Decolonization of Psychiatry in Jamaica: Madnificent

Irations 1st Edition Frederick W. Hickling download

https://ebookmass.com/product/decolonization-of-psychiatry-in-jamaica-
madnificent-irations-1st-edition-frederick-w-hickling/

Visit ebookmass.com today to download the complete set of

ebooks or textbooks
Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookmass.com

The Autobiography Of My Mother Jamaica Kincaid

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-autobiography-of-my-mother-jamaica-
kincaid/

Receptions of Newman 1st Edition Frederick D. Aquino

https://ebookmass.com/product/receptions-of-newman-1st-edition-
frederick-d-aquino/

eTextbook 978-0199360574 Oxford Textbook of Correctional

Psychiatry (Oxford Textbooks in Psychiatry)

https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-0199360574-oxford-
textbook-of-correctional-psychiatry-oxford-textbooks-in-psychiatry/

Oxford Textbook of Social Psychiatry (Oxford Textbooks in

Psychiatry) Dinesh Bhugra (Editor)

https://ebookmass.com/product/oxford-textbook-of-social-psychiatry-
oxford-textbooks-in-psychiatry-dinesh-bhugra-editor/
Cambridge Prescriber's Guide in Psychiatry 1st Edition
Sepehr Hafizi

https://ebookmass.com/product/cambridge-prescribers-guide-in-
psychiatry-1st-edition-sepehr-hafizi/

Oxford Casebook of Forensic Psychiatry 1st Edition Nigel

Eastman

https://ebookmass.com/product/oxford-casebook-of-forensic-
psychiatry-1st-edition-nigel-eastman/

Geriatric Psychiatry 1st Edition Marc Agronin

https://ebookmass.com/product/geriatric-psychiatry-1st-edition-marc-
agronin/

Diversity and Decolonization in French Studies Siham

Bouamer

https://ebookmass.com/product/diversity-and-decolonization-in-french-
studies-siham-bouamer/

Textbook of Medical Psychiatry 1st Edition Edited By Paul

Summergrad

https://ebookmass.com/product/textbook-of-medical-psychiatry-1st-
edition-edited-by-paul-summergrad/
Decolonization of
Psychiatry in Jamaica
Madnificent Irations
Frederick W. Hickling
Decolonization of Psychiatry in Jamaica
Dr. Hopetoun Edward Bond, MD, CM (Queen’s University Canada); LRCP,
LRCS (Edinburgh and Glasgow); Diploma in Psychological Medicine (Canada);
Acting Senior Medical Officer, Jamaica Lunatic Asylum, August 1915–1919.
The first Black psychiatrist in the Caribbean.
 Frederick W. Hickling

Decolonization
of Psychiatry
in Jamaica
Madnificent Irations
Frederick W. Hickling
Department of Psychology
University of the West Indies
Kingston, Jamaica

ISBN 978-3-030-48488-0 ISBN 978-3-030-48489-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48489-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and
information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Maram_shutterstock.com

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Dedicated to Granduncle Hopetoun Edward Bond 1879–1939,
the first Black psychiatrist in the Caribbean
 Publisher’s Note

It was with profound sadness that we learned that Professor Hickling had
died while this book was in production. In accordance with the wishes of his
widow Hilary Hickling, copy editing was undertaken and reviewed by the
publisher. We have worked to ensure that, as far as possible, the published text
reflects the author’s voice and intentions.

vii
 Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 The History of Madness in Jamaica 1494–1960 11

3 The Challenge to the Mental Health Ideology

of the Colonizer 41

4 Madnificent Irations: What’s in a Name? 53

5 Mobilizing Bellevue by Building the Garden Theatre 65

6 Psychohistoriographic Cultural Therapy: The Technique 99

7 The Impact of Madnificent Irations 133

8 Political Sequelae: Destruction of the Garden Theatre 155

9 Poetic Poiesis and Cultural Therapy 171

10 Cultural Therapy and Social Engineering 183

ix
x CONTENTS

Appendix 197

Index 237
 List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 “AT THE PAGEANT: The Governor General, The Most
Honorable Florizel Glasspole (Left front row) is amused at
some of the antics on stage during a scene from ‘Madnificent
Irations’ which opened at the Garden Theatre, Bellevue
Hospital, Kingston on Thursday evening. Behind the
Governor General (at left) is his A.D.C. Captain John
Prescod”. The Daily Gleaner, Tuesday, 5 September 1978 60
Fig. 5.1 The racial/class dialectic 72
Fig. 5.2 Patients, nurses, and other staff members participating
in a large group ethnohistorical meeting, 1978 73
Fig. 5.3 The madness/badness violence dialectic 75
Fig. 5.4 Bellevue Garden Theatre, 1978. The concept of the circle
within a circle: a circular stage of bamboo and wood
surrounded by a circle of lignum vitae trees 80
Fig. 5.5 Hospital workers and patients preparing bamboo poles
prior to building the exterior wall. Bamboo became
a motif of the theatre 81
Fig. 5.6 Workers and patients, both male and female, laying
the bricks to make the floor 82
Fig. 5.7 Naturalistic African iconic carving on the trunk of a living
lignum vitae tree 84
Fig. 5.8 Naturalistic African iconic carving on the truncated branch
of a living lignum vitae tree 85
Fig. 5.9 Patients from the long-stay wards and staff, participating
in dance therapy centering activities at the morning
sessions of the cultural therapy program 87

xi
Visit https://ebookmass.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
xii LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 5.10 Madnificent Irations cast in rehearsal at the Garden

Theatre, August 1978 89
Fig. 5.11 Patients from the long-stay wards attending the afternoon
sessions of the cultural therapy program at the Garden
Theatre 89
Fig. 5.12 Patients from the long-stay wards attending cultural
therapy sessions in the afternoon at the Garden Theatre 90
Fig. 5.13 The Rastafari drum ensemble of the Irations Band,
comprising the ‘fundeh’ (front row, left) the ‘thunder’
(second from left), the African congo (third from left),
and the bamboo scraper (extreme right). The kete drum
is played while seated and is not shown in this photograph 91
Fig. 5.14 Musicians of the Irations Band, with trombonist Eleazor
‘Trummie’ Beckford in the foreground 92
Fig. 5.15 The patient with the beautiful singing voice, dubbed
‘song-bird’ by the Irations Band; his rendition
of Sam Cooke’s Wonderful World was perfection 93
Fig. 5.16 Patient singers and dancers: The conventional conception
of ‘chronic’ madness was hopelessness, helplessness,
and characterological deterioration that beggared
the imagination. Madnificent Irations put paid to those
notions once and for all and was the turning point in the
decolonization of madness in Jamaica and the dawn
of a new direction for psychiatry in the region 94
Fig. 6.1 Psychohistoriogram for the Madnificent Irations sociopoem
showing timeline, dialectical antipodes, and vertical theme
lines with analytic insights at either end 107
Fig. 6.2 Charting Jamaican musical history on the psychohistorio-
graphic chart in preparation for scripting the Madnificent
Irations sociopoem 113
Fig. 6.3 The narrators Madman 1 and Madman 2 lead the discourse
in Madnificent Irations 119
Fig. 6.4 Patients and staff in Madnificent Irations portraying ‘the
proud tribe of Africa’ brought to the New World as slaves 120
Fig. 6.5 Folkloric song and dance Cut Muno 126
Fig. 7.1 Newspaper responses to sociodrama performances
at Bellevue Hospital 134
Fig. 7.2 Bellevue Garden Theatre stage 135
Fig. 7.3 Clinical improvements resulting from the cultural therapy
program 148
Fig. 8.1 The partially demolished Bellevue Garden Theatre, 1982 158
Fig. 8.2 Radio psychotherapy 164
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

The system left by Westminster

has one intrinsic flaw
It forces us to divide and fight sisters
and brothers with tooth and nail and claw. [1]

As a psychiatrist of nearly fifty years’ experience, British psychiatry has

been seminally involved in every phase of my professional ­development
and practice. My mother tongue is English, and my worldview is
Anglophone. I was born and raised in Jamaica, the miscegenated
descendant of an ex-slave (my great-grandmother) and an English slave
owner (my great-grandfather). I have been practicing psychiatry in the
Caribbean since 1970. My work has been mainly in Jamaica, but I have
had clinical experience in other Anglophone Caribbean territories, in
New Zealand, and in England. During the course of my professional
career I have encountered thousands of Caribbean people, descendants
of Africans enslaved in the New World. I have also examined and treated
migrants resident in England and the Caribbean, Europeans both in their
home countries and when abroad, and, during a stay lasting six months,
Europeans and Maoris in New Zealand. I worked for nearly five years of
my senior professional life as a consultant psychiatrist in Birmingham and
the Midlands, between 1995 and 2000, as one of four Black consultant
psychiatrists in Britain at that time. Although I have lived and worked for
most of my career in Jamaica, I was trained mainly by British psychiatrists
and/or British trained psychiatrists. Significant swathes of my medical

© The Author(s) 2021 1

F. W. Hickling, Decolonization of Psychiatry in Jamaica,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48489-7_1
2 F. W. HICKLING

and psychiatric training occurred in the UK, but most of my medical

training and experience has been in Jamaica and the Caribbean.
Between the passage of the Emancipation Act in 1833 and the attain-
ment of full freedom (the end of apprenticeship) in 1838, the notion of
educating the African slaves encountered strong opposition from plan-
tation and slave owners, despite the efforts of many Christian mission-
aries seeking to provide religious education as a means of converting the
Africans to Christianity [2]. The majority of the White population, who
could afford it, sent their sons to be educated in England as ‘there was
no equivalent of a good English grammar school education to be had
in the West Indies’ [3]. The demand for classical secondary and higher
education during and after the mid-1800s was bolstered by economic
decline due to weakened sugar revenues, growth of the local middle
class, and the increased availability of lower level white-collar jobs to
non-Whites [4]. During the latter half of the nineteenth century, a num-
ber of secondary schools were established across the British West Indies.
In Jamaica, one of the early secondary schools was Wolmer’s High
School in Kingston, established in 1729 (https://www.wolmersboy-
shigh.org/history). Wolmer’s High School is a case study of an impor-
tant institution devised by colonial British society, designed to shape
the hegemonic control of colonies like Jamaica. John Wolmer, a wealthy
goldsmith, bequeathed the bulk of his estate for the foundation of a free
school in the parish where he died. A resolution of the school’s trus-
tees of September 15, 1777 restricted admission to Whites only [5]. By
1815, the school started to admit pupils of color. By the end of the nine-
teenth century, a select group of entirely Black pupils attained admission
to this school. Among that select group were my grandfather Frederick
Pape Bond, his elder brother Hopetoun Edward Bond, and their broth-
ers and sisters. They were among the first Blacks in Jamaica at that time
to receive a coveted high school education. It was a period shortly after
the Emancipation Act came into force in 1834, when the British colonial
government was just beginning to open educational facilities to Black
people. In fact it was a period when Whites worldwide were just begin-
ning to allow token Black representatives to enter secondary and tertiary
level institutions.
Few people who have not actually experienced an English colo-
nial society can really understand the effect of colonialism on young
minds. Many of us were Brown-skinned, as equally distinguishable
from our Black African brothers as from our White English cousins and
 1 INTRODUCTION 3

half brothers and sisters. As privileged middle-class school children, we

were exposed to a form of socialization and education modeled on the
blueprints of the British public school system. Counter to what is usu-
ally implied by ‘public’, these schools were, by the nineteenth century,
socially exclusive, private institutions, designed to shape the minds of
the youth of the British ruling class. The assimilation of the British busi-
ness classes to the social pattern of the gentry and aristocracy proceeded
rapidly from the early nineteenth century onwards. In 1869, they were
more or less set free from all government control and set about elaborat-
ing that actively anti-intellectual, anti-scientific, games-dominated Tory
imperialism which was to remain characteristic of them [6]. The public
school was the factory designed to perpetuate the gene pool repository
of the European delusion that Whites were born to rule the world by
divine right. Imagine the experience we had, as Brown cousins, descend-
ants of Black Africans enslaved in the New World and miscegenated chil-
dren of our White rulers, growing together in schools that taught us
Latin and Greek, fine arts, the classics, European history and the human-
ities, together with mathematics, calculus, and the sciences. Our par-
allel exposure to cricket and other British sports and to the Army and
Air Cadet Force was designed to shape our future as agents of British
Imperialism in the colonies. Our teachers were predominantly Brown-
and Black-skinned Jamaicans with similar educational backgrounds,
although our senior teachers, headmasters, and headmistresses were usu-
ally White British. We were being taught to be agents of the European
psychosis [7] in Brown and Black skins.
My granduncle Hopetoun Edward Bond (1879–1939), from
Wolmer’s High School for Boys in Kingston, won a scholarship to study
medicine at Queen’s University in Canada and became one of the first
Blacks to graduate as a medical doctor from that institution in the early
twentieth century. He also qualified as a Licentiate of the Royal College
of Physicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh and of Glasgow. While my
grandfather Frederick Pape was climbing the ranks of the Jamaican Civil
Service as an accountant, Hopetoun qualified as a psychiatrist. He was
awarded the Diploma in Psychological Medicine (Canada), one of the
first Black graduates to obtain that degree and the first to originate from
the Caribbean. He was also a member of the British Medical Association,
engaging in private practice in Glasgow, where, during the course of
1910–1911, he was assistant and locum tenens to a Dr. Murison.
4 F. W. HICKLING

Black Jamaican psychiatrists are a rare breed. There was only a mere
dozen or so of us in the world at the end of the twentieth century. The
fact that the first known Black Jamaican and Caribbean psychiatrist,
Hopetoun Bond, was my granduncle makes my presence in this group
an even greater privilege, and perhaps not a coincidence in the overall
scheme of things. My ontogeny represents a mongrel mixture of African
and European miscegenation and is an important pivotal point for the
discussion that follows. The African and European miscegenation in
Jamaica and the Caribbean presents a unique natural selection process of
the European colonial experience.
In 1911 Hopetoun returned to Jamaica to work in private prac-
tice in Kingston; in October 1914 he was appointed Junior Medical
Officer at the Jamaica Lunatic Asylum (later the Bellevue Hospital), as
a temporary replacement for Dr. Thomas Francis Shackleton, who was
away on war service. Hopetoun was both a clinician and a medical aca-
demic, having authored ‘Causation and Treatment of Pellagra,’ pub-
lished in 1915 in the London-based Journal of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene and New York-based Medical Record; three years later ‘A Case
of Porencephaly’ appeared in the British Medical Journal. In August
1916 he was appointed Acting Physician Superintendent at the asylum
[8]. He was not confirmed in the post, as it was the policy of the British
colonial government not to appoint Blacks to top leadership positions in
the Civil Service. The personnel pressures of World War I dictated that
appropriate White professionals who would normally fill such posts were
siphoned off from the Colonial Service to serve in the European thea-
tre of war. Appointment to ‘acting’ or non-confirmed positions was a
common practice in the administrative personnel hierarchy of the British
Civil Service as a means of manipulation and of control of managers and
employees. It was a manipulative maneuver, a ploy used by the Colonial
Service, especially during crisis periods like the two World Wars, to fill
the job positions of senior colonial civil servants with qualified native
workers in temporary or acting positions. Once the crisis was over, the
colonial job would be returned to a White civil servant and the acting
native worker would be displaced and returned to a lesser position. This
is an example of one of the administrative tools developed within the
context of the European psychosis, for the maintenance of racial social
control.
At the end of hostilities, Hopetoun tasted the bitter racism of this
British Colonial administrative maneuver when he was removed from
 1 INTRODUCTION 5

the position of Acting Physician Superintendent and replaced by a young

English doctor returning from the front who was considerably junior to
himself. In his rage, responding to what he regarded as a dose of viru-
lent colonial racism, granduncle Hopetoun stormed out of the asylum,
the Physician Superintendent job and Jamaica. Paradoxically, he returned
to the UK where he had been trained as a medical practitioner and set
up in private practice in London. He was especially angry, as the young
man who replaced him in the top job at the mental hospital did not even
have psychiatric qualifications. Hopetoun died in obscurity in London in
1939, a victim of the English variety of the European psychosis. It was
acceptable at the time to educate a few Black people and even to allow
them into the system, but under no circumstance was power to be shared
with them. The tradition of White doctors running and controlling the
Jamaica Lunatic Asylum continued until the mid-1930s, when another
Black Jamaican, Roy Olivier Cooke (appointed OBE in 1964), a psy-
chiatrist trained at Dalhousie University, Canada, was recruited by this
institution and became its second Black Senior Medical Officer. He was
followed in that post by Jamaicans Dr. Kenneth Royes, and (post inde-
pendence) by Dr. Vincent O. Williams.
Fast-forward sixty years from granduncle Hopetoun’s period as Acting
SMO. My colleague Dr. Trevor Lindsay was appointed Acting SMO at
Bellevue Hospital in 1974 following the death of Ken Royes. He walked
off the job in 1976 when the Jamaican Ministry of Health refused to con-
firm him in the post. Dr. Lindsay now has a flourishing psychiatric prac-
tice in the State of Alabama in the USA. He came to see me a few years
ago when he was in Jamaica on a visit. He described to me how he had
left Jamaica in 1976 following the government’s refusal to confirm him
in the post at Bellevue. Neither of us could understand why. He was emi-
nently qualified, he had the years of service, and his family had the right
connections with the ruling political party. Trevor said that he had left
Jamaica in disgust (shades of granduncle Hopetoun in 1919). Could it
have been because Trevor was a dark-skinned Black man? To many this
might seem almost ludicrous, but Jamaica was at that time still strug-
gling with the legacy of self-racism which had been left us by our colonial
forefathers. The time had not yet come in Jamaica when it was appro-
priate and acceptable for very Black people to manage large enterprises.
Bear in mind that the first Black employee of a bank in Jamaica was not
appointed until 1959.
6 F. W. HICKLING

Trevor described how difficult it had been for him to be able to prac-
tice in the USA after turning his back on his homeland. He had to liter-
ally go back to medical school to be able to take the exams which would
qualify him to practice as a doctor in that country, and then complete
a psychiatry residency training program before he could even think of
setting up in practice as a psychiatrist. We remarked on the paradox of
the fact that so many of Jamaica’s best brains, after years of investment
and study by the Jamaican people, were forced to migrate because the
people in authority in all walks of life would not make room for them
to live and work in their homeland. Lunatic and ludicrous as it seems,
the brain drain to the North America and Europe is actually encouraged
by the way in which the social system operates in Jamaica. Hidden prej-
udices and biases make seemingly sane administrators create enormous
barriers for qualified Jamaicans either working in or wishing to return to
Jamaica, to find jobs in their homeland. Certainly a product of colonial-
ism, the present generation of leaders in Jamaica and the Caribbean do
not seem to be able to tolerate the competition of younger, brighter, and
better trained people being given an opportunity to share the stage with
them. Nor do many seem capable of preparing successors for leadership
and effectively passing power and leadership on.
Trevor Lindsay tried valiantly during his period of leadership to break
the colonial stranglehold on Bellevue Hospital. He certainly played
his part in helping to change mental health legislation, and he tried to
transform the colonial culture of the mental hospital. We were the only
two consultant psychiatrists in government service at the time. But the
task was just too vast, and the resources too meagre. The more he tried
to change things, the more they remained the same. At the time I had
become frustrated with the lack of progress in the transformation of the
hospital. There were nearly three thousand inmates in the institution
at the time, with only two consultant psychiatrists and three medical
officers and a handful of trained registered nurses who were expected to
bring about the change.
I think that at this stage I should say something about the position of
SMO at Bellevue. Under the colonial system of government, and under
mental health legislation, theoretically and practically, that position was
one of the most powerful in the land. Because the SMO at Bellevue had
the legal power to detain anybody against their will and without recourse
to law (the Mental Hospital Act of 1873 did not recognize review tri-
bunals as a counter to unlawful detention as did the 1959 English
 1 INTRODUCTION 7

Mental Health Act), it was theoretically possible for the SMO to detain
the Prime Minister against his will! This was so because under British
Colonial Law there was no Prime Minister, only a Colonial Governor,
who was the only person who had the power under law to appoint the
SMO at Bellevue, the Chief of Police, and the Chief Justice. There
was no post of Prime Minister in Jamaica before the Declaration of
Independence in 1962. So, by law, in Jamaica, the SMO had to answer
only to one person in that country, namely the Governor-General, who
had replaced the Colonial Governor.
Few people in the country were aware of this conundrum. However,
there was no denying the awesome power and responsibility of the role.
No other SMO in the country had this power or authority, as they had
to adhere to the laws governing the Ministry of Health. As statutory
law, the Mental Hospital Act took precedence over the common law,
which meant that the SMO was one of the most powerful persons in the
state. Trevor Lindsay understood this. He had been tutored by Vincent
Williams, who was even more aware of this awesome power when he
occupied the post. This is one of the things which had got Trevor into
trouble with the political authorities of the land.
Bellevue Hospital was situated on one hundred acres of prime land
in the heart of Kingston, in the constituency of the then prime minis-
ter, Michael Manley. In the early days of his government, Manley and
his Minister of Housing had simply ‘captured’ 20 acres of land to the
east of the Bellevue property, built a number of prefabricated houses on
it, almost overnight, and moved in some of the most loyal supporters
of the governing party. A number of the most active, vocal, and vola-
tile political activists thus became neighbors of the mental hospital in a
Jamaica which had become incredibly tribalized and politically explosive.
In a very real sense, many of them were much more ‘dangerous’ than the
inmates of the hospital. Society was turning inside out! In 1976 Trevor
Lindsay made the mistake of bringing the ‘awesome power’ of the SMO
into a confrontational position with the new political leaders of the land,
many of whom were determined to remove all vestiges of colonial power
from the country. Trevor tried to get the residents of ‘Dunkirk’ (the
name give to the new community) removed. The government, as previ-
ously mentioned, refused to confirm him in post and so he left the job,
Bellevue Hospital and Jamaica in a seething rage.
I was appointed to act as Senior Medical Officer after Lindsay’s depar-
ture in 1976. I was the only other qualified psychiatrist in government
8 F. W. HICKLING

service at the time. There was fierce opposition to my appointment, but

as I was aware of the role’s recent history I informed the authorities that
if I had not been confirmed in the post by the end of the year, I would
revert to my substantive role in the hospital as the consultant psychiatrist
responsible for rehabilitation. There was an international battle going on
for the minds of the people of Jamaica at that time—some would say
for the minds of African people around the world—and finding a suit-
ably qualified psychiatrist for the institution was nigh impossible. I was
appointed as SMO in December 1976. I refused to take the road taken
by granduncle Hopetoun sixty years before.
I met Professor Sanford Cohen, former chair of psychiatry at the
Boston University School of Medicine [9], when I gave a lecture there
in 1980 organized by my classmate, psychiatrist Dr. Gerald Groves.
Intrigued by the idea of ‘cultural therapy’, he visited Jamaica and
Bellevue Hospital with his wife some months later to witness the process.
Amazed at the performance and the dynamic within the community, he
declared vehemently that I would never be able to write it down. This
document is my attempt to prove him wrong!
Fred Hickling, Jack’s Hill, Jamaica, December 2019

Bibliography
1. Hickling FW (1980) Poem “Mind Chains” from sociodrama ‘Madaptations’,
Bellevue Hospital (Unpublished).
2. Coates, CO (2012) Educational Developments in the British West Indies: A
Historical Overview. Semantic Scholar, Corpus ID: 157260788.
3. Gordon S (1963) A Century of West Indian Education. London: Longmans,
p. 15.
4. Bacchus MK (1994) Education as and for Legitimacy: Developments in West
Indian Education Between 1846 and 1895. Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier
University Press.
5. Bryan PE (2004) The legacy of a Goldsmith—A History of Wolmer’s Schools,
1729–2003. Kingston, Jamaica: Arawak Publications.
6. Hobsbawm E (1999) Industry and Empire: The Birth of the Industrial
Revolution, rev. ed. New York: New Press.
7. Hickling FW (2009) The European-American Psychosis: A
Psychohistoriographic Perspective of Contemporary Western Civilization. The
Journal of Psychohistory. A Publication of the Institute for Psychohistory, 37(1):
67–81.
 1 INTRODUCTION 9

8. Hill SA (n.d.) Who’s Who in Jamaica 1922–1924. A Biennial Bibliographic

Record Containing Careers of the Principal Public Men and Women in
Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: The Gleaner Company Ltd.
9. Marquard B (2013) Dr. Sanford Cohen, 85; former BU Psychiatry Chairman.
Boston Globe, October 3. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/10/02/
sanford-cohen-former-psychiatry-chairman-was-pioneer-studying-mind-body-
equation-for-illness/h0EhwIhDw7ItFX1UCK7ZqM/story.html.
Visit https://ebookmass.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
vedelle, ollaksensa siellä paremmin turvatut lukemattomilta
myrkyllisiltä matelijoilta, joita luikertelee lämpimissä maissa.

Pienellä höyryveneellään kulkivat matkailijamme erästä jokea

ylöspäin sisämaahan. Aivan joen suulla oli kaksi kylää, joiden
asukkaat uteliaasti tarkastelivat vieraita. Alastoin lapsiliuta juoksi
joen vartta, kilpaa höyrylaivan kanssa, niin kauvan kuin mahdollista
katsellakseen tuota tavatointa ilmiötä. Ylempänä oli kasvullisuus joen
rannoilla joka paikassa niin rehevä, että oli tuiki mahdotointa nousta
maalle; joka taholle levisi aarniometsä jylhänä, läpipääsemättömänä.
Puut olivat oikeita jättiläisiä leveine, kiiltävine lehtineen. Muutamat
kukoistivat parastaikaa, toisissa oli jo hedelmiä. Likinnä vettä kasvoi
enimmästi viikunapuita, joiden taajat, veteen tunkeutuvat ilmajuuret
paalutuksen tavoin kokosivat ympärilleen joen mutaa ja siten
auttoivat rantoja yhä valloittamaan alaa vedeltä. Syvemmällä
metsässä näkyi korkeita vaaleanviheriäisiä palmuja. Puissa kiipeili
apinoita ja rannoilla loikoi parin kyynärän pituisia pieniä alligaatoria.

Malaijit elävät köyhästi ja tukalissa oloissa. Kummassakin joen

suussa olevassa kylässä, joita myöhemmin käytiin katsomassa,
vallitsi suurin kurjuus. Lattiat olivat harvat ja likaiset ja kaikki
aterioiden jäännökset viskattiin sen rakoloista veteen. Asukkailla ei
näkynyt olevan muuta omaisuutta kuin mitä niin näin päällään
kantoivat, s.o. pieni vaatekaikale vyötäröillä riippumassa. Veneinä oli
heillä koverrettuja puunrunkoja.

Asukkaista näkivät he likemmin ainoastaan kaksi keski-ikäistä

miestä. Naiset ja lapset juoksivat, vieraat nähdessään, suin päin
kylän syrjäisimpään majaan, jonne telkeytyivät, silloin tällöin
tirkistellen arkoina ja peloissaan eräästä aukosta; lapset parkuivat
koko ajan mitä surkeimmalla nuotilla.
 Joulukuun 15 päivänä laskettiin ankkuri Point de Gallen luona
Ceilonin saarella. Siellä kävivät he katsomassa noita kuuluisia
jalokivien huuhtomalaitoksia. Tavallisimmin ovat jalokivet siellä
sellaisilla paikoilla joissa virtoja ennen on kulkenut, murtaen ja
huuhtoen mukanaan osan hiekkakerrosta. Jalokivien etsijä kaivaa
kuopan maahan ja kokoo siihen tuon savella sekoitetun hiekan. Sitä
huuhdotaan sitte vasuissa, kunnes savi on eronnut, jonka jälkeen
timantit poimitaan. Toisinaan on saalis erittäin runsas, toisinaan
aivan mitätöin. Hyvästi ansaittuaan elävät huuhtojat ilossa ja
humussa, kunnes kaikki on tuhlattu.

Ceilonin varsinaiset asukkaat ovat singalilaisia, kauniita, melkein

mustaihoisia ihmisiä. Lapset, jotka käyvät aivan alasti, kantavat
käsivarsissaan metallisia rannerenkaita ja lantioillaan metalliketjua,
joista etupuolelle riippuu kulta- tai hopealevy. Täysikasvuisten
pukuna on vyötäröille kiedottu vaate, sen lisäksi käyttävät naiset
ohutta puuvillaröijyä. Pitkää tukkaansa pitävät sekä miehet että
naiset koossa kammalla, joka kiinnitetään poikkipuolin pään päälle.

Työmiesten majat ovat hyvin pieniä, tiilistä kyhättyjä ja

olkikattoisia sekä enemmän pidettäviä jonkunlaisina suojina sadetta
ja auringonpaistetta vastaan, kuin todellisina huoneina.
Varakkaammat singalilaiset asuvat tilavissa, melkein avonaisissa,
uutimilla eri osiin jaetuissa verannoissa. Temppelit ovat puisia ja
perin mitättömännäköisiä. Papit ja temppelinpalvelijat asuvat likellä
temppeliä jotenkin likaisissa ja siivottomissa huoneuksissa. Ilman-ala
on lämmin ja kostea, ja öisin näkee loistavia tulikärpäsiä
lentelemässä. Kasvullisuus on erittäin rehevä ja komea. Tuuheita
palmuja ja ryytikasvia tapaa kaikkialla.
 Ceilonin sisäosa on laadultaan vuorimaata. Korkeita
vuorenhuippuja kohoo taivasta kohti ja niiden välillä on
penikulmittain vuorilaaksoja. Rannikon rikkaat metsät ovat sieltä pois
raivatut ja sen sijaan kasvaa joka paikassa kukkuloilla ja laaksoissa
kahvipensaita. Vasta ylempänä vuorilla alkavat aarniometsät jälleen.

Joulukuun 22 päivänä läksi Vega Ceilonista ja saapui Aadeniin,

Punaisen meren suulle, tammik. 7 päivänä. Indianmerellä vietettiin
joulujuhlaa hiljaisesti. Mutta uudenvuoden-iltana aukesi salongin ovi
ja sisään astui tschuktschi-joukko nahkapukimissaan ja lausui
selvällä Ruotsin kielellä ystävällisen tervehdyksen pohjan jäillä
asuvilta ystäviltä, lisäten siihen muutamia vielä muistissa säilyneitä
sanoja Pitlekailta. Vegan matruusit olivat keksineet tämän sukkelan
huvituksen. Mutta kuuma oli tschuktschi-parkojen nahoissaan
päiväntasaajan lämpimässä ilmassa.

Aadenin luona tervehdittiin Vegaa kanuunanlaukauksilla ja eräs

siellä oleskeleva itaalialainen sotalaiva nosti mastoonsa ruotsalaisen
lipun. Saman laivan upseerit pitivät sitte iloisen juhlan Vegan uroille.
Bab-el-Mandebin salmen ja Punaisen meren kautta tultiin sitte
Suezin kanavan suulle, jossa ankkuroittiin tammikuun 28 päivänä.
Matkaa jatkettiin sitte kanavaa myöten sen Välimeren puoleiselle
suulle, Port Saidin luo, ja sieltä Välimeren halki Napoliin, jossa oli
tehty suuria valmistuksia matkueen vastaan-ottamiseksi. Messiinan
salmessa ankkuroitsi Vega, ja Nordenskiöld meni itse itaalialaisen
luutnantin Boven kera maalle, lähettääkseen sähkösanoman Vegan
saapumisesta Eurooppaan. Yö tuli ennenkuin he pääsivät maalle, ja
pilkkoisen pimeässä saivat he tunkeutua läpi pensaiden ja
viidakkojen, kunnes tulivat rautatielle, jota myöten kävelivät
läheisimmälle asemalle. Siellä heitä heti ympäröi joukko
karsasmielisiä rata- ja rannikkovahtia, jotka pitivät heitä
salakuljettajina; onneksi eivät vahdit olleet havainneet heitä, heidän
pensastoissa kömpiessään, sillä varmaan olisivat he heti ampuneet.
Epäluulot hälvenivät kuitenkin pian ja matkustajia kohdeltiin silloin
suurimmalla kunnioituksella. Se oli viimeinen seikkailu matkalla.

Helmikuun 14 päivänä saapui Vega Napoliin ja siitä alkaen oli

kotimatka vaan yhtämittaista riemukulkua. Napolissa, Lissabonissa,
Lontoossa ja Pariisissa, joissa viimeksimainituissa pääkaupungeissa
käytiin Vegan ollessa Falmouthissa, Köpenhavnissa ja viimeksi
Tukholmassa oli matkueelle valmistettu sydämmellisiä, suurenmoisia
kunnian-osotuksia. Huhtikuun 24 päivänä laski Vega ankkurinsa
Tukholman satamassa, ja jättiyritys, laadultaan historiassa ainoa, oli
onnistunut.

Mitä lähemmäksi Tukholmaa Vega tuli, matkallansa Ruotsin

saariston läpi, sitä enemmän lisääntyi höyrylaivoja, jotka täpötäynnä
ihmisiä olivat lähteneet Vegaa vastaan-ottamaan ja sitte seurasivat
sitä kahdessa pitkässä rivissä satamaan. Satama lukemattomine
aluksineen ja veneineen, kaupunki ja erittäinkin uljas kuninkaallinen
linna olivat loistavilla ilotulituksilla mitä komeimmasti kaunistetut ja
lukemattomat ihmisjoukot tervehtivät kaikuvilla hurraahuudoilla
rauhallisia sankareita, jotka, pitkän matkansa päätettyään, taas ensi
kerran laskivat jalkansa ruotsalaiselle mantereelle.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORDENSKIÖLDIN
MATKAT JA RETKET NAPAMERILLÄ ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying
copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of
Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything
for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund
from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law
in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated
with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this
agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached
full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the
terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears,
or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning
of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookmasss.com