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AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INSIGHTS
Prepared with a focus on Indian perspective and global relevance
Table of Contents
1. Green Revolution
2. White Revolution
3. Organic Farming
4. Technology in Agriculture
5. Precision Farming
6. Nanotechnology in Agriculture
7. Biotechnology in Agriculture
8. Permaculture
9. Dryland Agriculture
10. Watershed Management
1. Green Revolution
Introduction:
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Green Revolution refers to a series of
research, development, and technology transfer initiatives occurring between the 1940s and the late
1960s that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in developing countries. In India, it
was launched in 1965 with the help of M.S. Swaminathan and was primarily aimed at achieving self-
sufficiency in food grain production. The Economic Survey of India highlights that this revolution
increased wheat production from 12 million tonnes in 1965 to over 70 million tonnes by the late 1990s.
The introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs), chemical fertilizers, and irrigation infrastructure
transformed India from a food-deficit country to a food-surplus one. The Green Revolution not only
ensured food security but also laid the groundwork for India’s agricultural modernization.
Conclusion:
While the Green Revolution was pivotal in transforming Indian agriculture, it also led to ecological
imbalances and regional disparities. Moving forward, India must adopt sustainable agricultural
practices, ensure equitable distribution of resources, and diversify cropping patterns. The government
is now focusing on organic and natural farming through schemes like Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana.
To meet the goals of Viksit Bharat 2047 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), we must
integrate technology with sustainability and ensure inclusive agricultural growth.
2. White Revolution
Introduction:
The White Revolution in India was initiated by Dr. Verghese Kurien in 1970 and led to a sharp increase in
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milk production. As per the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), it transformed India from a
milk-deficient country to the largest milk producer in the world. India produced 222 million tonnes of
milk in 2021–22 (NDDB Report), contributing significantly to rural income and nutritional security. This
revolution empowered millions of farmers, especially women, and led to the establishment of
cooperatives across the country under Operation Flood.
Conclusion:
The White Revolution not only addressed malnutrition but also created a socio-economic
transformation in rural India. However, the sector faces challenges like fodder scarcity, low productivity,
and unorganized markets. Strengthening animal husbandry, digitizing dairy cooperatives, and investing
in cold chains and veterinary services can be future game-changers. With a vision for Viksit Bharat 2047,
the dairy sector must align with SDG-2 (Zero Hunger) and promote inclusive, sustainable livelihoods.
3. Organic Farming
Introduction:
As defined by the FAO, organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils,
ecosystems, and people by relying on ecological processes and biodiversity. India has over 2.6 million
organic farmers, the largest in the world, according to the Economic Survey 2023. States like Sikkim
have become fully organic, setting global examples. The Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana and Mission
Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region are key initiatives to promote organic
farming.
Conclusion:
Organic farming offers a path to sustainable agriculture, improved soil health, and better consumer
health. To mainstream it, there is a need for better market access, certification support, and awareness
campaigns. International collaborations and value chain development can further accelerate its
adoption. Linking organic agriculture with SDG-12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and
promoting it under India’s vision of a sustainable and self-reliant economy is essential.
4. Technology in Agriculture
Introduction:
The World Bank states that technology is a key enabler for agricultural productivity and resilience. In
India, the use of drones, AI, IoT, and mobile apps is transforming farming practices. The National e-
Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGPA) and Digital Agriculture Mission (2021–25) are spearheading
tech integration. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, precision irrigation and real-time data
systems are increasing crop yields by up to 20%.
Conclusion:
Technology-driven agriculture is the future. However, accessibility and digital literacy remain hurdles.
Investing in rural digital infrastructure and upskilling farmers are vital. A tech-inclusive agricultural
policy aligned with SDG-9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and Viksit Bharat 2047 will ensure
equitable and sustainable progress in agriculture.
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5. Precision Farming
Introduction:
As defined by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), precision farming is a farm
management approach that uses information technology to ensure that crops and soil receive exactly
what they need for optimum health and productivity. It includes GPS-based soil mapping, drones, and
sensors. The use of precision farming can reduce input costs by 30% and increase yields by 15–20%
(Economic Survey 2023).
Conclusion:
Precision farming can revolutionize smallholder agriculture if made accessible and affordable.
Government schemes like the Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization are supporting its adoption.
Linking these innovations with climate-smart agriculture will pave the way for a resilient farming future.
It aligns with the goals of SDG-13 (Climate Action) and India’s mission for doubling farmers' income.
6. Nanotechnology in Agriculture
Introduction:
Nanotechnology, as recognized by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), involves
manipulating matter on an atomic scale. In agriculture, it is used in nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides,
and water purification. The ICAR reports a 20–30% increase in efficiency through nano inputs. India’s
Nanomission and Nano Science & Technology Initiative are leading research in this space.
Conclusion:
Nanotechnology holds immense potential for enhancing productivity and resource efficiency. Policy
frameworks and field trials are needed for safe adoption. Promoting public-private partnerships and
R&D investment will drive innovation. Its integration with SDG-6 (Clean Water) and SDG-15 (Life on
Land) can ensure holistic agricultural development.
7. Biotechnology in Agriculture
Introduction:
According to the WTO, agricultural biotechnology includes genetically modified crops, bio-fertilizers,
and bio-pesticides that enhance productivity and stress tolerance. India’s Bt cotton is a success story,
leading to a 24% increase in yield and a 50% reduction in pesticide use (Ministry of Agriculture). The
National Biotechnology Development Strategy aims to promote safe and responsible biotech adoption.
Conclusion:
Biotechnology is a double-edged sword—while it boosts productivity, concerns remain about biosafety
and biodiversity. Ensuring strict regulatory frameworks and public engagement is key. Promoting
indigenous research and connecting it with SDG-2 (Zero Hunger) and India’s food security goals will
ensure sustainable benefits.
8. Permaculture
Introduction:
Permaculture, coined by Bill Mollison, is a sustainable agriculture system that mimics natural
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ecosystems. Though relatively new in India, initiatives like the Aranya Agricultural Alternatives in
Telangana are promoting it. Permaculture integrates water harvesting, agroforestry, and composting
for long-term sustainability.
Conclusion:
Permaculture offers solutions to soil degradation and climate vulnerability. Promoting community-
based models and policy incentives can help it scale. As a grassroots movement, it supports SDG-15
(Life on Land) and Viksit Bharat’s vision of ecological balance.
9. Dryland Agriculture
Introduction:
As per ICAR, dryland agriculture pertains to farming in regions with rainfall less than 750 mm. It covers
over 60% of India’s cultivated area and is crucial for food security. Initiatives like the National Mission for
Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP) are focused on this.
Conclusion:
Improving productivity in drylands needs water harvesting, drought-resistant crops, and farmer
capacity-building. With climate change increasing weather variability, dryland agriculture must be a
national priority. It aligns with SDG-13 (Climate Action) and India’s climate-resilient agriculture mission.
10. Watershed Management
Introduction:
Watershed management involves the conservation of soil and water resources in a defined area. The
Ministry of Rural Development defines it as the rational use of land and water for optimum production
with minimum ecological damage. The Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) and
PMKSY are key Indian initiatives.
Conclusion:
Watershed management enhances water availability, soil fertility, and community resilience.
Decentralized planning, convergence of schemes, and local participation are key. Linking it with SDG-6
(Clean Water and Sanitation) and sustainable livelihoods is essential for inclusive rural development.
