Temporomandibular Disorders An Evidenced Based

Approach to Diagnosis And Treatment 1st Edition

by Charles Greene,Daniel Laskin,Hylander William
0867154470 9780867154474 download
https://ebookball.com/product/temporomandibular-disorders-an-
evidenced-based-approach-to-diagnosis-and-treatment-1st-edition-
by-charles-greene-daniel-laskin-hylander-
william-0867154470-9780867154474-7430/

Download more ebook instantly today - Get yours now at ebookball.com

 Get Your Digital Files Instantly: PDF, ePub, MOBI and More
Quick Digital Downloads: PDF, ePub, MOBI and Other Formats

Temporomandibular Disorders A Problem Based Approach 2nd Edition by

Ziad Al Ani,Robin Gray 9781119618751 1119618754

https://ebookball.com/product/temporomandibular-disorders-a-
problem-based-approach-2nd-edition-by-ziad-al-ani-robin-
gray-9781119618751-1119618754-7444/

Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion 1st edition by

Jeffrey Okeson 9780323046145 0323046142

https://ebookball.com/product/management-of-temporomandibular-
disorders-and-occlusion-1st-edition-by-jeffrey-
okeson-9780323046145-0323046142-7440/

Global Diagnosis A New Vision of Dental Diagnosis and Treatment

Planning 1st edition by William Robbins,Jeffrey Rouse 9780867155235
086715523X

https://ebookball.com/product/global-diagnosis-a-new-vision-of-
dental-diagnosis-and-treatment-planning-1st-edition-by-william-
robbins-jeffrey-rouse-9780867155235-086715523x-5386/

Manual of Temporomandibular Disorders 2nd Edition by Edward Wright

0813813247 9780813813240

https://ebookball.com/product/manual-of-temporomandibular-
disorders-2nd-edition-by-edward-
wright-0813813247-9780813813240-7432/
Manual of Temporomandibular Disorders 3rd Edition by Edward Wright
9781118502693 1118502698

https://ebookball.com/product/manual-of-temporomandibular-
disorders-3rd-edition-by-edward-
wright-9781118502693-1118502698-7438/

Orthopedic Traumatology An Evidence Based Approach 2nd Edition by

Manish Sethi, William Obremskey, Alex Jahagir ISBN 9783319733920
3319733923

https://ebookball.com/product/orthopedic-traumatology-an-
evidence-based-approach-2nd-edition-by-manish-sethi-william-
obremskey-alex-jahagir-isbn-9783319733920-3319733923-6574/

Current Diagnosis and Treatment Pediatrics Nineteenth Edition by

William Hay, Myron Levin, Robin Deterding 007154433X 978-0071544337

https://ebookball.com/product/current-diagnosis-and-treatment-
pediatrics-nineteenth-edition-by-william-hay-myron-levin-robin-
deterding-007154433x-978-0071544337-1738/

CURRENT Diagnosis and Treatment Pediatrics 25th Edition by William

Hay, Myron Levin, Mark Abzug, Maya Bunik 1260457826 9781260457827

https://ebookball.com/product/current-diagnosis-and-treatment-
pediatrics-25th-edition-by-william-hay-myron-levin-mark-abzug-
maya-bunik-1260457826-9781260457827-8396/

Strategic Management Theory An Integrated Approach 12th edition by

Charles Hill 9798214353494

https://ebookball.com/product/strategic-management-theory-an-
integrated-approach-12th-edition-by-charles-
hill-9798214353494-20830/
 Temporomandibular Disorders
An Evidence-Based Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment
Temporomandibular
Disorders
An Evidence-Based Approach
to Diagnosis and Treatment

Edited by

Daniel M. Laskin, DDS, MS

Professor and Chairman Emeritus
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
School of Dentistry
Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Department of Surgery
School of Medicine
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia

Charles S. Greene, DDS

Clinical Professor
Director of Orofacial Pain Studies
Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences
College of Dentistry
University of Illinois
Chicago, Illinois

William L. Hylander, DDS, PhD

Professor
Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy
Director
Duke University Primate Center
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina
Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc
Chicago, Berlin, Tokyo, London, Paris, Milan, Barcelona,
Istanbul, São Paulo, New Delhi, Moscow, Prague, and Warsaw
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Temporomandibular disorders : an evidence-based approach to diagnosis

and treatment / edited by Daniel M. Laskin, Charles S. Greene, William
L. Hylander.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-86715-447-0 (hardcover)
1. Temporomandibular joint—Diseases. 2. Evidence-based medicine.
I. Laskin, Daniel M. II. Greene, Charles S. III. Hylander,
William L.
[DNLM: 1. Temporomandibular Joint Disorders--diagnosis. 2. Temporomandibular
Joint Disorders--therapy. WU 140.5 T287 2006]
RK470.T42 2006
617.5’22--dc22
2005026903

© 2006 Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc

Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc

4350 Chandler Drive
Hanover Park, IL 60133
www.quintpub.com
All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise,
without prior written permission of the publisher.
Editor: Kathryn Funk
Design: Dawn Hartman
Production: Patrick Penney and Dawn Hartman
Printed in Singapore
This book is dedicated to our friend and colleague Bernard G. Sarnat,
MD, MS, DDS—teacher, mentor, researcher, and clinician—whose
pioneering efforts in the field led the way to the establishment of a more
scientific approach to the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular
disorders.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface
Contributors

PART I: BIOLOGIC BASIS

Section A: Anatomy and Function

1. Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Masticatory Apparatus
William L. Hylander
2. Anatomy and Function of the TMJ Ales Obrez / Luigi M. Gallo
3. TMJ Growth, Adaptive Modeling and Remodeling, and
Compensatory Mechanisms Boudewijn Stegenga / Lambert G. M. de Bont
4. Sensory and Motor Neurophysiology of the TMJ Barry J. Sessle

Section B: Pathophysiology of TMDs

5. Persistent Orofacial Pain Ronald Dubner / Ke Ren
6. Muscular Pain and Dysfunction James P. Lund
7. TMJ Osteoarthritis Stephen B. Milam
8. TMJ Disc Derangements Boudewijn Stegenga / Lambert G. M. de Bont
9. Systemic Conditions Affecting the TMJ Mauno Könönen / Bengt
Wenneberg

PART II: CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

Section A: Diagnostic Modalities

10. TMJ Imaging Tore A. Larheim / Per-Lennart Westesson
11. Analysis of TMJ Synovial Fluid Regina Landesberg / Linda L. Huang
 12. The Role of Technology in TMD Diagnosis Charles S. Greene
13. Psychological and Psychosocial Assessment Samuel F. Dworkin

Section B: Diagnosis
14. Concepts of TMD Etiology: Effects on Diagnosis and Treatment
Charles S. Greene
15. TMJ Arthritis A. Omar Abubaker
16. Internal Derangements Daniel M. Laskin
17. Masticatory Muscle Pain and Dysfunction Yoly M. Gonzalez / Norman D.
Mohl
18. Traumatic Injuries Dean A. Kolbinson / Frank I. Hohn
19. Maxillofacial Movement Disorders Leon A. Assael
20. Differential Diagnosis of Orofacial Pain Robert L. Merrill
21. Benign and Malignant Tumors Diane Stern
22. Fibromyalgia Octavia Plesh / Stuart A. Gansky

Section C: Therapeutic Modalities

23. Pharmacologic Approaches Raymond A. Dionne
24. Physical Medicine Jocelyne S. Feine / J. Mark Thomason
25. Oral Appliances Glenn T. Clark /Hajime Minakuchi
26. Biobehavioral Therapy Richard Ohrbach
27. Management of Dental Occlusion Christian S. Stohler
28. Indications and Limitations of TMJ Surgery Daniel M. Laskin

Section D: Evidence-Based Treatment

29. Congenital and Developmental Anomalies Maria J. Troulis / Leonard B.
Kaban
30. Medical Management of TMJ Arthritis Sigvard Kopp
31. Surgical Management of TMJ Arthritis Louis G. Mercuri
32. Surgical Management of Internal Derangements Daniel M. Laskin
33. Treatment of Myogenous Pain and Dysfunction Glenn T. Clark
34. Treatment of Maxillofacial Movement Disorders Leon A. Assael
35. Surgical Management of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms Lewis
Clayman
36. Management of Idiopathic Condylar Resorption M. Anthony Pogrel /
Radhika Chigurupati
 PREFACE

This book continues the tradition established more than 50 years ago with
the publication of Dr Bernard G. Sarnat’s monograph on the TMJ (The
Temporomandibular Joint, Thomas, 1951). That volume was based on a
series of symposia and lectures held at the University of Illinois College of
Dentistry in Chicago involving some of the pioneers in the field. It was the
first to deal comprehensively with this emerging field, clarifying some of
the existing controversies, but it was relatively brief because of the limited
information available at that time. Subsequently, three more extensive
editions were published in 1964, 1980, and 1992, with the last two co-
edited by the senior editor of this book (DML). The basic premise of all
four editions was to integrate the expertise of multiple basic scientists and
clinicians in order to address the biologic complexity of the
temporomandibular system as well as the clinical challenges of diagnosis
and treatment.
In this new book we have maintained that collaborative process but have
made significant changes in the organization and manner of presentation of
the latest information. As in the past, many of the most eminent researchers
and clinicians in the world were invited to summarize the current status of
their particular field of expertise. In keeping with the current thrust in both
medicine and dentistry, these authors were asked to use evidence-based
knowledge rather than opinion as the fundamental standard for arriving at
the conclusions and recommendations in their particular chapter. However,
when this was not possible because of a lack of supporting data or rapid
changes in the field, they were asked to highlight the areas of agreement
and disagreement within their discipline. As a result, the reader can see
where there are deficiencies in our present knowledge base, which in itself
is valuable information. More importantly, however, the reader can see
which current practices of diagnosis and treatment are strongly supported
by scientific research and which are supported only by practical experience
and/or anecdotal evidence.
Although once again divided into two parts, the first addressing the
biologic basis of TMDs and the second covering clinical management of
these disorders, this book features an otherwise unique and innovative
organization. The two sections in the first part of the book separate normal
TMJ anatomy and function from the various pathologies, injuries, and
dysfunctional conditions that can affect the TMJ complex. In the second
part, a section on diagnostic modalities in current use, with a critical review
of the evidence supporting their sensitivity, specificity, and clinical value,
precedes the section on the diagnosis of specific clinical conditions.
Likewise, chapters on the various therapeutic modalities that have been
recommended in the literature, with each method subjected to critical
scrutiny, precede the section on specific treatment protocols. This final
section emphasizes the actual clinical management of patients with various
TMDs based on the combination of scientific and clinical information
discussed in the earlier sections.
The challenge for editors of a book with multiple authors is to weave all
the parts together into a whole cloth. With 42 authors writing 36 chapters,
we did not expect this to be easy, nor did we expect unanimity of opinion on
every subject. Readers will certainly notice some different viewpoints
among the authors as they read this book, which reflects the current reality
of this complex and often controversial field. The pace of new
developments in certain aspects of TMD-related pain has been so fast that,
to keep the book current, some chapters were being modified up to the final
publication deadline. This was especially true in such areas as the
pathophysiology of myofascial pain and osteoarthritis, sensory and motor
neurophysiology, fibromyalgia, and pharmacologic approaches to patient
management. In addition, recent advances in the biobehavioral dimensions
of diagnosing TMDs, as well as managing them, have significantly changed
the current landscape for understanding the affected patients—especially
those with chronic pain conditions.
Another difficulty in having multiple authors writing about a complex
subject such as TMDs is to maintain consistency in terminology. For
example, in the United States degenerative joint disease is usually referred
to as osteoarthritis, whereas in Europe it is termed osteoarthrosis. In this
text we have chosen to use the former designation. The term condyle is also
often used when condylar process is meant. The latter consists of both the
condyle (the uppermost part, also referred to as the condylar head) and a
condylar neck. An even more difficult situation is found in the use of the
term temporomandibular disorder (TMD). When used correctly, it is a
singular term referring to a particular arthrogenous or myogenous condition,
and therefore it requires a modifying term in order to be specific (eg, a
patient has a myofascial TMD). However, in the literature authors often use
TMD as an all-inclusive label so that it is impossible to determine which
conditions are being included (eg, TMD is a biopsychosocial condition). To
avoid such confusion, we have used the term TMD with a modifier when
referring to a specific disorder and TMDs when the group of conditions is
being discussed.
In an area with so much misinformation and confusion, it is a significant
challenge to put aside personal bias and opinion and base one’s conclusions
only on what has been substantiated in the scientific literature. The
contributors to this book are to be congratulated for accepting this challenge
and fulfilling it most admirably. In doing so, they have not only lent clarity
to the subject of TMDs but also made a significant contribution to improved
patient care.
 CONTRIBUTORS

A. Omar Abubaker, DMD, PhD

Professor and Chairman
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
School of Dentistry
Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Department of Surgery
School of Medicine
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia

Leon A. Assael, DMD

Professor and Chairman
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
School of Dentistry
Professor
Department of Surgery
School of Medicine
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon

Radhika Chigurupati, DMD, BDS

Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
School of Dentistry
University of California
San Francisco, California

Glenn T. Clark, DDS, MS

Professor of Diagnostic Sciences and Director
Center for Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine
School of Dentistry
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Lewis Clayman, DMD, MD
Clinical Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
School of Dentistry
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Detroit, Michigan
Chief
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Services
Sinai-Grace Hospital
Detroit Medical Center
Detroit, Michigan

Lambert G. M. de Bont, DDS, PhD

Professor and Head
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University Medical Center
University of Groningen
Groningen, The Netherlands

Raymond A. Dionne, DDS, PhD

Chief
Pain and Neurosurgery Mechanisms Branch
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Ronald Dubner, DDS, PhD

Professor and Chairman
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery
University of Maryland Dental School
Baltimore, Maryland

Samuel F. Dworkin, DDS, PhD

Professor Emeritus
Department of Oral Medicine
School of Dentistry
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
School of Medicine
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington

Jocelyne S. Feine, DDS, MS, HDR

Professor and Graduate Program Director
Faculty of Dentistry
McGill University
Montreal, Québec, Canada

Luigi M. Gallo, PD, PhD, MEng

Senior Research Associate and Director of the Experimental Laboratory
Clinic for Masticatory Disorders and Complete Dentures
Center for Dental and Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland

Stuart A. Gansky, MS, DrPH

Associate Professor
Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences
Division of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public Health
School of Dentistry
University of California
San Francisco, California

Yoly M. Gonzalez, DDS, MS

Assistant Professor
Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences
School of Dental Medicine
State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York

Charles S. Greene, DDS

Clinical Professor and Director of Orofacial Pain Studies
Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences
College of Dentistry
University of Illinois
Chicago, Illinois

Frank I. Hohn, DDS, FRCD(C)

Clinical Professor
College of Dentistry
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Head
Department of Dentistry/Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Saskatoon Health Region
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Linda L. Huang, DDS, MD

Chief Resident
Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
School of Dental and Oral Surgery
Columbia University
New York, New York

William L. Hylander, DDS, PhD

Professor and Director of the Duke University Primate Center
Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina

Leonard B. Kaban, DMD, MD

Walter Guralnick Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Harvard School of Dental Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Dean A. Kolbinson, DMD, MSD, FRCD(C)

Professor and Associate Dean
College of Dentistry
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Mauno Könönen, DDS, Odont Dr

Professor
Institute of Dentistry
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases
University of Helsinki
Helsinki Central Hospital
Helsinki, Finland

Sigvard Kopp, DDS, PhD

Professor and Chairman
Department of Clinical Oral Physiology
Institute of Odontology
Karolinska Institutet
Huddinge, Sweden

Regina Landesberg, DMD, PhD

Associate Professor
Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
School of Dental and Oral Surgery
Columbia University
New York, New York

Tore A. Larheim, DDS, PhD

Professor
Department of Maxillofacial Radiology
Institute of Clinical Dentistry
Faculty of Dentistry
University of Oslo
Oslo, Norway

Daniel M. Laskin, DDS, MS

Professor and Chairman Emeritus
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
School of Dentistry
Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Department of Surgery
School of Medicine
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia

James P. Lund, BDS, PhD

Professor and Dean
Faculty of Dentistry
McGill University
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Member
Center of Research in Neurological Sciences
University of Montreal
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Louis G. Mercuri, DDS, MS

Professor
Department of Surgery
Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Medicine
Stritch School of Medicine
Loyola University Medical Center
Maywood, Illinois

Robert L. Merrill, DDS, MS

Adjunct Professor and Director
Graduate Orofacial Pain Program
School of Dentistry
University of California
Los Angeles, California

Stephen B. Milam, DDS, PhD

Professor and Hugh B. Tilson Endowed Chair
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Texas Health Science Center
San Antonio, Texas

Hajime Minakuchi, DDS, PhD

Visiting Research Scholar
Center for Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine
School of Dentistry
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California

Norman D. Mohl, DDS, PhD

SUNY Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus
Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences
School of Dental Medicine
State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York

Ales Obrez, DMD, PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Restorative Dentistry
College of Dentistry
University of Illinois
Chicago, Illinois

Richard Ohrbach, DDS, PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences
School of Dental Medicine
State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York

Octavia Plesh, DDS, MS

Professor
Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences
School of Dentistry
University of California
San Francisco, California

M. Anthony Pogrel, DDS, MD, FRCS(E)

Professor and Chairman
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
School of Dentistry
University of California
San Francisco, California

Ke Ren, MD, PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery
University of Maryland Dental School
Baltimore, Maryland

Barry J. Sessle, BDS, MDS, PhD

Professor
Faculty of Dentistry
Center for the Study of Pain
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Boudewijn Stegenga, DDS, PhD

Professor and Director of Clinical Research
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University Medical Center
University of Groningen
Groningen, The Netherlands

Diane Stern, DDS

Clinical Professor
Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Miller School of Medicine
Department of Surgery
University of Miami
Miami, Florida

Professor
Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences
College of Dental Medicine
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale, Florida

Christian S. Stohler, DDS, Dr Med Dent

Professor and Dean
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery
University of Maryland Dental School
Baltimore, Maryland

J. Mark Thomason, BDS, PhD, FDS, RCS(Ed)

Professor
Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Rehabilitation
School of Dental Sciences
University of Newcastle
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Adjunct Professor
Faculty of Dentistry
McGill University
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Maria J. Troulis, DDS, MSc

Associate Professor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Harvard School of Dental Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Bengt Wenneberg, DDS, Odont Dr
Associate Professor
Faculty of Odontology
University of Göteborg
Göteborg, Sweden

Per-Lennart Westesson, MD, PhD, DDS

Professor and Director of Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology
Department of Radiology
School of Medicine and Dentistry
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York
Professor
Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences
School of Dental Medicine
State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York
 PART I
Biologic Basis

SECTION A
Anatomy and Function
Chapters 1–4

SECTION B
Pathophysiology of TMDs
Chapters 5–9
 CHAPTER 1

Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics of

the Masticatory Apparatus
William L. Hylander

Temporomandibular Joint

Articulating Bodies

The temporomandibular or craniomandibular articulation is the articulation

between the mandible and the cranium. The bony elements of this
articulation are the mandibular condyles below and the squamous temporal
bones above. This articulation consists of two synovial joints: left and right
temporomandibular joints (TMJs).
The TMJ is a complex joint both morphologically and functionally. An
articular disc made up of dense fibrous connective tissue with varying
amounts of fibrocartilage is interposed between the temporal bone and the
mandible, dividing the articular space into upper and lower compartments.
Gliding or translatory movements occur primarily in the upper
compartment, while the lower compartment functions primarily as a hinge
or rotary joint. Therefore, the TMJ is often classified as a hinge joint with a
movable socket.
Most synovial joints have hyaline cartilage lining their articulating
surfaces. In contrast, the articulating surfaces of the TMJ are lined by dense,
avascular, fibrous connective tissue. The presence of this type of tissue has
often been interpreted as indicating that the TMJ must not bear any stress
because known load-bearing synovial joints are lined by hyaline cartilage.
Over the last 25 to 30 years, however, a considerable amount of evidence
has accumulated indicating that the TMJ is indeed a load-bearing joint.1 If
so, then why does this joint have such peculiar articular tissues? The answer
to this question is directly related to the evolutionary history of this joint,
which in turn is reflected in its early ontogeny.2
The bones of a typical synovial joint are cartilage-replacement bones
that are initially preformed in hyaline cartilage. Most of this cartilage is
eventually calcified and then replaced by bone during ontogeny, although
the cartilage lining the articular surfaces persists in a modified form. In
contrast, the bones of the TMJ are dermal or membrane bones. Rather than
being preformed in cartilage, they are formed directly from
intramembranous centers of ossification. These developing bones become
completely surrounded by periosteum, including the areas that eventually
form the articular surfaces of the TMJ. The periosteum lining these articular
surfaces is gradually transformed during its early development into the
dense fibrous articular tissues of the TMJ. Articular forces acting through
the TMJ play an important role in this gradual transformation. Articular
forces also continue to play a major role in the development of these tissues
well into adult life3 (see chapter 3).
Thus, the lack of hyaline cartilage on the articular surfaces of the TMJ
simply reflects its unique ontogenetic and phylogenetic development, rather
than indicating that this joint is incapable of bearing reaction force.
Although there is a secondary cartilage in the condyle of the growing
mandible, this cartilage does not form part of the articular surface because
the periosteum-derived articular tissues cover it.4,5
Fig 1-1 Lateral view of a robust adult male human skull. The mandibular condyle is pulled slightly
out of the glenoid fossa. The bony TMJ and surrounding areas include the following structures: (ZA)
posterior root of zygomatic arch; (AT) location of articular tubercle; (AE) crest of the articular
eminence; (GF) roof of the glenoid fossa; (P) postglenoid process; (T) tympanic portion of the
temporal bone; (C) mandibular condyle; (SCT) location of subcondylar tubercle; (SP) styloid process
(tip broken); (M) mastoid process.

Mandibular condyle
The articular surface of the mandible is the upper and anterior surface of the
condyle (Fig 1-1). The adult human condyle is about 15 to 20 mm from side
to side and 8 to 10 mm from front to back. Its long axis is at right angles to
the plane of the mandibular ramus. Because of the flare of the ramus,
however, the long axes of the left and right condyles cross approximately at
the anterior margin of the foramen magnum, forming an obtuse angle
varying from 145 to 160 degrees.
The articular surface of the condyle is strongly convex when viewed
from the side and less so when viewed from the front. The articular surface
faces upward and forward so that in side view the condylar neck is bent
forward. As seen from in front, the articular convexity often resembles a
tentlike configuration that is divided into medial and lateral slopes by a
variably prominent crest. The lateral pole of the condyle extends slightly
beyond the outer surface of the ramus and is roughened for the attachment
of the articular disc and the temporomandibular ligament (TML).
Furthermore, there often is a well-developed lateral subcondylar tubercle,
an attachment site for the TML.6,7 The medial pole of the condyle juts
considerably beyond the inner surface of the ramus, and is also slightly
roughened for the attachment of the articular disc.

Fig 1-2 Parasagittal section of the TMJ. (C) Mandibular condyle; (AE) articular surface of articular
eminence; (P) postglenoid process; (EAM) external auditory meatus; (1) upper joint compartment;
(2) intermediate zone; (3) posterior band; (4) bilaminar zone; (5) upper portion of bilaminar zone; (6)
spongy tissue with a profuse nerve and blood supply; (7) posterior portion of joint capsule; (8) lower
joint compartment; (9) lower portion of bilaminar zone; (10) anterior portion of joint capsule; (11)
anterior band; (12) small portion of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Note the thick
dense fibrous avascular tissues covering the articular eminence and the mandibular condyle, as well
as the thin roof of the glenoid fossa (GF). (Modified from Hylander2 with permission.)

Variations in the shape of the condyle are common. Moreover, some of

the irregularities of the bony articular surface are apparently obscured and
smoothed by the thick covering of fibrous tissue that is derived from and
directly continuous with the periosteum of the mandible.

Glenoid (mandibular) fossa and articular eminence

The terms glenoid fossa, mandibular fossa, and articular fossa are often
used interchangeably, but only the glenoid and mandibular fossa are
synonymous. The glenoid fossa is the concavity within the temporal bone
that houses the mandibular condyle. Its anterior wall is formed by the
articular eminence of the squamous temporal bone and its posterior wall by
the tympanic plate, which also forms the anterior wall of the external
acoustic meatus. The bony roof of the glenoid fossa is paper thin and often
appears translucent when held against the light (Fig 1-2). This is but one
indication that the roof of this fossa is not the major load-bearing portion of
the temporal component of the TMJ.
The articular fossa is that portion of the glenoid fossa that is lined by
articular tissues. It is formed entirely by the squamous portion of the
temporal bone (Figs 1-1 and 1-3). The posterior part of the articular fossa is
elevated to a ridge called the posterior articular lip. In most individuals, the
posterior articular lip is higher and thicker at its lateral end and thus is
visible from the side as a cone-shaped process between the articular fossa
and the tympanic plate (see Figs 1-1 and 1-2). This structure is the
postglenoid process. The lateral border of the articular fossa is sometimes
marked by a narrow, low ridge or crest (see Fig 1-3). Medially, the articular
fossa is bounded by a bony plate that leans against the spine of the sphenoid
bone. This medial plate is sometimes drawn out into a triangular process,
the temporal spine.
In the back and lateral part of the glenoid fossa, a fissure separates the
tympanic portion from the squamous portion of the temporal bone. This
fissure, called the tympanosquamosal fissure, separates the articular and the
nonarticular portions of the glenoid fossa (see Fig 1-3). Medial to this
fissure, a bony plate of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, the tegmen
tympani, protrudes between the tympanic and squamous portions.
Therefore, instead of a tympanosquamosal fissure, along the medial aspect
of the glenoid fossa there are an anterior petrosquamosal fissure and a
posterior petrotympanic fissure. The petrotympanic fissure is slightly
widened laterally to permit the passage of the chorda tympani nerve and the
anterior tympanic blood vessels. These neurovascular structures are located
within the glenoid fossa, but not within the articular fossa.
It is important to make a distinction between the articular eminence and
the articular tubercle. The articular eminence is the transverse bar of dense
bone that forms the posterior root of the zygomatic arch and the anterior
wall of the articular fossa. It has a large articular surface. In contrast, the
articular tubercle is the small bony projection situated lateral to the articular
eminence. Unlike the articular eminence, the articular tubercle is not an
articular surface. Instead, it serves as the attachment area for portions of the
TML.
The articular eminence is somewhat saddle shaped. It is strongly convex
in a side view and moderately concave when viewed from the front or back.
The degree of this convexity and concavity is highly variable. Fine bony
ridges often outline the medial and lateral borders of the articular eminence
(see Fig 1-3). The anterior slope of the eminence, the preglenoid plane, rises
gently from the infratemporal surface of the squamous temporal bone; its
precise anterior boundary is often indistinct. The condyle and disc move
anterior to the summit of the eminence and onto the preglenoid plane during
wide opening. The gentle anterior slope facilitates posterior movements of
the mandibular condyle and disc from this anterior position.

Fig 1-3 Basal view of the left side of a human cranium. The bony TMJ and surrounding areas include
the following structures: (TF) temporal foramen; (ZA) posterior root of zygomatic arch; (PGP)
preglenoid plane; (LR) lateral ridges of preglenoid plane, articular eminence, and glenoid fossa; (AE)
articular eminence; (PTF) petrotympanic fissure; (PSF) petrosquamosal fissure; (TSF)
tympanosquamosal fissure; (T) tympanic portion of the temporal bone; (EAM) external auditory
meatus; (M) mastoid process.
 Although a thin layer of fibrous tissue covers the roof of the articular
fossa, the fibrous tissue covering the articular eminence is thick and quite
firm (see Fig 1-2). Moreover, unlike the roof, the articular eminence is made
up of a fairly thick layer of dense bone. These morphologic characteristics
reinforce the hypothesis that the articular eminence, but not the fossa, is
loaded by routine joint reaction forces developed among the articular
surfaces of the mandibular condyle, the articular disc, and the squamous
temporal bone.

Articular disc
The articular disc is derived ontogenetically from a mesenchymal block of
tissue that also gives rise to the capsule of the TMJ and the lateral pterygoid
muscle.8 This tissue mass is positioned between the developing squamous
temporal bone and mandibular condyle. In adults the uppermost part (or
superior head) of the lateral pterygoid muscle often retains its original
connection to the capsule and articular disc of the TMJ.9
The articular disc is a firm, oval, fibrous plate positioned between the
mandibular condyle and the articular fossa and eminence (see Fig 1-2). Its
central part, the intermediate zone, is considerably thinner than its
periphery, the anterior and posterior bands. Anteriorly the disc continues as
the anterior attachment and is fused to the capsule of the TMJ. Posteriorly
the disc continues as the posterior attachment or bilaminar zone, a thick
double layer of vascularized connective tissue. The bilaminar zone splits
into two parts: (1) an upper fibroelastic layer that attaches to the postglenoid
process, posterior articular lip, and tympanosquamosal fissure; and (2) a
lower fibrous layer that attaches to the posterior portion of the condylar
neck immediately below the articular tissues. Posteriorly these two layers
are separated by the intermediate layer, which contains loose connective
tissue that attaches to the posterior wall of the joint capsule. The posterior
attachment has a profuse supply of nerves and blood vessels.10,11
Unlike its anterior and posterior attachments, the disc is not attached to
the capsule laterally or medially. Instead, it is tightly bound directly to the
medial and lateral poles of the mandibular condyle. It is these attachments
of the disc that cause it to move along with the mandibular condyle. It is
often stated that the position of the disc relative to the condyle is influenced
by the pull of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle, because a
small portion of this muscle often attaches to the disc (see Fig 1-2). Thus,
contraction of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid is thought to
protract the disc anteromedially or limit posterolateral retraction movements
of the disc. The influence of this muscle on the articular disc, however, is
not a settled issue. As the superior head of the lateral pterygoid also attaches
to the mandibular condyle and the disc is tightly bound to the medial and
lateral poles of the condyle, this muscle arguably may have no special
influence on movements of the articular disc relative to the condyle.12,13
Blood vessels and nerves are absent in the intermediate zone, that is, the
firm central region of the articular disc, as well as in the avascular fibrous
layers covering both the mandibular and temporal articular surfaces of the
joint. The lack of these neurovascular structures is compatible with the
hypothesis that there is considerable reaction force along this portion of the
joint. Finally, over the years, it has been suggested that one main function of
the articular disc is to reduce stress concentrations between the articular
surfaces of the mandibular condyle and squamous temporal bone; that is,
the compliant nature of the disc helps to distribute reaction force more
evenly along these joint surfaces.14

Articular Capsule and Ligaments

The fibrous capsule of the TMJ attaches to the squamous portion of the
temporal bone along the outer limits of the articular surface of the articular
eminence, fossa, and preglenoid plane. Posteriorly, the capsule arises from
the postglenoid process, posterior articular lip, and tympanosquamosal
fissure. The articular capsule is quite thin anteromedially, medially, and
posteriorly, but it is thick anterolaterally and laterally where it attaches to
the articular tubercle.15 This reinforced lateral portion of the capsule is the
temporomandibular ligament (Fig 1-4).
The anatomy of the capsule and the TML are somewhat controversial,
and this is likely due to their considerable variability.2,16,17 DuBrul15
described the TML as being divided into two layers: a wide, fan-shaped
superficial portion and a narrow deep portion. The broad origin of the
superficial portion along the articular tubercle and its narrower insertion
along the condylar neck accounts for its somewhat fan-shaped morphology.
Its anterior fibers run from the articular tubercle obliquely down and back,
while the posterior fibers have a more vertical orientation. Fibers of the
deep portion are said to run horizontally (anteroposteriorly), and this portion
is described as a ligamentous band that attaches along the lateral pole of the
mandibular condyle and extends to a crest situated along the articular
tubercle.15 Based on Scapino’s excellent description6 of the anatomy of the
TMJ, it appears that the deep horizontal band described by DuBrul15 is
likely part of the lateral aspect of the joint capsule and disc.13 Scapino6p28
refers to this lateral band as the lateral polar ligament.
The joint capsule and its TML function to limit movements of the
mandible (Figs 1-4 and 1-5). The vertical fibers limit distraction movements
of the condyle from the articular eminence and fossa, the horizontal fibers
(polar ligaments) prevent excessive retrusive movements of the condyle,
and the posterior portion of the capsule limits protrusive movements (see
Fig 1-5). Finally, it has been suggested that the anterior part of the capsule
and the anterolateral part of the TML may limit the amount of condylar
rotation during jaw opening, although most of this limitation is imposed by
the stretched jaw-closing muscles.2 Finally, modeling procedures suggest
that the only limitations to maximum jaw opening are those linked to the
jaw-closing muscles.18
The synovial membrane, a highly vascularized layer of connective
tissue, lines all structures of the articulation that do not experience
compressive reaction force. The largest area of synovial lining covers the
upper and lower surfaces of the posterior attachment, including the loose
connective tissue binding the posterior border of the disc to the capsule.
Synovial tissue also lines the inner aspect of the fibrous capsule. When the
condyle is positioned in the glenoid fossa, the synovial membrane forms
rather heavy folds posteriorly. When the condyle is protruded toward the
summit of the articular eminence, the folds disappear as the synovial tissues
are stretched.
Fig 1-4 Lateral view of the (1) temporomandibular and (2) capsular ligaments. Most of the fibers of
these ligaments are aligned either vertically or in a combined vertical and oblique direction. Some of
the deepest fibers are aligned horizontally. (Modified from Hylander2 with permission.)

Fig 1-5 Mandible during left lateral movement. (W) Working side; (B) balancing side; (PL) polar
ligament that attaches to the lateral pole of the mandibular condyle and the (T) articular tubercle and
disc (see Scapino6). Position 1: The working-side (w-s) and balancing-side (b-s) condyles just prior
to left lateral movement. Position 2: The left lateral movement is initiated. The w-s condyle first
rotates about a vertical axis that passes through its center. Then, the lateral polar ligament becomes
taut and prevents the lateral pole of the w-s condyle from moving any further posteriorly. This
condyle now shifts slightly laterally. The b-s condyle translates medially, anteriorly, and downward
along the articular eminence. Position 3: With continued movement, the w-s condyle has shifted
further laterally and slightly anteriorly. The lateral polar ligament guides this movement. The b-s
condyle continues to translate medially, anteriorly, and downward along the eminence. The relative
amount of rotation of the w-s condyle has been exaggerated. (arrows) Direction of movement of the
chin and the w-s and b-s mandibular condyles. (Modified from Hylander2 with permission.)
 The blood supply to the capsule and disc is provided mainly by branches
from a maxillary artery. The sensory nerves for proprioception and pain are
branches of the auriculotemporal, deep temporal, and masseteric nerves.
Blood vessels and nerves are numerous in the posterior portions of the
articular disc and fibrous capsule.

Accessory Ligaments
Two structures have been described as accessory ligaments of the
temporomandibular articulation: the sphenomandibular and the
stylomandibular ligaments.

Sphenomandibular ligament
The sphenomandibular ligament is derived from Meckel’s cartilage. It arises
from the spine of the sphenoid bone and is directed downward and outward
(Fig 1-6). It inserts on the mandible at the mandibular lingula, which is
located along the upper border of the mandibular foramen. In most
individuals, the sphenomandibular ligament is a thin layer of connective
tissue with indistinct anterior and posterior borders.
It has been suggested that this ligament protects the blood vessels and
nerves passing through the mandibular foramen from additional tensile
stress during jaw opening and closing.19 It has no influence on mandibular
movements.

Stylomandibular ligament
The stylomandibular ligament is a reinforced sheet of cervical fascia that
extends from the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament to the region of
the mandibular angle (see Fig 1-6). Many of its fibers are attached to the
back edge of the lower part of the mandibular ramus; others continue onto
the deep fascia along the medial surface of the medial pterygoid muscle.
The upper border of the stylomandibular ligament is a thickened cordlike
structure.
Fig 1-6 Medial view of the mandible and the sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments. (SP)
Styloid process; (CL) capsular ligament; (SS) sphenoidal spine; (SML) sphenomandibular ligament;
(STML) stylomandibular ligament; (MP) medial pterygoid muscle. (Modified from Hylander2 with
permission.)

Fig 1-7 Masseter and temporalis muscles. (PT) Posterior temporal; (MT) middle temporal; (AT)
anterior temporal; (DM) deep masseter; (SM) superficial masseter. (Modified from Hylander2 with
permission.)
Fig 1-8 Coronal section of the muscles of mastication. (T) Temporalis; (TT) central tendon of
temporalis muscle; (Z) zygomatic arch; (C) coronoid process; (LPS) lateral pterygoid, superior head;
(PP) pterygoid process (lateral); (LPI) lateral pterygoid, inferior head; (MP) medial pterygoid; (MR)
mandibular ramus; (M) masseter. (heavy arrows) General direction of pull of the anterior temporalis,
superficial masseter, and medial pterygoid muscles. (Modified from Hylander2 with permission.)

This ligament is relatively loose when the jaws are both closed and wide
open; it is tensed only when the mandible is maximally protruded. Thus,
apparently this ligament can limit excessive protrusive movements.

Muscles of the Mandible

Four powerful muscles, the masseter, the temporalis, the medial pterygoid,
and the lateral pterygoid, are often referred to as the muscles of mastication.
This label is quite misleading because these muscles act in conjunction with
various muscle groups of the face, tongue, palate, and hyoid bone, during
mastication. This chapter does not attempt to describe all of these muscle
groups, although it does consider the morphology and function of the most
important muscles that play a role in mandibular movements.

Masseter Muscle
The masseter muscle stretches as a rectangular plate from the zygomatic
arch to the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus (Figs 1-7 and 1-8). It is
divided into a superficial masseter and a smaller deep masseter. The
superficial masseter arises from the lower border of the zygomatic arch as
strong tendinous fibers. The most anterior fibers may arise from the outer
corner of the zygomatic process of the maxilla. Posteriorly the origin of the
superficial portion ends along the zygomaticotemporal suture.
In side view, the muscle fibers of the superficial masseter are directed
downward and backward to insert along the angle of the mandible. In a
frontal view, it can be seen that these fibers are directed downward and
medially (see Fig 1-8). The mandibular attachment of the superficial
masseter extends along the lower one third of the posterior border of the
ramus and along the lower border of the mandible anterior to the third
molar; it covers, more or less, the lower half of the lateral surface of the
ramus. The field of insertion has ridges into which the tendons insert and
grooves between the ridges into which the fleshy fibers insert.
The superficial masseter is covered on its outer surface by a strong
tendinous layer that extends down from the zygomatic arch over the upper
third or half of the muscle. Superficially, the tendon appears to end with a
downwardly convex border or in a zigzag line. However, the tendon does
not actually end along this line. Instead, it continues a short distance into the
muscle mass. If the overlying tissues are not too thick, the border of this
tendon can be viewed during mastication as it contrasts with the bulging
muscle bundles below the tendon. Alternating tendinous and fleshy bundles
are present within the superficial portion. Thus, the structure of this muscle
is rather intricate, and it is often referred to as a multipinnate muscle.
If the superficial masseter muscle is strongly developed, the area of its
insertion is slightly widened, giving the anterior border of the muscle a
concave appearance when viewed from the side. Posteriorly the fibers of the
superficial masseter wrap around the posterior and inferior aspects of the
angle of the mandible, joining fibers of the medial pterygoid muscle in a
tendinous raphe. This muscular arrangement is called the pterygomasseteric
sling.
The deep and superficial portions of the masseter fuse anteriorly, but
posteriorly the two can be separated. The fibers of the deep masseter arise
from the entire length of the zygomatic arch up to the anterior slope of the
articular eminence. Some of its fibers may also arise from the lateral wall of
the TMJ capsule.12,20
The deep masseter inserts above the superficial masseter along the
mandibular ramus as a triangular-shaped insertion field. The base of this
triangle faces posteriorly while the apex faces anteriorly. In side view the
fibers of the deep masseter, which have a near vertical alignment, pass
downward at an angle of about 30 to 40 degrees to the fibers of the more
obliquely aligned superficial masseter.
The masseter muscle is a powerful elevator of the mandible. A lateral
view reveals that the deep masseter exerts primarily a vertical force on the
mandible. In contrast, the superficial masseter exerts a vertical and slightly
anteriorly directed force on the mandible that is approximately
perpendicular to the occlusal plane of the molars (see Fig 1-7). The entire
masseter also exerts a lateral component of force on the mandible (see Fig
1-8).
The masseter muscle is derived from the first branchial arch and
therefore is innervated by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). More
specifically, the masseteric nerve, a small branch from the mandibular or
third division of the trigeminal nerve (V3), innervates the masseter muscle.
This nerve passes above the lateral pterygoid muscle and then, after passing
through the mandibular notch behind the tendon of the temporalis muscle,
enters the medial surface of the deep masseter muscle. The masseteric nerve
supplies the deep masseter, perforates it, and then enters the superficial
masseter.
Fig 1-9 Temporalis muscle. The masseter muscle and the zygomatic arch have been removed.
(Modified from Hylander2 with permission.)

Temporalis Muscle
The fan-shaped temporalis muscle has its origin along the lateral surface of
the skull and the dense fascia overlying this muscle (Figs 1-7 and 1-9). The
bony attachment field, the temporal fossa, is encircled above by the inferior
temporal line. This attachment field includes a narrow strip of the parietal
bone, the greater part of the temporal squama, the temporal surface of the
frontal bone, and the temporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid
bone. Muscle fibers and tendons also arise from the postorbital septum,
which is the bony partition separating the temporal fossa from the orbit.
Both the zygomatic and frontal bones and the greater wing of the sphenoid
contribute to the formation of the postorbital septum. The bony field of
origin of the temporalis muscle reaches downward to include the
infratemporal crest of the sphenoid.
Many of the temporalis muscle fibers originate from the medial surface
of the temporalis fascia. The temporalis fascia attaches to the superior
temporal line and the upper border of the zygomatic arch. Passing
downward from the superior temporal line, the temporalis fascia thickens
considerably and then splits into two layers; the superficial layer continues
into the periosteum of the zygomatic arch along its lateral surface, and the
deep layer extends into the periosteum of the zygomatic arch along its
medial surface. The superficial and deep layers are joined together by
irregular bands of connective tissue. The outer layer is thickened and, when
palpated, gives the impression of bone.
The bundles of the temporalis muscle converge toward the opening
located between the zygomatic arch and the lateral surface of the skull
(temporal foramen) (see Fig 1-3). The tip of the coronoid process projects
into this opening. The anterior fibers of the temporalis muscle, which form
the major bulk of the muscle, are largely vertical; the fibers in the middle
part of the muscle are increasingly oblique. The most posterior fibers run
forward almost horizontally, bend around the posterior root of the
zygomatic arch in front of the articular eminence, and pass downward
vertically to the mandible (see Fig 1-9).
The flesh of the temporalis muscle is divided unequally by the central
tendon, a tendinous plate that is partially visible along the lateral aspect of
this muscle (see Fig 1-9). Most of the fibers of the temporalis muscle are
situated medial to this plate. This is unlike the condition in monkeys and
apes, in which the central tendon is not visible because it is covered by the
superficial “head” of the temporalis muscle.21,22 As part of an overall
evolutionary reduction of the masticatory apparatus, this lateral portion of
the temporalis muscle was apparently lost. In humans, the tendon of the
superficial masseter is also visible superficially (see Fig 1-7), whereas in
monkeys and apes this tendon is covered by muscle tissue. As with the
temporalis muscle, humans seem to have lost the most superficial portion of
the superficial masseter.
Temporalis muscle fibers arise from the temporalis fascia laterally and
the skull medially and insert into this tendinous plate. Therefore, this
muscle is often characterized as being bipinnate. The fibers of the
temporalis muscle are actually much shorter than most illustrations indicate,
although they are longer than those of the masseter muscle. These longer
fibers are to be expected because during wide opening the temporalis is, of
necessity, stretched much more than the masseter and medial pterygoid
muscles. This differential stretching is linked to the location of the
instantaneous (or helical) axis of mandibular rotation2 (see chapter 2).
The middle and posterior portions of the temporalis muscle, respectively,
are attached along the apex of the coronoid process and along its posterior
slope to the deepest point of the mandibular notch. The more superficial
fibers of the anterior temporalis muscle insert along the apex of the
coronoid process, the anterior surface of the coronoid process, and the
mandibular ramus. The deeper fibers of the anterior temporalis attach along
the medial anterior surface of the mandibular ramus.
These two groups of fibers send tendons down toward the posterior end
of the alveolar process and are separated from each other by a downwardly
widening cleft. The inner or deep tendon, which juts medially from the
mandibular ramus and reaches downward into the region of the lower third
molar, is stronger and longer than the superficial tendon, which is attached
to the anterior border of the coronoid process and mandibular ramus. The
space or area of the mandible between the superficial and deep tendons is
the retromolar fossa.
Similar to the masseter muscle, the temporalis muscle mainly elevates
the mandible. Its fan-shaped morphology indicates that its direction of pull
varies considerably, depending on which portions are mechanically active.
Superfically it appears that its most posterior fibers retract the mandible
because of their horizontal orientation along the side of the skull; however,
as previously noted, when the condyle is situated in the mandibular fossa
the fibers of the posterior temporalis are bent around the posterior root of
the zygomatic arch at a sharp angle and thus are oriented vertically.
Therefore, this portion of the temporalis muscle exerts primarily an upward
force on the mandible during normal closure.
On the other hand, when the condyle is translated anteriorly into a more
protruded position, these posterior fibers likely retrude the mandible
because in this instance the posterior temporalis is aligned more
horizontally. As its most posterior fibers pass very close to the condyle, the
posterior temporalis probably also functions as a stabilizer of the TMJ.
The middle and obliquely aligned portion of the temporalis muscle is
capable of exerting a vertical and retracting force on the mandible. Most of
the anterior portion is capable of a vertical pull on the mandible. That
portion of the anterior temporalis originating from the postorbital septum,
however, likely pulls the mandible upward and forward. Finally, the deep
fibers of the anterior temporalis that originate along and just above the
infratemporal crest pull the mandible upward and somewhat medially. Thus,
the morphology of the entire temporalis muscle indicates that its fibers are
capable of considerable variability in their direction of pull.
The temporalis muscle is innervated by the deep temporal branches of
the anterior trunk of V3. Of the three deep temporal nerves ordinarily
present, the posterior and middle branches arise as separate filaments from
the anterior trunk immediately after the trigeminal nerve emerges through
the foramen ovale. The anterior branch is initially united with the buccal
nerve; this common trunk, which lies in a sulcus adjacent to the foramen
ovale, runs anteriorly and laterally, close to the base of the skull. It is held in
place by a ligament that bridges the sulcus. If this ligament ossifies, it
contributes to the formation of the temporobuccal foramen.
The anterior temporal nerve usually separates from the buccal nerve
after the latter has passed between the two heads of the lateral pterygoid
muscle. Its most anterior portion, however, is not positioned nearly as far
forward as the anterior portion of the superficial masseter.

Medial Pterygoid Muscle

The medial pterygoid muscle is situated on the medial side of the
mandibular ramus (Fig 1-10; see also Fig 1-8). When viewed from the side,
it appears to be the anatomic counterpart of the masseter muscle. It is a
powerful rectangular muscle, although smaller than the masseter. Its main
origin is in the pterygoid fossa, a depression located between the back edges
of the medial and lateral pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone. The deepest
fibers arise by strong tendons, while others arise directly from the medial
surface of the lateral pterygoid plate. A flat tendon covers the medial surface
of the muscle at its origin, and it is as wide as the tensor veli palatini, with
which it is in contact.
 The most anterior fibers of the medial pterygoid arise from the outer and
inferior surface of the pyramidal process of the palatine bone and from the
adjacent parts of the maxillary tuberosity. These fibers, which are referred to
as the superficial head of the medial pterygoid, are positioned lateral to the
lateral pterygoid muscle. The remaining and largest portion of this muscle,
the deep head, is positioned medial or deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle
(see Fig 1-8).
The fibers of the medial pterygoid muscle run downward, backward, and
laterally and are inserted along the medial surface of the angle of the
mandible. The field of insertion is approximately triangular and is located
between the mandibular angle and the mylohyoid groove. As noted earlier,
the fibers of the medial pterygoid muscle often meet fibers of the masseter
in a tendinous raphe behind and below the mandibular angle (the
pterygomasseteric sling).
From its field of origin, the internal structure of the medial pterygoid
muscle is a complicated alternation of fleshy and tendinous parts, similar to
the temporalis and masseter muscles. The muscle fibers, arising from one
tendon (attaching to the cranium) and ending on another (attaching to the
mandible), are arranged at an angle to the general orientation of the muscle.
This bipinnate or multipinnate arrangement gives the muscle fibers of the
medial pterygoid (and masseter) a braided appearance and increases its
capability for generating large forces.
Fig 1-10 Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. (EAM) External auditory meatus; (D) articular disc;
(C) mandibular condyle; (AE) articular eminence; (LPS) lateral pterygoid, superior head; (PP)
pterygoid plate (lateral); (PPF) pterygopalatine fossa; (LPI) lateral pterygoid, inferior head; (MPS)
medial pterygoid, superficial portion; (MPD) medial pterygoid, deep portion. The zygomatic arch and
coronoid process have been removed, and the TMJ has been sectioned parasagittally. (Modified from
Hylander2 with permission.)

The overall fiber orientation of the medial pterygoid muscle in side view
is similar to that of the superficial portion of the masseter muscle, and
therefore it is primarily an elevator of the mandible. However, unlike the
masseter, which exerts a lateral component of force on the mandible, the
medial pterygoid exerts a medial component of force on the mandible.
Furthermore, unlike in most nonhuman primates, in humans the medial
component of the medial pterygoid muscle is relatively larger than the
lateral component of the superficial masseter (see Fig 1-8).
The nerve to the medial pterygoid arises from V3 immediately before it
divides into its anterior and posterior trunks. The medial pterygoid nerve,
which also innervates the tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscles,
reaches the medial pterygoid muscle at its upper posterior border.

Lateral Pterygoid Muscle

The lateral pterygoid muscle arises from two heads (see Figs 1-8 and 1-10).
The inferior head is about three times larger than the superior head.23,24
The superior head (sometimes called the superior pterygoid)25 originates
from the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid medial to
the infratemporal crest. From its origin, the fibers of the superior head run
almost horizontally backward and laterally in close relation to the external
surface of the cranial base. The inferior head originates from the outer
surface of the lateral pterygoid plate. Although the fibers of the inferior
head also run backward and laterally, they pass upward at an angle of about
45 degrees relative to the superior head.
The two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle are separated at their
origins by a wide gap but fuse in front of the TMJ. The fibers of the superior
head are attached primarily to a roughened fossa on the anteromedial
surface of the condylar neck. This fossa is called the pterygoid fovea. In
addition, a small portion of the superior head is frequently attached directly
to the anteromedial part of the TMJ capsule and extends into the
anteromedial part of the articular disc. All of the fibers of the inferior head
insert into or along the periphery of the pterygoid fovea. This description of
the lateral pterygoid is based on the work of numerous
authors.2,12,13,15,20,26–28
Disputing the previous description of the lateral pterygoid, Griffith and
Sharpe10 and Honée23 have stated that the two heads do not fuse in front of
the TMJ and that the entire superior head is attached to the capsule and disc.
However, Meyenberg et al12 dissected 25 TMJs and found that, although
the two heads of the lateral pterygoid always fuse in front of the TMJ, the
superior head of the lateral pterygoid did not attach to the articular disc in
40% of their dissections. In these instances the lateral pterygoid attached
entirely to the pterygoid fovea. In the remaining 60%, a small portion of the
superior head of the lateral pterygoid attached to the anteromedial aspect of
the articular capsule and disc, while the remainder of the muscle attached to
the pterygoid fovea. Similarly, the work of Wilkinson13 confirms the results
of Meyenberg et al.12
Other documents randomly have
different content
Christie ISt Hosp h 7, 1874 Bloor w — (Norman h 132 Day av (active
ser) — Norman ice cream wkr Hunts r ,235 McRoberts av — Rex O C
elk Shell Oil r 125 Helendale av MO 4120 — Ruby elk stenog Dept of
Game & Fisheries h 17, 08i Broadway av HY 5459 — Sheldon IG hlpr
McColl-IFrontenac r 160 Oakcrest av GR 6160 — Thos A carp h 87
Barrington av (E Y) GR 8998 — Victoria (wid Harry) h 235 McRoberts
av — (Violet dress opr r 39 Strathmore blvd HA 4972 — Wm (Hague
'& Smith) and (Hague & Hague) r 394 Brunswick av MI 2617 — &
Hague (Wm and Frank A Hague) mfrs agts 307, 69 York EL 5703 —
t& Smith (Wm Hague and Wilbert N N Smith) hosiery mfrs 307, 69
York BL 5703 Hague Maundrell Emma Mrs r 178 Northcliffe blvd
(Oak) ME 6857 Hagyard Alan W elk Employers’ Liability Assce r 79
Humbercrest blvd (H Orest) LY 2815 — Charles br sec Commercial
Union Assce h 79 Humbercrest blvd (H Crest) LY 2815 Hahn Bertha
prsr h 106 Dearbourne av GE 4370 — Chas F emp Aluminum Co of
Can h 12 Ravenal (Rnny) — Emanuel sculptor 3rd fir 32 Adelaide e
EL 4984 h 159 Glen rd MI 1051 — Ernest Rev pastor St John’s
Evangelical Lutheran Church h 18 Burlington cres ME 3259 — Francis
X h 109 Glen rd RA 7518 — Freya C sec U of T r 34 Dunbar rd MI
7467 —Gordon F (Cord's Auto Service) h 977 Dufferin KE 2613 —
Gustav insbr Ont Coll of Art h 34 Dunbar rd Ml 7467 — Hermine r
106 Dearbourne av GE 4370 — Irving barber 482 College h same RA
7266 ■ — James E Major pres John Inglis Co Ltd h Park Lane (Nth Y)
HU 5355 — John M. P. driver Shaw '& Wright, h 1169 Ossington av
— Lome V mech Reo Motor Co h 24 Thyra av (’E Y) GR 5302 —
Morgan J R elk CNR h 37 Church (Mim) — Murray bkpr Windsor
Dress Co r 482 College —Olive R emp 'Rogers Majestic r 977 Dufferin
KE 2613 — Ottilie r 201 Heath w (MI 31,40 — Paul (Paul Hahn i&
Co) h 7 Lynwood av 111 5500 — Paul '& Co (Paul Hahn) pianos and
organs ,22 Bloor IE KI 3122 — Percy A emp CNR h 163 Indian rd
cres LY 0928 — Rose M mus tchr r 201 Heath w MI 3140 — 'Sylvia,
drftsmn Royal Ont Museum r 34 Dunbar rd MI 7467 —Wilfred C chf
elk Fruit Mkt CNR r 8 Millicent KE 6628 — Wm C J switchmn CNR r 9
Brad JU 2670 Hahndorf Dorothy (wid Wm) h 89 Marion LA 3934 —
Fredk A foremn Tor Feather & Down Co h 81 Geoffrey LL 4384 —
John h 42 Pauline av ME 1630 — Rose (wid Clarence) h 2,597 St
Clair av w LO 6886 Hal Lo cook Yonge Cafe r ,2525, Yonge MO 0042
Haick Geo W pres Hoick's Valet Service h F, 1 Howland av KI 7610 —
John S prsr Ever -Ready Cleaners & Dyers h 1227 Bathurst LA 9522
—Richard emp Silks r 738 Broadview av GE 4032 — Sami (Haick
Shoe Rebuilders) h 738 Broadview av IGE 4032 Alphabetical, White
Page 579
 HA! HAICK Haick Shoe Rebuilders '(Sami Haick) shoe
shiners 335 Bay WA 5868 Haicolm E dec h basement, 16 Willlson sq
Haid Arthur asst Lome L 'Davidson & Co h 103. Edgewood av IGR
2873 — Edwin i' slsmn Can Wire i& Cable Co h 85 -Humbervale blvd
(Kngswy Pk) LY 6496 — Kathleen, elk Eaton’s r 103 Edgewood av GR
2873 — Roy J pntr to 284 Gilbert av (Frbk) ICE 1370 Haidinyak John
pntr to 47 St Patrick WA 6482 Haiduk Michl billiards 214 Royce av h
same ♦Haig see also Haag, Hague and Haifih —Ada r 100 Gloucester
MI 1811 ■ — Allister P tchr Harbord Coll Inst to 70 Whitehall rd MI
8347 — Archd C night cook Genl Hosp r 459 Northcliffe blvd (Prbk)
KE 2217 — Beatrice r 578 Jarvis MI 7717 — Benj engnr CPR h 276
Kennedy av JU 1715 — Bessie (wid John McL) h 106 Havelock LO
6279 — Blake V emp Swifts h 689 Brock av ME 52.28 - — Catherine
Mrs dry gds 658 Lansdowne av fa same (ME 3933 — David C (Haig
Rennie >& Co) to .257 Russell Hill rd MI 4297 — Douglas M r 257
Russell Hill rd Ml 4297 — Douglas T ir 253 Ontario — Edwd r 295
Jarvis RA 2434 — Edward P cairetkr Eaton’s r 295 Jarvis RA. 2431 —
Gordon C r 257 Russell Hill rd MI 4297 — H Gordon slsmn Giles Rice
& Peters res Agincourt —Helen L tchr Oakridge Pub Schl h 11. 26
Norwood rd GR 7704 — Mabel A slsclk Eaton's r 276 'Evelyn av JU
5147 — Nicol N macli Ferranti Elec Co to 459 (Northcliffe blvd (Frbk)
'KE 2217 — , Rennie & Co (.David C Haig and George H Rennie),
stock brokers 330 Bay AD 4981-7 — Thomas R to 97 Snowdon av —
Violet sewer H Mudrick Ltd r 39 Strathmore blvd — Wm counterman
Bowles Lunch to 81 Monarch Pk av GL 49101 — Wm foreman
McIntyre Co r ,227 Medland LY 7065 ♦Haigh see also Haag, Hague
and Haig — Albert to 48 West Lodge av — Cbas drvr Hendrie & Co fa
42 Seventh (New T) — Chas C mech fa 78 Harcourt av HA 0598 —
Douglas C hlpr Star r 78 Harcourt av HA 0598 — Harry L to 418 Lake
Shore rd (Mlm) ph NT 1526 — John elk Candn Kodak h 19, 210
Vaughan rd (Wych) ME 3476 — John J surveyor Dept of Highways to
2, 83 Shields av — Kenneth h 395 College (active ser) — Mary
hsekpr r 81 Spadina rd KI 9117 — Mary J r 81 Spadina rd KI 9117 —
Mairy J Mrs to 482 Woburn av (Nth Y) — Myra key punch opr
Goodyear Tire r 42 Seventh (New T) — Olive hrdnsr r 38 St James
av MI 6372 — Peter G carp Wm R. Warner .& Co to 88 Moberley av
GR 6310 — Robert L r 88 (Moberley av GR 6310 (active ser) — Rutli
r 48 West Lodge av — Ruth A sec (Military 'Headquarters r 14 Glen
rd RA 8809 — Thus asst foremn Anaconda Amer Brass to 1 (Meaford
av ((Long B) pto NT 14-8W — Thomas A h 64 Rainsford rd HO 4766
— Thomas J barber Hannan’s Barber Stoop r 84 O’Hara av ME 2990
— Wm blrmkr h 38 St James av M3 6372 — Wm trav Ackrovd B'ros
to 229 Winona dr (Oak) ME 6278 — Wlnnifred office elk Eatons r
229 Winona dr (Oak) ME 6278 Haight Arthur C sales engnr English
Elect to 142 Briar Bill av M'O 6497 — Arthur C Jr slsmn Hunter-Rose
r 142 Briar Hill av MO 6497 — Arthur G h '20 Deloraine av HU 5663
— [Bernal to 586 Indian gT — Chas carp r 112 Major KI 7956 —
Chas Jr maeh r 112 Major KI 7956 — D Canniff h 31 Pinewood av
(Wycito) ME 36.24 — David emp Dufferln Shipbuilding Co to <379
Gerrard e — Dorland E advt mgr Jardine & Young Ltd h la Albemarle
av GE 4846 — Elizth (wid Cecil) to 381 Gerrard e — Ethel P (wid
.Harry) priv sec Page-Hersey Tubes to 37 St Clements av MO 6332
— Harold to 316' St Germain av — James C prntr Offset Print & Litho
h 359 Manor rd e HU 3419 — Leonard emp Aluminum Co of Canada
r 381 Gerrard e Haight Lindy emp Sidney Caplan r 1036 Queen w —
Lockwood C artist Famous Players r 316 St Germain av - — Margaret
A (wid Willet) r 142 Briar Hill av MO 6497 — Maria r 655 Euclid av
ME 3344 ■ — Nora Mrs to 1, 401 Yonge — (Ross M to 618 Woodbine
av GR 27‘86 (active ser) — Seneca J to 15 Rose av RA 5320 —
Stanley G elk Shell Oil r 15 Rose RA 5320 —Trevor H emp Natl Steel
Car Malton r 316 St Germain ay — Wm A elk PO to 19 Norway av HO
7454 Haights John h 226 Dovercourt rd LO 4362 Haik Chung
lndrymn Nonsuch .Laundry r 2281 Bloor w JU 6900 Haikelo Harry
caretkr r 514 Euclid av ME 7940 Hailes Arthur slsmn Crane Ltd h 145
Bowie av (Frbk) KE. 7793 Haill George H trk driver McCoIl-Frontenac
to 35 Astodale av HA. 3282 — (Helen, laundress Royal York Hotel r
35 Ashdale av HA 3282 — (Victor houseman Royal York Hotel r 35
Astodale av HA 3282 Hailman Albert maintenance Coleman Lamp h
60 (The Lindens Bain av — Morris confv 204 Manning av h 142 same
WA 8534 — Yetta elk r 142 Manning av WA 8534 ♦Hails see also
Hales — Benj A lab h 858 Weston rd (Mt D) — Christopher W emp
IGutta Percha r 9 Delaney cres ME 1879 — James pnt shader
Canada Varnish to 243 Fulton av (E Y) — Lena E stenog ,H of A Div
Dept of Agric (Dom) r 785 Indian rd JU. 7157 — Mary L r 9 Delaney
cres ME 1879 — Olive E wrapper Gilchrist Baking r ,9 Delaney cres
ME 1879 — Wm J opr PTC to 9 (Delaney cres ME 1879 Hailstone
John IH fish '& chips 1690 Avenue rd n ('Nth Y) MA 2744 h 9, 63
Roehampton av — Wm H elev opr h 73 Castleton av (Rnny)
Hailstones J h .210, 2707 Yonge Hailwood Joseph macto Locomotive
Shops CPR to 687 Willard av (Rnny) Haimes Clara stenog Can
Amateur Hockey Assn r 208 Claremont EL 7538 — Samuel 'prntr
Rose Press r 208 Claremont EL 7538 Haimovitcb Henry prsr to 208
Claremont EL 7538 Hain Alex (Alex Hain -& Son) h 136 Osier LL
0165 — Alex & Son (Alex and John M Hain) coal and coke 130 Osier
LL 0165 — Cecil W phy 2,77 High Pk av JU 2,736 h 321 High Pk av
JU 1236 — Irene K r 136 Osier LL 0165 — John M (Alex Bain & Son)
to 147 Medland JU 6447 Hainault Adrian G waiter Hunts Savarin
Hotel r 37 Orchard Park blvd GR 7987 — Adrienne D asst cash
London Life r 37 Orchard Park blvd GR 7987 — Claire D stenog
Excelsior Life Ins r 37 Orchard Park blvd GR 7987 — Lueien R mach
Link-Belt r 37 Orchard Park blvd GR 7987 — Mary L (wid Elzer) h 37
Orchard Park uivd GR 7987 Hainer 'Charles A elk Eaton’s r 30 Oak
Park Av — Chas F p c Stn 1 h 30 Oak Park av - — Frank, hlpr
McFarlane Mfg r 279 Wellesley — Gladys stenog r 11 Christie ME
6955 — Gordon G tag elk Magistrates’ Court h 83 Westlake av GR
0650 — John R h 382 Bleecker ♦Haines see also Hanes, Haynes and
Heynes — A Beverley pay roll auditor Workmen’s Compensation Bd r
3, 467 Spadina rd (Fst H) MO 4934 —Albert r 157 ILee av HO 8139
(active ser) — Alferetta (wid John) h 301 Keele JU 7150 — Annie to
29 Prince Rupert av LL 7738 — Arthur h 58 Bannon av (La M) JJJ
1089 —Arthur C emp Lever Bros r 58 Bannon av (lLa M) JU 1089 —
Aubrey R slsmn Thos J Lipton Ltd r 6 Mountview av LY 0182 —
Beatrice G stenog E G Thomas & Son r 198 College MI 6948 — Carl
F emp Coulter Pressed Metals r 11, 43 Hillsboro av KI 1434 — Carol
M tchr Shirley St Schl r 159 Westminster av LL 6977 - — iCecile Mrs
emp Kellys Beauty Parlor r 742 Logan av — Charles r 22 Gough av —
Chas C grmt ctr Eatons h 16 Scarborough rd HO 5218 — (Charles H
masseur Cook’s Turkish Baths h 917 Woodbine av GR 672(1 —
Charles R to 67 Hambly av HO 7084 (active ser) —(Chas W fireman
CPR h 16 Britannia av LY 5726 — Chas W prntr Arthur-Jones h 90
Mountview av JU 9164 — Cyril P floor boy Eaton's r 917 Woodbine
av GR 6721 — JCyril T emp Lever Bros r 557 Prince Edward dr (La
M) — Donald M elk Confed Life r 16 Scarborough rd HO 5218 —
Doris M stenog North Amer Life r 16 Scarborough rd HO 5218 ■ —
Dorothy I elk Can Life r 3, 467 Spadina rd (Fst H) MO 4934 Haines
Douglas AT (E L Haines & Co) to 501, 33 .St Clair av w RA 8034 — E
L & Co (Edson and Douglas Haines) barrs 812-814, 85 Richmond w
AD 0124 ■ — Edith (wid Thos W) b 194 Woodfield rd - — Edna L
nurse r 29 Prince Rupert av LL 7738 —Edson L (E L Haines & Co) h
202 Glen Ayr rd (Fst H) MO 8273 - — Edwd emp M Sweeny li 36
Tiverton av — Elisha V slsmn North America Vinegar Co h 677
Broadview av GE 6896 — Elizth (wid Thos) r 582 Danforth av HA
4555 — Elliene nurse h 2,5, 134 Carlton MI 1771 —Elsie M opr Davis
Gelatine (Can) Ltd r 1060 College LO 1305 — Emily h 29 Prince
Rupert av LL 7738 — Emma (wid Albert) h 2, 739a Ossington av LO
0950 — Emma (wid Wesley) h 1060 College LO 1305 —Ethel r 157
Lee av HO 8139 — Ethel G (wid Geo) h 793 Gladstone av KE 4621 —
Evan construction wkr to 551 Gerrard e — 'Evelyn stenog Pari Bldgs
r 11, 43 Hillsbboro av KI 1434 — Prank K mail elk Toronto Terminal
Rlwy fa 9. 828 Shaw — -Frank L motorman CN Exp h 3, 201 Sumach
— Frank M h 7, 16 Humber blvd (Kngswy Pk) LY 1550 — Frank R
steward CPR h 6 Mountview av LY 0182 — 'Fred D bkpr Campbell
Soup r 40 Stanley av (Mim) — Fred P to 40 Stanley av (Mim) — Fred
S prin Ont Coll of Art, res Thornhill ph 55 — Fredk J civ serv PO h
715 Indian rd JU 9684 — G (S vice-pres Kirana Kirkland Gold Mines
Ltd (202, 2-8 King e) — Geo pekr Can Packers h 12.3 Jones av —
Geo with Bell Tel to 1018 Greenwood av (E Y) GE 2570 — Geo R h
30 Henderson av (active ser) — Geo W slsmn Star r 177 Parkstde dr
LL 6977 — Georgina L r 1060 College LO 1305 — Gladys compt opr
LCB r 380 St Clarens av ME 4856 — Gordon pekr Frigidaire Corp fa
34 Badgerow av —Gordon A engraver Bomac Engr h 96 Thirty-first
(Long B) — H r 592 Shaw LO. 0065 — ,H Regd ertkr Royal Candn
Inst h 198 College MI 6948 — Hannah (wid Walter) r 158 Booth av
GE 1442 — Harriett (wid W Eric) r 143 Lee av GR 9460 — Harrv to
23 Millbank av (Fst JI) HU 3659 ■ — Harry L supt 'La wrason -
Doughty h 531 Perth av LL 3464 — Helen C A r 90 Mountview av JU
9164 — Herbert H glass ctr Hobbs Glass to 125 Sunnyside av KE
2298 — 'Jack r 594 Indian rd LO 2587 —Jack emp Barkers Bread r
1678 Dufferin — Jas A h 3, 467 Spadina rd (Fst H) (MO 4934 — Jas
A (Robinson & Haines) h 33 Millbank av (Fst H) HU 6251 — James G
slsmn h 58 Duncannon dr (Fst H) HY 8250 — Jennie (wid Edwd) to
380 St Clarens av ME 4856 — John baker Manning Biscuit Co r 1678
Dufferin — John emp Johnston & Mathew h 220 Atlas av (Oak) —
John A gateman Union Station h 5, 193 Dowling av LA 4324 —John
M h 11, 43 Hillsboro av KI 1434 — John P macli Can Westinghouse h
495 Main (E Y) — John S blocker Bond Hat r 133 Belsize dr MO 2586
— John W r 793 Gladstone av KE 4621 (active ser) — Keitha V sis
elk -Eaton’s r 1034 St Clarens avenue — (Leslie lab Northern Fuel Co
r '205 Oak — Leslie E (Canada Foods) to 179 O’Connor dr (E Y) GL
4935 — (Margaret (wid Geo) h 9, 795 Lakesfaore rd (New T) —
Margaret M stenog Loblaws r 89 Parkside dr LL 1322 — Marie M
stenog Air Force r 89 Parkside dr LL 1322 — iMaud (wid Frank) r 526
Roxton rd LA 2611 — IMichl D elk American Consulate Genl r 89
Parkside dr LL 1322 — Miriam mus tchr to B, 537 Palmerston av KE
2107 — Muriel tchr Mimico School r 40 Stanley av (Mim) — Neil S civ
engnr Consolidated Smelters to 54 Chamberlain av (Frbk) KE 8883
— Reginald driver Simpson’s ir 198 College MI 6948 — Robert to 18
Alton av (active ser) — Robt emp Natl Motors h 2136 Gerrard e GR
0325 — Robt O designer Tip Top Tailors to 157 Lee av HO 8139 —
Rov lather r 503 Winona dr (Frbk) ME 2680 Haines Russell
vehielemn CP Exp r 380 St Clarens av ME 4856 — -Sherlie supt C
Tomlinson Constr to 1034 St Clarens av KE 1591 — Sidney C (Wm
Haines) fa 30 Gibson av I MI 7722 —Thelma C tordrsr Evans Beauty
Shoppe r I 6 Mountview av LY 0182 —Theodore tobacco 1678
Dufferin h same — Theresa (wid Francis) h 89 Parkside Ur LL 1322
—Thos A with Bell Tel r 16 Britannia av LY 5726 — Walter lathe, r h
503 Winona dr (Frbk) ME 2680 — Wm to 594 Indian rd LO 2587 —
Wm r 1445 Lake Shore rd (Long B) — Wm r 86 Montrose av — Wm
(Wm A & Sidney C Haines) picture frames 899 Yonge MI 4527 —
Wm trk driver The Orchid Shop r 30 i Henderson av — Wm A (Wm
Haines) h 10 Stanhope av j (E Y) HA 1520 — Wm E h 22 Prust av —
Wm H rivetter Malton to 44 Hiltz av — Wm H with Tor Hydro to 560
Carlaw av GE 5204 — Wm H J mgr Maple Leaf Potteries to 133
Belsize dr MO 2586 — Wm R pay roll auditor Workmen’s Com- j
pensation Bd h 177 Parkside dr LL 6977 Hainey Alphonsus S messr H
C Tidman .& Co r 27 Drayton av — (Dorothy E elk Eaton’s r 166
Jones av — R Frank emp Ont Govt r 34 Willcocks KI 9333 — Wm opr
Sheppard & 'Gill to 27 Drayton avenue Hainge Wm plstr fa 45
Twenty Second (New T ph 86i4J) Haining Wm mach John T Hepburn
r 46 Conway av (Oak) Hains Dorothy F (wid Frank R) h 131 Gough
av — -Florence (wid Ernest) fa 16 Grosvenor KI 2305 — (Helen ,M
office girl Eaton’s r 17 Fulton , av GTE 6859 —Jos to 17 Fulton av GE
6859 (active ser) — Kenneth B elk Christie Brown h 2549 j Dundas w
JU 6764 — Marie D messr Simpson’s r 131 Gough av — Roy J
maintenance Simpson’s r 131 Gough av Hainstock Lillian M tchr
Rlrchcliff Schl r , 145 Bingham av HO 6596 ♦Hainsworth see also
Ainsworth - Mrs h 68 Malvern av — A Noel cornel artist Eaton’s h 18
Kendal av MI 2969 — Bethel weaver Tor Carpet Mfg h 770 Sammon
av (E Y) HO 3919 — Edwd wre'hsenm Bowes Co r 68 (Malvern av ;
— Geo de.pt mgr Eatons res Islington — Geo foremn Barrymore
Cloth to 8 Chesley av LL 7873 — Harry elk Eaton’s h 329 Woodfield
rd HA 1917 —Horace elk CGE h 14 Twenty Sixth (Long B) ph NT
1653M — Ivan Mrs r 421 Russell Hill rd (Fst H) | HY 2682 — Jas h 15
Kingsley av — Jean r 68 Malvern av — John messr Bank of IMont
(Tor hr) h 1, 263 Gladstone av LL 6025 —John H tolrman -Brennan
Mfrs h 480 Parliament — Norman W senior elk Dept of Highways h
1, 181 Gerrard e 'MI 9376 — Wm E moto CN Exp fa 58 King Edward
av (E Y) HO 5716 — Wm E Jr moto CN Exp r 58 King Edward av (E
Y) HO 5716 Hair Chas r 287 Forest Hill rd (Fst H) j MO 3770 (active
sec) — Chas H phys & surg 545 Palmerston av ME 3770 h 2,87
Forest Hill rd (Fst H) MO 3770 — D G Mrs fa 14, 470 Avenue rd —
Jean nurse -r 80 Lascelles blvd HY 2355 — iMargt M slsldy Eatons r
53 Strathcona av ,GE 2710 — Thos gdnr to 53 Strathcona av GE
2710 — Wm P r 287 Forest (Hill rd (Fst H) MO 3770 „ „ Hairdresser'
The (Lillian Pickett) 1883 E-glinton av w (Frbk) KE 3400 ♦Haire see
also Hare —Elizth A office mgr Jas Richardson & Sons Ltd to 129
High Park av JU 3039 — F Jean stenog Massey Harris r 41 Quebec
av JU 6813 — Grace E designer Jean Louise Frocks r 2, 29 High Pk
blvd LO 9976 — J Robertson purch agt Venus Pencil Co Ltd r 75
Indian Grove LL 5987 — James AV sec Rennet & Elliott Ltd to 24
Lawrence av e MA 3945 —Jean sec H R Douglas r 129 High Park av
JU 3039 — John E asst cash Abitibi Power & Paper r 75 Indian grove
ILL 5987 — Lillian R packer Neilson’s r 19 Afton av — Margaret r 129
(High Park av JU 3039 — Margt sec Rapid Grip r 41 Quebec av JU
6813 — IMary J opr Neilsons r 19 Afton av LO 3313 — Robt r 333
Indian Grove JU 4 1 66 — Robt W cement finisher h 19 Afton av i LO
3313 — W Jas (Elite Cleaners) to 11 Quebec av JJT 6813 — W .H
ldgrkpr Bank of Tor (40 Rloor w) r 349 St Clarens av LO 7318 —580
—
 Haire Wm J (Elite Cleaners & Dyers) h 175 Indian iGrove LL
5987 — Wm slsmn r 41 Quebec av JU 6813 Haires Artliur r 15
Burlington cres .ME 3694 Haisanuk John lab PO ih 104A Queen e
Haisley Ann J (wid (Hiriam) r 64 Cleveland HO 688S — (Gladys Mrs r
63 Lowther av MI 9754 — Wm J chauf Simpson’s h 64 Cleveland
■HU 6888 Haisman 'Haskell L elk Swifts h 24 Traymore cres (IH
Crest) JU 1318 Haist Edna G tchr Earlscourt Pub Sclil Cl 6. 307
Tweedsmuir av (Wyeh) RA 6616 — Elgin E tchr John Ross Robertson
Schl r 142 Eastbourne av -HY 9205 — Everett IH Iron wkr A R Lundy
h 852% Old Weston rd ('Silv) — Reginald E phy U of T h 9, 40
Hazelton av KI 3555 1 — Thelma IM tchr Whitney Pub Schl (i 6, 307
Tweedsmuir av (W.veh) RA 6616 I — Wm M credit mgr Stone &
Wellington h 355 Greer rd HU 0469 Haiti Consulate Major Genl John
A Gunn consul 1112, 36 Toronto EL 5131 Haitman Abraham tlr h '87
Brunswick av MI 9928 Haja Katie opr Eaton’s r 18 Widmer Hajdaz
Peter loader CPR Frt h 699 Adelaide w Hajduk Benj opr Simpson’s h
19 Baldwin WA 9651 Hajec Frank lab >r 36 Euclid av WA 2268 Bak
Peter waiter Royal York Hotel r 81 Charles e RA 6093 Hakala Niilo
coat mkr Henry A Taylor Co h 15, 196 John — Olga dom r 68
Inglewood & Constn Ltd Geo F Glatt mgr 602, 137 Wellington w EL
1734 Hale A .Gilbert genl mgr Chas A Smith Ltd h 1:89 'Cliff-crest
(ISoar Bluffs) — (Abigail .(;wid /Wm J) r 185 IBo.rdem Ml 8954 —
Albert assmblr McFarlane Mfg h 235 Cedarvale av (E Y) — Albert B
wldr Simpsons h 222 Langley avenue —Albert M genl asm'bly Imp
Optical r 873 Palmerston av LA 9661 — Alex boiler mkr h 18
Connaught av — Alfred h 333 Lippincott ALE 4269 — Annie (wid Jas)
r 145 Boon av — Annie (wid John) r 13*614 (Roehaimpton av MO
8561 — Annie E opr -Dom Envelope r 704 Pape avenue — ^Bernard
E slsmn Can Paper h 10 Yonge blvd HY 6126 — Bud lab Tor
Cadmium Plating r 802 Old Weston rd (Silv) — lOhas r '5,2 Barked-
av (E Y) (a/ctive ser) — Chas caretkr Bank -of Com h 2, 3089A
Dundas vv — (Chas M (Loftus A Allen & Co) h 700 Pape av GL 4797
— -Clifford W (Guide Publishing Co) r 10 Lawton blvd HU 0178 —
Dave -r ,1110 Peter — Dorothy V acct S It Hart & Co r 233 Victor av
— Douglas r 197 Marlborough av KI 7588 — Douglas R photo icomlp
Litho-Print r '21216 Ash-worth av LO (915(46 — Edith fur fnshr
Joseph & Milton r 50 Long Branch av (Long B) ' — Edna M cash
Metro Life r 3-33 Lippincott ME 4269 — Edwd H lab r 50 Long
Branch (av (Long Branch) — Eliza (iwid Walter) h 1)917 Marlborough
av KI 7588 — Elizth M drs mkr Pender Dress Co r 226 Ashworth av
LO 9546 — Ernest h 19 Wesley (Mlm) — -Ernest brklyr h 704 Pape
av - — -Ernest jr, lab r 704 Pape av — Ernest A r 52 Barker av (E Y)
(active service) — -Ernest A shade mkr Geo H Hees h -52 Barker av
(E Y) — Ethel (wid Fred) r 712 Bloor w — Ethel (wid Wm) r IS
Chambers av — Eva. h 13-74 Wellington w EL 2I6I5I7 —Evelyn F
stenog Ont, 'Hydro r 873 Palmerston av LA 9661 — -Evelyn S r 22
Badgerow av HA 9529 — F Earle mgr Geo Weston Bread h 1'8
(Queen Mary’s dir i(Kngswy Pk) LY 9,420 — Frances (-wid Benj G) h
19 New — “Francis (E. pntr Hinde & Bauch (h 113 Jersey av — Frank
wtchmn Dom Bridge h 356 Dupont — Fred h 12 Richard av HA 7794
(active service) — Fred J r 574 Logan av HA 8693 (active service) —
Geo car insp TTC h 39 Connaught av HA 919159 . — Geo lab r 218
Keele JU 0946 — Georgina Mrs elk Simpsons h C, 1098A Yonge —
Gilbert electrotyper Candn Charts & Supplies r 597 -St -Clarens av -
ME 3958 — Gilbert W drvr Tor Launderers & Dry Clnrs h 20 -Shirley
— Gordon elk Geo R Hargraft & Co r C, , 1098A Yonge — Gordon
mech hlpr Rowntree Co r 139 Coxwell av — Gordon C r 333
Lippincott ME 4269 (active service) — Gordon W emp Ault & Wiborg
r 14 Inwood av (E Y) GE 4245 — H A h 21W, 10 Tichester rd (Wych)
Hale Harold engnr CNR h 146 Fai-rlawn av — Harold R opr TTC h
302 Broadway av — Harold V shpr Building Products li 1009
Ossington av LO 5859 ■ — -Harry G trk drvr Tippet-Ricliardson h 49
Greenwood av — Henry A caretkr -Can Bank of Com h 305 High Park
av JU 1946 — Henry G jan TTC h 597 St Clarens av ME 3958 —
(Hei'bt r '206 (Ashworth av LO 954(6 (active service) — IHebbt A
flremn IStn (31 h 16(9 Beaiconsfleld -av 1LA 319(34 — Herbt H oipr
TTC h *2(216 Ashworth av LO 9-546 — (Howard r 1(9 Wesley (Mlm)
— Ida E (The Ida Shoppe) h 2219 Danforth av HO 7660 — Iva bkpr
h 1105, 77 Wellesley Mil 8'3T7 — J Maynard (Jessie M Hale)
hemstitching 700 Pa-pe av GL 4797 — Jas elk Metropole Hotel h 77
Maclean blvd (E Y) — Jas W hlpr Richardson Constn b 59 Fortieth
(Long B) — Jean Mrs h 610 Gerrard e — Jennie (wid Frank) r 20
Lapp (Mt D) LY 7793 — -Joan E stenog Candn Wineries res Lome
Park —(John H (Johnny’s Lunch Room) h -H2il8A Yonge MI 0362 —
John H agt Prudential Ins h 98 Cadorna av (E Y) -HA 6654 — John
W sawyer IMWFarlane Mfg h -9 (Ihy-ra av (E Y) HO 3370 — Jos r
181 Lansdowne av ME 6638 (active service) — Jos mach opr
Neptune Meters h 58 Campbell av LA 6325 • — -Leonard sipeicia/l
del drvr Donlands Barry h 233 Victor av — (Lily E (wid Mathew E) h
873 Palmerston av LA 9661 — (Mabel (wid Harry) r 615 Pauline av
LO 4749 — Malcolm E elk Shell Oil r 57 Walmsley blvd — Marguerite
A (wid Watsou) h 10 Lawton blvd HU 0178 — Marion E elk Eatons r
873 Palmerston av LA 9661 — Marjorie M foreldy 'H B Balmer h 333
Lippincott ME 4269 — -Mary -C hsekpr r 65 Beaty av LA 5227 —
Mildred stenog r 597 St Clarens av ME 3958 — Norman emp Curtis
Lighting r 233 Victor avenue — Olive li 574 Logan av -HA 8695 —
Phyllis Mrs h 26 Mapleview av JU 7062 — -Redsvere B elk Eatons h
10 Pritchard av (Rnny) —Remedies Co The 2, 11 Richmond w — -
Rose bander Herbert -Hosiery Mills r 88 Lawlor av — Stanley cheni
engr Candn Ins-p Testing Co h 3, 189 Vaughan rd (Wych) — Thos
drvr J Hill r 35118 Dundas w (-Rnny) — Thos mach shop hand
Crouse-'Hinds Co r 60 Dixon av HO 1255 — Vera model Eatons r
1085 Gerrard e HA 1300 — “Vincent E route slsmn iCauifields Dairy r
574 Logan av HA 8693 — Violet -O (;wid Wm) h 95 (Eldon av (E Y)
— IWilibert B route slsmn ICauifields Dairy r 574 Logan av HA 8693
— Wilfred C skiver Goodyear Tire r 50 Long Branch av ((Long B) —
Wm H mounter Imp Optical h 22 Dustan cres (E Y) — Wm J -motor
mech 'D'eipt of 'Wks h 62 (Dixon ay HIO 691518 — -Wm K ink -mkr
Ault & Wiborg h 14 Inwood av (E Y) GE 4215 — Wm S caretkr Forest
Manor Apts h 107, 404 Spadina rd (Fst H) HY 2639 — -Wyatt r 51 -
Scollard Halenda Nicholas h 717 Palmerston ay Wa 8409 ♦Hales, see
also Halles —Albert J lino opr Stone & Cox h 57 Frankdale av (E Y)
—Alfred L h 786 Pape av — Alice (wid Edwd) r 32, 2341 Yonge HY
0466 — -Audrey stenog A S May & Co r 57 Frankdale av (E Y) — -C
Ralph (Ralph Cigar Store) r 925 Kingston rd — Chas motor TTC h
925 Kingston rd • — -David pntr Bd of Educ h 243 Lansdowne av KE
0030 — Edwd T insp of automobiles Hdqtrs Garage Frov (Pol h 39
Johnston av (Lansing) - — -Ellen Mrs spooler Can Label & Webbing r
67 Hepbourne JjO 7253 — -Emma Mrs r 26 Dearbourne av • —
Ernest r 243 Lansdowne av KE 0030 — Ethyl opr Tor Petticoat r 385
Winona dr (Frbk) — Fannie h 18:2 IShanJy LL '71233 — Geo S slsmn
h 217 Laughton av JU 6410 — (Harold (R mgr United 'Cigar Store
(24913 Yonge) h 32, 2341 Yonge HY 0466 — Henry T asst in
research dept Moffats Limited r 385 Winona dr (Frbk) — Hugh slsmn
Lowe Bros h 112 Jackman av GE 6463 — Jack driller Moffats Limited
r 44 Grandville av (Mt D) — Jas slsmn b 32 Mulock av - — Jas trkr 'C
N R Frt h 110-1 Miller — John M elect engnr CGE h 76 Rosemount av
(Wstn) — Leonard B lab Anaconda Amer Brass r 385 Winona dr
(Frbk) — (Lloyd A r 216 IDearboulrne av -(active ser) — Margt (wid
Geo) h 385 Winona dr (Frbk) HAL HALFHEAD Hales Martha J (wid
Sami) h 203 Melita av LA 1266 —Mary (wid J-aS) h 1165 Rose Park
dr HY 4653 ■ — Murray label processer Can Label & Webbing r 617
Hepbourne LL 712513 — Myrtle Mrs h 408 Rhodes -ay HA 2877 —
Percy h 145 Fairview av JU 0472 — (Phyllis r '2|43 -Lansdoiwne av
KE 00130 — Phyllis M stenog Bowes Co r 57 Frankdale av (E Y) — -
Ronald B r 270 Silver Birch av BO 6978 ( active sgt) — -Victor lab
Gunns Ltd h 44 Grandville av (Mt D) —
 HAL HALFORD WINDOW DISPLAYS POSTERS • LABHI.S
MAPS * STATIONERY Greta ft no Curds IR0L1PIH -CHAIR K- STONE
limited LITHOGRAPHERS Toronto ■ Canada COLOR PRINTERS
PHONE GLADSTONE -^-<511 DIKECT-liY-MAIL ADVERTISING
CARDS' AND COTOCITS Exclusive Art Calendars ♦Halford, see also
Hallford and Holford — (Abraham J h 11 Lowther ay KI 2284 —
Agnes M nurse Mt Sinai Hosp r 9 Webster av KI 2829 — Allan A mus
r 58 Ellerbeck GE 2951 — Arthur W r 58 Rathnelly av MI 3285 —
[Bertram H (Halford & Smith) res (Streets vllle — 1 Chas J slsmn
Office Specialty h 08 Rathnelly av (Ml 8(2815 — Earl prsmn
Seiberling Rubber r 86 Emerson av ME 1283 — Fredk L h 49
Withrow av GL 3170 — Harry A shpr Conti Elect h 86 Emerson av ME
1283 — Harry J h 58 Ellerbeck GE 2951 i — Hilda M hlpr Seiberling
Rubber r 86 Emerson av ME 1283 — Howard hlpr Metallic Roofing r
86 Emerson av ME 1283 — John E purch agt Shell Oil Co of Can Ltd
h Minaki rd Port Credit — (Maude D r 58 Ellerbeck GE 2951 — iRichd
r 86 Emerson av ME 1283 — R'obt mach Candn Acme Screw & Gear
h 143 Edna av LO 1611 • — Wtm F elk Customs Dept h 13.3 Airdrie
rd (Leas) MA 1093 - — & Smith (B H Halford & Arthur Smith) real
estate 2461 Bloor w (Swan) JU 5992 Halliburton Chas C cond OP!R
It 304 St Johns rd (R-nny) LT 5045 — Frances social wkr r 45 Bain
av HA 5821 — Gilbert P r 354 St Johns rd (Rnny) LY 5045 i — Jas P
prsmn Bank of Com (156 Pearl) h 286 Highfield rd HA 9067 — John
C elk Can Packers r 354 St Johns rd (Rnny) LY 5045 — John D
janitor Royal Candn Tobacco h 1016 Shaw — Lorna M stenog Muntz
& Beatty r 354 St Johns rd (Rnny) LY 5045 — Roy N p c Stn 2 r 18
Howland rd HA 2789 — Sidney trk drvr Dept of Wlss h 45 Bain av HA
5821 — Thos S plmbr Eatons h 66 Fulton av GE 3610 Haliechuk
Frank cook Liggetts h 178% Palmerston av Halifax Chronicle Alex G
Sampson natl advtg mgr 709, 330 Bay AD 2777 — .Daily .Star Alex
G Sampson natl advtg mgr 709, 330 Bay AD 2777 — Herald & Mail J
B Rathbone rep 214, 44 Victoria EL 5331 HALIFAX INSURANCE CO,
THE, Arthur C Baillie General Manager, Frank E Wrong Assistant
General Manager, Eric G Watters Casualty Manager, 8 King west.
Phone ADelaide 4456 — John trk drvr h 326 Royce av — 'Win h 1<5
Branstone rd (Frfbk) Halik Geo emp Can Packers h 104 Tecum seth
Halin John filler Union Bedding r 55 Cameron Halischuk Fred lab Can
Packers h 1739 Keele (Silv) Halkes Gerald R sht mtl wkr Pendrith
Mach h 166 Main n (Wstn) - — Wm carp h 418 Perth av Halket John
M (Eastern Taxi & (Grover Taxi) h 2533 Danforth av GR 1111 —
Walter mach clnr Gas Co h 100 Booth av Halkett Barbara r 706
Ossington av LO 2334 ^Hall. see also Halls — A Ronald r 63 Balsam
av HO 3531 (active service ) — Ada E h 47i6 'Ossington av LO 8134
— Adam slsmn Beardmore & Co h 169 Cambridge av GE 2461 —
Adam A elect Lever Bros h 35 Doncaster .av (E Y) G.R 6027 —
Addison R lab Henry Disston & Sons h il:4 Craydon .av ((Mt (D) —
Agnes B emp Lloyd Woods Drugs r 62 Chester av GE 3984 — Alan
elk Stand Brands r 44 Rosemount avenue — Alan D acct Can Dry
Ginger Ale h 26 Parkhurst blvd (Leas) HY 0414 — Albert
demonstrator Taylor Specialty h 22 Emerson av LO 3620 ■ — Albert
distributor Accurate Distributing r 411 Symington av — .Albert hlpr
Tor Feather & Down r 1031 Bathurst LA 7884 — Albert longshoremn
Terminal Warehouse h 126 Parliament —Albert mach Horn Wheel &
Fndry h 4'88 Eastern av HA 2846 — Albert C plmbr Chias Hicks h 58
Westmoreland av ICE 3567 — Albert E jr, engnr Neptune Meters r
1722 Jane (Wstn) — Albert E supt Neptune Meters h 227 Pearson av
LA 4273 — Albert E wrehsemn Candn Natl Carbon h 211 Blackthorn
av — Albert F lab City h 1031 Bathurst LA 7884 — Albert H grocer &
fruit 487 Church MI 3333 and gro and btehr 421 Eglinton av e h 421
same HY 6106 — Albert J shpr Edmund Hind Lumber h 24 Corley av
Hall Albt R trk drvr h 212 Bowie av (Frbk) —Albert W opr TTC h 316
Weston rd LY 8800 — ‘Alberta r 15 Reed — Alberta Mrs h 15 Reed —
Alex h 18 Earnbridge LA 4807 — Alex jr, r 18 Earnbridge LA 4807 —
Alex h 504, 188 Eglinton av e — Alex caretkr Monarch Mortgage h
17, 122 Dowling av LA 7255 —Alex cbkr Dorn (Stores h 49 Boultbee
av ■ — Alex engnr ONR h 2117 Gerrard e HO 8534 — Alex G mgr
Can Packers h 148 Glenrose av HY 4374 — Alex J engnr Gooderham
& Worts r 87 Queens dr (Wstn ph 655W) —Alfred h 833 Dundas e —
Alfred emp Mutual Sales r 241 McRoberts avenue — Alfred plmbr E C
Hicks h 836 Shaw LL 2207 — Alfred E slsmn E L Ruddy h 248
Golfdale rd HU 1576 ' — Alfred E supt Ball’s Pure Milk Dairy h 572
Arlington av (Cedarvale) LO 1022 — Alfred G mach John T Hepburn
h 40 Essex LA 3032 — Alfred G stkpr Candn Kodak h 202 William
(Wstn) — Alfred J h 309 Indian rd LL 7540 — ‘Alfred J chauf 93
Dunvegan rd HY 7535 — Alfred J elk Imp Bank (Tor Br) r 14.8
(Carlaw av HA 5430 — Alfred J lab John Inglis h 343 Crawford LO
406G — Alfred J slsmn h 148 Carlaw av HA 5430 — Alfred V .pres &
mgr Harries Hall & Kruse Ltd h 20 MoMastelr av MI 43(77 — Alfred
W factory wkr Eatons h 4 Hassard av (E Y) —Alfred W lab h 325
Clinton — Alfred W jr, messr PO r 4 Hassard av (E Y) — Alfreda tchr
Moulton College r 290 Sheldrake blvd MO 5890 — Alice A (wid
Edwd) r 594 Delaware av KE 7651 — Alice B (wid Robinson) social
wkr Neighborhood Workers Association h 305, 44 Huntley — AliCe E
dbftsmn John Inglis r 218 Heathdale rd (Wyeh) ME 7985 — ‘Alice J
Mrs tchr Leslie St Schl h 192 Balsam av HO 6606 — Alice M h 417
Brunswick av MI 5089 — Alice M (wid Robt E) h 36 Priscilla av
(Rnny) —Allan r 1904 Danforth av GR 4172 — Allan r 18 Earnbridge
LA 4807 — Allan drvr James Hall r 159 Lansdowne av ME 5316 —
Allan C lab Gooderham & Worts h 223 Victoria Park av (Slcar) GR
i9(69.0 — Allan F assmblr Inti Bus Mach r 54 Biianiley gr (Frbk) KE
3778 — Allan L elk Western Assce r 39 Kingston rd HO 9746 — Alma
C drs mkr Ideal Whitewear r 505 Lauder av (Frbk) KE 7673 — Alma
M h 33 Sanderstead av (Frbk) — Alton D mach tender Gair Co h 79
Jones av HA 8263 —Alva E drftsmn Massey-Harris h 369 Silverthorn
av (Silv) — Andrew caretkr Hungarian Catholic Parish h 115 Grange
rd — Andrew elk Gordon, Mackay & Co r 1185 Gerr.ard e HA 3393 —
Ann (wid Wm B) h 62 Chester av GE 3984 — Ann S stenog Bd of
Educ r 111 John (Wstn ph 292R) — Ann S F stenog Purch Dept ‘CPR
r 87 Queen’s dr (Wstn ph 655W) — Anne bkpr Henderson Bros r 173
Wolverleigh blvd — Annie Mrs h 18 Emmett av (Mt D) — Annie (wid
Alfred) h 1337 King w LA 7766 — Annie (wid Wm) h 1185 Gerrard e
HA 3393 — Annie (wid Wm) cook Confederation Life h 55 Bertmount
av GE 6832 ■ — Annie (wid Wm G) r 153 Lake Shore rd (Mim) —
Annie C h 67 Burnaby blvd MO 6212 — Annson J chf engnr
Gooderham & Worts h 817 Queens dr (Wstn ph 655W) — Archd
foremn Barkers Bread h 5 Holmesdale ores (Frbk) — Arthur boiler
insp Employers Liability (h HI6 Emerson av LO 4)1313 . — Arthur
btehr Brown Bros h 249 Queensdale av (E Y) GR 3603 — Arthur eabt
dept Rogers-Majestic h 91 Fulton av GE 2981 — Arthur elk City
Clerks Dept r 62 Laing — Arthur plstr h 216 Emerson av ME 4993 —
Arthur shpr Fry-Cadbury Co h 111 Hannaford — Arthur E attdt
(Hollywood Theatre h 126 Wiltshire av — Arthur E Candn rep J F
Renshaw & Co (Eng) Ltd h 26, 2401 Queen e GR 5263 — Arthur F
actuary North Aiji Life h 180 Crescent rd RA 1588 — Arthur G chf
elect insp Ont Hydro h A801, 306 Jarvis WA 3554 — Arthur J foremn
Non Skid Co h 157 Woodington av (E Y) GR 6109 Hall Arthur L trk
hlpr Dept of St Clng h 92 Blackthorn av — Artlniir O 2nd vice-pres
Wright Dolbear & Co Ltd h 69 Pleasant bLd RA 4260 — Arthur Ii
optical wkr Hermants h 115 Sparkhall av — Arthur W r <5
(Caithness av G'E 2(542 (active ser) — Arthur W cond CNR h 19
Hogarth av GE 6697 — Audrey stenog Acousticon Dictograph Co r 59
Florence ME 6783 — Audrey T r 319 Queensdale av (E Y) GR 9927
— Austin F slsmn Kops Brothers h 527 Glenlake av LY 4313 — B Mrs
h 44, 340 Avenue rd — (Bailie J attdt Imp Oil r 49 Boultbee av —
Basil H vice-pres & mgr Halton Construction Co Ltd h 128 Ridley blvd
(Nth Y) MO 7971 ' — Beatrice night cook Wellesley Hosp r same RA
4111 — .Beatrice E asst bkpr Pittsburgh Coal r 18 Earnbridge —
(Bella hair dressing Elsie May Hairdressing r 108 'Hiawatha rd GL
4171 — .Benj H suprvsr Metropolitan Life h 362 Millwood rd HY 7760
r— Benj W lab Bd of Educ h 24 Milverton blvd HA 6395 — Bernice M
stenog Meteorological Serv r 9 Folkes (II Crest) JU 6383 — (Bertha
nurse r 180 Crescent rd RA 1 5.8 8 — 'Bertram E W prsmn Northey
Prntg r 200 Glebeholme blvd HA 9456 — (Bessie r 1(8 Earnbridge LA
4,8017 — Betty stenog John St/ark & Co r 111 John (Wstn) — Betty
G stenog Geo McMurrich Sons r 599 Palmerston av ME 4377 —
(Blanche hostess Murray Rest r 18 Earls.court av BE 712516 —
(Boulton C A advertising copy writer Eatons r 39 Playter blvd GE
6898 — Branson S r 505 Lauder av (Frbk) KE 7673 • — Brian
chemist McColl-Frontenac h E, 343 St 'Clair .av w KI 9613 — 'Bros
((Henry J & John V Hall) express 1234 Dundas w LO 2243 — Burnett
M shpr Tease Knitting h 76 Mountview av JU 9086 — iC Frank
trainmn CPR h 104 Margueretta LL 4371 — Carl H h 303, 2422
Queen e (Scar) GR 7098 (active ser) — ^Carlton E trk drvr Globe &
Mail r 223 Oakmount rd LY 9369 — Caroline (;wid Wm) h 33
Grenvlew blvd n (Kngswy Pk) LY 5779 — 'Carolyn E stenog Candn
Johns-Manville h 301, 48 Maxwell av — 'Catherine (wid Albert E) r
920 Dovercourt rd LL 0590 — Catherine L tchr Earl Beatty Schl r 52
Standish av MI 4833 — Catherine M r 881 Ossington av KE 5938 —
'Cecil M stmftr James H Warwick r 29 Hamilton GL 29.83 — Cellna
(wid Fred) r 175 Collier MI 9239 — Cenoe G dsgnr Smart Shop r 159
Brunswick av KI 7778 — 'Chas blksmth CNR h 1 Merrill av w — Chas
caretkr Essex St Schl h 168 Hope LL 7505 - — Chas elk Genl Steel
Wares h 300A Danforth av College LO 6142 — Chas emp Simpsons r
13 Grosvenor KI — Chas drftsmn h 37 Macaulay av — Chas elect
Standard Electric Co h 1082 2263 — Chas B elk PO res King — 'Chas
C (Smith Mackenzie 'Hall & Hunter) res Port Credit ph 2124 — Chas
D agt Metro Life h 42 Lawrence av e HU 7680 — iChas E opr Rennie
Industries r 8 Clovelly av (Frbk) KE 0998 — iChas E wrehsemn
Tlppet-Ric.liardson h 115 Helendale av MA 1358 — Chas F agt
Prudential Life h 5 The Maples, Bain av GL 4412 - — iChas H emp
Train 'Bros r 3412 Pacific av 'JU 6l8'9(3 ’ — Chas 'H lab h 568 Victoria
Park av — iChas J foremn Matthews Bros h 25 Eaton av GE 2338 —
Chas R elk Tor Genl Trusts r 42 Cameron cres (Leas) HY 5638 —
IChas R shpr (Nuodex Co :r J Bushell av (HA 4(31319 — IChas IS, T
'S sis mgr Cities Service Oil h 39 Playter blvd GE 6898 — Chas W
btehr h 8 Clovelly av (Frbk) KE 0998 — Chas W com trav Geo H
Hees li 588 Windermere av LY 6398 - — Chas W pntr & dec Bd of
Educ h 592 Brock av ME 1358 — (Ohristine M Mrs r 41 Scarborough
(Beach blvd HO 7893 — 'Clara drsmkr Greenlhood’s h M, 350 -St
Clair av w — Clarence E elk Eatons r 316 Weston rd — Clarence R
ins agt 407-9, 36 Toronto EL 2213 h 119 Normandy bliffi HO 3033 —
iCla.rke S cost elk Eatons h 61 Manderley dr (Bch C) GR 9448 Hall
Colin shoe mkr Geo Williams h 227 Lake Shore dr (New T) —
Constance M stenog IOF h 78B Howard — Cora A (wid Jas K) h 127
Lascelles blvd HY 8387 — Cora M (wid Chas) bkpr Geo Lamont &
Son h 46 Playter cres GE 3365 — Crawford U acct exec Clark Locke
Ltd r (517 Foxibar rd MI 19'8I6 — 'Crofton S sh.pr Tor Pharmacal h
225 Northclitfe blvd (Oak) LO 3438 — D r 108 Baldwin WA 0578 —
.D Velma bndry girl Litho Print r 617 Parliament RA 3207 — .Daisy E
stenog Bank of N S (Tor Br) r 3’8 Howland av ME 8567 — Danl lab
Gas Co h 165 DeGrassi — David h 107 Cambridge av —David emp
Terminal Warehouse h 364 Caledonia rd (Frbk) — David A carp h
576 Palmerston av ME 4832 — 'David H trav 'Candn Natl Inst for the
Blind h E, 120 Glenholme av — David L sec Stewart Hall Co Ltd r 128
Mona rd MO 7981 — 'David W h 2(4)4 High Park av 'JU 8'0'79 —
Delmar T slsmn Ritchie’s Dairy h A, 418 Bloor w — Donald ascension
pipe wkr Gas Co r 165 DeGrassi — Donald A mgr & sec Bond-.Boyd
& Co Ltd r 309 Indian rd LL 7540 — Donald C emp Master Builders r
44 Belvidere av (Frbk) KE 2941 — 'Donald F r 68 Condor av HA 6663
— Donald F (Arnoldi, Parry & Campbell) h 25, 320 Avenue rd KI
4431 — Donald S auditor Fred Page Higgins & Co h 11 Nealon av (E
Y) HA 6650 — Donald W drftsmn Candn Kodak r 17, (l'2(5i3 King w
LA 17(39 — Dorothea r 90 St Germain av HU 4851 — 'Dorothy elk
McCormicks Ltd r 89 Barton avenue - — Dorothy elk Simpsons r 7
Woodycrest av GE 5383 , — Dorothy stenog Mercury Radio r 216
Emerson av — Dorothy M stenog C R Purcell Co r 169 Carlton MI
8832 — Dorothy N chf elk Laura Secord Candy 'Ltd (28610%
'Dundas w) r 912 Galley av LA 9009 — Douglas A slsmn Caulflelds
Dairy h 26 Marion —Douglas B asst mgr Genl Accident Fire & Life
Assce h 17 'Glenarden rd (Fst H) MO 7371 — Douglas E h 51
Kenwood av (IWych) KE 0458 (active ser) — Douglas G ldgrkpr Imp
Bank (Adelaide & Victoria) r 2, 19 Highbourne rd MA 2259 —
'Douglas M mgr Rudel Machinery Co Ltd h 248 Glenrose av HY 0534
— 'Douglas P r 34 Foxbar rd RA 5025 — Ea.rl C jwlr and engr 715
Toronto Arcade EL 2.8/76 h 314 Melrose av HU 3715 — lEarle stn
attdt Imp Oil h 5/14 Carlaw av GE 6324 — Eber trk drvr Globe & Mall
h 247 Evelyn av LY 2072 — Edgar orderly Christie St Hosp r 505
Lauder av (Frbk) KE 7073 — Edith bk fldr Eatons r 1 Glen rd — Edith
m o dept Eatons r 15 Homewood av MI 3114 --Edith (wid Geo) r 72
Chatham av GL 0516 — Edith A bkpr John C Winston r 298 Indian
Road cres JU 5344 — Edith E elk Cook Clothing r 89 Summerhill av
— Edith F opr Prince Mfg Co r 159 Brunswick av KI 7778 — Edith G
(wid RiChd) h 5:5 Alvin av HY 3663 —Edith M r 34 Highview cres LL
7407 — Edmond h 3. 3 Redwood av — Edmond W (Monarch
Foundry Co) h 44 Belvidere av (Frbk) KE 2941 — Edna r 461 College
— Edna elk Reed Shaw & McNiaught h 45, Q fi Tc o Hpll n — Edna C
r 64 Lympstone av MO 3817 — Edna I stenog Adelaide Letter
Service r 617 Parliament RA 3207 —Edna J (wid Ernest) h 599
Palmerston -av ME 4377 —Edna M h 3. 27 Winchester MI 6701 —
Edwd r 32 Salisbury av — Edwd r 53 Third (New T) (active ser) —
/Edwd porter PO h 1(18% Kenilworth av GR 3470 — Edwd slsmn h
27A Ridout — Edwd slsmn Belle Ewart Ice h 14 Mechanics av —
Edwd shpr Tor Carton r 1G9 Langley av i — Edwd A grain cllt Candn
Wheat Bd h 506, 188 Eglinton av e MA 2694 — 'Edwd C r 208 Dunn
av KE 3486 — Edwd C emp Genl Taxi h 371 Gerrard e — Ediwd C
shgfr Swifts h 117 Gilpin av (Silv) — Edwd F operating shedman TTC
h 200 Glebeholme blvd HA 9456 —Edwd G sec-treas Copper Wire
Products Ltd res Port Credit . — Edwd II dsgnr Can Label & Webbing
b 60 'Hewitt av LL 9512 — Edwd J r 128 Douglas av —382 —
 Solvay COKE ELGIN 7151 The Standard Fuel Co. OF
TORONTO LIMITED AMERICAN AND WELSH ANTHRACITE ALL
GRADES BITUMINOUS SATISFACTION — SERVICE — COURTESY
FUEL OIL All Fuels HAL ELGIN 7151 HALL Hall Edwd J lab Swifts h
29 Batavia av (Runnymede) — 'Edwd R h 21 Kintyre av — Edwin trkr
CNR Frt h 68 Condor av HA ,61663 • — Edwin C elk Stores Dept CNR
h 20 Forman av HY 6230 — Elaine r 56, 3 Broadway av MA 5818 —
Eldine opr John A Huston Co r 5,123 Melville av IvE 2727 • — Elisa
M opr Candn Chew Gum r 145 Pickering — Elizth r 225 Kingswood rd
HO 9598 I — Elizth r 40 Lawrence av w HU 3220 —Elizth drs irkr h
M, 350 St Clair av w — Elizth (wid Arthur) h 16 Labatt av — Elizth
(wid Chasj r 49 Halford av OH Crest) LY 571512 i— Elizth (wid Chas)
r 73 Humber tr (H Crest) LY 5752 —Elizth (wid Robt) h 191 Chisholm
av (E York) — Ella P r 159 Brunswick av KI 7778 — Ellen (wid Thos)
h 241 McRoberts av KE 4389 — Ellsworth L bkpr Neilsons h 1
Hazelbrae rd (Swan) — 'Elmore V elk Marine Managers h 66
(Springmount av ME 4074 — Elsie H off cllt Robertson Bros r 151
Ascot av KE 1689 —Elsie J Mrs clnr ISt Clair Theatre h 9 Nairn av --
Elsie V opr Adams Chiclets r 145 Pickering GR 3272 —Emily (wid Jos
R) h 542 Dufferin —Emily R stenog Royal Bank (King & Yonge) r 288
Woburn av (E Y) — Emma elk Bank of Mont (Tor Br) r 126 Albany av
LA 3911 —Emma emp Sterling Enamel r 14 Eaton —Emma nurse r
345 Jarvis EL 2822 — Emma (wid Herman) h 20 Spencer av LA 5184
— Emma L writer h 7, 592 Church —Ennis J elk Copp-Clark h 162
Glenforest, rd HU 2107 — Eric H emp Malton Airport r 55 Alvin av HY
3663 — Eric L ldgrkpr Bank of Com (St Clair & Y’onge) r 339
Deloraine av —Ernest emp A & P Warehouse r 59 Carrick av LYT
0790 — Ernest D wtch ,mkr Ernest C Platt r 317 Arlington av (Wych)
LA 5881 —Ernest E emp MacLean Pub h 212 Chisholm av (E Y) GR
6915 — Ernest F with Tor Hydro h 64 Deloraine av HU 3073 — Ei
nest K cond Pullman Co li 149 Llnnsmore cres (E Y’) —Ernest S
stmftr Wm Neilson Ltd h 92 Follis av LA 9568 — Esmond h 18. 106
Shuter —Esther (wid John D) r 198 Shaw LL 3227 — Esther (wid
Thos) h 813 Carlaw av HA 95S5 —Esther L sis girl Woolworths r 6,
82 Broadway av MO 51915 — Ethel r 180 Crescent rd RA 1588 —
Ethel L bkpr Bd of Educ r 4 Butternut GE 4441 —Ethel M tchr r 104
King (Wstn ph 171) —Ethel M (wid Wm) h 411 Symington av LL
0686 — Ethel P r 417 Brunswick av MI 5089 — Ethel S r 198 Shaw
LL 3227 — Etta C Mrs h 134 Westminster av LL 1638 —Eva h 21 Elm
Grove av LA 4076 — Evelyn assmblr Crouse-Hinds r 407A
Roncesvalles av — Evelyn Mrs stenog H M Dlgnam r 541 Hillsdale av
e —Evelyn M insp Schlegel Co r 21 Medford av (Soar) — F lab W
Harris & Co r 70 Wood — F screen man Gair Co r 2235 Gerrard e —
F Clay B lab asst Candn Natl Carbon r 126 St George KI 2996 —
(Farrand P sis reiprs Carborundum Co h : 124 McMaster av All .5483
'■ — Fergus lmbr Sam Crump r 34 Braemar av HY 2553 — Fielder J
h G Lipton av — 'Flora M sis elk Simpsons r 9 Delaware av LO 0561
— Florence r 14 Eaton av --Florence wtrs Forbes Hotel r 53 Wellesley
—Florence (wid Frank) h 543 Hillsdale av east MA 5035 — 'Florence
E advtg elk Candn Countryman Pub r 109 Edgewood av HO 2266 —
Florence M nurse r 157 Woodington av (E Y) GR 6109 — Florence R
stenog Liquor Control Bd h 252 St Clarens av LO 4664 — Floyd E
insp The Yorkshire Ins h 3*66 Durie I,Y 5767 — Floyd E mgr Hall
Motors h 63 Burnaby bird MO 6902 —Frances prsr Currie Ltd r 200
Glebeholme blvd HA 9456 '—Frances (wid Jas) h 44 Blackthorn ay JU
5886 —Frances (wid Wm) h 420 Coxwell av HA 7766 —Frances E
cash Simpsons r 543 Hillsdale av e MA 5035 —Frances M (wid Herbt)
r 28 Bellefair av HO 1993 Hall Frances J r 325 Clinton — Francis drvr
Acme Farmers h 311 Arlington av (Wych) LA 2790 — Francis C trkr C
N R Frt h 2i87 Euclid av AD 6539 — Francis E chiropodist 95I8A St
Clair ay w h same LL 8471 —Frank r 24 Hiawatha rd HA 5924 —
Frank asst caretkr Pauline School r 18 Jesmond av (Frbk) LO 3028 —
Frank caretkrs asst Fern Av Schl r 194 Van Horne —Frank glass ctr
Keay Glass h 404 Gainsborough rd GR 8516 ' — Frank mtl wkr
Anaconda Amer Brass h 29 Eighth (New T) — Frank slsmn r 40
Lawrence av w HU 3220 — Frank trk drvr Belle Ewart h 59 Harvie
avenue — Frank C .mech r 145 Pickering OR 3272 —Frank E barber
93 Roncesvalles av LA 9711 r 229 Garden av — Frank G sis mgr
Imperial Oil h 11 The Ivingsway (Kngswy Pk) LY 5083 — Frank H
iporter Pullman (Co h 811*9 Qffeensdale av (E Y) OR 9907 — Frank
L emp CNR r 7*5 Thirty-eighth (Long B) ph N T 247 — (Frank M
leather gdte mifr 1(0*3 Llsgiar h same LL 2814 — Frank O imfrs agt
h 43 (S't Leonards cres (Nth Y) MO 1678 — Frank W jan North Am
Life h 605 Dundas e — (Frank W lab h '5|4 Brantley g*r (Ftobk) KE
3778 — Franklin II sol Muirhead Forwarding h 158 Kenilworth av GR
1931 — Fred r 3 Norvale av — Fred flremn CPR h 11 Elm Grove av
LA 0472 — Fred wtr -Hotel Commerce r 21 Pretoria avenue Fred C
steel wkr Ormsbys h 2, 426 Bloor west — Fred E elk Browns Motors r
32 Sussex -av KI 8224 — Fred L wtr CNR h 201 Hastings av HA 8050
—Fred M h 109 Edgewood av HO 2266 !—F.red R slsmn Hall Motors
r 29 McNairn av HU 5958 — Fred W (Vaughan Fish Market) h 628A
Vaughan rd (Frbk) ME 7463 — Freda r 168 Lawrence av w HU 8674
— Fredk carp h 254 Barton -av LO 3355 ' — Fredk plstr r 31 Golden
av — Fredk trkr Massey-Harris h 349 Westmoreland av — Fredk A
drftsmn Candn & Genl Finance r 1 Inglewood dr HY 5468 — Fredk C
elk Simpsons h 345 Deloraine av (Nth Y) — Fredk C shpr Kops
Brothers h 64 Morningside av ((Swan) LY 72(94 — Fredk E engnr
CNR h 617 Parliament RA 3207 — Fredk G lab TTC h (rear) 284
Lippincott — Fredk J drlling hand CCM r 18 Emmett av (Mt D) —
Fredl: L O H Whsemn C N Exp r 81 Victoria P-ark *av (Scar) HO
6194 — Fredk M asst traffic mgr C P Exp li 57 Burnaby blvd MO 8910
— 'Fredk R barr 29 McNairn av h same HU 5958 —Fredk W h 133
Brock av ME 2783 — Fredk W grocer 3*55 Oakwood av (Frbk) h
same ME 8713 — Fredte W milkmn Caulflelds h 878 Davenport rd LO
3517 —Fredk W prsr Gibsons Cleaners h 10*5 Peterboro av LL 6671
—Fredk W pres & mgr Adanac Stores Ltd h 355 Oakwood av (Frbk)
ME 8713 —(Fredk W slsmn Kops Brothers h 9 Folkes (H Crest) JU
6383 — *G Allan slsmn Candn Johns-Manville h 4 Rumsey rd (Leas)
MO 0747 — *G Edwd asst sec Herbert. Hosiery Mills of Can Ltd r 15
Lark HO 7956 — Gear & Machine Co Ltd Norman W Devitt pres &
mgr. Ash A Beard vicepres, Mrs Madeline F Devitt sec-treas
machinists, gears & parts 110-120 Elm AD 4134 — 'Geoffrey imessr
PO r 717 Bude (Frbk) — iGeoffrey H slsmn Dom Oxygen h 106, 2555
Bloor w (Swan) — Geo r 18 Earnbridge —Geo h 33 Rosevear .av (E
Y) GR 5500 — Geo li 198 William (Wstn ph 529) —Geo h 1250A
Woodbine av (E Y) (active service) — Geo cabt mkr Ward Price Ltd h
2235 Gerrard e HO 0955 — Geo elk Aikenheads Hardware r 881
Ossington av KE 5938 — Geo elk Massey-Harris h 1A, 89 Gladstone
avenue — *Geo customs elk Border Brokers Ltd — Geo fir boy
Eatons r 9, 321 Tweedsmuir av (Wych) BA 6337 — iGeo lino opr
appr Linotype Composing Co r 24:1 MdRoberts av — *Geo mech
Casewin Co r 188 Lisgar — *Geo prntr Tor Pharmacal r 44
Blackthorn av JU 5886 — Geo A emp Frigidaire r 479 Roehampton av
MA 4027 Hall Geo A lab Dept of Wks *h 342 Pacific av JU 6893 —
Geo A mgr Appolo Theatre h 214 Weston rd s JU 7437 — Geo A
slsmn h 3, 190 Wright av LA 5281 —Geo A serv stn attdt Hyland
Motors r 133 Hazelwood av HA 2619 — IGeo B inst Can Packers h 3
Norma cres JU 4739 —Geo E emp Silverwoods h 16 Glen Morris KI
1505 — 'Geo E off elk Eatons h 7215 Lansdowne avenue — Geo E
stoekpr Eatons h 545 Greenwood av GL 2340 —Geo H jir, elk r 4I18A
Margueretta ME 4)88(6 — Geo H 1 c PO h 418A Margueretta ME
4886 — Geo M chart acct Price Waterhouse h 686 Oriole Parkway HU
3341 — Geo S (Marshall-Hall Co) r 169 Cambridge av GE 2461 —
Geo T lab Beaths h 26 Holmesdale cres (Frbk) — Geo W li 526
Dufferin ME 5845 — Geo W genl mgr for Can Burt Business Forms h
79 Jackson av (Kngswy Pk) L*Y 0858 — Gerald P emp CNR h 75
Thirty-eighth (Long B) ph N T 247 —Gerald R elect engnr CGE h 163
St Leonards av MO 4202 — Gertrude emp Eatons r 37 Main —
Gertrude opr O-Cedar of Can r 26 Norfolk — Gertrude pekr Neilsons
r 628A Vaughan rd (Frbk) ME 7463 ' — Gertrude (wid Herbt) h 77
Bude (Frbk) — Gertrude M elk Eatons r 665 Balliol — Gilbert F sis
suprvs-r Rolph-IClark-iStone h 48 Beaufort rd HO 3958 — Gilbert J
mailer Star h 69 Robina av (Oak) LO 0183 1 — Gilbert M E drftmn h
896 Queen e — GizelLa Mrs h 113% Lansdowne av — Gladys r 84
Maria — (Gladys insp Neilsons r 6(2I8A Vaughan rd (Frbk) ME 7463
— (Gladys E slsldy Trull Hosiery r 1031 Bathurst LA 7884 — (Gladys
R bkpr Candn Elgin Watch r 20 Spencer av LA 5118(4 — Gordon r
321 Caledonia rd (Frbk) KE 1557 (active ser) — Gordon r 325 Clinton
(active ser) ' — Gordon h 101, 1-5 Homewood av — Gordon brkr C R
Jenner h 2, 19 Highbourne rd MA 2259 — Gordon bldr h 3, 2407
Bloor w JU 6440 — Gordon factory wkr Lever Bros r 165 DeGrassi —
(Gordon ins Tor Humane Soc h 225 Glebe'mount av (E Y’) GR 6061
— Gordon madi Paquin Camera Works r 92 Galley av — Gordon tool
mkr Duplate Tool & Die h 76 Mountview av JU 9086 — (Gordon
varnish mkr CIL h 45 Norman av KE 1461 — Gordon A staty 111014
Danforth av h same EL 0301 — 'Gordon H elk Duncan Real Estate
Office r 459 Maybank av — Gordon J r 69 Robina av (Oak) LO 01*83
(
Welcome to Our Bookstore - The Ultimate Destination for Book Lovers
Are you passionate about books and eager to explore new worlds of
knowledge? At our website, we offer a vast collection of books that
cater to every interest and age group. From classic literature to
specialized publications, self-help books, and children’s stories, we
have it all! Each book is a gateway to new adventures, helping you
expand your knowledge and nourish your soul
Experience Convenient and Enjoyable Book Shopping Our website is more
than just an online bookstore—it’s a bridge connecting readers to the
timeless values of culture and wisdom. With a sleek and user-friendly
interface and a smart search system, you can find your favorite books
quickly and easily. Enjoy special promotions, fast home delivery, and
a seamless shopping experience that saves you time and enhances your
love for reading.
Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and
personal growth!

ebookball.com