FIRST MID-TERM TEST, JULY - 2025

STD: 12 CHEMISTRY ANSWERKEY

TIME: 90 MINUTES MAXIMUM MARKS: 35
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I. Answer all the questions. Choose the correct answer from the given four alternatives and
write the option code and the corresponding answer. (5x1=5)
1. d) Both (a) and (c)
2. a) Tetrahedral
3. a) excitation of electron in F centers
4. c) Assertion is true but reason is false
5. c) 4-nitrophenol

II. Answer any three questions. Question No.11 is compulsory. (3x2=6)

6. What is Cementation?
Gold can be recovered by reacting the deoxygenated leached solution with zinc. In this process
the gold is reduced to its elemental state (zero oxidation sate) and the process is called
cementation.

7. Give the limitations of Ellingham diagram?

Ellingham diagram is constructed based only on thermodynamic considerations.
It gives information about the thermodynamic feasibility of a reaction.
It does not tell anything about the rate of the reaction. Moreover, it does not give any idea
about the possibility of other reactions that might be taking place.
The interpretation of ∆G is based on the assumption that the reactants are in equilibrium
with the product which is not always true.
8. Write a note on anomalous properties of the first element of P-block.
In p-block elements the first member of each group differs from the other elements of the
corresponding group. The following factors are responsible for this anomalous behaviour.
Small size of the first member.
High ionisation enthalpy and high electronegativity.
Absence of d-orbitals in their valance shell.
9. What is meant by the term “Coordination number”? What is the Coordination
number of atoms in a bcc structure?
The number of nearest neighbours that surrounding a particle in a crystal is called the
coordination number of that particle.
Coordination number of atoms in a bcc structure is 8
10. Write Arrhenous equation and explain the terms involved.
The exact dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction on temperature is given by Arrhenius
equation.
−𝐸𝑎
K= 𝐴𝑒 ⁄𝑅𝑇
Where, A = Arrhenius factor or the frequency factor
T = Temperature R = Gas constant Ea = Activation energy
11. Identify (A) and (B)
𝑍𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑙 / 𝐴𝑛ℎ. 𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3
𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 → 𝑨 → 𝑩

III. Answer any three questions. Question No.17 is compulsory. (3x3=9)

12. What are the differences between minerals and ores?
Minerals Ores
A naturally occurring substance obtained by Ore contains a high percentage of metal, from
mining which contains the metal in free which it can be extracted conveniently and
state or in the form of compounds. economically.
They have definite crystalline structure They do not have definite crystalline structure
All minerals are not ores All ores are Minerals
It contains a low percentage of metal It contains a high percentage of metals
Ex: Mineral of Al is bauxite and china clay Ex: Ore of Al is bauxite
13. Write a note on Fisher – Tropsch synthesis?
The reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen at a pressure of less than 50 atm using metal
catalysts at 500-700 K yields saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

14. Write a note on Frankel defect?

Frenkel defect arises due to the dislocation of ions
from its crystal lattice.
The ion which is missing from the lattice point
occupies an interstitial position.
This defect is shown by ionic solids in which cation
and anion differ in size. Unlike Schottky defect, this
defect does not affect the density of the crystal.
For example AgBr, in this case, small Ag ion leaves
its normal site and occupies an interstitial position as
shown in the figure.
15. Give Examples for first order reaction?

16. Write a note on Biological oxidation of alcohols?

The fermentation of the food consumed by an animal produces alcohol. To detoxify the
alcohol, the liver produces an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NAD) present in the animals act as an oxidising agent and ADH
catalyses the oxidation of toxic alcohols into non-toxic aldehyde.
17. Na metal crystallizes in bcc structure with the edge length of the unit cell 4.3x10-8 cm.
Calculate the radius of sodium atom.
Edge length of the unit cell (a) = 4.3 x 10-8cm; Radius of sodium atom (r) = ?
For bcc structure, 4r = a√3
𝒂√𝟑 (4.3 × 10−8 𝑐𝑚)√3
r= = = 4.3 x 10-8 cm x 1.732 x 0.25 = 1.86 x 10-8 cm = l.86Å
𝟒 4

IV. Answer all the questions. (3x5=15)

18.(a) Explain Zone refining with an example.
This method is based on the principle of fractional crystallization.
The impure metal is melted and allowed to solidify, the impurities will prefer to remain in
the molten region, ie; impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the solid-state metal.
In this process, the impure metal is taken in the form of a rod. One end of the rod is heated
using a mobile induction heater, melting the metal on that portion of the rod.
When the heater is slowly moved to the other end pure metal crystallizes while impurities
will move on to the adjacent molten zone formed due to the movement of the heater.
As the heater moves further away, the molten zone containing impurities also moves along
with it.
This process is repeated several times by moving the heater in the same direction again and
again to achieve the desired purity level.
This process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of metals.
Germanium, Silicon, and gallium which are used as semiconductors are refined by this
process.
(OR)
(b) (i) How will you convert boric acid to boron nitride?
Fusion of urea with boric acid B(OH)3, in an atmosphere of ammonia at 800 – 1200 K gives
boron nitride.

(ii) Give the uses of silicones.

Silicones are used for low temperature lubrication and in vacuum pumps, high temperature
oil baths etc.
They are used for making water proofing clothes.
They are used as insulting material in electrical motor and other appliances
They are mixed with paints and enamels to make them resistant towards high temperature,
sunlight, dampness and chemicals.
19.(a) Calculate the percentage of packing efficiency in simple cubic crystal.

Let us consider a cube with an edge length ‘a’ as shown in figure.

Volume of the cube with edge length a is = a × a × a = a3
Let ‘r’ is the radius of the sphere. From the figure, a=2r ⇒ r = a/2
∴ Volume of the sphere with radius ‘r’
In a simple cubic arrangement, number of spheres belongs to a unit cell is equal to one
𝜋𝑎3
∴ Total volume occupied by the spheres in sc unit cell = 1 x ( )
6
𝜋𝑎3
( )
6 100𝜋
Packing fraction = × 100 = = 52.38%
(𝑎 3 ) 6
(OR)
(b) Explain Victor Meyer’s test.
This test is based on the
behaviour of the different
nitro alkanes formed by
the three types of
alcohols with nitrous acid
and it consists of the
following steps.
Alcohols are
converted into alkyl
iodide by treating it
with I2 / P.
Alkyl iodide so
formed is then treated
with AgNO2 to form
nitro alkanes.
Nitro alkanes are
finally treated with
HNO2 (mixture of
NaNO2 / HCl) and the
resultant solution is
made alkaline with
KOH.
Result:
• Primary alcohol gives red colour
• Secondary alcohol gives blue colour.
• No colouration will be observed in case of tertiary alcohol.

20.(a) Derive integrated rate law for a 1st order reaction A → product.
A reaction whose rate depends on the reactant concentration raised to the first power is called
a first order reaction. Let us consider the following first order reaction,

Rate law can be expressed as

Where, k is the first order rate constant.
Integrate the above equation between the limits of time t = 0 and time equal to t, while the
concentration varies from the initial concentration [A0] to [A] at the later time.

This equation is in natural logarithm. To convert it into usual logarithm with base 10, we have
to multiply the term by 2.303.

Equation (2) can be written in the form y = mx + c as below

If we follow the reaction by measuring the concentration of the reactants at regular time
interval‘t’, a plot of ln[A] against ‘t’ yields a straight line with a negative slope. From this, the
rate constant is calculated.
(OR)
(b) (i) Define Rate law and Rate constant.
Rate law:
The expression in which reaction rate is given in terms of molar concentration of the reactants
with each term raised to some power, which may or may not be same as the Stoichiometric
coefficient of the reacting species in a balanced chemical equation.
xA + yB → products
Rate = k[A]m[B]n k = Rate constant
Rate constant:
For a reaction involving the reactants A and B, Reaction rate = k[A] m[B]n. The constant k is
called rate constant of the reaction.
If [A] = 1M and [B] = 1M; Reaction rate = k. Thus, the rate constant (k) of a reaction is equal
to the rate of reaction when the concentration of each reactant is equal to 1 mol L-1. The change
in the concentration of reactant or product per unit time under the condition of unit
concentration of all the reactant.
 (ii) Explain Kolbe’s reaction.
In this reaction, phenol is first converted into sodium phenoxide which is more reactive than
phenol towards electrophilic substitution reaction with CO2. Treatment of sodium phenoxide
with CO2 at 400K, 4-7 bar pressure followed by acid hydrolysis gives salicylic acid.

PREPARED BY,
Mr. S.JOHNSON., M.Sc., M.Sc., B.Ed.,
PGT – CHEMISTRY
SACRED HEART MAT. HR. SEC. SCHOOL,
SHOLINGANALLUR, CHENNAI – 600119.