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Chromic Phenomena Technological Applications of
Colour Chemistry 1st Edition P. Bamfield Digital Instant
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Author(s): P. Bamfield
ISBN(s): 9780854044740, 0854044744
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.45 MB
Year: 2002
Language: english
Chromic Phenomena
The Technological Applications
of Colour Chemistry

Peter Bamfield
Consultant
ISBN 0-8404-474-4

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2001

All rights reserved.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review
as permitted under the terms of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publi-
cation may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry, or in the case of reprographic
reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the
appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning repro-
duction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the
address printed on this page.

Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry,

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Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK
Registered Charity Number 207890

For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org

Typeset in Great Britain by Wyvern 21 Ltd, Bristol

Printed by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall, UK
Preface
The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the many applications that colour
chemistry, in its widest sense, has found in the last couple of decades. Not only have
there been developments in the traditional areas of colorants for textiles, paints and
inks but also in an exciting variety of newer technologies. Several of these are at the
cutting edge of research, such as photodynamic therapy, electroluminescent displays,
artificial photosynthesis, holographic data storage and photonics, and any report on
the current position can only be interim. Most of the newer technologies are multi-
disciplinary, where the active collaboration of chemists with physicists, biologists,
biochemists, materials scientists, electronics engineers etc. is essential if any
progress is to be made. Covering as it does a very wide field, this book will provide
an entry point for both new researchers and established ones who wish to broaden
their horizons and accept the challenge of finding new applications for colour
chemistry.
During my more than four decades involvement in the colorants industry I have
had many stimulating discussions and collaborations with innumerable colleagues to
whom I am indebted. I would particularly like to mention Peter Austin, Gerald
Booth, Peter Gregory, Paul Gordon, Colin Greenhalgh, Nigel Hughes, Mike
Hutchings, Brian Parton, Duncan Phillips, Ray Price, Peter Quan, Peter Tasker,
Hunter Renfrew, Dennis Ridyard, John Schofield and John Taylor from my
ICI/Zeneca days.
Finally, but most of all, I wish to thank my wife Mary for her unstinting support
during the books gestation period and particularly whilst I was producing the
manuscript.
Peter Bamfield

v
Contents
Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Phenomena Involving a Reversible Colour Change 7

1.1 Introduction 7
1.2 Photochromism 7
1.2.1 Main Chemical Classes 8
1.2.2 Spirobenzopyrans 9
1.2.2.1 Synthesis of Spiroindolinobenzopyrans 9
1.2.2.2 Spectral Properties of Spiroindolinobenzopyrans and
Analogues 10
1.2.3 Spironaphthoxazines 11
1.2.3.1 Synthesis of Spiroindolinonaphthoxazines and Analogues 11
1.2.3.2 Spectral and Physical Properties of
Spiroindolinonaphthoxazines 13
1.2.4 Benzo and Naphthopyrans (Chromenes) 15
1.2.4.1 Synthesis of Benzopyrans and Naphthopyrans 16
1.2.4.2 Spectral and Physical Properties of Diarylnaphthopyrans 17
1.2.5 Fulgides 20
1.2.5.1 Synthesis of Fulgides and Derivatives 21
1.2.5.2 Spectral and Physical Properties of Fulgides and
Derivatives 22
1.2.6 Diarylethenes 23
1.2.6.1 Synthesis of Diheteroarylethenes 24
1.2.6.2 Spectral and Physical Properties of Dithiophenylethenes 25
1.2.7 Miscellaneous Photochromic Systems 26
1.2.8 Applications of Photochromic Materials 28
1.2.8.1 Applications in Ophthalmics 29
1.2.8.2 Novelty Printing and Textile Applications 30
1.2.8.3 Optical Memories and Switches 30
1.2.8.4 Other Optical Applications 32
1.2.8.5 Biological Applications 33
1.3 Thermochromism 33
1.3.1 Inorganic and Organometallic Materials 34
1.3.2 Reversible Intrinsically Thermochromic Organic Systems 34
1.3.2.1 Molecular Rearrangements 34
1.3.2.2 Stereoisomerism 36

vii
viii Contents
1.3.2.3 Macromolecular Systems 37
1.3.3 Reversible Indirect Thermochromic Systems 37
1.3.4 Applications of Thermochromic Materials 38
1.3.4.1 Composite Thermochromic Pigments 38
1.3.4.2 Chromogenic Thermotropic Gels 40
1.4 Ionochromism 41
1.4.1 Ionochromic Compounds 41
1.4.1.1 Phthalides 41
1.4.1.2 Leucotriarylmethanes 45
1.4.1.3 Fluorans 45
1.4.1.4 Azo and Styryl Dyes 46
1.4.1.5 Chelates and Crown Ethers 46
1.4.2 Applications of Ionochromism 48
1.4.2.1 Analytical Chemistry 48
1.4.2.2 Carbonless Copying Paper 50
1.4.2.3 Direct Thermal Printing 50
1.4.2.4 Visualisation of Printing Plates 52
1.4.2.5 In Flower Coloration 52
1.5 Electrochromism 53
1.5.1 Electrochromic Cells 53
1.5.2 Electrochrome Types 54
1.5.2.1 Solution Electrochromes 55
1.5.2.2 Solution–Solid Electrochromes 55
1.5.2.3 Solid Electrochromes 55
1.5.3 Electrochromic Chemicals 55
1.5.3.1 Inorganic Oxides 55
1.5.3.2 Prussian Blue 56
1.5.3.3 Metal Phthalocyanines 57
1.5.3.4 Viologens (4,4′-bipyridylium salts) 58
1.5.3.5 Polymeric Electrochromes 58
1.5.3.6 Other Organic Electrochromes 61
1.5.4 Applications of Electrochromism 61
1.5.4.1 Rear-view Mirrors 61
1.5.4.2 Smart Windows 62
1.5.4.3 Displays 64
1.6 Solvatochromism 66
1.6.1 Solvent Polarity and Solvatochromic Shifts 66
1.6.2 Applications of Solvatochromism 67
1.6.2.1 Analysis of Oils 67
1.6.2.2 Polymer Probes and Sensors 68
1.6.2.3 Biological Probes 68
1.7 Miscellaneous Chromisms 69
1.7.1 Piezo and Tribochromisms 69
1.7.2 Gasochromism 70
1.7.3 Vapochromism 70
1.7.4 Chronochromism 70
Contents ix
1.8 References 70

Chapter 2 Phenomena Involving the Absorption and Reflectance

of Light 75
2.1 Introduction 75
2.2 Some Elements of Colour Physics Relating to Colorants 76
2.2.1 Additive Colour Mixing 76
2.2.2 Subtractive Colour Mixing 77
2.2.3 The CIE System 78
2.3 Classical Organic Dyes 80
2.3.1 Structural Classes 81
2.3.1.1 Azo Dyestuffs 81
2.3.1.2 Cyclic and Polycyclic Quinones 91
2.3.1.3 Azines, Oxazines and Thiazines 95
2.3.1.4 Methines 96
2.3.1.5 Triaryl Carbonium Dyes 98
2.3.1.6 Phthalocyanines 98
2.3.2 Application Processes 99
2.3.2.1 The Dyeing and Printing of Textile Fibres 99
2.3.2.2 Paper 108
2.3.2.3 Leather 108
2.3.2.4 Food 108
2.3.2.5 Hair Coloration 110
2.3.2.6 Biological Stains 111
2.4 Pigments 112
2.4.1 Organic Pigments 113
2.4.1.1 Azo Pigments 114
2.4.1.2 Metal Complexes 117
2.4.1.3 Isoindolinone Pigments 118
2.4.1.4 Phthalocyanines 119
2.4.1.5 Quinacridones 120
2.4.1.6 Perylenes and Perinones 121
2.4.1.7 Polycyclic Quinones 123
2.4.1.8 Diketo-pyrrolopyrroles 124
2.4.1.9 Triaryl Carboniums 124
2.4.2 Inorganic Pigments 124
2.4.2.1 Iron Oxides 125
2.4.2.2 Chromium Oxide 126
2.4.2.3 Mixed Oxides 126
2.4.2.4 Alternatives to Cadmium Pigments 127
2.4.2.5 Chromate Pigments 127
2.4.2.6 Ultramarine Pigments 127
2.4.2.7 Iron Blue Pigments 127
2.4.3 Special Effect Pigments 128
2.4.4 Applications of Coloured Pigments 128
2.4.4.1 Dispersion of Pigments 129
x Contents
2.4.4.2 Printing Inks 129
2.4.4.3 Paints and Coatings 130
2.4.4.4 Plastics 130
2.4.4.5 Construction Materials and Ceramics 131
2.5 Solvent Dyes 131
2.6 Photographic Colour Chemicals 132
2.6.1 Colour Photographic Process 132
2.6.2 Colour Films and Papers 133
2.6.2.1 Colour Reversal Film 133
2.6.2.2 Colour Negative Film 133
2.6.2.3 Colour Papers and Prints 135
2.6.2.4 Instant Colour Photographic Films and Paper 135
2.6.3 The Colour Forming Chemicals in Photography 135
2.6.3.1 Colour Developers 136
2.6.3.2 Colour Couplers and Derived Dyes 136
2.6.3.3 Diffusion Couplers 140
2.7 Digital Printing 140
2.7.1 Ink Jet Printing 142
2.7.1.1 Continuous Ink Jet 143
2.7.1.2 Drop-on-demand Ink Jet 143
2.7.1.3 Colorants in Ink Jet Printers 145
2.7.1.4 Commercial Applications of Ink Jet Technology 147
2.7.2 Electrophotography 147
2.7.2.1 Materials for Electrophotography 149
2.7.2.2 Commercial Applications of Electrophotography 151
2.8 References 152

Chapter 3 Phenomena Involving Absorption of Energy and Emission

of Light 155
3.1 Introduction 155
3.2 Luminescent Pigments 157
3.2.1 Inorganic Phosphors 158
3.2.1.1 Sulfides and Oxysulfides 158
3.2.1.2 Oxygen-dominant Phosphors 159
3.2.2 Synthesis and Formulation of Inorganic Phosphors 159
3.2.3 Up-converters 160
3.2.4 Applications of Inorganic Phosphors 161
3.2.4.1 Phosphorescent Pigments 161
3.3 Cathodoluminescence 163
3.4 High Energy Photoluminescence 166
3.4.1 Lighting 166
3.4.2 Plasma Displays 167
3.5 Fluorescence 169
3.5.1 Fluorescent Chromophores 170
3.5.1.1 Coumarins 170
3.5.1.2 Naphthalimides 172
Contents xi
3.5.1.3 Perylenes 173
3.5.1.4 Benzanthrones, Anthraquinones, Benzoxanthones and
Benzthioxanthones 174
3.5.1.5 Xanthenes, Acridines and Oxazines 176
3.5.1.6 Hydrocarbons 179
3.5.1.7 Methines, Hemicyanines and Cyanines 179
3.5.1.8 Dipyrromethines 181
3.5.1.9 Miscellaneous Chromophores 181
3.5.2 Applications as Fluorescent Dyes and Pigments 182
3.5.2.1 Fluorescent Dyes in Textile Applications 183
3.5.2.2 Daylight Fluorescent Pigments 183
3.5.2.3 Other Applications 184
3.5.3 Dye Lasers 184
3.5.3.1 Types of Dye Lasers 185
3.5.3.2 Mechanism of Dye Lasers 186
3.5.3.3 Laser Dyes 186
3.5.3.4 Applications of Dye Lasers 186
3.5.4 Fluorescent Brighteners 187
3.5.4.1 Stilbene Based Brighteners 187
3.5.4.2 Ethylenic and Vinylic Based Brighteners 191
3.5.4.3 Coumarins 191
3.5.4.4 1,3-Diphenyl-2-pyrazolines 192
3.5.4.5 Naphthalimides 192
3.5.4.6 Polycyclics 193
3.5.4.7 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 193
3.5.5 Fluorescence in Elemental Analysis 193
3.5.6 Fluorescence in Biological, Medical and Drug Development
Applications 194
3.5.6.1 Fluorescence Instrumentation for Analysis 194
3.5.6.2 Fluorophores and their Modification 194
3.5.6.3 Probes for Calcium and Other Ions 195
3.5.6.4 pH Indicators 195
3.5.6.5 Membrane Potential Probes 197
3.5.6.6 Lipid Membrane Probes 198
3.5.6.7 Non-covalent Labelling Agents for DNA 199
3.5.6.8 Covalent Labelling of Proteins and DNA 199
3.5.6.9 Lanthanide Chelates in DNA and Protein Studies 202
3.5.7 Luminescent Signalling for Sensors and Switches 203
3.5.7.1 Charge Transfer Excited States (ICT and TICT) 204
3.5.7.2 Photoinduced Electron Transfer States (PET) 207
3.5.7.3 Molecular Information Processors 209
3.5.8 Fluorescent Sensing of Biologically Important Gases 211
3.5.9 Fluorescent Reagents in Photometric Chemical Sensors 211
3.5.9.1 Ion-selective Optrodes 213
3.5.9.2 Gas Sensors 214
3.6 Chemiluminescence 214
xii Contents
3.6.1 Chemiluminescent Reactions 214
3.6.1.1 Luminol Oxidation 215
3.6.1.2 Acridinium Compounds 215
3.6.1.3 Dioxetanes 216
3.6.2 Chemiluminescent Applications 216
3.7 Bioluminescence 218
3.7.1 Bioluminescent Systems 218
3.7.1.1 Firefly Luciferins 218
3.7.1.2 Bacterial Luciferases 218
3.7.1.3 Imidazopyrazine Luciferins and Photoproteins 219
3.7.2 Applications of Bioluminescence 220
3.8 Electroluminescence 221
3.8.1 Semi-conductor Light Emitting Diodes 221
3.8.2 Electroluminescent Display Technologies 224
3.8.3 Inorganic EL Displays 224
3.8.3.1 Powder EL 225
3.8.3.2 Thin-film EL 225
3.8.4 Organic Light Emitting Diodes 227
3.8.5 Low Molecular Weight Organic LED 227
3.8.5.1 Low MW Materials 228
3.8.5.2 Full-colour OLED Displays 230
3.8.6 Polymer Light Emitting Diodes 232
3.8.6.1 Synthesis of the Polymers 233
3.8.6.2 Full-colour LEP Displays 237
3.8.7 Commercial Prospects for OLEDs 238
3.9 Triboluminescence 239
3.10 References 241

Chapter 4 Phenomena Involving Absorption of Light and Energy

Transfer 245
4.1 Introduction 245
4.2 Laser Addressable Compounds (Infrared Absorbers) 245
4.2.1 Chemical Classes of Near-IR Absorbers 246
4.2.1.1 Cyanines 247
4.2.1.2 Squarylium and Croconium Dyes 249
4.2.1.3 Iminium Salts 250
4.2.1.4 Triphenylmethanes 250
4.2.1.5 Nickel Dithiolenes 251
4.2.1.6 Quinones 251
4.2.1.7 Phthalocyanines 253
4.2.2 Applications of Laser Addressable Compounds and Near-IR
Absorbers 255
4.2.2.1 Energy Conversion 255
4.2.2.2 Protection from IR Radiation 257
4.3 Optical Data Storage 259
4.3.1 Optical Data Storage using Dyes 260
Contents xiii
4.3.2 Developments in Optical Data Storage 263
4.4 Organic Photoconductors 264
4.4.1 Charge Generation Materials 265
4.4.1.1 Azo Pigments 266
4.4.1.2 Phthalocyanines 267
4.4.1.3 Other CGMs 267
4.4.2 Charge Transport Materials 269
4.5 Photosensitisers 270
4.5.1 Sensitisers in Photochemical Synthesis 271
4.5.2 Photosensitisers in Polymerisation 271
4.5.3 Sensitisers in Colour Photography 277
4.6 Applications of Sensitisers in Medicine and Chemical Biology 278
4.6.1 Photomedicine 280
4.6.2 Photodynamic Therapy 280
4.6.2.1 The Mechanism of PDT 281
4.6.2.2 Photosensitisers for PDT 281
4.6.2.3 Light Sources for PDT 286
4.6.2.4 Use against Viruses and Bacteria 286
4.6.3 Photodiagnosis and Imaging 287
4.6.4 Photoinsecticides 288
4.7 Solar Energy Utilisation 289
4.7.1 Solar Cells and Electrical Energy 289
4.7.1.1 Inorganic and Organic Photovoltaics 290
4.7.1.2 Dye-sensitised Solar Cells 292
4.7.2 Artificial Photosynthesis 295
4.7.2.1 Light Harvesting Antennae 297
4.7.2.2 Artificial Reaction Centres 297
4.7.3 The Production of Useful Chemicals 298
4.7.3.1 Water Splitting 300
4.7.3.2 Carbon Dioxide Reduction 300
4.7.4 Enhancement of Natural Photo-processes 300
4.8 References 301

Chapter 5 Phenomena Involving the Manipulation of Light 305

5.1 Introduction 305
5.2 Liquid Crystals 305
5.2.1 Nematic Liquid Crystals and their Applications 306
5.2.1.1 Twisted Nematic Displays 306
5.2.1.2 Nematic Liquid Crystal Materials 308
5.2.1.3 Colour Displays from Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals 310
5.2.2 Cholesteric Liquid Crystals and their Applications 312
5.2.2.1 Guest–Host LCDs 314
5.2.2.2 Temperature Sensing and Novelty Applications 316
5.2.2.3 Polymeric Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 317
5.2.2.4 Full-colour Recording using Cholesteric Phases 317
5.2.3 Luminescent Liquid Crystals 319
xiv Contents
5.2.3.1 Fluorescent Liquid Crystals 319
5.2.3.2 Polarised Electroluminescent Liquid Crystals 320
5.2.4 Polymer-dispersed Liquid Crystals 321
5.2.5 Side Chain Polymeric Liquid Crystals 322
5.3 Colours from Reflection, Interference and Diffraction 323
5.3.1 Lustre and Colour Variable Pigments 323
5.3.1.1 Optical Basis for Lustre Pigments 324
5.3.1.2 Material, Construction and Processes 325
5.3.1.3 Applications of Lustre/Colour Variable Pigments 327
5.3.2 Iridescent Fibres 329
5.4 Holography 329
5.4.1 Principles of Holography 330
5.4.2 Materials Used in Holography 332
5.4.3 Applications of Holography 332
5.4.3.1 Graphic Arts and Design 333
5.4.3.2 Holographic Optical Elements in Liquid Crystal
Display Systems 334
5.4.3.3 Holographic Data Storage 335
5.5 Laser Diodes 337
5.5.1 Inorganic Semi-conductor Laser Diodes 337
5.5.2 Organic Lasers 338
5.5.2.1 Use of Luminescent Conjugated Polymers 339
5.5.2.2 Single Crystal Organic Materials 340
5.6 Opto-electronics 341
5.6.1 Basis of Non-linear Optics 341
5.6.2 Non-linear Optical Materials 342
5.6.2.1 Non-linear Optical Chromophores 342
5.6.2.2 Non-linear Optical Polymers 344
5.6.3 Photorefractive Polymers 347
5.6.3.1 The Photorefractive Effect 348
5.6.3.2 Amorphous Polymers and Composites 348
5.6.3.3 Photorefractive Polymer-dispersed Liquid Crystals 349
5.6.3.4 Applications of Photorefractive Materials 350
5.7 Photonics 350
5.7.1 Photonic Band Gap Crystals 351
5.7.1.1 Photonic Crystals via Self-assembly of Colloidal Spheres 351
5.7.1.2 Inverse Opals 351
5.7.1.3 Lithographic Fabrication of Photonic Band Gap Materials 353
5.7.2 Applications of Photonic Crystals 353
5.8 References 353

Bibliography 357

Subject Index 363

Glossary
The following terms are some of the common ones used in relation to colour chem-
istry and its applications.

Achromatic colours resemble only black and white (grey).

Acidochromism is a colour change, shift in absorption band and intensity, brought
about by a change in pH (acidochromic).
Additive Colour Mixing used with light, the primary colours being red, green and
blue.
After-glow occurs where a luminescent material continues to emit light long after
excitation.
After-image in a complementary hue is seen after prolonged viewing of an intensely
coloured object.
Anodoluminescence is radioluminescence caused by α-particles.
Bathochromic – when an absorption band moves towards longer wavelengths (also
called a red-shift).
Bioluminescence is the production of light by living systems.
Candololuminescence is the luminescence in incandescent solids.
Cathodoluminescence is the luminescence observed upon excitation by high-
energy electrons.
Chemiluminescence is the production of light by chemical substances without the
help from other energy sources; in effect it is the conversion of energy stored in
chemical bonds into light.
Cholesteric – the liquid crystal phase formed by molecules with a chiral centre (also
called the chiral nematic phase).
Chroma is the attribute of a colour that expresses the degree by which it differs from
an achromatic colour of the same lightness.
Chromatic – colours possessing a hue (do not resemble grey).
Chromaticity coordinates are two numbers (denoted x and y) which together repre-
sent in the CIE system the colour quality.
Chromaticity diagram is a diagram which shows the colour stimulus in terms of
two of its three attributes; hue and chroma.
Chromogen is the coloured molecular structure (often used synonymously with the
term chromophore).
Chromogenic development is the dye-coupling process in colour photography.
Chromophore – the unsaturated building blocks of colour, i.e. –N=N–, carbonyl and
nitro groups etc. (see also chromogen).

xv
xvi Glossary
Colour Index is the descriptive catalogue of synthetic colorants in terms of generic
name and constitution (where disclosed) published by the SDC.
Crystalloluminescence is the light production as solutions crystallise.
Dichroic – exhibiting two different colours when viewed in different directions.
Electrochromism is a reversible change in colour upon oxidation or reduction
brought about by an electrical current or potential (electrochromic).
Electroluminescence is excitation by an electric field to produce non-thermal light.
Fluorescence involves activation by photons (UV visible and near-IR) where the
emission of light is almost instantaneous (1–30 ns).
Fluorophore – a fluorescent compound.
Fluorionophore – a chromophore whose fluorescence changes is the presence of an
ion.
Gasochromism is a colour change brought about by a gas (see also vapochromism).
Halochromism is a colour change brought about by a change in pH (see also
acidochromism) (halochromic).
Hue is the attribute of colour whereby it is recognised as being predominantly red,
blue, yellow, green, etc.
Hyperchromic is an increase in the intensity of an absorption band.
Hypochromic is a decrease in the intensity of an absorption band.
Hypsochromic is when an absorption band moves towards shorter wavelengths
(also called a blue-shift).
Incandescence is the emission of radiation over the UV, visible and near-IR regions
from a heated body.
Ionochromism is a colour change brought about by ions (ionochromic).
Ionophore – a chromophore that changes colour in the presence of ions.
Iridescence is the colour produced by the phenomena of light interference and dif-
fraction; involves these two optical phenomena in combination with reflection.
Luminescence is the emission of light from atoms or molecules in an electronically
excited state.
Luminance is the luminous flux emitted per unit solid angle or per unit projected
area of a surface; in a light source it is a measure of brightness.
Lumophore – a compound capable of luminescence.
Lyoluminescence is where the emission of light occurs when a material goes into
solution.
Mechanoluminescence arises from mechanical action on solids (also called piezo-
luminescence or triboluminescence).
Metallochromism is the colour change observed as metal ions coordinate to a ligand
(metallochromic).
Metamerism is a change of colour under different illuminants.
Pearlescence is the iridescence produced by refracted and reflected light from a
surface (pearl-like colour).
Phosphor – a material that converts radiation into visible light.
Phosphorescence involves activation by photons, where there is a delay in the
emission causing an after glow.
Photochromism is a change in colour brought about normally by UV light
(photochromic).
Glossary xvii
Photoelectrochromic systems are systems which change colour electrochemically
on illumination.
Photoluminescence involves excitation by electromagnetic, often ultraviolet, radia-
tion. Also used generically for all those processes that absorb incident light and
later re-emit part of that energy as visible light.
Piezochromism is a change in colour brought about by pressure (piezochromic).
Piezoluminescence is luminescence brought about by pressure (see also
triboluminescence).
Polarisability is a tensor which relates the electric field vector to the induced dipole
moment vector.
Pyroluminescence is the luminescence resulting from atoms produced at high
temperatures, e.g. in a flame.
Radioluminescence occurs where the energy source is radioactive decay.
Saturation is the relative optical purity of a colour (also called intensity).
Solvatochromism is a colour change brought about by a change in solvent polarity
(solvatochromic).
Sonoluminescence arises from the impact of high energy sound e.g. ultrasound.
Subtractive colour mixing is used for dyes and pigments where the primary colours
are red, yellow and blue.
Thermochromism is a change in colour brought about by heat (thermochromic).
Thermoluminescence is observed during the heating of a solid that has previously
absorbed energy from radiation as ions recombine.
Thermotropism is a change in transparency brought about by heat (thermotropic).
Tribochromism is a colour change brought about by mechanical grinding or fracture
(tribochromic).
Up-converters are materials that absorb infrared radiation and convert this into
visible wavelengths.
Vapochromism is a colour change brought about by a vapour (see also
gaseochromism).
X-ray luminescence occurs where X-rays supply the energy.
Abbreviations
AEA Alkaline Earth Aluminates
AMLCD Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display
AMTFT Active Matrix Thin Film Transistor
BAPO Bisacylphosphine Oxides
CCA Charge Control Agents
CCD Charge-coupled Device
CGL Charge Generation Layer
CGM Charge Generation Materials
CI Colour Index
CIE Commission Internationale de l’Éclarage
CPMA Color Pigments Manufacturing Association
CRT Cathode Ray Tubes
CTL Charge Transport Layer
CTM Charge Transport Materials
CVL Crystal Violet Lactone
CW Continuous Wave
CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black
DAST 4,4′-Diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid
DOD Drop-on-demand
DSSC Dye Sensitised Solar Cell
DVD Digital Versatile Disks
EET Electronic Energy Transfer
EL Electroluminescence
EML Light Emitting Layer
ETL Electron Transport Layer
FBA Fluorescent Brightening Agent
FD&C Food, Drugs & Cosmetic
FET Field Effect Transistors
GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
GH Guest–Host
HE Holographic Element
HTL Hole Transport Layer
HTS High Throughput Screening
ICT Internal Charge Transfer
IJ Ink Jet
IOD Initial Optical Density

xix
xx Abbreviations
IODF10 Initial Optical Density 10 s after removing UV source
ITO Indium Tin Oxide
LC Liquid Crystal
LED Light Emitting Diode
LEP Light Emitting Polymers
MAPO Monoacylphosphine Oxides
MLCT Metal-to-ligand Charge Transfer
MOVPE Metal Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy
NLO Non-linear Optical
OD Optical Density
ODS Optical Data Storage
OEL Organic Electroluminescent
OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode
PAN Polyacrylonitrile
PDLC Polymer-dispersed Liquid Crystal
PDT Photodynamic Therapy
PEL Powder Electroluminescence
PET Photoinduced Electron Transfer
PLED Polymer Light Emitting Diode
PMMA Poly(methyl methacrylate)
PPP Poly(p-phenylene)
PPV Poly(phenylene vinylene)
PS Photosynthesis
PVA Polyvinyl Alcohol
PVK Polyvinylcarbazole
RGB Red, Green, Blue
SOHO Small Office Home Office
STN Super Twisted Nematic
TFEL Thin Film Electroluminescence
TFT Thin Film Transistor
Tg Glass Transition Temperature
TICT Twisted Internal Charge Transfer States
VUV Vacuum Ultraviolet Light
WORM Write Once Read Many Times
ε Molar Absorption Coefficient
λ Wavelength
Φ Quantum Yield
Introduction
Colour plays an extremely important role in our everyday lives. Why this should be
so has exercised the minds of some of our greatest philosophers for many centuries.1,2
What is colour, what role does it play in nature, and in our social and intellectual
environment? Even today the answers to these questions are far from known and
arguments over the psychological and social impact of colour continue to rage.3,4
However, ever since Newton recognised the relationship between light and colour in
the late 17th century, our understanding of the hard science behind colour and its
myriad of applications has been increasing gradually, until it has reached today’s
level of sophistication.5,6 Rather interestingly, a marriage between our understanding
of the physics and chemistry of colour and their utilisation in both art and technology
has become a topic of growing interest to many authors.7–9
This book is concerned with the technological applications of colour chemistry
and there is no intention in this introduction to cover the theoretical aspects of the
topic. Specific aspects of colour theory are covered as needed within the main body
of the text. For those requiring a more detailed treatment of the theoretical aspects of
colour physics excellent texts are available,5,6 whilst they are summarised in very
readable forms in others of a more general nature.8,9
There are many ways in which colour can be caused to arise both by chemical and
physical forces, all of which are used or have the potential to be used in technologi-
cal applications. These different ways of producing colour can be grouped into five
fundamental mechanisms, as shown in Table I.1. The five groupings can be further
split into what Nassau has called “the fifteen causes of colour”.5 The main Nassau
groupings of I, IV and V can be considered as physical phenomena, II is borderline
between chemistry and physics and III covers purely chemical phenomena.
This methodology has recently been used to produce a text which explores the
relationship between light and the optical properties of materials, which is recom-
mended reading.10 Whilst the fifteen causes of colour is no doubt a scientifically
accurate method for the classification of the origin of the causes of colour, it can be
rather prescriptive when it comes to pulling together those technologically important
chromic phenomena, which rely largely on chemistry for their effect. An alternative
method is to follow a technology based classification.11,12 However, whilst this does
have advantages, it fails to relate the chemistry/physics across particular technology
boundaries, e.g. luminescence phenomena in pigments, sensors and probes.
Consequently, for the purpose of this book, which is to describe the technological
applications of colour, via a variety of various chromic phenomena, a somewhat
different system is used.13 This involves the classifications of the various chromic

1
2 Introduction

Table I.1 The five groupings of the causes of colour

Group Causes Examples
I Vibrations and simple excitations Incandescence, vapour lamps, some
(External heat or energy transfer lasers
within molecules)
II Ligand field effects (from unpaired Phosphorescence, lasers
electrons in transition metal ions and
complexes)
III Transition between molecular orbitals Absorbing dyes and pigments, both
organic and inorganic, fluorescence
IV Transition between energy bands Metals, pure and doped semi-
conductors
V Geometrical and physical optics Interference phenomena, iridescence,
diffraction, liquid crystals

phenomena according to whether they fall into five broad groupings involving the
following processes.

• Reversible colour change

• Absorption and reflection of light
• Absorption of energy and emission of light
• Absorption of light and energy transfer (or conversion)
• Manipulation of light

Whilst arguably this is an oversimplification of the colour producing phenomena, it

has proved to be an effective way of gathering together the vast array of colour based
technological applications into an understandable mosaic (Figure I.1).
The chemistry and applications of the colour change grouping, containing all
the well-known ‘isms’ of chromic phenomena, namely photochromism, thermo-
chromism, ionochromism, electrochromism and solvatochromism, as well as the
lesser-known ones such as tribochromism and vapochromism, are covered in
Chapter 1. These chromic phenomena impinge on our everyday life, e.g. in photo-
chromic spectacle lens, thermochromic temperature indicators, fax paper, smart
windows and mirrors and in visual displays.
By far the largest commercial application of colour in volume terms still comes via
the classical light absorbing dyes and pigments, which are covered in Chapter 2.
However, their use has spread way beyond textile coloration, in paints and inks, as
cosmetics or as food colorants. We are all now well aware of their use in one of the
newer areas, digital printing, following the widespread availability of cheap ink jet
printers, which are used in conjunction with PCs in both home and the office. Digital
printing is now a serious competitor to the silver halide technology, so long the main-
stay of colour photography.
The use of luminescent materials, the subject of Chapter 3, which was at one time
confined largely to the production of fluorescent lamps and cathode ray tubes has
spread further into everyday life. It is a common sight to see phosphorescent safety
signage in low-light environments, to wear fluorescent garments, to look at electro-
luminescent displays and to use light emitting diodes in traffic control and vehicle
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82 Gexealogv of the Staats Family riw-"*r'*"^ fii-

U.taM.^M&Ut^.- *rVjSii» i£^ '.'^ sUJui^^iiiift Eo. R. Si'.v.vr.s. Pearl
Staats graduated from Marslial College and became a teacher. She
married E. L. Waltz, Two children, Charles and Mary Alice, have been
born to this union. Mildred Staats, after graduating from Huntington
High School, took a business course and is now employed at
Huntington. Charles O. Staats was born March IS, 18G7. He became
a teacher and later took the medical course at Louisville, Ky. He
began ])ractice of the medical profession in Arkansas. He married
Teressa She[)ard. He afto'ward took a post-graduate course in
medicine at St. Louis, Mo. He then moved to Kipley, W. Va., where
he practiced his profession for se\'eral years. He then moved to
Spencer, where he now lives and practices his j)rofession. He
 (lEXEALOGV OF THE StAATS FaMILY 83 vtiluiiteered for
service in t!ic late war with Germany. lie was appointed Captain in
the Medical Corps, and sailed for France, May ^20, 1918. Was in the
battle of the :\rarne, and of the MeuseAryonne. Served until after
the armistice. While in France was promoted to the rank of Major. He
has fonr children, Lurline, Paul, Walter, and Ruth, all at home. Anna
Staats was l)orn January '21, 18(>9. She became a teai-iier in the
public schools, and in 1004 married II. C. Feriiuson, who is an
attorney-at-law located at Spencer, W. ^ a. To this union one child,
(ieorge, was born, who died in infancy. Cora Staats was born
October 27, 1873. She married P. D. Fisher, a minister of the
Methodist f^piscopal church. One child, Franklin, was born of this
marriage, and died in infancy. She resides with her husband at St.
Albans, W. Va. Harlan H. Staats was born October -20. 1875. He
taught school and attenrled Barnes Medical College at St. I>ouis,
]SIo. He graduated from this institution and began the practice of
medicine at Ripley, W. Va. He removed to Spencer, W. Va., on
January 1, 1900, and continued the practice of medicine. He secured
the organization of Roane county hospital and devotes his entire
time to general surgery. Soon after removing to Spencer he united in
marriage with Pauline Flesher. To this union five children have been
born, as follows. Katherine. Beverley W., Elizabeth. Charles, and
Harlan Herbert. Katherine is now attending West Virginia ^Vesleyan
College. The other children are at home. He volunteered for service
in the war with Germany and was appointed Captain in the ^ledical
Corps. He was awaiting orders to depart for France when the
armistice closed hostilities. Edgar R. Staats was born January '27,
1878. He taught school and attended West Virginia University, where
he took the course in law. After completing his studies he located at
Spencer, ^^'. \'a., and began the practice of law. He was elected
prosecuting attorney of Roane county for the term beginning
January 1, 1909. After the completion of his term as prosecuting
attorney he was elected Sergeant-at-Arms of the West \'irginia
Legislature for year 191.'31915. He removed to Parkersburg, AV. Va.,
in 1913. and began the practice of law. He was elected to the State
Senate from the Third Senatorial District for the term 1918-1922.
Georgia L. Staats was born November 5, 1883. She taught school
and attended West Virginia AVesleyan College and West Virginia I
niversity. She was united in marriage with Warren H. Hodges, a
minister of the ^Methodist Protestant church, and four children have
been born of this marriage as follows. Hampton, Frances, Beverley,
and John. She and her husband are now located at AAilmington,
Delaware, where he is in charge of a church of his denomination.
Lorena M. Staats was l)orn August 2o. 1890. She taught school and
attended West Virginia Wesleyan College and West A'irginia
University. Later she took up training as a nurse and took a course in
laboratory work and is now employed in West Virginia Metliodist
E[)iscopal Ilospital at Spencer, W. Va.
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84 Gexealoc.v of thk Staats Family ANDERSON STAATS

FAMILY. Anderson Staats, sou of Isaac Staats, iirandsou of Cornelius
Staat.s, ami urea t grandson of Abraham Staats, the founder of the
West Virginia branch of the Staats family, was born Au.uust 0, 1834,
and died Decemlter 17, 1907. Married May 0, 18.U, Mary Casto, w ho
was ])orn Aui^ust 4. ISSG. and died March -24, in()'2. To this union
the following children were l)orn . Clayborn, born February P
■^.^''JP^'^ffW'- ^ "" ' r. >*^-v-^.:_,/ :^^^ David Staats. Served
as government guard during war with Germany. 6, 1855; Rosetta,
})orn November 1-2, 1856; Elias, born January 8, 1859; McClellan,
born Se})tember '■21, 1801; David, born February 8, 18G4;
Elizabeth Jane, born March '21, lS(i6, died February 4, 1894; Anna
Isabelle, born May 30. 1808; Isaac, born December 00, 187^2;
Jacob, born December 00, 187^2. Clayborn S. Staats and Ellen
Pringle. who died June 7, 1911, Avere married September 5, 1870.
To this union were born the following children. Ida, born July 3,
1877; Isa, born February 16, 1879; Benjamin ¥., born December 11,
1880; James Kenneth,
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Gp:n'ealo(;y of the Staats Family 85 born March 19, 188;?;

0>a. l)i)rn OotolxM- h2, ISS.r, Ola, bom June .'?. 1888; Clareiico
Cleissa, liorn May 11, 1801; and Perry Xewton, born March 10. 1894.
,Menton DufFiekl and Rosetta Staats were married March ^20, 1874.
Ehas Slants and Minnie Tolley were niai-rieil Au,£;ust '?G, 1890. To
this union were born tiie foUowin:: chihlren. Frederic, born
September '29, 1890: Everett, born December 10, 18!)^2; Ethel,
born Fel)ruary 1-2, 1894; Lena, born November 1, 1899; Oscar, born
^Farch l,'l896; Yula. born Ai)ril -2.5. 1903; Eva, born Seiitember '28,
1906;Audra, born October 8. 1008,and Charley,born March 8,1911.
McClellan Staats and Laura Atkins were married March 11, 1883.
'1\> this union were born the following children. John PCenna,
'.A_.J^.._-i^"' Jacob Staats. born March '28, 1884, and died
February 11, 190.5; Minnie May, born February -27, 188.5; unnamed
baby, born March 1.5, 1887, and died April l,'l887; Luther Lloyd, born
February 9, 1888. William Roy, born April 11, 189-2; Columbus, born
December 14, 189.5; Lloyd, born Mav 19, 1898; Cornelius, born in
the month of June, 1890, and died June 19, 189'2, and Ruby, born
July '28, 1903. Jacob Staats (twin brother of Isaac Staats) and Eliza
Johns were married September '25, 189.5. To this union were born
the following children. Tressie, born Sej^tember 17, 1898; Glen C,
born June 3, 1901; Bessie, born Xovember '24, 1903; Joe, born
December 17, 1907; Mary, born Xovember 14. 1910, and Roy, born
January 30, 1913, Jacob Staats was assessor of Jackson county,
West Virginia, for one term. IFis picture is given elsewhere in this
book. Isaac Staats (twin brother of Jacob Staats) and Ida Ryan were
married October 31, 189.5. To this union were born the following
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8G Gexealoc;v of tiif. Starts Family cliildron. Cecil, born

January 1-2, 1807; Tlcnvard 1)., l)orn June '■21, 18f)!): Wanula,
i)orn January 11. 19i)-2: Ocvil B., horn June -K l!)()t'; E. Harlan,
horn January 1-2, 1J)()7; Leslie, horn January -27, lOU. Anna Staats
married Mareellus Khodes. To this union was horn the following-
three ehildn-n. l)c)l>ert. h.jrr. ?.iay 11, 1891; Clidc, l)orn Scptoi.-ber
8, 1897, and Cortla, horn Septenihf>r -:8, HILL FAMILY. The Hill
family, deserihed helow, is a branch of the West \'irginia Staats
family. LLmnah E. Staats was a daughter of Calvin Staats, a
granddaugliter of Elijah Staats, and great-granddaughter of Abraham
Staats, the founder of the \Yest Virginia branch of the Staats family,
[The fol!
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CiLXEALOGY OF TIIK StAATs FaMILY 87 year 18.56. and

married William Dempsee Board, wlio was l)orii in lS5'-2. T(i tliis
union \Nere born ei^uht children. David F.. now deceased; Le\i M.;
Anna B.. married Morehead; Fnda II., married Fowler; Mau'iiie M..
married Douglass; Jinna E.. marri(>d Ingold. Bonnie i> sinjile and at
]'>resent em])loyed in Ihe time »)ffice of tho B. F. Goodrich Tire &:
Kuhbt-r (Company at Akron. Ohio. PJarthy E.. now deceaseil. Mr. and
]Mrs. Board were still li\-inij;. Tiiey reside near lleedy, Roane county.
West X'irginia, on a farm. Here they are held in hiuii esteem by their
neighljors and are considered among the best citizens of their
communitv. THE clei:k fa^iily. The Cleek family is a division of the
West Virginia bramli of tlie Staats family as sliowii belo^v. [The data
civen here was collected by Miss Jessie Cleek. a member of this
family. — 11 ahold Staat.^.I Sarah S. Staats, daughter of Mark
Staats and granddaughter of Abraham Staats, the founder of the
West Virginia branch of the Staats family, was born June '■20, 1855.
Married F. 'SI. Cleek, October >28. 187.5. To this union was born
seven children. ^Nlelvin L., Ruby v., Oda H., Delia E., Xorma M., Nina
M., and Jessie F. ]Mr. Cleek served during the Civil war in Co. F. 7th
Regiment, W. Va. Volunteer Cavalry. He died July 16, 1917. ^Nlelvin
L. Cleek was born September 10. 1870. Married Sadie Tliormbury in
FelM'uary, 1906. Mr. Cleek is by trade an electrician. Ruby V. Cleek
was born Septemljer "li, 1878. ^Vas a school teaclier until her
marriage to Andrew P. Bayer, August '2^2, 1900. To this union was
born seven children. Roma E., born June 8, 1901; J. Arnold, born
June 13, 1903; Darrell E., born April 28, 190.5; Sylvia .v., born March
31, 1907; Beatrice M., born August 24, 1909; Francis P.. born August
24, 1912, and Ray A., born May 28, 191.5. .Oda^ H. Cleek was born
August 14,' 1880. Married Walter Horn, September 21, 1901. Six
children were born to this union. These are Freda A., born June 29,
1902, now teaching school near Fairmont, West Virginia; Henry D.,
born Se])tember 23, 190.5, now a junior in the Ripley high school,
Ripley, W. Va.; Hazel D., born June 12, 1908; Harold E)., born August
28, 1910; Melvin F., born November 1, 1912, and Otwell, born
January 8, 1915. Delia E. Cleek was born June 17, 1884. Married
Leonard Fisher, November 25, 1904. The following children were
born to this union. I^ertha J., born December 9, 1900; Ohla, born
December 9, 1900; Glen W., born January 25, 1913; Jessie M., born
Auyust 2, 1915, and William C, born December 31. 1917. Norma M.
Cleek was born December 0, 1889. Is a graduate of C. C. C. college
and a school teacher by occuijation. Nina M. Cleek was born
Deceml)er 6, 1889. Norma and Nina are twins. Nina M. Cleek
married Oakey Thomas. To this union was born the following
children. Emmons Thomas, born February 24, 1909; Edwin Thoniiis.
l)orn June 8, 1911; Eubert, born May 0, 1913, and died in
November, 1914; Fredri -k D.." October 3, 1919.
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88 (iKXKALOGV OK TIIH StAATS FaMILY Jessie E. Clock was

l)i)rii Sc|)ten]l)cr "2.'), ISOl. Is a gratjuate of C C. C. college and a
school teacher by occupation. Mark Edgberl ('leek was horn ^Jay 1,
ISS'2. ^Married TIuMa Trinney in December, 1908. To tliis union has
i)een l>i)rn one child, Francis Cleek, who was born Xovenii:er "27.
1910. STE^^ Airr family. [TIr- fiillowiiii,' diL-tated to uie l)y Mrs.
Mary Staats Stewart, of Ixipley. ^^'. \'a. — IIaf((>li) Staats.] ^Nlary
'SI. Staats, daugliter of Calvin Staats. granddaughter of Elijah Staats
and great-granddaughter of Abraham Staats, the founder of the
West A'irginia branch of the Staats family, was born Jainiary 13, ISo'-
i, and man-ied Xatlian !M. Stewart (born December 9, 18.50)
January .5, 1871. To tliis union was born the following children.
Bertha M.. Evelyn F., Walter, Caroline A., Sarah ('., Mary J., antl
Georgia I. Bertlia ^NI. Stewart married Charley C. Stone,
Sej>tember 13, 1888. To this union was born two children, Floyd,
who married Georgia Lewis, and Frederick. Evelyn Stewart married
George Rankins October '26, 1890. To this union was born (?lark,
who died in infancy; Edna, who is now married; Lloyd, who died at
the age of one year; Dora, Walter, and Marie. ^^'alter Stewart was
born June 10, 1875 and died single February 1.5, 1900. Was
telegraph operator by trade. Caroline Stewart married Allen Tucker,
June "28, 190.5. Xo children have been born to this union. They live
at Gary, Ind. Sarali Stewart married Charles Barnliart September -2,
1900. Tlicy YivQ at Bever, Pennsylvania. To this union was born
Walter C, who was an ensign in the U. S. Xavy during the recent
World war; Theodore, Raymond, Carl, Mary. Ruth, and Isabel, who
died at the age of about one year. Mary J. Stewart married Elmer
Sayre, of Evans, September '2, 1900. To this union has been born
Wilmer, Williard, Josephine, Opal, and Clayton. Miss Williard Sayre is
a prominent young woman of her community and one of the most
prominent school teachers of Jackson county. West \'irginia. Her
second school which she taught at Oak Hill, West N'irginia, was a
great success. Georgia Stewart married Clyde Tucker, September 19,
1907. They have one daughter, Marie. Births of children of X. ]M.
Stewart from Bil)le. Bertha M. Stewart, born September '2~2, 187-2;
Evelyn F. Stewart, born January 25, 1873: Walter Stewart, born June
15, 1875, died Feb. 5, 1900, single; Caroline A. Stewart, born
February 3, 1878; Sarah C. Stewart, born April 18, 1880; INlary J.
Stewart.' born February 23, 1883; Georgia I. Stewart, born August 3,
188G.
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 GEXK.\or,(n' or the Staats Family SO RKYXOLDS FAMILY.
The Jackson county, Wt-st \"irjiini;i, I)rancli of Ihe Reynolds family,
described below, is cunnecled with the West Virginia branch of the
Staatsffaniily. [Thf f(>!li)\viiig «l;if;i retrardiiis: tliis family v.as u'iven
hy Mr. AMlliani l{ryn(>I(i>, cue of if< i!icinbor>. — IIauoi.d Staat.i.]
James Mark Reynold-- and INliss Clora Alice Wright were married in
the year 1!M)(). To tliis union was born May ^2S, 1901, a son,
William Roose\-e1t Reynolds. ^Ir. James M. Reynolds and Mrs. Clora
Alice Wriuht Reynolds were divorced at a later date. Mr. Reynolds
married for a second wife, Miss Cora Casto. To this union was liorn
four children. Floyd. Lena and two other dauchters. J. M. Reynolds is
a steel worker at Charleston. West Virginia. His former wife, !Miss
Clora Reynolds, is a seamstress. William Reynolds is, by trade, a
motion j)icture machine operator. He entered this industry at the age
of thirteen. Since then he has successfully held positions at both
Ripley and Charleston, West Virginia. THE KERWOOD FAMILY. The
Kerwood family is one of the pioneer families of West ^'irginia. The
ancestor of the Jackson county division of this family, Elias Kerwood,
came to this county several years ago. He married Miss Susan King,
daughter of P^lijah King, granddaughter of Isaac Cruisan, great-
granddaughter of Abraham Staats, the founder of the West Virginia
Branch of the Staats family. Their descendants are numbered among
the most prominent and best known citizens of tlieir respective
community. [Tlie fi^llowiiig outline of the Kerwood family is based on
data
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 90 Gkxealogy of the Staats Family' -lessie 1). I\er\v(H)d
was born Sepleuiltor ?. 1778. and married April o, 1805, Hon. E. L.
Stone, one of the nio.^t prominent and best known criminal lawyers
of West \'ir<:inia. to="" this="" union="" was="" born="" three=""
children.="" robert="" m.="" may="" and="" died="" october=""
u="" charles="" wilham.="" l="" lillian="" jnly="" otto=""
kerwood="" wa-="" december="">, 1889, and tlied December ^24,
189;). lovart F^dgar Kerwood \\as born June 10, 1881. and died
A[)ril It?, 1887. He was killed by a railroad tie falling on him in an
accident. Webster Perry Kerwood was born Angnst "20, 1883, and
married Lillian S. Sallier, April 18, 190(5. No children were born to
this union, but they have adopted a boy by the name of Samuel.
Coony J, Kerwood was born May a, 188.5, is single and at home.
John Kenna Kerwood was born March '24, 1887, and married Mis^
Winnie Casto. May 14, 1918. Two children, Jane Kathleen, born yi-Ry
4, 1919, and John Kenna, Jr.. born February '2.5, 1921, have been
born to this union. Mr. Kerwood was in service in the L'nited States
army during the war with Germany, or the World war. He has also
served his county as editor of the Mounia'mecr, a weekly Democratic
})aper j)ublished at liipley. West \ irginia, and postmaster of Rii)ley.
]\[r. Kerwood is now Post Commander of Jackson Post, Number 107,
West Virginia American Legions. Lore !Munroe Kerwood was born
January "23, 1889. V\'as in service during the World war. Dixie May
Kerwood was born September 9, 189^2, and married Harry C.
Hysell, December '20, 1917. To this union was l)orn one child, a
daughter named Helen Lee, who was born A])ril '2, 1919. Ellie Kid
Kerwood was born June 1'2, 1894, and died July 4, 1905. Edna Lee
Kerwood was Vjorn September 9, 1898. Married E. G. McGugin,
February 9, 1918. Kelly Kerwood married for a first wife Miss Emma
Crites and for a second one Kattie Smith. Xo children have been born
to either of these unions. John Kerwood married twice. His first wife
was Miss Dollie Rhodes and second one was Miss Atkins. They had
one son, Clyde, who is now dead. (See cut.) Charles Kerwood was
born in the month of September, 18(J6, and married Miss Ora L
rirue. One son, Howard, was born to this union. Howard Kerwood
was in service overseas during the World war. He spent several
months in France, Luxembourg, and Germany. Mr. Kerv.ood is now
assistant cashier of the First National Bank of Ri{)ley, and Adjutant
of Jackson Post Number 107, West Virginia American Legions. Mr.
Kerwood is one of the most popular and prominent young men of
Ripley, West Virginia. He is a virtuous young man possessing a
character and disposition to be admired by alL
The text on this page is estimated to be only 0.40%
accurate

fja/f i :y\ .;: !

 Gexealocjy of the Staats Fa.mily 91 Caroline A. Staats,
daughter of Elijah v.nd \'in Evans Staat?, was born Ocloher 3. 1S38.
r.e-r i::vans. "nV. Va., on tiie farm where li^T brv-.t licr, Eiias Staats.
now resides. Her mother died when she was young, leaving her as
her father's liousekceper for awhile. There being no free sehools at
that time and being eager for an edueation, she walked three miles
to the nearest subscription school, enduring many hardships which
the boys and girls of today know little about. At the age of sixteen
she went to Indiana to finish her education. ^Yh!le there she stayed
with her Aunt Lydia Lone', and attended school at Laporte. Indiana.
After attending school there two years she returned home and
taught se\eral terms of school. AVhen she was twenty-two she
marrietl G. S. M. Kim:. :i3P»55S-?r «»(S^.;^.iBg>T7«!r?ESM5a5'^?
W«i'b'W5»4«!-'ia ....s^ Clyde Kerwood. a promising young man, son
of Samuel R. and Mary Riley King. He also was a school teacher and
was sheriff of Jackson county, during the Civil war. As all officers of
the new state were ordered captured and taken to Richmond, he
was taken out near Charleston, but through the influence of friends
in the Confederate Army was released. Tiiese were trying times to
the young wife, but she stood nobly by her husband and by her
assistance and sympathy enabled him to perform faithfully the
dangerous and arduous duties that fell to his lot. His official duties
ended, he sold his property in Ripley and moved to their farm, a
tract of woodland, two and one half miles northwest of Ripley, and
by their untiring efforts bought and paid for over 800 acres of land,
clearing up the larger part of it. They thus became, in the truest
sense, pioneers of this section of the country. They were leading
people in their community and leaders in the
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.83%
accurate

92 Gkxkalogv of TiiK Sta.vts Family 31. E. church. Tiseir

home was the home of tlie travehng preachers for years. They
lielpod Iniild several chi:rcii!*.s of their own, as well as otiier
(ienomiaations. As a man, "His word was as good as his bond." In
spite of the many duties dt'volviufi- upon her. Mrs. Kiuir found time
to do considcral)le rcadinu' and at fifty-two graduated from the
Chautauqua Reading Circle, receiving a diploma therefrom. This was
the first diploma re.-eived hy any memher of the family. She was an
affectionate and devoted mother, and from a familv of ten children
six still sur\'i\-e. „-«Aaa«fetjag^-a-'.*.i
The text on this page is estimated to be only 1.50%
accurate

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