 1860,
and the eloquent dissents written by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell
Holmes in the 1920s pointed the way to the more liberal free speech doctrines
embraced by a majority of Supreme Court justices in the 1960s.
Throughout the chapters of this textbook, we offer students of American
government and politics the means by which to think critically about those top-
ics. Blinded by what is in front of us now, we often ignore lessons from the past.
American government has changed dramatically in the more than two centuries
of the nation’s existence, yet certain issues persist. In this textbook we investigate
America’s political institutions and processes from a number of different view-
points in an effort to take the full measure of American politics.

Different Perspectives on American Politics

We offer in these pages no polemic or theoretical argument about what American
politics should look like or stand for, either now or in the years ahead. To the
degree it is possible, we attempt to avoid normative judgments about American
political institutions or individuals based on a particular ideological point of
view—whether conservative or liberal, radical or moderate. Instead, we aim to
provide a more measured view of government institutions and processes. We
complement the text presentation of the essentials of American government with
a focus on three perspectives, allowing students to view American government
from a variety of angles.

The Historical Perspective

The historical perspective places issues and problems of contemporary Ameri-
can politics within the context of past events and circumstances. Looking back
provides important lessons applicable today. In examining the past we find that
some of our new and “unprecedented” political controversies are neither new
nor unprecedented. The faces may have changed and the policies may have been
transformed, but the challenges the nation faces today are often newer versions of
past dilemmas and problems.
Viewing American politics through the prism of history allows students to
gain a greater appreciation for American government, both its flaws and its
successes. Furthermore, placing American government in historical perspec-
tive facilitates an understanding of how the modern political system works. For
example, the smoke-filled rooms of the nineteenth century in which politi-
cal party bosses often selected political candidates threatened democracy and
undermined accountability to the majority. Those smoke-filled rooms no longer
exist today, as progressive reforms introduced in the early part of the twentieth
century forced major political parties to use slightly more democratic means to

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 choose candidates. Still, party bosses continue to exert considerable influence
by determining where the party will allocate its resources. A thorough examina-
tion of past problems, issues, and conflicts does not negate the uniqueness of
the current American condition, but it does offer a better understanding of con-
temporary issues. In some cases, studying the past assures us that the political
process does work in a positive way; in other cases, it reminds us that we are
not the first to face certain difficulties, and it suggests that we may want to seek
more direction from the past about what works and what does not.

The Popular Perspective

The popular perspective offers yet another useful framework for examining
political issues. At its core, American government is built upon the bedrock of
popular consent. The U.S. Constitution itself and the institutions of government
underscore the importance of the role of the people in American government.
The biennial election of every member of the House of Representatives and the
frequent elections of many state and local officials remind us that securing the
popular will has been essential to our system from the beginning. The number
and frequency of public opinion polls are further testament to the importance
of the popular will. Popular culture also plays a role in influencing the popular
perspective. Best-selling books, popular movies, and highly rated television
shows all can have a lasting impact on the polity as well through their depiction
of American politics . . . the good, the bad, and the ugly.
All these different sources offer a valuable perspective on where hot and not-
so-hot political issues stand in the eyes of the public. As popular opinion on the
war in Iraq shifted, Bush administration officials responsible for foreign policy
were forced to make decisions and advise the president in a more complex (and
increasingly hostile) political environment. Students need to take account of
shifting political winds to understand why certain events transpired as they did.
A popular perspective on American government promotes a deeper appreciation
for the nuances of the American political system.
The Global Perspective
The global perspective offers viewpoints and opinions about U.S. government
institutions and processes from the media, political elites, and the public in other
parts of the world. (Though it may help foster some useful comparisons, this
global perspective should not be confused with a strictly comparative analysis
of political institutions and processes in different countries.) Over the years the
nations of the world have become increasingly interconnected through communi-
cations advances (such as TV, satellite, and the Internet), the improved mobility
of people (such as by more routine air travel), economic interdependencies (such
as the North American Free Trade Agreement), and political changes (such as the
creation of the United Nations after World War II). Now more than ever, Ameri-
can government affects and is affected by events, circumstances, and conflicts all
over the world.
Though few would argue that the American government should develop poli-
cies based primarily on the views of others, awareness of how “outsiders” view
the American government lends a valuable perspective to our understanding of
the subject. Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s controversial lend-lease agreement with

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 Britain in 1940 (by which he “traded” war materials to Britain with little hope
of repayment) angered many Democrats from his own party who wanted the
United States to stay neutral in the conflict in Europe. FDR knew, however, that
Western European hopes for victory in the war against the Nazis were fading,
and he wanted to assure both the leaders and the citizens of Britain in particular
that they were not alone. Almost sixty years later, many were surprised when
in 2003 some of the long-time Western European allies of the United States
refused to support American military operations in Iraq. American officials’
awareness of how their actions are viewed in other parts of the world can only
benefit decision makers as they guide the United States through the increasingly
interconnected world of global politics.
The three different perspectives described above offer students a broader
view to enhance their understanding of American government and politics.
Even more importantly, these perspectives provide the means for students to
engage in critical thinking about American political issues—in effect, they
allow students to challenge more effectively what they read and hear in the
media and elsewhere. Does that television news anchor understand that the
political rivalry he or she is discussing has roots in the early nineteenth cen-
tury? Does knowing history affect the significance of an event or change the
way political officials should treat the issue? To what extent does that state
legislature’s controversial policy confront popular approval in its own state and
region? Did officials know how the newly occupied nation might react, and did
it craft its policies accordingly? These three perspectives are not just helpful—
they may be critical to helping students see beyond the here and now.

The Student’s Perspective

That said, every student also views American politics through his or her own
narrow prism. American military interventions abroad are one thing, but when the
U.S. government actually drafts college-age student into the army—as occurred
most recently during the Vietnam War—students may come to see the interven-
tion with an entirely different eye. Similarly, the passage of landmark health care
legislation means something entirely different for those students who can now
remain longer on their family health care policies and thus put off worrying about
obtaining their own health care insurance until much farther into the future. The
textbook thus offers students “Your Perspective” as a window into American
politics that looks specifically at students’ personal vantage points—with the
understanding, of course, that students come from a wide range of backgrounds
and experiences.

Organization of the Textbook

Part I (“Foundations,” Chapters 1 through 5) of the textbook begins with a
discussion of how three different perspectives on American politics can add to
and help shape our understanding of American politics and the creation and
evolution of its institutions and processes. In Chapter 1, after reviewing the
forms and functions of government in general and highlighting fundamen-
tal aspects of American political culture, we pose a hypothetical question: Is
American democracy on the decline? We then consider evidence that has been
offered in recent years to support and contradict that controversial proposition,

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 using an examination of historical perspectives in order to place contentions
such as these in their proper contexts. Chapters 2 through 5 begin the textbook’s
consideration of the American political system with a discussion of the ori-
gins of the American government and the Constitution (Chapter 2), the federal
system and the rights and liberties that derive from the Constitution (Chapter
3), and the Bill of Rights and subsequent amendments that guarantee equality
(Chapters 4 and 5).
Part II (“Institutions,” Chapters 6 through 9) considers the major institu-
tions of government formed under the Constitution. Congress (Chapter 6), the
executive branch (Chapter 7), and the judiciary (Chapter 9) were all established
by the first three articles of the Constitution, though their
appearance and functions today might surprise many of
founders who designed them. The bureaucracy (Chapter
8) is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but
it is an inevitable product of a government expected to
tackle the problems of a nation that is home to a diverse
population of over 300 million people.
In Part III (“Political Behavior,” Chapters 10 through 15), we consider politi-
I VOTED cal behavior and its evolution. Interest groups (Chapter 11) and political parties
TODAY (Chapter 13) are not modern phenomena; they were outgrowths of the Ameri-
can political system from the beginning. Public opinion (Chapter 10), the media
(Chapter 12), voting (Chapter 14), and campaigns and elections (Chapter 15)
receive extended attention in this part of the textbook.
In Part IV (“Public Policy,” Chapters 16 through 19),
we discuss public policy at national, state, and local levels.
Following a discussion of the nature of public policy in
general, we consider aspects of the nation’s economic
(Chapter 16), social (Chapter 17), and foreign policies
(Chapter 18). In Chapter 19, we examine state and local
government, again presenting historical, popular, and
global perspectives on the topic.

New to the Brief Second Edition

This revised second brief edition offers new features, updated coverage, and
updated features that will assist students as they grapple with the constantly
shifting realities of American politics. New features students will find most
beneficial are:
■ newly created “Your perspective” boxes for each chapter, which consider
various aspects of American politics from the unique perspective of college
students, and which take advantage of the experiences they bring to bear
when studying American government;
■ succinctly written learning objectives provided at the beginning of every
chapter, and then repeated throughout each chapter at points in the text that
directly address those objectives;
■ critical thinking questions added at the end of many the thematic boxes,
which encourage students to think about the material in new and interesting
ways, and which may be used to spark discussion of the material in class;

xx Pre fa c e

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 ■ a broader scope to the boxes on popular perspectives, which now includes
discussion of how popular culture (including television shows, movies, best-
selling books, etc.) interacts with American politics;
■ and newly constituted chapter summaries presented in bullet-point format,
which now directly parallel each chapter’s learning objectives.

Updated Coverage
In recent years we have witnessed a significant transformation of the American
political landscape. The collapse of the economy in late 2007 was followed a
year later by Barack Obama’s historic victory in the 2008 presidential election.
The Obama administration’s first two years in office proved especially conten-
tious, as the president and his Democratic allies in Congress pushed through
their legislative agenda against strong resistance from Republicans and newly
formed outside groups such as the Tea Party. The bitterly contested November
2010 midterm elections were a product of this growing unrest. The Second
Edition features numerous new chapter-opening vignettes, boxes, tables, and
figures that emphasize these recent developments and should help bring stu-
dents up to speed with new political realities.

Updated Features
■ “Now & Then” vignettes at the beginning of Chapters 1 & 13, which
consider the role that the Tea Party and other interest groups played in the
November 2010 midterm elections; other new vignettes that consider histori-
cal parallels for constitutional amendments, incremental policymaking on
social issues; the role that states play as “laboratories of democracy” for
issues like universal health care; President Obama’s methods of prosecuting
the war on terror; President Bush’s historic rise and fall in the polls; the role
of a new medium (the Internet) in shaping policy; how presidents address
economic crises; etc.
■ New popular perspective boxes on Barack Obama’s 2010 State of the Union
Address; the role played by White House Web sites and other aspects of
the “interactive presidency”; the way that criminal defense attorneys are
portrayed heroically in movies; the role of blogs in shaping modern public
opinion; television’s embracing of women and racial minority presidents
long before Barack Obama’s historic victory; the use of campaign books by
presidential wannabes hoping to get their message across to new audiences;
the Oscar-award winning vice president, etc.
■ New historical perspective boxes on senators who switch their political par-
ties; the role of sensationalism in driving media coverage; the incorporation
of civil liberties (including the Second Amendment Right to Bear Arms) to
be applied to state and local governments, etc.;
■ New global perspective boxes addressing British perspectives on a new
Supreme Court Justice who arose from poverty; Al Jazeera’s perspective on
Obama’s war against terror; the German press’s favorable coverage of the
Obama campaign in 2008; China’s reaction to Obama’s fiscal stimulus plan;
world perspectives on the Obama administration’s new strategy for military
intervention in Afghanistan.

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 Special Instructional Features
We offer a number of recurring special instructional features designed to engage
students’ interest and provide pedagogical support to help them master chapter
material. Several of the recurring features highlight the three perspectives that
underlie the book’s presentation.

Now & Then

Each chapter (except Chapter 1) begins with an opening vignette entitled
“Now & Then,” in which some situation relevant to the chapter topic is pre-
sented. Many students with at least some exposure to American politics will
be able to identify the more recent issue or event (i.e., “Now”) to which the
situation appears to refer. At the same time, however, the situation also refers
to some event or issue in the past (i.e., “Then”) that may not be so familiar to
students. Those who correctly identified the more recent event may be sur-
prised to learn that the situation presented also describes another event from
the nation’s past. The “Now & Then” opening vignette thus demonstrates that
although people and circumstances may change dramatically, certain issues
and problems persist. At the end of the chapter, the section entitled “Now &
Then: Making the Connection” revisits the two examples from the beginning
of the chapter, ties them together, and then connects them to major themes of
the chapter as a whole.

Perspectives Features
Nearly every chapter also includes all four features that focus on the different
perspectives (historical, popular, global, and your perspective). “American
Government in Historical Perspective” compares different moments in
American history in which the same event or circumstance recurred, albeit with
different actors and in somewhat different forms. “American Government in
Popular Perspective” offers evidence, ranging from public opinion polls to
a review of popular culture, about where the American public stands on some
issue relevant to the chapter. “American Government in Global Perspective”
presents material from other countries—perhaps a newspaper editorial, a quote
from a foreign politician, or evidence from foreign public opinion polls—that
offers outsiders’ perspectives on some aspect of American politics. Finally,
“Your Perspective on American Government” provides material that relates
the subject or topic at hand to students’ own personal experiences.

Study Aids and Resources

Aids to facilitate study of the material include detailed learning objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
★ WHAT YOU WILL LEARN ★
at the beginning of each chapter so students can know what will be expected
of them at the outset, as well as a chapter summary of key points at the
end of each chapter that specifically address the learning objectives laid out at the
beginning. Additionally, within each chapter key terms are highlighted in bold-
face type and defined in the margins of the pages. These key terms are also listed
at the end of the chapter, and the terms and definitions are repeated in a glossary
at the end of the book. Also at the end of each chapter is a list of resources, both
print and electronic, that students can explore on their own.

xxii Pre fa c e

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Politics InterActive!
The Politics InterActive! feature at the end of each chapter presents some
contemporary political event or conflict related to the chapter content and
instructs students to visit the Wadsworth Web site www.cengage.com/dautrich/
americangovernmentbrief/2e accompanying this textbook to explore further
Internet resources that offer historical, popular, and global perspectives on
that same topic. These Internet resources encourage students’ critical thinking
and help them realize just how much their views of American politics may be
shaped—or reshaped—by their exposure to alternate perspectives. The interac-
tive exercise component of the Politics InterActive! feature then poses a similar
issue and asks students to explore Internet resources that offer varying perspec-
tives on that topic.

Many other textbooks subtly (and, in some cases, not so subtly) offer the
authors’ own “take” on American politics. Although some instructors may
appreciate that more polemical approach, we aim to provide something differ-
ent. Recognizing that students come to the introductory American government
course from a variety of different backgrounds and with varying levels of under-
standing about American politics, we present all the nuts and bolts they need to
understand the system in as straightforward and clear a manner as possible. But
then we go a step further: To complement that foundation of basic information,
we offer materials that present different perspectives on each topic. These differ-
ent perspectives are intended to encourage students to engage in critical thinking
about the political process as a whole.
The historical, popular, and global perspectives—as well as the material that
address American politics from students’ own perspectives—do not interfere
with the description of essential foundations. If anything, they should spark
students’ interest in revisiting what they learned in high school, from the media,
and elsewhere about American politics with a more discerning and critical eye.
Perhaps many students will take this critical approach beyond the course and
become actual participants in the process. If they do so with a more critical and
skeptical eye, our democratic system can only benefit.

Supplements for Instructors and Students

DVDs and CD-ROMs
PowerLecture DVD with JoinIn/ and ExamView- (ISBN-10: 0840035209 |
ISBN-13: 9780840035202). This DVD includes two sets of PowerPoint- slides—
a book-specific and a media-enhanced set—a Test Bank in both Microsoft- Word
and ExamView formats, an Instructor’s Manual, JoinIn Clickers, and a Resource
Integration Guide.
■ Interactive book-specific PowerPoint lectures, a one-stop lecture and class
preparation tool, makes it easy for you to assemble, edit, publish, and pres-
ent book-specific lectures for your course. You will have access to a set of
PowerPoints with outlines specific to each chapter of American Government:
Historical, Popular and Global Perspectives, Brief Edition as well as photos,
figures, and tables found in the book.

P ref ace xxiii

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ■ The media-enhanced PowerPoints for each chapter can be used on their own
or easily integrated with the book-specific PowerPoint outlines. Audio and
video clips depicting both historic and current day events; new animated learn-
ing modules illustrating key concepts; tables, statistical charts, and graphs; and
photos from the book as well as outside sources are provided at the appropri-
ate places in the chapter. You can also add your own materials—using both
types of PowerPoints and your own material—to create a powerful, personal-
ized classroom or online presentation.
■ The computerized Test Bank in Microsoft Word and ExamView offers a large
array of well-crafted multiple-choice and essay questions, along with their
answers and page references.
■ The Instructor’s Manual includes learning objectives, chapter outlines,
discussion questions, suggestions for stimulating class activities and projects,
tips on integrating media into your class (including step-by-step instructions
for creating your own podcasts), suggested readings and Web resources, and a
section specially designed to help teaching assistants and adjunct instructors.
■ JoinIn offers book-specific “clicker” questions that test and track student
comprehension of key concepts. Political Polling questions simulate voting,
engage students, foster dialogue on group behaviors and values, and add per-
sonal relevance; the results can be compared to national data, leading to lively
discussions. Visual Literacy questions are tied to images from the book and
add useful pedagogical tools and high-interest feedback during your lecture.
Save the data from students’ responses all semester—track their progress and
show them how political science works by incorporating this exciting new tool
into your classroom. It is available for college and university adopters only.
■ The Resource Integration Guide outlines the rich collection of resources
available to instructors and students within the chapter-by-chapter framework
of the book, suggesting how and when each supplement can be used to opti-
mize learning.

Wadsworth News DVD: American Government 2012 (ISBN-10:

0495573094 | ISBN-13: 9780495573098). This collection of three- to six-min-
ute video clips on relevant political issues serves as a great lecture or discussion
launcher.
ABC News DVD: Speeches by Barack Obama (ISBN-10: 1439082472
| ISBN-13: 9781439082478). This DVD includes nine famous speeches by
President Barack Obama, from 2004 to present day, including his speech at
the 2004 Democratic National Convention; his 2008 speech on race, “A More
Perfect Union”; and his 2009 inaugural address. Speeches are divided into short
video segments for easy, time-efficient viewing. This instructor supplement also
features critical thinking questions and answers for each speech, designed to
spark class discussion.
Election 2010: An American Government Supplement (ISBN-10:
1111341788 | ISBN-13: 9781111341787). Written by John Clark and Brian
Schaffner, this booklet addresses the 2010 congressional and gubernatorial
races, with real-time analysis and references.
Political Theatre 2.0 (ISBN-10: 0495793604 | ISBN-13: 9780495793601).
Bring politics home to students with Political Theatre 2.0, up-to-date through

xxiv Pre fa c e

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 the 2008 election season. This is the second edition of this three-DVD series
and includes video clips of both classic and contemporary political advertise-
ments, speeches, interviews, and more that show American political thought
throughout the public sector. Available to adopters of Cengage textbooks.
JoinIn Student Response System (with Installation CD-ROM) (ISBN-10:
0495095508 | ISBN-13: 9780495095507). For even more interaction, combine
Political Theatre with the innovative teaching tool of a classroom response
system through JoinIn. Poll your students with questions created for you or
construct your own questions. Built within Microsoft PowerPoint software,
JoinIn is easily integrated into your current lectures in conjunction with the
“clicker” hardware of your choice.
The Obama Presidency—Year One Supplement (ISBN-10: 0495908371
| ISBN-13: 9780495908371). Much happens in the first year of a presidency,
especially an historic one like that of Barack Obama. This full-color sixteen-
page supplement by Kenneth Janda, Jeffrey Berry, and Jerry Goldman analyzes
such issues as health care, the economy and the stimulus package, changes in
the U.S. Supreme Court, the rescue of the U.S. auto industry, and the effect
Obama policy has had on global affairs.
Great Speeches Collection. Throughout the ages, great orators have stepped
up to the podium and used their communication skills to persuade, inform, and
inspire their audiences. Studying these speeches can provide tremendous insight
into historical, political, and cultural events. The Great Speeches Collection
includes the full text of over sixty memorable orations for you to incorporate
into your course. Speeches can be collated in a printed reader to supplement
your existing course materials or bound into a core textbook.

Online Resources
CourseMate (ISBN-10: 0840069731 | ISBN-13:
9780840069733). The CourseMate for American Government:
Historical, Popular and Global Perspectives, Brief Edition offers a variety of rich
online learning resources designed to enhance the student experience. These
resources include video activities, audio summaries, critical thinking activities,
simulations, animated learning modules, interactive timelines, primary source
activities, flashcards, learning objectives, glossaries, and crossword puzzles.
Chapter resources are correlated with key chapter learning concepts, and users
can browse or search for content in a variety of ways.
NewsNow, a new asset available on CourseMate, is a combination of
weekly news stories from the Associated Press, videos, and images that bring
current events to life for the student. For instructors, NewsNow includes an
additional set of multimedia-rich PowerPoint slides posted each week to the
password-protected area of the text’s companion Web site. Instructors may use
these slides to take a class poll or trigger a lively debate about the events that
are shaping the world right now. And because this all-in-one presentation tool
includes the text of the original newsfeed, along with videos, photos and discus-
sion questions, no Internet connection is required!
How do you assess your students’ engagement in your course? How do
you know your students have read the material or viewed the resources you’ve
assigned? How can you tell if your students are struggling with a concept? With

P ref ace xxv

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 CourseMate, you can use the included Engagement Tracker to assess student
preparation and engagement. Use the tracking tools to see progress for the
class as a whole or for individual students. Identify students at risk early in the
course. Uncover which concepts are most difficult for your class. Monitor time
on task. Keep your students engaged.
CourseMate also features an interactive eBook that has highlighting and
search capabilities along with links to simulations, animated PowerPoints that
illustrate concepts, Interactive Timelines, Videos, Primary Source Activities,
Case Studies, Tutorial Quizzes, and Flashcards.
Go to cengagebrain.com/shop/ISBN/ 049590791X to access your
Political Science CourseMate resources.

WebTutor/ on WebCT Instant Access Code (ISBN-10: 1111303894 |

ISBN-13: 9781111303891).
WebTutor on Blackboard Instant Access Code (ISBN-10: 1111303908
| ISBN-13: 9781111303907). Rich with content for your American govern-
ment course, this Web-based teaching and learning tool includes course
management, study/mastery, and communication tools. Use WebTutor to
provide virtual office hours, post your syllabus, and track student progress
with WebTutor’s quizzing material. For students, WebTutor offers real-time
access to interactive online tutorials and simulations, practice quizzes, and
Web links—all correlated to American Government: Historical, Popular and
Global Perspectives, Brief Edition.
American Government CourseReader Printed Access Card (ISBN-10:
111147995X| ISBN-13: 9781111479954)
American Government CourseReader: Politics in Context will enable
instructors to create a customized reader. Using a database of hundreds of
documents, readings, and videos, instructors can search by various criteria or
browse the collection to preview and select a customized collection to assign to
their students. The sources will be edited to an appropriate length and include
pedagogical support—a headnote describing the document and critical-thinking
and multiple-choice questions to verify that the student has read and understood
the selection. Students will be able to take notes, highlight, and print content.
American Government CourseReader: Politics in Context allows the instructor
to select exactly what students will be assigned with an easy-to-use interface
and also provides an easily used assessment tool. The sources can be delivered
online or in print format.
Aplia (ISBN-10: 1111666156| ISBN-13: 9781111666156). Aplia is dedi-
cated to improving students’ learning by increasing their effort and engagement
with your American Government course. Founded by an instructor for other
instructors, Aplia offers students premium, automatically graded assignments.
Aplia saves instructors from spending time on routine grading while giving
students an easy way to stay on top of coursework with regularly scheduled
assignments organized by specific chapters of their textbook.
Available through a pin-code access, Aplia helps students learn the essen-
tial concepts of American Government and apply them to real life through
the use of interactive coursework that strengthens their critical thinking and
comprehensive reading skills with immediate, detailed explanations for every

xxvi Pre fa c e

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
the sea, bo aa to enclose an eitensive apace, while in the interval
between them a breakwater or artificial island was thrown np,
crowned by a lighthouse. (Dion Cass. U. 11 ; Snet. Claud. 20; Flin.
U. 6, xvi. 40. s. 76; Juv. xii. 75 — e I.) This great work waa called
the PoBTOT Auousn, on whi<£ acooont its oonstmctioii, or at least
commencement, is by some writers r^ failed to the emperor
Augustus ; but there is no aathcrity for this ; and Dion Cassias
distinctly asaigivi the commencement aa well as oampletum of it to
Claudius. Hero, however, appears to have pat th« finishing hand to
the work, and in conseqoenca struck ooina on which he claims it for
his own. (Eckhel, roL vi. p. 276.) After this it wsa considerably
augmented by Trajan, who added an inner basin or dock, of a
hexagonal form, snmanded with quays and extensive ranges of
buildings fur msgasines and storehouses. This port wss called by him
POBTUS Tbajasi; and hence we afterwards meet in intcriptions with
the " Portus Augusta et Tiajsni," and sometimee " Poctos ntarque *
in the same senae. (Juv. {. &, et SchoL ad loe. ; Gmter, Inter, p.
SOS. 10, p. 44U. 3.) At the same time he enlaijgad or repaired the
artificial duumel aC oommonicatioo with PLAV or OSTIA. A A. Hiln
disnael of the Tiber. B. Blfht arm of ditto, the Fossa Traiana, now
caUed Fhimieimo. C. Wswif Morftp, drv bed of andeot course of the
Tttnr. , Modem vUlsae atOiUt. inclenl D. B. Rulni or ancient OtU». F.
PoRui Anguitl. G. Portus Trslaol. H. Insula Sscra. Digitized by VjOOQ
IC
The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.71%
accurate

OSTIA. tlw Tibar, wUdi vow anumed the same of Foau

Trajava, and is nndonbtedlj the aame which still exists nnder the
name of Fwmidmo, and forma the right ami of the Tiber, from which
it separatee about a mile and a half abore the site of Ostia. The new
port thos ooostncted soon gate rise to the gnnrth of a new town
aronnd it, which was geoerall; known by the name of Pobtcb
OsnKXBis, sometimes alao Portus Uibis or Portos Bomae, bnt nue
fieqnentlj, at least in later times, simply PoKTUB. It seems to bars
been designed more particolaiif fiir the importation of ootn for the
snpfdj vl the capital, an object of which the importance became ielt
more and mors, as the popolaticn of Borne continued to increase,
while it became more absidntalj dependent upon fonign nndooe. The
adjoining district on the right bank <£ the Tiber was portioned oat
among a body of colonists before the time of Trajan {Lib. Colon, p.
SSS) ; and a new line of read was eonstmcted akog the right bank of
the Tiber fma Borne to the new port, which obtained the name of
Via Portuensia. In the reign of Conatantine the city of Pcrtns was
erected into an episcopal see (Anastas. Vit. SUvetlr. 34) ; and the
same emperor snrronnded it with strong walls and towera, which are
still in eonaidsrable part extant Meanwhile Ostia itself was fiu ban
sinking mto decay. Bepeated notices of it daring the earlier periods
of the Boman Empire show it to have been still a flourishing and
populous city, and successive onperors coDCorred in improving it
and adorning it with poblic buildings. It was particularly indebted to
the care of Hadiian (Grater, /nser. p. S49. 7) and Septimiua Severus,
numerous inscriptions in honoor of whom have been discovered
among its rains. (ITibby, SiiUonri, vol. il pp. 434, 468.) Anrelian, also,
we are told, adorned it with a Forum, which b«e his name, and
which was decorated by his saccessor Tacitus with 100 columns of
Numidio marble. (Vopisc AartL 46 ; Too. 10.) Ths existing ranains
confirm the inference which we should d»w finm these acoonnts,
and show that Ostia must have continued to be a flourishing town till
towards the dose rf the Boman Empre, and far saperior in the
number and splendour OS its public buildings to the nsaghbooring
town of Portus. Bnt the security of the latter tJaca, which wss well
fortified, while Ostia was wholly unprotsoted by walls (Prooop. S. G.
L 36), most have oontribnted greatly to the advantage of Partus ;
snd the artificial port seems to have obtained an increasing
pnfsrence over the natursl month of the Tiber. Butilius aays that in
his time (about a. d. 414) the leit arm, or main channel of the river,
waa so obstrncted with sand as to be wholly deserted (Ilm. i. 181) ;
but this would appear to be an exaggeisted statement, as Pncopius
mon than a centuiy later describes them as both navigable (Pracop.
Ic). Ostia waa, however, iu his day already iu a state of great decay,
and the road which led fixmi thence to Borne (the Via Ostiensis) was
neglected and abandoned, while the Via Portoensis on the other side
of the Tiber was still the scene of considenble traffic The importance
of Portus became mors developed when Bunie itself became
exposed to the attacks of hoetile barharians. In A. D. 409 Alaric, king
of the Goths, made himself msster of the poit, and with it of the
stores of com {oc the supply of the capital, which compelled the
senate to capitulate on the terms that he choee to dictate (Zoshn. vL
6); and again daring the wan of JBeiisarins and Vitigea (in 537) the
Gothic king, OSTU. SOS fay making himself master of Portos, wil
able to reduce his adversary to severe distress (Pnoop. B. 6. L 26,
&a.). The decline of Ostia continued throughout the earlier part of
the middle agee : in 8S7 it ir described as altogether in ruins, and
the oootinoad incursions of the Saraeens throughout ♦I"* centniy
aeem to have eomfdeted its desolation. But meanwhile the artificial
porta of Clandins and Tngan were beginning in their torn to snfier
from the deposit of sand which is constantly going on along these
shores ; and no attempt bemg made in these ages of confusion and
disorder to arrest the progress of the evil, they were both gradually
filled up so as to be rendered altogether useless. In the 10th
century, the port of Tr^an was already reduced to a mere lake or
pod, altogether cut off from the sea, and only oonminnicating by a
ditch with the Tiber. (Dgbelli, IlaUa Sacra, vol. L p. 134.) The
consequence waa that for a tune the trade was sgain forced to have
recourse to the left arm of the river; and the modern Ottia, where a
castle or Art had been founded by Pope Gregory IV., a little above
the ruins of the ancient city, became sgsin for a period of some
oentnriea the Unding-phue of tra. vellers and the port of Bcme. It
was not till 1611 that Pope Paul V. once more canaed the canal of
Trajan to be restored and cleared out, and continued to the present
line of seanxiast, when a small port called Fvmuemo was
conatmcted; and £rom this time the whole traffic carried on by the
Tiber with Borne (which is however but inconsiderable) haa been
confined to this aim of the river. The main channel, on the other
hand, having been completely neglected, has become so obstructed
with ssnd near the mouth as to be wholly impsacticable. The modem
village of Ottia is a very poor place, with the mina of aa oU castle,
bnt retains little more than 50 pennanant inhabitants, who sre
principally employed in the neighbouring salt-works. Its climate in
summer is extremely unhealthy. The ruins of the sncient city begin
about half a mile below it, and extend along the left bank of the
Tiber for a space of near a mile and a half in length, and a mile in
breadth. Though extensive, they are for the moat part in a very
diUpidated and imperfoct state, so as to have little or no interest as
architectural monuments ; but among them may Im distinctly traced
the remains of a theatre, a temple of the Corinthian order, the
forum, with several of the public buildings that surrounded it ; and
near the rorrs BovaedoHa, dose to the Tiber, an the ruins of
buildings that appear to indicate this as the site of the actual port or
emporium of Ostia in the imperial period. The great number and
beauty of the statues and other works of art, which have been
brought to light bj the excavations carried on at successive periods
on the site of Ostia, are calcolated to give a high notion of the
opulence and prosperity of the ancient city. The ruins of Portus,
which are also very considerable, are of an entirely di^rent character
from thoee of Ostia. They are found on the right bank of the Tiber,
about 2 miles from the present line of sea-coast at Fitmiciao, and are
still known as Porto ; while the inner basin of Trajsn, the hexagonal
form of which may be distinctly traced, though it is in great part
filled with sand, is still popularly known by the name of /{ Trajaao.
The quays of solid masonry that surrounded it are still well
preserved; while extensive, though shapeless, masses of ruins
adjoining it appear to have been those of the magazines and
storehouses attached to the port The K K 4 Digitized by Google
The text on this page is estimated to be only 25.65%
accurate

SM 06TUEL mnidn af the port of Claodios in Ia« diiUact; tba

lina of the mdn whicfa boonded it waj, howvrer, be tnced, thoogh
the^ are iltogether bmied in und ; the towar of the lighthooae or
Pharoe wu still Tiaible in the ISth oentni;, when the rains were
risitad •ad described hj Pope Pins IL, bat has now antiraljr
disappeared. A consideiable part of the ancient walls with which the
city was fbitiiied bj Coostantine is ■till visible; thej were
strengthened with towers, and doaelj naemble in tbar style of
oonstraction the older portions of those of Borne. Between the sits
of Ostia and that of Partus is the island, formed bjr the two branches
of the Tiber, which is about 3 miles in length by 2 in breadth. It ii
oommonly known as the Ixsula Sacra., an appellation fint given to it
by Procopins, who describee it in detail (B. 0. L 86). The origin of
the epithet is unknown, but it appeals to have been in Christian
timee regarded as consecrated, having been, according to
Anastssius, bestowed by Constantino upon the church. It is
described in exaggerated terms by a writer of the 5th century
(Aethicns, Coimogr. p. 7 1 6, ed. Qronov.) for its beauty and fertili^,
whence he says it was termed " Libanus Almae Veneris : " but in
spring it is still covered with fine pastures abounding with beautiful
flowers. The formation of this island obviously dates only iiom the
oonstraction of the right arm of the Tiber, now known as II
Fiumietito, which, ss already shown, is probably wholly artificial. No
writer before the time of the Boman Empire alludes to more than
one mouth of the river. The topography of Ostia and Portns, and the
vicissitndes and changes which the two ports at the month of the
Tiber have undergone, are folly traced, and the existing ruins
described in detail, by Nibby {Dmtonudilioma,rKA. iLp,4S6 —
174,608— 660); as well as by Preller, in the Berichte der
SSekriachen GaeUtehafi for the year 1849 (pp, 5— 38> The
preceding plan is copied from one given by the latter writer. [E, H,
B.] OSTIAEI, OSTIDAMNII. Stephanas (*. r. 'flarffifrer) has preserved
a notice of a Gallic people whom he deecrbes " as a nation on the
western Ocean, whom Artemidorus names Coesini, and Pytheas
names Ostiaei," Strabo (p. 63) observes of Pytheas that what he
says of the Ostiaei and the parts beyond the Rhine as fiir sa Scythia,
is all false. Whether false or true, we Irarn from Strabo tbat Pytheas
spoke of the Ostiaei of Gallia ; and we can safely inftr that Pytheas
placed them on the west coast of Gallia opposite to Britain. A
passage of Strabo has been cited under OsigHH, in which it is stated
of the Osismii that Pytheas named them Timii. Ukert (GaUien, p.
336) purposes to change oftt Tinlms in this passage of Strabo into
otr 'Clarialovs. The proposal is reasonable. The text of Strabo is
probably corrupt here. These Ostiaei of Pytheas can be no other
than the Osismii. , Eratosthenes mentioned a people of Gallia named
Ostidamnii on the west coast of Gallia. He also ■poke (Strab. p. 64)
of the promontory of the Ostidamnii which is called CalUum. It is
clear that he is speaking of the peninsula of Bretagite. The Ostiaei,
Ostidamnii, Osismii are evidently the same people, [G. L.] OSTIPPO,
a free dty of Hispania Baetica, in the jurisdiction of Astigi (Plln. iii. 1,
s. 3), and on the road from Hispalis to Corduba. (/(in. Ant. p. 411.)
It has not been satisiactoiily identified, Mt, accoiJiag to Ukert (toL ii.
pt. 1. p. 360), it OTHBYSi iDiut probably be loaglit in the
neighbomlioad of the modem Ectja. [T, H. D.] OSTRA COarpa : EA.
Ostnnns), a town of Umbria, in the district once occupied by the
SenoDea mentioned both by Pliny and Ptolemy (Plin, iii. 14. B. 19;
Ptol. ill 1, § 51), but of very uncertBin site. [Umbria], [E. H. &]
OSTRACI'NA ('0(rrpair(»», PtoL iv. 5, § IS; Plin. V, ia, a. 14;
Ostmcena /t, Aniim. p, 152), was a military station in Lower Aegypt,
east of the Delta proper, and situated en the road from Rhinocomra
to Pelusium. From the route of Vespasian, on his return ftnrn
Alezandreia to Palestins in A . D, 69, as described by Joeephns (A
Jud. iv. 11. § 5), Ostneina appears to have been one day's march
from the temple of Jupiter Casins in tlw Arabian hills, snd aboat the
same distance fnm the' lake Serbonis. It waa destitnts of wells, and
sopplied with water brought by a canal from the Delta, (Comp,
Uaitian. Capella, c 6. [W.B.O.] OSTRACI'NA, a mountain on the road
from Uantineia to Methydrium. [UAsmrKiA, p. 263, b.] OSTUDIZUS
(also written Ostidizus and OBt«>dizus, Itin. AnL pp, 137, 230, 322 ;
and in Hilar, viii, p, 1346, Ustndiznm), a town in Thrace, en tlie road
from Hadrianople to Constantinoplb [T.HJ>.] OSTUR, a town of
Spain, not mentioned in anj ancient writer, but which appears upon
coina. There is still a place called Oiiw near Aleora ia Valencia, which
has some Roman ruins, and which abounds with acorns, — the
figure of which also appears upon the coins. (Florez, iftd. ii, pi 535,
iii. p, 113; Sestini, p. 179; Mionn^t, i, p. 47, SnppL i. p, 95, ap. Vkm,
vol,ii, pt, 1. p, 416,) [T.H.D.] OTADIMI ('nToSiiyel, Ptol. ii. 3. § 10), a
British tribe on the E, ocast of Britannia Barbara, in th« province of
Valentia, lying S. of the Boderia estuary, or Firlh of Forth, down to
the river T^ie,and therefore inhabiting tlie counties of Baddtngton,
Bencick, Rodmrgh, and the greater part of Northumberland, Their
chief cities were Cuiia and Bremeninm. [T, H. D.] OTG'NE ('nrqi^,
Ptd, v. 13, § 9, where the reading Kttrnv^ is incorrect), a canton of
Annenia, separated from Atropatene by the river Arazo, (Plin. vi. 16.)
St Martin (AfAn. tor FArmenu. vol, i, p. 86) identifies it with the
province known to the native geographers by the name of Oudi, at
what is now called Kara-Mgk, to the N. of tfa* Araies, [E.B,J.]
OTESIA, a town of Cispadane Ganl, known oaly from the mentioD of
the Otesini by Pliny (iii. IS. s, 20) among the municipal towns of the
Eighth Region. But an inscription given by Clnveriua midces mention
of the " Respublica Otesinonim;" and it is probable that Airenrla and
'OpTiirla, which are found in Phlegon among the towns of the same
part of Italy, are only corruptions of the same name. (Phlegon,
ifacrob. 1; Cluver. Ital. p. 882,) Its site is wholly uncertain, [E, H, B.]
OTHKYS (4 'OSpvs). a lofty chain of mountains, which shuts in the
plain of Thcssaly from the south. It branches off from Mount
Tym^rtstos, a anmmit in the range of Piodns, and runs nearly dm
east thnmgh Phthiotis to the sea coast, thus separating the waters
which flow into the Peneins from those of the Spercheius. (Strab, ix.
ppi 432, 433; camp. Herod, vii, 129 ; Plin, iv, 8. s. 15,) On its
northern side, many offshoots extend into the plain of Phanalus. It is
lofty and covered with wood, whence the poet* give it the epithet of
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0T1& (ViiK. Am. Tu. 675) and " sMneranis* (Lnean, H.

337). It i» mm nioally called Gura, Cram > lar^re Tilbigt of thia
name upon its aidea; bat its highest sammit, which lies to the east
of thia Tillage, is named Jeraeovowu, and is 56694 htiJL) its true
position between Zariaspa and Tribaetra {Baikk and Bjimd). " From
the monntains of tJie Sogdii," gays that geographer, " descend
several rivera with no name, but which are (wnflnent* ;' one of
tfaeae ionns the Oziana Pains." The Sogdii Uootes of Ptolemy are the
Atferak mountains, by which the volcanic chain of the ThianScian ia
prolonged to the W. beyond the N. and S. break of Bohr, and
Koeuj/rt It ia singnlar that Ptolemy does not connect the Polytimetna
with his Ozian lake, but mentlona it (vi. 14. § 2) aa one of the riven
discharging itself into the Caspian between the Oxus and Jaxartea,
Plioy knows nothing of the Polytimetna; and his Ozcs Laods (vi. 18,
zzzi. 39; Solin. 49) ia either the cresoent^haped lake of SiriJeol, on
the Bami Omgd, or "temced roof of the world," near the pass of
Annr, from which the in&nt Ami [Ozcs] issnes, or some other Alpine
lake in the Bohr chain, from which this river derivea most of ita
watera. The maishea of the Maasagetae, into which the Araxea of
Herodotus (L 202) flows, with the ezeeption of one of its 40
channels, indicate some vsgue notion of the Sea of AraL Strabo (zL
p. 531), when he bhunes the opinion of Hendotns and Callisthenes,
about the 40 channels of the Arazes, alao (p. 512) asserts that some
of the Uaasagetaa live in marshes farmed by riven and in islands;
adding (p. 573) that thia district is flooded by the Arazes, which is
divided into many channels, of which only one discharges itself into
the sea of Hyrcania, while the othoa reach the Mortbam Ocean. It ia
surprising that Strabo does not give to thia river of the country of
the Uaasagetaa (wbich ia undoubtedly the same as that of which
Herodotua speaks) the name of Jaxartea, whidi he mention* so
often (pp. 507, 509, 51], 517, 618), and carefolly dirtingnishe* (pp.
627 — 539) from the Arazes of the Matieni, or Annenian river, which
waa known to Hecataens (/V. 170). Strabo (p. 513) as well aa
Herodotua (L 202) allude to the seals, with the skina of which the
natives clothe themselves; and it ia well known that theee animals
are found in the Sea <)fAral as well aa in the Caspian, and the Ukes
Baikal and Onm; for theae and other reasons it would seem that
both Herodotus and Strabo were acquainted with that series of
lagoons from which the Sea of Aral has been formed. Thi* was the
opinion of Bayer {Acta Petrop. voL i p. 398) and of D'Anville, who
{Carte du Monde det Greet el dee Somamt, 1763) deaignatea the
Aral by these words, " Palnde* ledpientes Aiazen apod Herodotum."
With Handotna all thia nrtwork of higooDS forms a baain of the
interior, whDe Strabo connect* it irith the N. Ocean, directly, and not
through the medium of the Bytcanian aea, and the channel by
which, according to the systematic cosmograjdien of Alezandreia,
this sea waa united to the Ocean. It must be observed that Strabo
diatingnishea clearly between the single month of the Arazea of the
Massagetae (Jazartes) and the numerona channels which go directly
to the N. Ocean. This statement aoqniies great importance as
implying traditions of a channel of oonunonication between the
waten of the Aral and the Icy Sea; a commnnication which probably
took place along that lemarkable depreasion of 6° ci longitnde in
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MM OXQ MONTES. insdinctioD from SW. to

NE^fromthailmlta tha " «mboachare " of the Obi. The chaimcteristic
iintare of thit depranion ia an immeiue nnmbor of cbains of small
lakei,oammimicatiiig with each other, arrangad in a circular form, or
like a necklace. These lakes are probably the traces of Stiabo's
channsL The first distinct statement of the Sea of Aral, described ■s
a Tsst sod broad lake, situated to the £. of the liTer Urai or Jaii,
occurs in MenadHer of Coostanoople, suniamed the " Protector," who
lived in the time of the emperor Haurioe. (Menand. Hi*l. Legat.
Barbarorum ad Romam>; pp. 300, 301, 619, 623, 628, ed. Bonn,
1829). Bat it is only with the series of Arab geogri^bsrs, at the head
of whom most be placed El-Istachry, that any poaitiTe information
upon the tt^Mgraphy of these regions commences. (Humboldt, .^sis
Ctnlrale, vol. ii. pp. 131—364.) [KB. J.] O'XIt HONTES (ra 'Ofyia Sfii,
Ptol vi. 13. §§ 1, 4), a chun of mountains between the riTeis Oxus
and Jaxartas, in a direction from SW. to ME., and which separated
Scytbia from Sogdiana They ara identified with Um metalliferous
group of A»fenK and AhUi(fii — the Botom, Bolm, or Baton ("Hont
Blanc") of Edrisi (ed. Jaubert, roL ii. pp> 198—200). The Ozi Bdpes
of Strsbo COiau wirfa p. 517), which he also calls the hill-fort of
Aiiinazes (Q. Curt. rii. 11), has been identified by Droysen, as quoted
by Thirlwall (HitL of Greece, toL tL p. 300), with the pass of Kobigha
or Oerbend, in the Kara-tagh, between Kith and Hiuar ; but as it is
called the rock of the Oxus, it must be looked for on that river, and is
probably KOrgha^l^^ipa on tba Amu. (Wilson, Ariana, p. 167 ;
Bitter, Erdkunde, vol. viL p. 734 ; Humboldt, Am Centrale, vol. iL pp.
18—20.) [E.B.J.] OXIMES ('0{l<7)i), a small river on the coast of
BiUiynia, according to Arrian (Ptr^. p. 14) between Heracleia and
Phylllum, and according to Marciaaus (p. 70) 90 stadia to the north-
east of Cape Posidiura. (Comp. Anonym. Ptripl. p. 4, where, as is
Arrian, its nanw is Oxiaas.) It is probably the modern Tihanik. [I^ ^
j OXIMGIS. [AOBIHX] OXTHBAOAE QOiOpittat, Appian, B. Bi^. c.
58), a town of the Lositani, and according to Appian the largest they
had; but it is not mentioned by any other author. [T. H. D.] OXUS {i
'Din, Polyb. x. 48 ; Stiab. i. p. 73, xi. pp. 507, 509, 510, 513, 514,
516—518 ; PtoLvi. 9. |S 1, 2. 10. §§ 1, 2. 1 1. §§ 1— t, 7. 12. §§
1,4. 14. §§1,2, 14.18.§1; Agathem.ii. 10; tuna, Anab. iiL 28, 29, 30,
vr. 15, viii. 10, 16; PluL AUa. 57; Dionys. 747; Pomp. Mela, iii. 5. § 6
; FUn. vi. 18 ; Q. Curt vii. 4, 5, 10 ; Amm. Marc xxxiii. 6. § 52), a
river of Central Asia, on the course of which there appears a
considerable discrepancy between the stat»ments of ancient and
modem geogzapheis. Besides affirming that the Oxus flowed
through Hyrcania to the Caspian or Hyrcanian sea, Strabo (ix. p.
509) adds, upon the authority of Aristobulus, that it was one of ^e
largest rivers of Asia, that it was navigable, and that by it much
valuable merchandise was conveyed to the Hyrcanian sea, and
thence to Albania, and by the river Cyrus to the Euxine. Pliny (vi. 1
9) also quotes H. Vano, who says that it was ascertsined at the time
when Pompeius was carrying on hostilities in the East against
Mithridates, that a jonniey of seven days &am the frontier of India
brought the traveller to the Icarus, which flowed_ into the Oxus; the
voyage continued 'along that OXU& ihrsr into the Caapian, and
across it to the Qynw, from whence a land journey cf no more than
fire days carried Indian merchandise to Phasis in Pontas. It would
appear (Strab. L c.) that Fatrocles, the admiral of Seleqcus and
Antiochus, had navigated the Caapian, and that the reanlts of his
obeerratioiH were in perfect accord with these statement*. With
such definite acooonts mistake is almost impossible; yet the country
between the Caspian and die Oioa haa been crossed in several
directions, snd not only has the Oxus been nnseen, but its course
bss been ascertained to take a direction to the MW. instead of to ths
SW. ; and it flows not into the Caspian, but the sea of Aral. Sir A
Euraes ( TraveU as BolAara, ToL iL p. 188) doubts whether the Oxus
oonld indeed have had any other than its present oouise, for
physical obstacles oppose its entrance into the Caspian S. of the bay
of .SaUnii, snd M. of that point its natural receptacle is the Aral ; and
that this has been the case for nine centuries at least there is the
evidence of Ibn Hankil (Istachry). (firimtal Geogrtfhj/, p. 239, ed.
Onsely, London, 1800.) Singularly enough, Pomponius Mela (2. e.)
describes very concisely the couna of the Oxns almost as it is known
at present. " Jaxartes et Oxoe per deaerta Scythiae ex Sogdianorum
regiooibus in Sy thicum sinum exeunt, ille suo fonte gimndia, hio
incuisu aliorum grandior ; et aliquandia ad occasnm ab oriente
currens, juxta Dahiu primnm inflectitnr : amuqm ad Sifientriimem
camato inter Amardos et Paesicas oe aperit" The course of the Oxns
or Ljikoun, as it is termed in the Turkish and Persian works which
treat upon its basin, or ^mii Deryi, ss the natives aa its bsuks csll it,
whether we con-sider the BadaJocAon branch or Kokcha to be its
source, or that which rises in the Alpine lake of Sir-i-hol, on the
snowcovered heights of the Tartaric Caucasus of Pamir, iua a
direction from S£. to NW. The volume of its waters takes the same
course from 37° to 40° lat. with great regularity from Ktoomloot to
Chadrie. About the puallel of 40° the Oxns turns fiom SSE. to NNW.,
and its waters, diminished by the numerous rhu""*!^ of irrigation
which from the days of Herodotus (iii. 117) have been the only
means of fertilising the barren plains of Klaoaritm, reach the Aral at
43° 40*. Msnnert (vol. iv.p.452) and others have seen in the text of
Pomponius Mela a convincing proof that in his time the Oxus had no
longer communication with the Caspisn. But it can hardly be
supposed that the commerce of India by the Caspian and the Oxus
had ceased in the little interval of time which separates Mela from
Strabo and M. Varro. Besides, the statement of the Boman
geographer remains singularly isolated. Ptolemy ({. &), less than a
coitnry after Mela, directs the Caspian again from £. to W. into the
Caspian. The lower course of the river, far from following a direction
from S. to N., is represented, in the ancient maps, which are traced
after Ptoleiny's positions, as flowing from £N£. — WSW. Bat a more
convincing proof has been bronght forward by M. Janbert (i/em.
eurl'Anciea Couri d» VO-Jcut, Joum. Atiatique, Dec. 1833, p. 498),
who opposes the authority of Hamdallah, a famous eeograpber of
the 14th century, whom he calls the Persian Eratosthenes, who
asserted that while one branch of the Oxus haid its d^bonche into
the sea KhatoartoK (Aral), there was a branch which pursued a W.
coarse to the Caspian. It should be observed that Jenkinson
(Porclois, voLiii. p.236; Bakluyt,voLi. p.368), who visited the Caspian
in 1559, also says that Digitized by Google
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OXTBU. Oe Ozu fennaly ftn into the golf of AiOiM. H« ia tha

uithor of tlie stay that ib» Tarkomam, in the hope of pranating tha
dinunntica of ita waten in the upper part of ita conne, dammed ap
the mouth of the river. Evidence atill more poaitiTe of the " d), was
the chief town of the Nomoe Ozyiynchites, in Lower Aegypt. The
appellation of tlie nome and its capital waa derived fron a fiah of the
sturgeon species (^ec^Miuer Sturio, Linnaeus; Athen. viL p. 312),
which wss an object of leligions worship, sod bad a tampls
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SOB OZKNE. Mt«d to It. (AaBu, SitL An. x. 46; FlaL b. el

(Mr. e. 7.) The town >tood neirly oppodto C7110poUa, betwoen the
WMtom bank of the Mile and the Joeeph-csnal, Ut S8° 6' M. At the
viUm* of BeJb■ewA, which etaods on put of the aite of Ozjrjntfani,
there are aome remaiiu— broken colnmn* and oomicea — of the
aneiant city (Jomard, Deieript th tEggfU, voL iL eh. 16. p. S6 ;
Champollion, tEgfpt*, ToL L )L 303, aeq.); and a aingle Corinthian
oolamn (IMnon, TEgj/pU, pL 31), without bavea or rolatea, partly
bnricd in the land, indicate* a itmctore of a Utar period, pnbablj of
the age of Diocletian. OzjrrTnchna becaine the eite of an epiaoopal
eee, and Apollonioa dated fnxa thence an ajristle to the Cooncil of
Seleuoeia (Epiphan. Baent. Izxiii.) Roman ooini were minted at
OxjrTncfaos in the age of Hadrian and Antcoinoa PioiL (1.) Hadrian,
with (ha rererM of Pallas, holding in her right hand a statnette of
Victoy, in her left a spear; or, (a.) Serapia holding a stag in his right
hand. (3.) Antoninus, with a reverse, Pallas holding in her right hand
an axe, in her left a statuette of Victory. (Eckhel, Tol. ir. p. 112.) [ W.
B. D.] OZE'NE ('(K^vi), Per^ M. EryOir. c 48, ed. HBller), the
principal emporium of the interior of the district of W. India anciently
called Limyrica. There can be no doubt that it is the Sanscrit Vjjimi,
the present Otgem. This place is held by all Indian authors to be one
of great antiquity, and a royal capital, — as Ptdemy calls it, — the
palaice of a king Tiastaoes (ni. I. § 63). We know for certain that it
wai the capital of Viknmaditya, who in B. a 56 expelled the Sacae or
Scythians from his country, and founded the well known Indian
ae^^ which has been called from this circumstance the Saca aera.
(Lassen, d» Pentap. p. 57 ; Bohlen, AUe /nd L p. 94; Bitter, T. p^
486.) The author of the Periplns states that great variety of
commerce via eent down from Oiene to Barygaza (tc.> [V.l
OZOGARDANA, a town in the middle of Mesopotamia, leeorded by
Ammianns, in his account of the advance of Jolianns through that
country (xxiv. 0. S). He states that the inhabitants preserve there a
throne or seat of judgment which they say belonged to Trajan. The
same story is told in almost the same words by Zoaimns of a place
he calls Zaragardia (iiL 15). The place cannot now with ocrtamty be
identified ; bnt Maanert tliinks it the same as shortly afterwards bore
the name of Pacoria, from Pacoraa (v. 8. p. 241); and Beichard holds
it to be the same mJs at Ixaimesopolia (the iBU). [V.] P. PACATIAKA.
[Phbtoia.] PACHNAMU'NIS (naxra/uovb, or naxiwluaris, PtoL hr. S. §
90; Haxniiiiit, Hieroclea, p. 724), the principal town of the
Sebennytio nome in the Aegyptian Delta, lat 31° 6' M. It stood on
the eastern shore of the Lake Bntoa, and very near the modem
village of Handakm: (Champollion, TEgjg>te, voL ii. p. 206.) [W. B.
D.] PACHY'NUS(ndxvras: Capo Pauero), acele. biated pranontory of
Sicily, forming the extreme SE. point of the whole island, and one of
the three promcotories which were supposed to have given to it the
name of Trinacria. (CfnA, FtuL iv. 479, Met. xUi. 725; Diooya. Per.
467—472; Sejl p. 4. § 13; PACTTK. Pal. i. 4S; Strab. Ti. pp. 269, 272,
&&; Plin. iu. 8. s. 14; PtoL iii. 4. § 8; Mela, ii. 7. § 15.) All the ancient
geographers correctly desdibs it as extending out towards the & and
E. eo aa to be the point of Sicily that was the most nearly oppoaite
to Crete and the Peloponnese. It is at the same time the
southernmost point of the whole inland. The headland itself is not
k>fty, but formed by bold projecting rocks (^projeeta taxa Piu^/id,
Virg. AtH. iii. 699), and immediately off it lies a small rocky island of
considerable elevation, which appean to have been generally
regarded as forming the actual pnimontoiy. This explains the
expreesion of Nonnus, who speaks of " the island rock of the seagirt
Pachynus." (^Dioagt. xiit 322.) Lycophran also has a similar phrase.
(Alex. 1181.) We learn from Cicero (Terr. v. 34) that there was a port
in the immediate neighbourhood of tlie promontny to which he gives
the name of Portus Pachyni : it was hen that the fieet of Verres waa
stationed under his officer Cleomenes, when the newa that a
sqnadron of pirates was in the neighbouring Port of Ulysses (Portus
Odysseae) caused that atamander to take to flight with precipitation.
The Port of Ulysses is otherwise unknown; bnt Ptolemy gives the
name of Promontoiy of Ulysses (^Otvmrila itpa, PtoL iiL 4. § 7) to a
point on the S. coast of. the isUnd, a little to the W. of Cape
Pachynus. It is therefore probable that the Portus Pachyni was the
one now called Porlo di Pah, immediately adjoining the promontory,
while the Portns Odysseae may be identified with the small bay or
harbour of La Mana about 6 miles ^stant. There ai«, however,
several rocky coves to which the name of ports may be applied, and
the determination mnst therefiors b* in great measure conjectural
(Smyth's Sieib/, pp. 181,185,186.) The convenience of this port at
the extreme SE. point of the island caused it to be a frequent place
of rendezvous and station for fleets approaching Sicily; and ou one
occasion, during tha Second Funic War the Carthaginian commander
Bomilcar appears to have taken up his post in the port to the W. of
the promontory, while the Roman fleet Uy immediately to the N. of
it. (Liv. xxiv. 27, XXV. 27, xxxvi. 2.) [E. H. B.] PACTOXUS (noinvX^s),
a small river of Lydia, which flows down from Mount Tmolns in a
northern direction, and, after passing on the west of Sardis, empties
itself into the Hermns. (Herod, v. 101 ; Xenoph. Cyrop. vL 2. { 1, viL
3. § 4, Agee. L 30; Strab. xii. pp. 554, 521, xiiL p. 625, foil; Ptol. v.
2. § 6; Plin. T. 30.) In ancient times the Pactolua bad cainried in its
mud, it is said, a great quantity of small particles of gold-dnst, which
were carefully collected, and were believed to have been the source
of the immense wealth possessed by Croesus and his ancestors ; but
in Stnbo's time gold-dnst was no longer found in it. The gold of this
river, which was hence called ChryBOThaaa, ia often spoken of by
the pacts. (Soph. PkU. 392 ; Dionys. Perieg. 831 ; Horn. JTyan. OT
/>eL 249 ; Virg. .4 en. x. 142 ; Herat. Epod. xr. 20; Ov. Met. xi. 85,
&c.; Senec. Phom. 604; Juven. xiv. 298; Silius It. i. 158.) Tlie little
stream, which ia cnly 1 0 fiset in breadth and scarcely 1 foot deep,
still carries along with it a quantity ^a reddish mud, and is now
called Satvbat. [L. S.] PACTYE (noKTH Herod, vi. 36 ; Strab. viL p.
331), a town of the Thracian Chersonese, on the coast of the
Propontis, 36 stadia from Cardia, whither Alcibiadea retired after the
Athenians had for the aeooud time deprived him of th* oommand.
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PACmCK. (Diod. xni. 74 ; Nepia, Ak. 7 ; et Ptin. It. 18 ;

Scyl. p. 2&) Perhaps Sl Gmrga. [T. H. D.] FACTTICE (nutrSiir^X »
district of NorthVestern India, which, there is erei; nuoD to snppose,
most hsTe been nearly the same as the modem JTosiaur, bnt
probablj extended westward aeroas tlie Indus. It is mentioned by
Herodotns with thatamount of nncertaintj which attaches to almost
all that he lelatcs of the far East Thns in the catalogoe of the
]iradttC( of the diArent eatnpies of the Peisisn emfife^ Pae^ioe is
reckoned aftor Bactriana,and isconnectied with the Armenians, which
gins it an extent too br to the W, (iiL 93). Again, in hia.aoeonnt of
the armj of Xerxes, Herodotoa mentions the Faetjes in ooonexion
with the Sagaitii, and places them under the command of a Persian
(rii. 67). And in the snbaeqaent description of the ibnner people, he
states that their drees is the same as that of the Paetyaa (riu 8A).
Eridentlr, thenicre, he here imagines the connbry and the people to
hare oocnpifd a district to the N. and NE. erf Persia. Again,
Herodotos states (iil 102) that the hnmat of the Indian tribes are
those who are in the immediate neighbaarhaod of the dtj of
Caspatyms and Paotyice; and he oonnects the same two places
together where he states (It. c. 44) that the eelsbnited voyage of
ScyUx of Caryanda, which was promoted by lisTeins, Uie son of
Hystaspes, commenced tmta tb* same Iccalitiee. Mow we know that
Heeataens (op. SfapA. B. *. V.) placed Caspatyma in the eoantry of
the Gandarii (Fragm. p^ 94, ed. Klausen): hence the strong
inference that Psctyioe was part of Gandarica, if not, as Lareher has
sapposad, actually the same. [V.] PACTBIS. [Cabcdia.] PADAEL
[IxDU, p. 50, K] PAOABGUS (lUSopTos, Arrian, Indie, c. 39), a tmall
stream of Persis, which appears to have flowed mto the Penian Gnlf
near the preeent AbiuUr. It is not poasibla to identify this and soma
other naniea raantitned by Arrian tram the Journals of Neaichns,
omi^ to the physical changes which haxe taken place in the coast-
line. [V.] PADINUM, a town of Gallia Cispadana, known only from
Pliny, who mentions the Padinates among the mnnieipia of that
region (Plin. iii. 15. s. SO). But be affiitds ns no clue to its position.
Clnver would identify it with BomSno, between Ferrara and
Miraadola, but this is a men conjecture. '(Unvcr. lud. p. 283.) [E. H.
B.] PADUS (no&if: Po}, the principal river of Mofthem Italy, and
much the krgest rirer in Italy altogether. Hence Virgil calls it "
fiuTiomm nx " (jGmrg. L 481), and Strabo eren erroneoosly terms it
the greatest rivar in Europe after the Danube. (Strab. ir. pi 204.) It
has its aouras in the Jfonfe Kwo, or Moos Vesnhis, coe of the highest
summits of the Western Alps (Plin. iii. 16. s. 20; Hel. ii. 4. § 4), and
from thence to the Adriatic has a coune of aiwre 400 miles. Pliny
estimates it at 300 Boman miles without including the windings,
which add about 88 more. (Plin. iii 16. s.20.) Both statemanta an
beneath the tmth. According to modem authoritiea its conm,
including its windings, fa caleahted at 380 Italian, or 475 Soman
miles. (Bampddi, Die. Tofogr. S Italia, tdL iii. p. S84.) After • vary
short conrae through a mountain TBiky it deewinds into the pUin a
few nulea ftom Sakmo, and fram thence flows without intermption
through a plain or broad level valley all the way to the sea. Its eonne
from Saham, aa br as ChiPADUS. 609 nosfo (through the district of
ths ancient Vagisnni and Tanrini), is nearly NE ; but after rounding
the hills of ths Monferrat, it turns due E., and pursues this course
with but little variatioD tha whole way to the Adriatic. The great
plain or valley of the Po is in &ct one of the most important physical
features of Italy. Bounded on the N. by tha Alps, snd on the S. by
the Apennines^ both of which rsngea have in this part of their
coune a general direction from W. to £., it forms a gigantic trough-
like basin, which reoeivai the whole of the waters that flow from tha
aonthem slopes of the Alps and the northern ones of ths Apennines.
Hence, aa Pliny jnstly observes ((. e-X there is hardly any other river
which, within the same space, receives ao many and such importsnt
tributaries. Those from the north, on its left bank, are the most
considerable, being fed by the perpetual snows of tha Alps; snd
msny of these form extensive lakea at the pointa where they first
resch tha pUin; after quitting which they an deep and navigable
riven, though in some cases still very ntpid. Pliny states that the
Padua receives in all thirty tribntniy rivers, but it is difficult to know
which he rsckons as such; he himself enumerates only seventeen;
but this number can be increased almoat uidefinitely, if we include
smaller streams. The principal tributaries will be here enumerated in
order, beginning from the sonros, and proceeding along the left
bank. They an : I. tha Clnsins (CAmuom), not noticed by Pliny, bnt
the name of which is found in ths Tabula ; 2. tha Dmtu, commonly
called Dnria Minor, or Dora Scoria ; 3. the Stuba (Slatra); 4. the
Orgos (Oreo); S. the DoBiA Major, or Bantiea (Dora BaUta), one of
the greatest of all the tributaries of the Padus ; 6. ths Sbsitbs
{Se$ia) ; 7. the Ticoins \Tiemo), flawing ftnm the Lscus Verbanna
(Logo Maggion)\ 8. the Lambkb or Lakbrds (Lambrai), a much lees
oonsidenible stream, and which doee not rise in tha high Alps; 9. the
Addua {Aida), flowmg from the Lscus Larius or Logo M Como; 10.
the Oujca (OgKo), which flows from the Lscus Sebinus (Logo tC Ito),
and brings with it the tributary waten of the Mela (Afetfa) and
Clusius (CAieae); II. tha Mracics (MtHcki), flowing from the Logo di
Garda, or Lacus fienacos. Below this the Po cannot be said to receive
any regular tributary ; for though it oon^ mnnicates at more than
ona point with the Tartan and ^ diTe (Athasis), the channels are all
artiScial.and the bulk of the waten of the Adige are carried out to
the sea by their own sepante channel [Athksh.] On the louthem or
right bank of the Padas itsprincipal tributaries are : 1. the TA>ABro
(TVnaro), a large river, which has itaelf received the important
tributary strsama of tha Slura and Bormida, so that it brings with it
almost all the waten of the Maritime Alps and adjoining tract of the
Ligurian Apennines ; 3. tha Saivia, a considerabls stream, but ths
sncient name of which is unknown; 3. the Thebia {TrMiai), flowing
by Plaoentia; 4. the Tarns (TVira); S. the Nicia (fnsa); 6. the
Gabellns of Pliny, called also Secia (Secchtd); 7. the ScoLTKiCHA,
now called the Panaro ; 8. tha Bhuius (Stmo), flowing near Bologna.
To theee may be added several smaller stresms, vis.: the Idax
(/(&«), SiUrus {SiUaro), Vstranus (Plin., now Sanlemo), and Sinnna
(Siau), all of whidi dischargs themaelveB into the southern arm of
the Po, now called the Po di Prinaro, and anciently known as tha
^aneticnm Ostium, below the poiat Digitized by Google
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accurate

MO FADU& wbm it Mpantn Gram tha main itrgim. Senai

imaller tribatuiM of Urn rirv in tlw higliwt part of ita coone an notioad
in tlia Tabnla or bj tba Geogiapher of Bavemia, whidi an not
mentioned bj anj ancient anthoc; bnt tliair names are for Uie moat
fait oomipt and nnoertain. TlioQgfa floring for the meat partthna(^ a
gnat plain, the Padna thna deriTea tiia gnat maas rf in waten dinotly
from tvo gnat moontain nngea, and the oonaaqnence ia tliat it ia
alwaja a atinng, rapid, and torbid atream, and baa bean in all agea
anbject to Tiolent innndationa, (Vii^. Otorg. L 481 ; Flin. L e.) The
whole aoil of the bmr rallaf of tha i^ ia indeed a pure allnTial
depoait, and may be oooaidend, like the Talley of the Hiaaiaaippi or
the Delta of the Nile, aa formed bj the gradnal aoenmnlation of mnd,
aand, and gnnl, bronght down bj the river itaelf and ita tributary
atreama. Bnt thia prooeea waa for the moat part long anterior to the
historieal period; and then can be no doubt that thia portion of Italj
had already aoqnired very nmoh ita preaent character and
configuration aa early as tha time of the ilrst Etmican aettlementa.
The ralley of the Padns, aa well aa the river itaelf an well deacribed
by Polybina (tha eailieBt extant author in whom tha Boman name of
Padna ia found), aa well aa at a later period by Stnbo and Plmy. (PoL
ii. 16; Strab. iv. pp. 203, 304, T. p. S12; Plin. iiL 16. a. SO.)
Considerable ehangea have, however, taken place in the lower part
of ita eonne, near the Adriatio aaa. Hen the liver forms a kind of
great delta, analogous in many respects to that of the Nile; and the
phenomenon ia complicated, aa in that caae, by the existence of
gnat lagunea bordering the coast of the Adriatic, which an bounded
by narrow strips or ban of sand, separating them from the sea,
though leaving open occasional channeh of oommnnication, ao that
tha lagnnee an alwaya aalt and aSeoted by the tidee, which an mon
sensible in this part of liie Adriatio thanintheHeditenanean. (Strab. v.
p. 313.) Theee UgniMM which an well deecribed by Strabo, extended
in his time from Bavenna to Altinnm, both of which ciliea etood in
the Ugnnea or maiehea, and were bnilt on pilea, in the same
manner aa the modem Yemoe. Bnt the whole at theee could not be
fairly considered as belonging to the Delta of the Padua; the mon
northerly being farmed at the moutha of othar liven, the Athesia,
Hednaeus, tie., which had no direct or natural communication with
the great mar. They all, however, commnnieated with the Padua, and
with one another, by channels or canals more or less artificial ; and
aa this was already the ease m the time of Pliny, that author
distinotly reckons the months of the Psdns to extend from Bavenna
to Altinnm. (Plin. L c) From the earliest period that this tract was
occupied by a aettled people, the necessity most have been felt of
embanking the various aims and channels of the river, for protection
against inundation, as well aa of oonatmcting artificial cnts and
(•hanrmls, both for carlying off its superfluous watera and for
purpoaas of ooDunnnicatian. The earlieet works of this kind an
ascribed to the Etruscans (Plin. I. e.), and from that time to the
preaent day, thay have been carried on vrith occaaiooal
intenruptiona. Bnt in addition to Uieae artificial ehangea, the river
baa bam time to time burst ita banks and forced for iteelf new
channels, or diverted the msss of its waten into those which were
previously nnimportant. The most r»malleable of theee changes
which ia recorded mth Mftainty, took place in IISS, vfaaa the main
stream PAoua ofthe A), which then flowed & of Ftrrara, sud* denly
changed its couna, and haa ever since flowed about 3 milee N. of
that city. Hence it ia probable that all the principal modem months of
the Po, from the Po di Oiro to the PodiLeeemte, wen in ancient times
comparatively inoonsideiabla. Pdybius (iL 16) describee the Pados at
having only two principal months, which sepaimted at a place called
Trigaboli (the site of which cannot be determined); the one of these
is called by him Padoa (IIoMa), and the other, which was tlie
principal channel, and the one oommooly navigated, be eallt OUna
or Holans COAova). Thia last is in all probability tha channel still
called Po di Volano, which until tjie great innodalion of 1153, above
noticed, was still the principal month al the Po. The other is probably
the southernmost branch of the river, which separatee from the
preceding at Ferrara, and is carried at the pnaent day by a wholly
artificial channel into the aea at Primara, from whence it derivea tha
name a(Po di Priuaro. Its preaent mouth is about 15 milee N. of
Ravenna; bnt it seams that in the days of Pliny, and probably in
those of Pdybins alsoy it discharged itself into the lagnnea which
then aumunded Bavenna on all ndes. Pliny terms it Psdnsa, bat gives
it also the name of Fossa Anguata, from its conne having been
artificially regulated, and peibapa altered, by that emperor. (Plin. iiL
16. a. SO.) The aame author givea na a detailed ennmention of the
months of the Padns a* they existed in his day, but from the caoses
of change already adverted to, it ia veiy difBcult, if not impossible, to
identify tliem with certainty. They were, according to him : 1. the
PADinA, or Fossa Angnsta, which (ha adds) wss previnnsiy called
Hoesanicus : this has now wholly ceased to exist, a. The Portds
VATsmti, evidently deriving its name from being the month of Uie
river V»> trenns, which fiowed from Fomm Comelii, just as the Po di
Primaro is at tha preeent day called the month of the Smo. This was
also known as the Spineticnm Ostium, from the once oelebnted city
of Spins, which was sitnated on its banks [SnxA]. It wsa probably
the sama with the modnn P9 di Primaro. 3. Ostium Caprasiae.
4.Sagia. S.Volane, previonaly called OUne : thia ia evidently tha
OUna of Pdybiua, and tha modem Po (fi Vohmo; the two praoading
csmwt be identified, but must have been openings communicating
with tha great Ugnnea of ComaooJuo. 6. The Carbonsiia, periups
thePodiGon. 7. The FoaaioPhilistina, which seems to have been an
artificial canal, oonveyiag the watoi of the Tabtabus, still called
Tartan, to the aea. Thu cannot be identified, the changes of the
montia of the river in this part being too considsrabla. Tha whde of
the present delta, foraied by the actual mouths of the A) (from the
Po di Goto to tlw Po di Leoante), most have been fismed since the
great change of 1152 ; its progiees iiin: some cantniias back can be
accurately traced ; and we know that it has advanced not leea than
9 milee in little more than two centnriea and a half, and at least 15
miles since the 12tb century. Beyond thia tlis delta belODga nther to
the A.(ige, and men northern atreama thw to the Po ; the next
mouth being that of the main stream of the Ad^ itadf, and joat
heyond it the Porta di Bnmdoh (the Bmndnlns Fortns of Pliny), which
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