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Divining the Etruscan World The Brontoscopic Calendar
and Religious Practice 1st Edition Jean Macintosh Turfa
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Jean MacIntosh Turfa
ISBN(s): 9781107009073, 1107009073
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 5.99 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
D i v i n i n g t h e E t ru s c a n Wo r l d

The Etruscan Brontoscopic Calendar is a rare document of omens foretold by ­thunder.

It long lay hidden, embedded in a Greek translation within a Byzantine treatise from the
age of Justinian. The first complete English translation of the Brontoscopic Calendar,
this book provides an understanding of Etruscan Iron Age society as revealed through
the ancient text, especially the Etruscans’ concerns regarding the environment, food,
health, and disease. Jean MacIntosh Turfa also analyzes the ancient Near Eastern
sources of the calendar and the subjects of its predictions, thereby creating a picture
of the complexity of Etruscan society reaching back to before the advent of writing
and the recording of the calendar.

Jean MacIntosh Turfa is Rodney Young Fellow in the Mediterranean Section of the
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and Adjunct
Professor of Classics and Ancient Studies at St. Joseph’s University, Philadelphia. She
has published catalogs of collections of Etruscan antiquities and articles on Etruscan
art, seafaring, votive offerings, and divination and medicine.
apasi atialc alcsentresc,
cen zic zichu turce
D ivining the Etruscan
World
The Brontoscopic Calendar
and Religious Practice

Jean MacIntosh Turfa

The University of Pennsylvania Museum
of Archaeology and Anthropology
cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,
Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City
Cambridge University Press
32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107009073

© Jean MacIntosh Turfa 2012

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2012

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data

Turfa, Jean MacIntosh, 1947–
Divining the Etruscan world : the brontoscopic calendar and religious
practice / Jean MacIntosh Turfa.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-1-107-00907-3 (hardback)
1. Etruscans – Religion. 2. Omens. 3. Calendar, Greek. 4. Astronomy, Greek.
5. Lydus, Johannes Laurentius, 490 ca. 565. De ostentis. I. Title.
bl813.e8t87 2012
299′.9294–dc23   2011040848

isbn 978-1-107-00907-3 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not
guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments page vii

Abbreviations xiii

I. Bac kground

1. The Brontoscopic Calendar and

Its Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. Etruscan Religion in the Classical World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3. An Ominous Time: Thunder, Lightning,

Weather, and Divination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

I I . T he Bron to sc opic C al e n da r :
G ree k T e x t and E nglish T ranslation

di a r i u m ton it rua l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3

tran sl ation of th e et ru scan

bron to scopic c a l e n da r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

I I I . T hematic A nalysis of the E truscan

Bron to sc opic C al e n da r

4. Analysis of the Brontoscopic Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

5. Weather, Fauna, Agriculture, Pests:

“Reptiles will trouble habitations” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

6. Health and Disease: “Plague, but not

exceptionally life-threatening” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

v
vi * Contents

7. The Society of the Brontoscopic Calendar:

“The women and the slaves will carry out
assassinations” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

I V. S ources and Successors of the

E truscan Bron to sc opic C al e n da r

8. Mesopotamian Influences and Near Eastern

Predecessors of the Etruscan Brontoscopic
Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

9. Other Brontoscopia in the Classical Tradition . . . . . . 278

10. Conclusion: Assessing the Etruscan Brontoscopic

Calendar and Its Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Appendix A. Texts Relating to the Study of Etruscan Religion 315

Appendix B. Sample Mesopotamian Documents and Additional Data 326
Appendix C. Other Brontoscopia in the Classical Tradition: Sample
Texts with English Translation 339
Timeline of Personages, Cultural Phases, and Historical Periods 351
Glossary 355
Bibliography 359
Index 399
Images Relating to the Society Portrayed in the Etruscan
Brontoscopic Calendar follow page xvi.
Preface and Acknowledgments

In covering the topics of this book, my research paralleled the situation of

our knowledge of the Etruscans in general – we do not see them through
their own eyes but always through a filter of other cultures’ slanted percep-
tion, rather like an archaeological excavation in which we must sift through
later layers to reach the Iron Age. Our only literary sources for Etruria are the
Greek and Latin authors, and an unbiased, annalistic history of the Etruscans
was never their intention. For the Greeks, Etruscans were hostile aliens who
sought to bar their merchants from profits and their colonists from claiming
land – and the Etruscans’ success at both cemented the negative stereotypes.
For the Romans, Etruria was even darker – alien yet not utterly, for even in the
eighth to seventh centuries bc, plenty of Latin, Faliscan, and other families
had Etruscan in-laws, patrons, or allies.
Denigrate them as treacherous and your own betrayals may be justified,
encapsulate them as doughty warriors and your victories over them mean
more, or relegate them to a position of alleged respect and usefulness – when
their official function may be subjugated to the Roman state. The Etruscans
became identified as the people with the best religious techniques, who
bequeathed to the Romans their rituals for founding cities, communicating
with the gods, and expiating sins. Seen through the eyes of Cicero or Seneca,
they have fallen to the level of the imaginary Native Americans who were
claimed as “spirit guides” for nineteenth-century parlor séances. And the
Brontoscopic Calendar, by its oracular phrasing and topic of divination, could
support this viewpoint on Etruscan religion.
By the last days of Etruscan political autonomy – or their independent cul-
tural identity – that is, the first half of the first century bc, the Brontoscopic
Calendar was so little known that Publius Nigidius Figulus, a respected friend
of Cicero, felt the need to make it accessible to a broader segment of Roman
intellectuals by translating it into Latin. He must have known that a number
of worthy men of letters would (a) be interested in it and (b) be incapable of
reading it in the original Etruscan. The Latin document he created must have
vii
viii * Preface and Acknowledgments

circulated, even after Figulus’ untimely death in 45 bc while in exile, after hav-
ing supported Pompey in the Civil War. It must have been copied, because five
centuries later a text of it reached the desk of one of the few Latin secretaries in
Justinian’s Constantinople, John the Lydian. He translated the Latin document
into (Byzantine) Greek, presuming (like Figulus before him) that a wider audi-
ence awaited if the language were more accessible. Lydus’ treatise, De ostentis
(On Portents), in which the calendar text and other arcane works were embed-
ded, was disseminated and periodically cited by later scholars. In the meantime,
pagan apologists were holding up the etrusca disciplina, the teachings of Tages,
the strange child-prophet of earliest Etruria, as a foil to the Christian scriptures.
They were the words of the gods – divinely inspired revelations, brought to men
by a supernatural being – and they were scriptures written down at Tages’ dicta-
tion by a noble scribe, who was also founder of the new city, Tarquinii.
Through the modern period, intellectuals with political goals have often
retrieved the Etruscans from perceived oblivion: when fascists held up the
prehistoric Terramare culture and the Roman Empire as models of a noble past
and justification for modern authoritarian regimes, D. H. Lawrence countered
with the color and freedom of the painted Etruscan tombs (of Tarquinia),
where smiling couples danced and feasted, in Etruscan Places. The alternative
of a goose-stepping militaristic state could never compare to that.
Back to antiquity: Figulus, Caecina, Tarquitius Priscus, and other scholars
from the first century bc through the second century ad were salvaging and
publicizing selected texts or portions of the etrusca disciplina, but there were
already other texts and systems of divination in circulation. In the affluent and
educated circles of the Hellenistic Greek kingdoms, especially the Seleucid
and Ptolemaic spheres, and in the Roman Republic and Principate, people
were delving into the occult and all sorts of popular divination. The personal
horoscope today is probably the best-known legacy of this intellectual world.
But its roots tapped some of the same sources (no doubt via later cop-
ies) that the Iron Age Etruscans had experienced in the formulation of
the Brontoscopic Calendar: the venerable and vast divination literature of
Mesopotamia. Today, the best exemplars of these Mesopotamian texts are
known from the final dynasty of the Assyrian empire, the clay tablet librar-
ies of the Sargonid kings, especially the so-called library of Ashurbanipal at
Nineveh, preserved by the conflagration and collapse of the palace at the end
of the seventh century bc. The original cuneiform texts may be traced back
through centuries of ongoing editing and augmentation to (at least) the early
second millennium bc, and their ideology and topics stem from the third
millennium and the foundation of the great Sumerian cities: Uruk, Ur, Sippar,
Eridu, Babylon, and others. The first period of intensive codification – crys-
tallization – of these texts was around 1000 bc, and they testify to the devel-
opment of both scientific astronomy and astrology, of medical diagnosis, and
of the systematic study of natural phenomena and wonders.
Preface and Acknowledgments * ix

Several major works of Mesopotamian divination literature are known to

us, and portions of the great texts (some extending over dozens of clay tab-
lets) consulted by Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian scholars can be seen to
have surfaced in the Etruscan Brontoscopic Calendar: the Enūma Anu Enlil
on celestial events, the Šumma ālu on human activities, the Šumma izbu on
the omens of deformed births, and the Iqqur īpuš, a calendar-based compila-
tion of all the others.
The Etruscan document preserved by Figulus is not a slavish copy or excerpt
of the Mesopotamian texts – whoever produced it had thoroughly “digested”
the Mesopotamian literature and deleted all the references to phenomena
impossible in Italy, such as sesame crops, date palm plantations, scheming
crown princes, and war with the Amorites or Elamites. The composer(s) of
the Etruscan text grafted on many references to situations and topics that
would only have been applicable in Iron Age Etruria at that time, such as the
power of the common people or other urban social factions, and the men-
tion of fruits, nuts, pests, and diseases found in Italy rather than the Near
East. Other references to “the women and slaves” evoke a society different
from those of the Italic peoples or Greeks, but women and slaves certainly do
appear in Mesopotamian legal documents. There, however, divination texts
do not refer to them with the same tone or situations as found in the Etruscan
Brontoscopic Calendar.
But the Mesopotamian source texts used by the unknown Etruscan
author(s) had already attained, and would continue to enjoy, a life of their
own, spawning many divergent successors. Mesopotamian divination litera-
ture was still being copied and annotated in the Near East and Levant through
the Seleucid period (in cuneiform tablets and Aramaic papyri), and readers
of the Hellenistic and Roman worlds delved into those later editions again
and again, emerging with the stuff of personal horoscopes, fortune-telling
texts, farmers’ almanacs, and also brontologia and seismologia, the terms by
which texts of divination by thunder and earthquake, respectively, were cited
in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Sometimes, over the next millennium,
the thunder-omens and earthquake lore were attributed to past prophets,
from Zoroaster to David and Enoch, and a few works even recalled Tages
and scholars with Etruscan names. These brontoscopic documents were also
copied during the Byzantine Middle Ages, and a large corpus, showing much
cross-fertilization ever since the Seleucid and Ptolemaic period, was compiled
over the nineteenth to twentieth centuries and published as the Catalogus
codicum astrologorum graecorum (CCAG) by Cumont, Boll, and subsequent
generations of scholars from 1898 to 1953. Yet another such scripture sur-
faced when scholars analyzed fragments of papyrus scrolls discovered in the
Qumran Caves.
It seems that Seleucid and Ptolemaic Greco-Syrians and Greco-Egyptians,
Roman scholars with political ambitions, and Palestinian scholars writing
x * Preface and Acknowledgments

in Aramaic all accessed the stream of Mesopotamian divination literature and

created from it their own, shorter, and usually more narrowly focused, docu-
ments. The lore, especially the astrological/astronomical texts, had a signifi-
cant impact on thought as far away as India and China – just as, in its first
heyday, in the second to first millennia bc, the literature had been copied and
translated in the kingdoms of the Hittites, Syrians, Urartians, Canaanites, and
Persians. The Mesopotamian tradition was like the fountain of Apsu, living
water always surging underground beneath the feet, there to be dipped into
when the next generation of sages was ready to appreciate it.
I hope I have offered evidence to prompt a(nother) reassessment of the
deep Near Eastern roots, not just of this text, but of political, social, and eco-
nomic developments in Etruria, for which we have long known the tangible
symbols – such as scepters, thrones, and parasols, and a wealth of narrative
and floral art.
There is a greater issue here too in the epistemology or metaphysics of the
study of ancient religion that cannot be resolved in this book. We moderns
today do not follow Etruscan or Roman religion as a personal belief system. We
may therefore excuse our cynicism on grounds of our greater enlightenment.
But there in the ruins of Ashurbanipal’s palace, in the clay tablets painstakingly
collected and archived, is the proof that a deep-seated religious tenet had been
taken over piecemeal by Etruscans from an alien culture – and so how could
it be a direct revelation from the gods? Probably no one in Figulus’ day was
really aware of that deep Mesopotamian heritage or able to judge it: a Ptolemaic
scholar might have noticed similarities between horoscope predictions and the
Brontoscopic Calendar, but he or she could have ascribed it to the truth of divine
revelations. We might see the adoption and adaptation of Mesopotamian texts
as a sort of duplicity at the heart of the religion of the Etruscans, the “most reli-
gious of all men” (Livy 5.1.6) – but would they have felt the same way?
But the etrusca disciplina was also, especially, the province of the elite,
kept, as far as we can tell, by aristocratic priestly families and shared at their
discretion. Presumably it was cited as the reason why things in the Etruscan
city were done the way they were done. Some of the special features of the
calendar furnish evidence for determining that it was created in the eighth
to seventh centuries bc, in Etruria, but with input from someone skilled in
Mesopotamian divination and in the use of Akkadian tablet texts or per-
haps Aramaic or other translated versions of the great works of Assyrian and
Babylonian religion. It would have taken only a single family, a single man (or
woman) to work with a Near Eastern scholar trained in the divination texts,
to produce the original of the text used by Figulus.
By making the Etruscan Brontoscopic Calendar accessible (in English) to a
wider group of readers who are probably not familiar with Byzantine Greek
or Golden Age Latin, I acknowledge a responsibility to suggest some sensible
modes of interpretation for it.
Preface and Acknowledgments * xi

Chapter 1 is an introduction to the study of this unusual document, and

Chapter 2 provides background on Etruscan religion and its scriptures
and their impact on Republican Rome. The reader may then want to refer
to Appendix A, which offers excerpts from Classical sources (with English
translations) for our knowledge of Etruscan and Roman beliefs and rituals.
Chapter 3 covers the environment and climate of Iron Age Italy and ancient
perceptions on weather phenomena: a text on divination by thunder(storm)
could not have appeared at a more opportune time to exert strong influence
on the people of early historic Italy. The Greek text and my English transla-
tion follow, the first English version of this rare text (the preliminary version
of my translation was presented in 1999 at the Sixth Langford Conference
of Florida State University and appeared in the resultant book, The Religion
of the Etruscans, edited by de Grummond and Simon, 2006). Chapters 4
through 7 analyze the content of the Brontoscopic Calendar and discuss the
environment of Iron Age and Archaic Etruria as related to the concerns of
life on the land and the hopes and fears of the people who used this unique
divination tool (especially food, safety, health, and society). Chapter 8 dis-
cusses the Near Eastern sources of such divination, and Appendix B furnishes
samples of the Akkadian divination texts that were the inspiration for many
of the omen predictions found in the Etruscan document. Chapter 9 surveys
other brontoscopic treatises, all dated later than that recorded by Figulus, and
all demonstrably derived from the Hellenistic and Roman-period literature of
pop-culture astrology and personal divination. Appendix C gives examples of
their Greek texts with English translations. (There are many points of com-
parison between the society of Late Republican Rome and our own, including
a large literate population with leisure time for studies and the curiosity to
clamor for convenient fortune-telling as a substitute for cultic wisdom and
communal ritual.)
The Etruscans gave the Western world the tie-beam truss without which
the basilica and modern housing could not function, the foresail on merchant
clippers that enabled the Romans’ bread-and-circuses lifestyle, the “Latin”
alphabet and “Roman” numerals, and a wealth of art and technology, much of
it indeed derived from other cultures but all funneled to us through Etruria.
We will never know the full extent of the Etruscan legacy – it probably includes
many elements of Western statecraft, the status of women, and popular medi-
cine and beliefs. My study here will point out some of their earlier sources and
some of their unique situation and perceptions.

Acknowled gments
I am particularly indebted to Ingrid Edlund-Berry, Stephanie Budin, and my
husband, Alexander F. Turfa, for kindness and help in the preparation of this
book.
xii * Preface and Acknowledgments

I am indeed grateful to a great number of scholars, colleagues, and friends

for help far beyond the call of duty or friendship, editorial assistance, dis-
cussions, references, shared results of research, acquisition of books, articles,
and more. Each favor – or rescue – is unique. So many have there been that
I must name them alphabetically; each contribution has meant so much:
Laura Ambrosini, Maria Paola Baglione, Gilda Bartoloni, Hilary Wills Becker,
Marshall Becker, Cecilia Beer, Jon Berkin, Claudio Bizzarri, Larissa Bonfante,
Dominique Briquel, Ann Blair Brownlee, Jim Burr, Jennifer Chiappardi,
Nancy de Grummond, Dick Ellis, Adriana Emiliozzi, Valentina Follo, Erlend
Gehlken, Sarah Gettys, Margarita Gleba, Jean Gran-Aymerich, Anne Guinan,
Marie-Laurence Haack, Rick Hamilton, Adrian Harrison, Susan Jones, Peter
Kuniholm, Lesley Lundeen, Jodi Magness, Lynn Makowski, Eileen Markson,
Janet Monge, Albert Nijboer, Carl Nylander, Annette Rathje, Cynthia Reed,
David Romano, Brian Rose, Francine Sarin, Phil Schmitz, Darby Scott, Erika
Simon, Stephan Steingräber, Alwin G. Steinmayer, Simonetta Stopponi, Judith
Swaddling, L. Bouke van der Meer, and Don White.
Abbreviations

CAD The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the

University of Chicago
CCAG   Cumont, Boll et al. 1898–1953. Catalogus codicum astrologorum
graecorum. Brussels. (1889–1911)
CIE Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum. Leipzig and Florence. (1893–)
ES E. Gerhard, Etruskische Speigel, vols. 1–4. Berlin. (1843–1867)
ET H. Rix et al., Etruskische Texte. Editio minor. I: Einleitung,
Konkordanz, Indices; II: Texte. Tübingen. (1991)
Provenance: Ad – Adria; Af – Africa; AH – Ager Hortanus;
Ar – Arretium; AS – Ager Saenensis; AT – Ager Tarquiniensis;
AV – Ager Vulcentanus; Cl – Clusium; CM – Campania;
Co – Cortona; Cr – Caere; Cs – Corsica; Cy – Cyprus;
Fa – Falerii et Ager Faliscus; Fe – Felsina; Fs – Faesulae;
La – Latium; Li – Liguria; LL – Liber linteus Zagrabiensis;
Na – Gallia Narbonensis; NU – Nummi; OA – Inscriptiones
Originis Australis; OB – Inscriptiones Originis Borealis; OI –
Inscriptiones Originis Ignotae; Pa – Padana; Pe – Perusia; Po –
Populonia; Ru – Rusellae; Sa – Sabina; Si – Sicilia; Sp – Spina;
Ta – Tarquinia; TC – Tabula Capuana; Um – Umbria et Ager
Gallicus; Vc – Vulci; Ve – Veii; Vn – Vetulonia; Vs – Volsinii;
Vt – Volaterrae
REE Rivista di Epigrafia Etrusca, appearing continuously in Studi
Etruschi

xiii
Images Relating to the Society
Portrayed in the Etruscan Brontoscopic
Calendar
Part I
Background
Chapter 1
The Brontoscopic Calendar and Its
Transmission

A R e m a r k a b l e D o c u m e n t, A l b e i t T h i r d - H a n d
More than once, an entire culture has been eliminated, or overwhelmed by a
conqueror, and its literature and memories lost to posterity. To recover some
lost remnant of a people’s beliefs and expressions is a rare privilege, and it
appears that one such window of opportunity has opened onto the religious
teachings for which Etruscans were famed. Preserved in the manuscript of
a short book on omens, De ostentis (On Portents), published by Johannes
Lydus (“John the Lydian”) in Justinian’s Constantinople, is a precious example
of Etruscan sacred scripture, even though it is not recorded in the Etruscan
language. The (Byzantine) Greek edition, Εϕήμερος Βροντοσκοπία, which
appears at De ostentis 27–38, is the only surviving text of an Etruscan divina-
tory calendar. It had previously been published in Latin by Publius Nigidius
Figulus (fr. 83 in Swoboda 1889), a respected contemporary of Cicero. If
its original-language text had survived, it would be the longest coherent
Etruscan document extant, because so few Etruscan texts even have complete
sentences or multiple lines of comment on the same topic. No trace of the
Etruscan original has yet been found, but Lydus, taking his cue from Figulus,
implied that it was of great antiquity, a part of the Etruscan religious disciplina
dictated by the legendary prophet Tages, he himself understood to have lived
during the protohistoric Iron Age, probably the ninth to eighth centuries bc.
Figulus’ Latin translation was available in sixth-century ad Constantinople
when Lydus converted it into contemporary Greek language, making it much
more accessible to his fellow citizens in the Eastern Empire. Today, only his
Byzantine Greek text remains.
Organized into twelve months, beginning in June, the calendar had func-
tioned as a reference table for priests interpreting the phenomenon of “thun-
der,” a loud noise heard in the heavens (with or without storms). Embedded
in it is a wealth of social, agricultural, religious, and medical information. The
stratified society of the calendar is composed of urban factions that include
3
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(duke, -ess 2)] du'chy (-tshi), n. Territory of reigning duke or
duchess ; royal dukedom of Cornwall or Lancaster, each with certain
courts of its own. [f. OF duche f. LL ducatus (dux duke, -ate *)]
duck.1, n. (pi. often duck collective ; also -s). Kinds of swiinining-
bird, esp. the domesticated form of the mallard or wild-d. (like d. in
thunderstorm, with upturned eyes, looking flabbergasted, faint. &c. ;
like water off d.'s back, producing no effect ; take to anything like d.
to water ; fine day for young dd., rainy weather ; latne cl., disabled
person, defaulter on Stock Exchange ; in two shakes of d.'s tail, in
an instant); female of this (cf. drake-); its flesh; darling (esp. in voc),
whence du*ck.Y3 n. ; (Cricket; also d.'s-egg) batsman's score of 0;
Bombay d., bummalo; d. & drake, game of making flat stone skip
along water (make dd. & drakes of, play dd. &c. with, squander) ; d.-
bill, red wheat, also =d. -billed platypus or ornithorhynchus ; d.-
hawk, marsh harrier; d.-shot, of size for shooting wild d. ;
duckweed, plant that carpets surface of still water. Hence
du'ekLiXGa(2) n. [OE duce cogn. w. foil.] duck 2, v.i. & t. , & n.
Plunge, dive, dip head, under water & emerge ; bend quickly, bob,
to avoid blow &c. or by way of bow or curtsy ; plunge (person &c.)
momentarily in water, or abs., whence du*ckiNG1(l) n. ; lower
(head) suddenly ; (n.) quick dip below water in bathing, or lowering
of head. [ME d(o)uke f . OE *ducan com.-WG cf. G tauchen] duck3,
n. Strong untwilled linen or cotton fabric for small sails & outer
clothing esp. of sailors ; (pi.) trousers of this. [prob. f. Du. doeck = G
tuch cloth] du'eker \ n. Kinds of diving-bird, esp. dabchick & water-
ouzel, [duck 2, -er j] du'ckep2, n. Breeder of ducks, [duck1, -er1]
duct, n. Conduit, tube, for conveying liquid ; tube or canal in body
conveying chyle, lymph, or secretions (named from function, as
biliary d., or from discoverer, as Eustachian d., dd. of Bellini) ; vessel
of plant's vascular tissue holding air, water, &c. Hence du'etLESS a.
[f. L d uctus leading, aqueduct (ducere duct- lead)] du'ctile, a. (Of
metals) malleable, flexible, not brittle, (in technical use) capable of
being drawn out into wire, tough ; plastic (of clay &c, or of person or
character), pliable, tractable, docile. Hence duetrliTY n. [F, f. L
ductilis (ducere see prec, -il)] dude, n. (U.S. slang; fern, dudi'ne pr. -
en). Fastidious aesthetic person, often imitating English speech,
dress, & manners ; dandy, swell. Hence du'diSH 1 a. [?] dudgeon
(du'jn), n. Resentment, feeling of offence, (usu. ind.). [etym. dub. ;
obs. dudgeon hilt may be same word or notl dud(h)ee*n (dob), n.
dr.). Short clay pipe. [?] duds, n. pi. (slang). Clothes. [?] due1, a. &
adv. Owing, payable, as a debt or obligation (fall, become, d., as bill
reaching maturity) ; that ought to be given to person (first place is
d. to Milton, it is d. to him to say), merited, appropriate, (has his d.
reward), rightful, proper, adequate (after d. consideration), to be
looked for, calculated or foreseen (in d. time) ; to be ascribed to
cause, agent, &c. (the difficulty is d. to our ignorance ; the discovery
xs d. to Newton ; the advl use for owing, as / came late d. to an
accident, is incorrect) ; under engagement to do something (is d. to
speak tonight) or to arrive at certain time (train d. at 7.30, already d.
& over-d.) ; (adv., of points of compass) exactly, directly, (went d.
east, a d. N. wind), [f. OF deii (p.p. of devoir owe) f. LL dcbutus for L
debitus (debere owe)] due2, n. Person's right, what is owed him,
(give one, esp. the devil, his d., not be unjust to him, even though
he deserves little or is no friend) ; what one owes (pay one's dd.) ;
(usu. pi.) toll, fee, legally demandable (harbour, light, tonnage, dd.) ;
(Xaut.) for a full d., for good, thoroughly, completely, [f. prec] du-el,
n., & v.i. (-11-). Fight with deadly weapons between two persons, in
presence of two seconds, to settle quarrel (the d., duelling & its code
of rules) ; any contest between two persons, animals, parties,
causes ; hence du*el1ist(1) n. (Vb) fight d. [F, f. med.L sense of
archaic L duellum (duo two) orig. form of bellum war ; for duel- bel-
cf. bis] due'nna, n. Elderly woman acting as governess & companion
in charge of girls (orig. & esp. in Spanish family); chaperon, [f. Sp.
duciia f. L domina mistress] due't, -tt, n. Musical composition for two
voices or instruments ; (fig.) dialogue, scoldingmatch ; pair, couple.
Hence due'ttiST(l) m [f. It. duetto dim. cf duo duet f. ~Lduo two]
duff1, n. (Dial. &c. for) dough ; PLUM-d. duff2, v.t. (slang). Fake up
(goods), give look of newness &c. to, (duffing, counterfeit) ;
(Austral.) steal & alter brands on (cattle), [perh. back-formation f.
duffer] du'ffel, du'ffie, n. Coarse woollen cloth with thick nap ;
sportsman's, camper-out's, change of clothes. [Duffel in Brabant]
du'ffep, n. One who sells trash as valuable, pretending it to be
smuggled, stolen, &c. ; pedlar, hawker ; faker of sham articles ;
counterfeit coin, picture, &c. ; unproductive mine ; thing of which no
use can be made ; inefficient, useless, or stupid person, [etym. dub.
; first sense a century older than last, & than duff2] dug*1, n. Udder
of female mammals, also teat, nipple, (not now used of women exc.
contempt.), [cf. Sw. dxgga suckle] dug-2. See dig1. du*g"ong,,n.(pl.
often dugong). Large herbivorous mammal of Indian seas. [f. Malay
duyong] du*g*-out, n. Canoe made by hollowing treetrunk ; rough
dwelling, excavation in bank roofed with canvas or turf, [dig J] duke,
n. (Hist.) provincial military commander under later Roman
emperors; (bibl.) chief of tribe ; (in some parts of Europe) sovereign
prince ruling duchy or small State ; (Gt Britain & some other
countries) person holding highest hereditary title of nobility outside
royal family (also royal d., d. who is also royal prince, with
precedence) ; dine with D. Humphrey ; kind of cherry ; (slang) hand,
fist. [f. F due f. L dux duels leader] du'kedom, n. Territory ruled by,
dignity of, duke, [-dom] Du'kepies, n. pi. District in Notts, containing
several ducal estates, [-ery] du'leet, a. Sweet, soothing, (esp. of
sounds), [f. F doucet dim. of doux f. L dulcis sweet] du'leiftr, v.t.
Sweeten, make gentle. Hence dulciFiCATiox n. [f. L dulcificare (dulcis
sweet, -fy) du'leimep, n. Musical instrument with strings of
graduated length over sounding board or box struck with hammers,
prototype
 DULCINEA 256 DUPE of piano, [f. OF doulcimer perh. f. L
dulce melos (not found in required sense) sweet tune] Duleine'a (or
-si *ma ), n. Idolized & idealized mistress, [name of Don Quixote's
mistress] dull, a., & v.t. & i. Slow of understanding, obtuse, stupid,
whence du'llARD n. ; (of ears, eyes, &c.) without keen perception;
(of inanimate things) insensible; (of pain &c.) indistinctly felt ;
sluggish, slow-moving, stagnant,
 DUPLEX 257 DUTY of; hence du'pABLE a.,dupaBi*LiTY,
du*per1, nn. [F, etym. dub.] du'plex, a. Of two elements, twofold,
(d. gas-burner, with two jets combining into one flame; d. lamp, with
two wicks). [L, gen. -plicis (duo two, plic- fold)] du'plicate x (-at), a.
& n. With two corresponding parts, existing in two examples ;
doubled, twice as large or many ; d. proportion, ratio, proportion of
squares in relation to that of their radicals ; exactly like a thing
already existing (of any number of copies or specimens). (N.) one of
two things exactly alike, esp. that made after the other ; second
copy, with equal legal force, of letter or document ; second copy of
bill drawn in two parts, second of exchange ; pawnbroker's ticket ;
one of two or more specimens of thing exactly or virtually alike ;
synonym ; exact correspondence between two things (made in d.).
[f. L as foil., -ate2] du'plicate2, v.t. Double, multiply by two ; make in
d., make exact copy of, produce copies of, whence du'plicatoR 2(2)
n. Hence duplica'tion n. [f. L duplicare (duplex, -ate3)] dupli'city, n.
Double-dealing, deceitfulness ; doubleness. [f. F duplicite" f. L
duplicitatem (DUPLEX, -TV)] dup'able, a. Lasting, not transitory ;
resisting wear, decay, &c. Hence dupaBi'LiT y, dup'ableNESs, nn.,
dup'abLY2 adv. [F, f. L durabi!is_(durare f. durus hard, -able)] dur'a
ma'ter, n. (anat.). Tough outer membrane enveloping brain & spinal
cord. [med.L, =hard mother, transl. of Arab, phrase] dup'ance, n.
Imprisonment (usu. in d. vile). [earlier sense endurance ; F (durer
last f. L durare see durable, -ance)] dupa'tion, n. Continuance in,
length of, time ; time for which thing continues, [obs. F, f. LL
durationem (prec, -ation)] dup'bap, n. Indian ruler's court; public
levee of Indian prince or Anglo-Ind. governor or viceroy, [f. Pers^ &
Hind, darbar court] dup'ess(e) (or dure's), n. Forcible restraint,
imprisonment ; compulsion, esp. imprisonment, threats, or violence,
illegally used to force person to do something (under d. ; plea of d.,
for voiding contract so made), [obs. F (-e), f. L durjJtia (durus hard,
-ESS2)] dup'ingr, prep. Throughout, at some point in, the
continuance of. [part, of obs. dure last, used in abs. construction
after F f. L ; L vita durante, OF vie durant, E life d. or d. life]
dup'mast, n. Kind of oak. [etym. dub. ; cf. mast fruit of forest tree]
durn, v.t. = darn 2. du*ppa,dh-,(ddb-), n. Indian millet, [f. Arab.
durah] dupst. See dare. dusk, n., a., & v.i. & t. Shade, gloom ;
darker stage of twilight. (Adj., poet.) shadowy, dim, dark-coloured,
whence du'skiSH1 a., & (in ordinary use) du'skv2 a., du'skiLv2 adv.,
du'skiNESS n. ( Vb, poet. ) become, look, make, dim or dark or
shadowy, [n. f. much earlier adj. ME dose f. OE dox, cf. Norw. dusk
mist] dust1, n. Finely powdered earth or other matter 1 yingon
ground or on surfaces or carried about in clouds by wind (shake off
the d. of one's feet, depart indignantly ; throw d. in one's eyes,
mislead him by misrepresentation or diverting attention from point ;
bite the d., fall wounded or slain) ; household refuse (dustbin, d.-
hole, receptacles for this ; dustman, scavenger who empties these) ;
pollen ; (with a) cloud of d. (what a d. !, a great d., make or raise
ad.); dead person's remains (honoured d. ; also in the d., dead) ;
the human body, man ; humiliation F.D. (humbled in, to, the d.);
confusion, turmoil, excitement, row, contest, (make, raise, a d. ; d.
& heat, the burden of a struggle) ; (slang) cash ; d.-brand, disease
of corn, smut ; d.-cloak, -coat, -gown, -wrap, -cloth, worn or put
over objects to keep off d. ; d.-colour, dull light brown ; d.-guard, in
machine, or on bicycle to protect dress ; dustman, =sandotow;
dustpan, into which d. is brushed from floor ; d.-shot, smallest-sized
shot. Hence du'stLESS a. [OE dust, cf. MDu. donst, & G dunst
vapour] dust2, v.t. & i. Sprinkle with d. or powder (intr., of birds,
take d.-bath ; d. the eyes of, deceive, take in); make dusty; sprinkle
(d., powder) ; clear of d. by brushing, wiping, or beating (d. one's
jacket, beat him); clear away (d. &c.T, clear furniture of d. [f. prec]
du'step, n. Cloth for dusting furniture &c. ; person who does this, [-
er *] du'sting", n. In vbl senses ; esp. (slang), thrashing, tossing in
storm at sea. [-ing *] du'sty, a. Full of, strewn with, finely powdered
like, dust ; dry as dust, uninteresting ; (slang) not so d., fairly good ;
d. miller, plant auricula, artificial fishing-fly. Hence du'stily2 adv.,
du'stiNESS n. [-Y 2] Dutch, a. & n. (Hist. ) of Germany including
Netherlands (High D., of Southern Germans, LowD., of Germans of
sea-coast, Netherlands, & Flanders) ; of the language or people of
Holland & Netherlands (D. school, of painters distinguished by
artistic treatment of everyday subjects ; the D., people of Holland &
Netherlands) ; coming from Holland, made or invented by the D., (D.
clock, chair, cheese, oven) ; characteristic of or attributed to the D.
(D. auction, courage). (N.) : (Hist) the German language in any of its
forms (High D., German ; Low I)., Low German including language ol
Holland & other northern varieties) ; language of Holland &
Netherlands (double D. , gibberish); [f. MDu. dutsch Hollandish,
Netherlandish, German, = G deutsch German, f. OHG diutisc popular,
vulgar, national, (diota people cf. OE thiod) : in E the sense has
narrowed f. Teutonic to Hollandish ; in G & Du., from Teutonic
toGerman] Du'tchman, n. (pi. -men, fern, -ivomanfHollander or
Netherlander (or I'm a D., Tni a D. if — , forms of positive &
negative asseveration) ; Dutch ship (Flying D., spectral ship, also
certain express train on G. W.R.). duteous, a. Dutiful, obedient, (of
person or conduct). Hence du'teousLY2 adv., du'teousness n. [duty +
-ous, cf. beatdeous] du'tiable, a. Liable to customs or other duties, [-
able] du'tiful, a. Regular or willing in obedience & service. Hence
du'tifulLY2 adv., du*tifulNESS n. [foil. + -ful] du'ty, n. Behaviour due
to superior, deference, expression of respect ; payment to public
revenue levied on import, export, manufacture, or sale, of goods
(customs, excise, dd.), transfer of property (death, probate,
succession, stamp, dd. ), licences, legal recognition of documents,
&c. (d. is levied on article or transaction, tax usu. on persons) ;
moral or legal obligation, what one is bound or ought to do (d. call,
visit one would rather not but feels bound to pay) ; binding force of
what is right ; business, office, function, performance of or
engagement in these (on, off, d., actually so engaged or not), (Eccl.)
performance of church services (tookmy d. for me) ; (Mech.)
measure of engine's effectiveness in units of work done per unit of
fuel; do d. for, serve or pass for (something else) ; d.-paid, -free, of
goods on which customs or 9
 DUUMVIR 258 EACH excise d. has been paid or is not
leviable. [AF duett (no corresp. F) see due l, -ty] duu'mvip, n. (pi. -s,
-i). Member of board of two equal officials. Hence duirmvirATE1 n.
[L, lit. man of the two] du'vet (F), n. Eider-down quilt. dux, n. (no
pi.). Top boy in class (chiefly Sc). dwarf (-awf), n., a., & v.t. Person,
animal, or plant, much below ordinary size of species, whence dwarf
ish1 a., dwar*fishLY2adv., dwap'fishNESS n.; small supernatural
being in esp. Scandinavian mythology skilled in metal-working. (Adj.)
undersized (in many plant names) ; puny, stunted. (Vb) stunt in
growth, or in intellect &c. ; make look small by contrast or distance.
(com.-Teut. ; OE dweorh, cf. Du. dwerg, G zwerg] dwell, v.i. (dwelt),
& n. Keep one's attention fixed, write or speak at length, (up)on
subject (d. xipon note, syllable, &c, prolong it) ; make one's abode,
spend one's time, live, in, at, near, on, &c. (now usu. live in talk) ;
(of horse) be slow in raising feet, pause before taking fence ; (n.,
mech.) slight regular pause for some purpose in motion of machine.
[OE divellan]ea,d astray, delay, be delayed, cf.OHG twellan retard,
MDu. dwellen stun ; also Skr. dhur mislead] dwe'ller, n. Inhabitant,
resident in, on, &c. ; horse that dwells at fence, [-er1] dwelling1, n.
In vbl senses ; also : place of residence, house ; d.-house, used as
residence, not as office, warehouse, &c. ; d.-place, - d. [-ing *]
dwi'ndle, v.i. Become smaller, shrink, waste away; lose importance,
decline, degenerate, [obs. dwine, OE dwinan, cf. OX dvina, Du.
verdwijnen, vanish, + -le(3)] dyad (-ad), n. The number two ; group
of two, couple; (Chem.) atom, radical, or element, with combining-
power of two atoms of hydrogen. Hence dya'dic a. [f. L f. Gk duas
■ad- (duo two, -ad)] dye1 (dl), n. Colour produced by or as by
dyeing, tinge, hue, (also fig., crime, scoundrel, of blackest, deepest,
d.) ; matter used for dyeing, colouring-matter in solution ; d.-stujf, -
ware, •wood, yielding d.; d.-house, -works, where dyeing is done.
lOE diag] dye2, v.t. & i. (dyed ; part, dyeing). Colour, stain, tinge ;
impregnate (tissue) with colouringmatter (d. in the xvool, in grain,
while material is in raw state, giving more permanent result); make
(thing) such a colour (d. cloth red, a rose colour, &c); (of material)
take colour well, badly, &c. [OE deagian (prec.)] dyer, n. One who
dyes cloth &c. (dyer's in many names of plants yielding dye, as d.'s
bugloss, broom, oak), [-er1] dying-, n. In vbl senses of die 2 ; esp.
(attrib.) connected with, at time of, death (d. bed, declaration, wish),
[-ing1] dyke. See dike. dyna'mie, a. & n. Of motive force (cf . static)
; of force in actual operation (cf. potential) ; active, potent,
energetic; of dynamics; (Med.) functional (cf. organic); (Philos.)
accounting for matter or mind as being merely the action of forces,
so dynamisM(3), dynamist1 [-IST(2)] (& see dynamics), nn. ; (n.)
energizing or motive force, [f. F dynamique f. Gk dunamikos
(dunamis power, -ic)] dyna'mieal, a. Of dynamics; of force or
mechanical power actively operative ; (Theol., of inspiration)
endowing with divine power, not impelling mechanically ; of
dvnamism (see prec). Hence dyna*miealLv2adv. [-al] dyna*mies, n.
pi. used as sing. Branch of physics treating of the action of force
(now including statics, which deals with equilibrium under action of
force, & kinetics formerly called d., which deals with force as
producing or affecting motion), whence dynamist 2 [-ist(3)] (& see
dynamic) n. ; branch (of any science) in which forces are considered
; moving forces, physical or moral, in any sphere, [-ics] dynamite, n.,
& v.t. High explosive of nitro-glycerine mixed with inert absorbent;
(vb) shatter with d. [Gk dunamis force, -ite] dynamiter, -ard, nn.
User of explosive esp. for revolutionary purposes. So dynamrtica,,
dynamitiSM(l), dynamitiST(l), nn. [prec, -er1 ; -ard after F
communard (-ard)] dynamo-, comb, form of Gk dunamis power, as
in d.-electric=oi current (formerly dynamic) electricity, also =
converting mechanical into electric energy. dynamo, n. (pi. -os).
Machine converting mechanical into electric energy by rotating coils
of copper wire in magnetic field, [short for d.-electric machine, see
prec] dynamo'meter, n. Kinds of instrument measuring energy
expended by animal, engine, or mechanical force ; gauge for
telescope's magnifying-power. [dynamo-, -meter] dy'nast, n. Ruler,
member of a dynasty, [f. LL f. Gk dunastes (dunamai be able)]
dynasty, n. Line of hereditary rulers. So dyna'stic a., dyna'stiCALLY
adv. [f. F dynastie f. LL f. Gk dunasteia lordship (prec)] dyne, n.
(physics). Unit of force (the amount that.acting for one second on
one-gramme mass, gives it velocity of one centimetre per second).
[F, f. st. of Gk dunamis force] dys-, pref. = Gk dus- bad-, opp. eu-
good-, chiefly in medical or other scientific words taken f. Gk or
made with Gk elements. dysentery, n. Disease with inflamed mucous
membrane & intestinal glands, griping pains, & mucous & bloody
evacuations. So dysente'ric a. [f. OF dissenterie f. L f. Gk dusenteria
(dys-, entera bowels)] dyslogi'stie (-j-), a. Disapproving,
opprobrious, (of sense in which term is used). Hence
dyslogi'stiCALLY adv. [dys- + (eu)logistic)] dyspepsia, -sy, n.
Indigestion, [f. L f. Gk dyspepsia (duspeptos see foil.)] dyspeptic, a.
& n. (Person) subject to or suffering from dyspepsia ; of or for
dyspepsia ; depressed, gloomy, (as) with dyspepsia, [f. Gk duspeptos
hard to digest (dys-, pesso cook, digest) + -ic] E E, e, (e), letter (pi.
Es, E's). (Mus.) note, & corresp. scale ; second-class ship in Lloyd's
register. Abbreviations (1) : east, as E.N.E., E. by N., (north), E.S.E.,
E. by S., (south), E., E.C. (central), London postal districts ; E.R. (et
I.), Edvardus Rex (et Imperator), Edward King (& Emperor); English,
as E.C.U. (Church Union) ; E. (& O.) E., errors (& omissions)
excepted ; e.g., exempli gratia, for example. Abbreviations (2): Ebor.,
Abp of York; Eccl(es)., Ecclesiastes ; Ecclus, Ecclesiasticus ; Eph.
(esians) ; Esth.(er) ; ete.(etera) ; exe.(ept) ; Exod.(us) ; Exon., Bp of
Exeter ; exor, exrx, executor, -trix ; Ezek.(iel). e-, pref. Shortened
form of ex-(1). each, a. & pron. (Of two or more) every (one) taken
separately, as e. man has two votes, e. of us has two votes, we have
two votes e., they cost a penny e., e. is worse than the one before ;
they hate e. other, e. hates the other ; sides of two triangles are
equal e. to e. (a side of one to the
 EAGER 259 EAST corresponding side of the other). [OE has
(1) xlc (cf. OHG eogilih,G jeglich) perh. i.*aiwon galiko ever alike, (2)
gehwilc (cf. OHG gihwelih, & see y- & which), (3) xghwilc (cf. OHG
eogihwelih, & see aye)] ea'gep, a. Full of keen desire ; strongly
desirous (to do, for, after, about, &c); (of passions &c.) keen,
impatient ; (archaic) e. (cold) air. Hence ea'g-ePLY2 adv., ea'g-
ePNESS n. [f. OF aigre keen, f. L acrem (norn. acer)] ea'gle, n. Large
bird of prey, with keen vision & powerful flight ; figure of this, esp.
as ensign of Roman or French arrny,or as lectern inchurch; (U.S.)
double-e., coin worth twenty dollars ; e.e yed, keen-sighted; e. -o
wl, largest European owl. [f. OF aiglc f. L aquila] ea*g*let, n. Young
eagle, [f. F aiglettc (as prec, see -et1)] eagre (a'ge?*, e-), n. Large
tidal wave, esp. in the Humber, Trent, and Severn. [?] -ean, suf. of
adjj. & nn.(also -aean,-cian), with sense 'of, belonging to, like'; = -
an w. end of stem, usu. Gk -ai(os), h-ae(us), or Gk -ei(os), L -ei{us)
; -aean chiefly in unfamiliar wds as Ascraean, Achaean ; -eian (apart
from Gk & L as Pompeian Sec.) is used w. E names in -cy, -y, as
Bodleian, Rugbeian ; -ean is pron. with e (Tacitean, empyrean), exc.
in familiar adjj. as Pro'tean, Hercu'lean, (-Ian), but &.%)ygmean ;
some have -ean incorrectly for -ian {antipodean), & some vary betw.
the two (Aristotelean, -ian). ear J, n. Organ of hearing, esp. external
part of this ; faculty of discriminating sound, as an e. for music ; ear-
shaped thing, esp. handle of pitcher; bring (storm, hornet's nest,
&c.) about one's ee.; prick up one's ee., assume expectant attitude ;
I would, give my ee., make any sacrifice {for a. thing, to do); over
head and ee., deeply immersed in (lit. & fig.): set (persons), be, by
the ee. (at variance) ; a word in your e. (in private) ; be all ee.
(deeply attentive) ; it goes in at one e. & out at the other, it leaves
no impression ; give e., listen to ; have a person's e. (favourable
attention) ; were your ee. burning last night ? (we were talking
about you) ; sent him away with a flea in his e., told him some home
truths &c; e.-ache, pain in drum of e. ; e.-mark, (n.) mark on e. of
sheep &c. as sign of ownership, (fig.) mark of ownership, (v.t.) mark
(sheep &c.) with this, (fig.) assign (fund &c.)to definite purpose; e.-
ring (worn in lobe of ear for ornament) ; e.shot, hearing-distance, as
within, o ut of, e.-shot ; e. -trumpet, tube used by persons partly
deaf ; e.-wax, viscid secretion in e. Hence (-)eaPED 2, eap#LESS,aa.
[com.-Teut.: OEeare.Go^?-; cogn. w. L auris, Gk ous] ear2, n. Spike,
head, of corn, containing its flowers or seeds. [OE ear (cf . G dhre,
Du. aar), cogn. w. L acus -eris husk] eap'ing", n. (naut.). Small rope
(one of several) fastening upper corner of sail to yard, [ear 1 + -
ing1; ov—ear-ring\ earl (erl), n. (fern, countess). Nobleman ranking
between marquis & viscount (cf. count3) ; E. Marshal, officer
presiding over Herald's College &c. Hence eap'lDOM n. [OE eorl, cf.
OX earl, jarl] eap*ly(er-),a. &adv. Absolutely or relatively near to the
beginning of a portion of time, as an e. visit, e. risers, rise e.,keep e.
hours (rise & go to bed e.), e. peaches (maturing e. in the year), E.
English style.^x an e. date (not long hence), at your earliest
convenience, (as soon as jxou conveniently can), the e.part
(beginning) of the century. Hence eap'liNESS n. [(adj. f. adv.) OE
drlice (ar posit, degree of xr ere, -ly 2)] earn (ern), v.t. (Of person,
action, conduct. &c.) obtain as reward of labour or merit. [OE
(ge-)earnian f. OTeut. aznojan (aznd fieldlabour, cf. G ernte harvest)]
earnest1 (ern-), a. & n. Serious, zealous, not trifling; ardent (desire
&c); in e., seriously), not jesting(ly). Hence eap'nestLYadv.,
eap#nestNESS n. [OE eorncste a. f. eornust n. (cf. G ernst) perh. f.
root ers seen in obs. erre anger] eap'nest2 (ern-), n. Money paid as
instalment, esp. to confirm contract &c. [prob. conn, w. erles, arles(-
penny) f. L *arrhula dim of arrha] eap-ning-, n. In vbl senses, esp.
(pi.) money earned, [-ing l] earth* (er-), n. (pi. only as below). The
ground, as it fell to e. ; (w. pi.) hole of badger, fox, &c. ; the dry land
; land & sea opp. the (material) heaven ; this world opp. heaven or
hell (why &c. on e. ? why ever?) ; (w. pi.) soil, mould ; (Chem., w.
pi.) any of certain metallic oxides, uninflammable, & having little
taste or smell ; (Electr., w. pi.) communication with e. as completion
of circuit; e.-born, of mortal race, (Myth.) emerging from e. at birth ;
e.- (substitute for water i-) closet; e.-light, -shine, partial illumination
of dark part of moon bv light from e.; e.-nut, pig-nut & other
plants"; earthwork, bank of e. used in fortification ; earthworm,
worm living in ground, (fig.) grovelling person. Hence eap'thwARD(s)
adv. [com.-Teut. : OE eorthe, Du. aarde, G erde] earth 2, v.t. & i.
Cover (roots of plants) with heaped-up earth ; drive (fox) to earth ;
(intr., of fox) run to earth, [f. prec] eap'then, a. Made of earth ;
made of baked clay, [-en 5] earthenware, n. (often attrib.). Vessels
&c. made of baked clay ; baked clay, [ware] eap'thly, a. Of the earth,
terrestrial ; (colloq.) no e. use, no use at all. Hence eap'tnliness n. [-
LY1] earthquake, n. Volcanic convulsion of earth's surface ; (fig.)
social or other disturbance. eap'thy, a. Like, of, earth or soil; (fig.)
grossly material. Hence eap'thiNESS n. [-Y2] eap'wig1, n., & v.t. (-
gg-). Insect once held to get into the head through the ear ; (v.t.)
influence (person) by secret communications, [(vb f. n.) OE
earwicga, (eare ear1 + wicga earwig)] ease 1 (ez), n. Freedom from
pain or trouble ; freedom from constraint, as at one's e. ; (Mil.)
stand at e. (in informal attitude, with right foot drawn back & taking
most of body's weight) ; relief from pain ; chapel of e. ; facility, esp.
with e. Hence ea'seLESS a. [f. OF aise (cf. It. agio etym. dub.] ease
L\ v.t. & i. Relieve from pain &c. ; give mental ease to (person,
oneself, one's mind) ; (facet.) rob (person o/his purse &c.) ; relax,
adjust, (what is too tight) ; (Xaut.) slacken (rope, sail, away, down,
off), e. her, reduce speed of engine ; (intr. ) e. off, become less
burdensome, [f. prec. ; F had aaisier = It. AD(agiare, see prec.)]
ea'seful, a. Comfortable, soothing ; at rest ; slothful. Hence
ea*sefulLY2adv., ea'sefulness n. [-FUL] ea'sel (-zl), n. Wooden frame
to support picture, blackboard, &c. [f. Du. e^eZ^GcseZass]
ea'semeat, n. (Law) right of way or similar right over another's
ground ; supplementary building, shed, &c. ; (archaic) relief from
pain or burden, [f. OF aisement (as ease2, -ment)] east, adv.-, n. , a.
(To wards, at, near) the point of the horizon where the sun rises
(90° to right of North) ; to the e. (of), in an eastward direction
(from) ; e. (wind), wind blowing from the e. ; eastern part of the
world, orient ; far E., China, Japan, &c; near E., Turkey ; E. indies;
 EASTER 260 ECLECTIC E. End, eastern part of London.
Hence ea'stWARDa. &n., ea'stWARD(s) ad v. [OE(l) eastern (cf. Du.
oost, G osten) t OTeut. austono from the east {aus- seen in L aurora
dawn), (2) east perh. shortened f. *easter eastwards] Ea'step, n.
Festival of Christ's resurrection, corresponding to Passover, &
observed on 1st Sunday (E.-day, -Sunday) after calendar full moon
on or after March 21 ; (also E.-week) week commencing with E.-day;
E.-eggs (painted & presented to friends at E.); E.-eve, day before E.-
day. [OE iastre perh. f. Eostre, dawngoddess (aus-, see prec.)]
ea'steply, a. &adv. In an eastern position or direction ; (coming)
from the east, as e. wind. [f. obs. easter (perh. compar. of east) + -
ly *] ea'stern, a. & n. Of, dwelling in, the east part of the world ; E.
Church (Greek) ; E. question, political problem relating to E. Europe,
esp. Turkey; lying towards the east; (n.) inhabitant of the East,
member of E. Church. Hence ea'stern.MOST a. [OE easterne (see
EAST & -ERN)] ea'sting-, n. (naut). Course gained to the eastward;
easterly direction, [-ing1] ea'sy (-zi), a., adv., n. Free from pain,
discomfort, annoyance, anxiety, &c; e. circumstances, affluence ;
freefromembarrassment or stiffness, as e. manners, free & e. (not
stiff, not strict) ; not difficult (to do, or abs.) ; easily persuaded,
compliant; (Commerc, of commodity) not much in demand, (of
market) not showing eager demand, (cf. tight) ; (adv.) in an e.
manner, as take it e., proceed comfortably ; (as command) e. /,
move gently, e. all !, stop (prop, rowing), whence ane., a short rest ;
e.-chair, one designed for comfort, usu. with arms ; e.-going, (of
horse) having an e. gait, (of person) fond of comfort, indolent.
Hence ea'siLY2 adv., ea'siness n. [f. OF aisle p.p. of aisier ease2J eat,
v.t. & i. (past ate, eat, pron. et ; p.p. eaten, pron. etn). Masticate &
swallow (solid food) ; swallow (soup) ; e. one's words, retract them
in humiliating manner ; e. one's terms, be studying for the bar; e.
humble pie ; e. (person) out of house & home, ruin him by eating
(lit. & fig.) all he has; horse &c. eats its head off, costs more to feed
than it is worth ; (intr. as pass.) the cakes e. crisp ; destroy,
consume, as e. one's heart out, suffer silently; e. away, destroy
gradually (lit. & fig.); e. up, consume completely, waste, (lit. & fig.),
absorb, as eaten up with pride. Hence ea'tABLE a. & n. (usu. pi.).
[com.-Teut. : OE etan, Du. eten, G essen] ea'tingr, n. In vbl senses;
e.-house, restaurant. [-ING1] eau (6), n. E.-de-Cologne, perfume
made at Cologne ; e.-de-Luce, an antidote to snake-bites ; e. -de-
vie, brandy. [F, = water] eaves, n. (now pi.). Overhanging edge of
roof or thatch ; eavesdrop, stand under this to listen to secrets ;
eavesdropper, one who does this (usu. fig.). [OE efes (cf. dial. G
obsen), prob. f. same root as over ; -s being now taken as pi. eave is
sometimes used for sing.] ebb, n. Reflux of tide, as e. & flow, e.-tide
; decline, decay, as at a low e. ; (v.i.) flow back, recede, decline,
decay. [OE (ebbian vb f.) ebba (cf. Du. eb, ebbe), etym. dub.] e'bon,
a. (poet.). Made of, black as, ebony. [f. L f. Gk ebenos, perh. of
oriental orig.] e'bonite, n. = vulcanite, [f. foil. + -ite1] e'bony, n. & a.
Kinds of hard black wood ; (adj.) made of, black as, this. sHence
e'bonize(3) v.t. [ME hebenyf f. L hebeninus (perh. misread -ivus) f.
Gk ebeninos ebon] ebprety, n. Drunkenness, [f. F ebriete f. L
ebrietatem (as foil., see -ty)J e'bpious, a. Drunk ; given to,
suggestive of, drunkenness, [f. L ebrius + -ous] ebu'llient, a. Boiling;
exuberant. So ebu'lHence, -ency, nn. [f. L K(bullire -it- boil), -ent]
ebulli'tion, n. Boiling ; effervescence ; (fig.) sudden outburst (of
passion, war, &c). [f. L ebullitio (as prec, see -ion)] ecapte^ (akarta),
n. Card-game for two persons. [F (ecarter discard)] Ecce Ho'mo (e-
ksi), n. Picture of Christ wearing crown of thorns. [L, = behold the
man (John xix. 5)] eeee'ntpie (iks-), a. & n. Not concentric (to
another circle) ; not placed, not having its axis &c. placed, centrally ;
(of orbit) not circular ; (of heavenly body) moving in an e. orbit ;
irregular ; odd, whimsical ; (n., Mech.) e. contrivance for changing
rotatory into backward-&forward motion, esp. for slide-valve of
steamengine ; e. strap, rod, parts of this. Hence eece'ntPiCALLY adv.,
eeeentpi'eiTY n. [f. LL eccentricus f. Gk ekkentros (ek out of +
kentron centre), see -ic] eccle'sia (-z-), n.(Gk Ant.). Regular
assembly (esp. of Athenian citizens). [med.L, f. Gk ekklesia (ekkaleo
call out) ; in later Gk- church] eccle'siast, n. Member of Athenian
ecclesia ; ' the Preacher ', Solomon, regarded as author of Eccles.).
[f. Gk ekklesiastes (as prec.)] ecclesia'stic, n. & a. Clergyman ; (adj. .
now rare) = foil. [f. Gk ekklesiastikos (as prec.)] ecclesia'stical, a. Of
the church or the clergy; E. Commission(ers),body administering
part of Church of England revenues. Hence or cogn. eeclesia'stiealLY
2 adv., ecelesia'stieiSM n. [-al] eeclesio'logy, n. Science of churches,
esp. of church building & decoration. Hence eeelesiolo*gric(AL) aa.,
ecclesio'logiST n. [f. ECCLESIA + -o- + -logy] e'edysis, n. Casting off
(esp. of slough in serpents &c. ; also fig.) ; slough, [f. Gk ekdusis
(ckduo put off)] echelon (e'shelon, or as F), n., & v.t. Formation of
troops in parallel divisions, each with its front clear of that in
advance ; in e. (or F en L), so drawn up ; (v.t.) draw up thus, [(vb f.
n.) f. F Echelon (echelle ladder f. L scala, see -oon)| echi'dna (ek-),
n. Australian toothless burrowing animal like hedgehog, [f. Gk
ekhidna viper] e'ehinite (ek-), n. Fossil echinoderm or seaurchin, [f.
ECHINUS + -ITE1] echinoderm (iki*-, e'ki-), n. Class of animals
including sea-urchins, [as foil. + derm] echi'nus (-k-), n. Sea-urchin,
animal inhabiting spheroidal prickly shell, [f. L f. Gk ekhinos
hedgehog, sea-urchin] echo1 (e'ko), n. Repetition of sound by
reflexion of sound-waves ; E. , cause of this personified ; close
imitation; obsequiousimitator or adherent ; artifice by which last
syllables of one verse are taken up by next. Hence e'eholess a. [f. L
f. Gk ekho, conn. w. ekhe sound] e'eho2, v.i. & t. (Of places)
resound with an echo; (of sounds) be repeated, resound ; (trans.)
repeat (sound) by echo ; repeat (another's words), imitate the words
or opinions of (person), [f. prec] e'ehoism, n. = onomatopoeia, [-
ism] eclaircissement (F), n. Clearing up, explanation, (of conduct
&c), as come to an e. eelat(eklah'),n. Conspicuous success, general
applause, as with great e. ; social distinction. [F] eele'etie, a. & n.
(Ancient philosopher) selecting such doctrines as pleased him in
every school ; (person) borrowing freely from various sources, not
exclusive in opinion, taste, &c).
 ECLIPSE 261 EDIFICE Hence eele'etiCALLY adv.,
eele'ctieiSM(3) n. [f. Gk eklektikos (eklego pick out, see -ic)] eoli'pse
l, n. Interception of the light of a luminous body (sun, moon, &c), by
intervention of another body between it & the eye or between, the
luminous body and what it illuminates ; annular, partial, total, e. ;
deprivation of light ; loss of brilliance or splendour ; periodical
obscuration of light-house light. [OF, f. L f. Gk ekleipsis vbl n. f.
ekleipo fail to appear, be eclipsed (leipo leave)] eeli'pse2, v.t. (Of a
heavenly body) obscure another by passing between it & spectator
or between it and the source of its light ; intercept (light, esp. of
light-house) ; (fig.) deprive of lustre, outshine, surpass, [f. prec]
ecli'ptic, a. & n. Of eclipse ; (n.) sun's apparent orbit, [f. Lf. Gk
ekleiptikos (eclipse1, -ic)] eclogue (-6g), n. Short poem, esp.
pastoral dialogue, such as Virgil's Bucolies. [f. L f. Gk ekloge
selection (eklego pick out)] econd'mic, a. & n. Of economics ;
maintained for profit; connected with industrial arts ; (n. pi.)
practical science of the production & distribution of wealth, (also)
condition of a country as to material prosperity, [f. L f. Gk
oikonomikos (see economy & -ic)] econo'mical, a. Saving, thrifty ;
relating to economics or to political economy, [-al] economically, adv.
Thriftily ; from an economic point of view, [-ly2] eco'nomist, n.
Manager (of money &c.) ; thrifty person ; writer on economics or
political economy, [as economy + -ist] economize, v.t. & i. Use
sparingly ; turn to the best account ; (intr.) practise economy, cut
down expenses. Hence eeonomizA#TiON n. [as foil. + -ize]
eco'nomy, n. Administration of concerns & resources of a community
; Political E., theory of production & distribution of wealth ; frugality
; (w. pi.) instance of this ; (Theol.) judicious handlingof doctrine,
whence (with play on sense frugality) e. of truth ; organization ;
organized body, society, &c. [f. L f. Gk oikonomia f. oikonomos
steward (oikos house + -nomos I. nemo manage)] ecru* (-00, or as
F icru), n. Colour of unbleached linen. [F,= unbleached] ecstasize,
v.t. & i. Throw, go, into ecstasies, [f. foil. + -ize] ecstasy, n. Exalted
state of feeling, rapture, (esp. of delight) ; (Med.) morbid state of
nerves in which mind is occupied solely by one idea ; trance ; poetic
frenzy, [f. OF extasie f. med.Lf. Gk ekstasis vbl n. f. existemi put
(person) out of (his senses)] ecsta'tic, a. Of, subject to, producing,
ecstasies (esp. of joy). Hence eesta'tiCALLY adv. [f. Gk ekstatikos (as
prec, see -ic)] eeto- in comb. =Gk ektos outside, as -plasm, outer
layer of protoplasm, -zoon, external parasite. ecumenical. See
oecumenical. e'ezema, n. Inflammation of the skin, of several kinds,
[f. Gk ekzema (ek out + zeo boil, see -m)] -ed !, suf. forming p.p. of
weak vbs (also -rf, -t, as in sold, bought); -ed (now reduced in
sound to -d or -t except in -ded, -ted, in some bibl. wds, as blessed,
& in learned) was in OE -ed, -ad, -od, ace. to vb class, -d alone
being the participial element, f. OTeut. -do- f. Aryan -to- (cf. Gk vbl
adj. -tos, L p.p. -tus) ; -t is used in vbs that shorten in p.p. a long
vowel of stem, as crept, dreamt (dreamed if pronounced with e),
and in some ending in -d after I, n, r, as gilt, sent, girt. (2) p. pp. in -
erf (and -en) are used (rarely f. intr., commonly from trans, vbs) as
adjj., meaning when intr. 'that has done so-&so' (vanished hand,
fallen idol, escaped convict) ; a special use, w. resultant force, is
seen in outspoken, well-read ; sometimes it is doubtful whether adjj.
in -ed are trans, (or intr.) p.p. or belong to foil. : decayed may be
that has been decayed, that has decayed, or that is affected with
decay ; reference to -ED l(2) is made only for the rare intr. p.p. adjj.
-ed2 (as prec), suf., distinct f. prec in OE (-erfe), though perh. a
form of the p.p. suf. in OTeut. (cf. caudatus tailed in L), appended to
nn. to form adjj. meaning possessed of, affected with, &c, as
talented, tvooded, diseased; esp. used to make adj. out of adj. & n.,
usu. stressed (apart from demands of context) in attrib. use on first
component (a qui'ek-witted lad, me'talcornered chest), in pred. use
on second (he seems quick-wi'tted enough) exc where this is more
or less otiose (ru'by, coffee, &c, -coloured, attrib. & pred.) ;
sometimes = ' having the ways of ' instead of simply ' having \ aj?
bigoted, crabbed, dogged ; sometimes indisting. f. prec (2).
eda'cious, a. Of eating ; greedy. So edl'cit y n. [f. L edax -acis (edere
eat, see -acious)] E'dda, n. (Older, Poetic, E.) collection of ancient
Icelandic poems ; (Younger, Prose, E.) miscellaneous handbook (c
1230) to Icelandic poetry, [perh. f. a name in an ON poem] eddy, n.,
& v.t. & i. Small whirlpool ; wind, fog, smoke, moving like this ; (v.t.
& i.) whirl round in ee. [?] edelweiss (a'dlvis), n. Alpine plant with
white flower, growing in rocky places, [f. G edel noble + xoeiss
white] E'den (e), n. Abode of Adam & Eve at their creation ;
delightful abode ; state of supreme happiness, [f. Heb. *erfe?i orig. -
delight] ede'ntate, a. & n. (Animal) without incisor & canine teeth ;
toothless (animal), [f. LE(rfe?itatus f. dens -ntis tooth, see -ate2]
edge J, n. Sharpened side of blade of cutting instrument or weapon ;
sharpness of this, as the knife has no e. ; (fig.) effectiYenessJoi
language &c), as this took the e. offTiis argument ; set (person's)
teeth on e., cause unpleasant tingling in them (usu. fig.) ; e. -shaped
thing, esp. crest of a ridge; (fig.) critical position or moment ;
meeting-line of two surfaces of a solid ; (Skating) do the inside,
outside, e., skate On the inner, outer, e. of skates; boundary -line of
surface ; brink (of precipice) ; e.-bone, see aitchbone; e.-tool,
cutting-tool (in fig. sense also edged tool). Hence edgeLESs a. [OE
ecg (cf. Du. egge edge, corner, G ecke, eck, corner) f. root ak-
whence L acies, Gk akis, point] edge2, v.t. & i. Sharpen (tool &c,
also fig.) ; e. on, = egg2 on ; furnish with border, form border to ;
insinuate (thing, oneself) into, in, out, off, &c; (intr.) advance
obliquely, [f. prec] edgeways, -wise, adv. With edge uppermost or
foremost; (fig.) get a word in e. (in talkative person's silent interval)
; (of two things) edge to edge, [-ways, -wise] edging", n. In vbl
senses, esp. border, fringe ; e.-shears (for trimming edges of lawn).
[-INGl] edgy, a. Sharp-edged ; (of painting) of too sharp outline. [-Y
2] edible, a. &n. (Thing) fit to be eaten. Hence ediBi'LiTY n. [f. LL
edibilis (edere eat, see -ble)J edict, n. Order proclaimed by authority.
Hence edi'ctAL a. [f. L edictum i. ^(dicere diet- say) proclaim]
edifice, n. Building (esp. large one ; also fig.), [f. F edifice f. L
aedificium (aedis temple + -jicium f . fdcere make)]
 EDIFY 262 EFFLUVIUM edify, v.t. Benefit spiritually;
improve morally (often iron.). So ediFiCA-TiON n. [f. F tdifier f. L
aedifieare (as prec, see -fy)] edit, v.t. Prepare an edition of
(another's work) ; set in order for publication (material chiefly
provided by others) ; garble, cook, (dispatches &c. in newspaper) ;
act as editor of (paper &c). [(1) f. L E(dere dit- = dare give) put out
; (2) back-formation f. editor] edi'tion, n. Form in which a literary
work is published (library, cabinet, popular, e.); whole number of
copies of book, newspaper, &c, issued from same types & at same
time, [f. F edition f. L editionem (as edit, see -ion)] edition de luxe
(F), n. Handsome edition. Gdi'tio pri'nceps, n. First printed edition of
a book. [L] editor, n. One who prepares the work of others for
publication ; one who conducts a newspaper or periodical. Hence
e'ditopsmp, e'ditPESs *, nn. [L (as edit, see -or2)] editop'ial, a. & n.
Of an editor ; (n.) newspaper article written by or under
responsibility of the editor. Hence editoP'ialLY 2 adv. [-1 al] e'ducate,
v.t. Bring up (young persons) ; give intellectual & moral training to ;
provide schooling for ; train (person, oneself, a faculty, to do) ; train
(animals). Hence edueani'LiTV, e'ducatOR2, nn., e'dueABLE,
edueativE, aa. [f. hedncarc conn. w. educe, see -ate3] educa'tion, n.
Bringing up (of the young) ; systematic instruction ; course of this,
as classical, commercial, art, e. ; development of character or mental
powers; training (of animals). Hence educa'tion al a.,
eduea*tion(al)iST(3) nn., educational ly 2 adv. [f. L educatio (as
prec, see -ation)] edu'ce, v.t. Bring out, develop, from latent or
potential existence ; (Chem.) disengage (substance) from a
compound ; infer (number, principle, from data). Hence edu'eiBLE a.
[f. L Eiducere duct- lead)] e'duet, n. (Chem.) body disengaged from
another in which it previously existed ; inference, [as prec]
edu'ction, n. Educing ; (in steam-engine) e.-pipe, -valve, &c, exhaust
J-pipe &c [f. L eductio (as prec, see -ion)] edu'leopate, v.t. Free from
acrid properties or from soluble particles, purify. Hence
edulcoPATiON n. [f. L E(dulcorarc f. dulcor sweetness f. didcis), see -
ate 3] -ee, suf. forming nn. expr. the person affected by the vbl
action, corresp. to agent nn. in -or, prop, in legal terms {lessee,
vendee) on anal, of A.Y(apelour, apcU, summoner, summoned), but
extended to the indirect obj. ; now also in nontechn. wds, & without
corresp. -or, as employee, payee ; & without consciousness of its
meaning, as bargee, absentee ; a few wds are adoptions f. mod. F -
^, -ie, as debauchee, refugee. In committee (orig. a person), accent
has changed with meaning. {Epopee is not an instance ; in coatee, -
ee perh. =-y 3 ; in settee, goatee, -ee is unexplained). [AF -i of p.n.
f. L -atus] eel, n. A snake-like fish ; (fig.) slippery creature ; (pop.)
minute animal found in vinegar & in sour paste ; c-buck4 ; e.-spear
(for transfixing ee.). Hence ee'lv 2 a. [com.-Teut. : OF xl, Du. & G
aal] e'en. See even1'3. -eep, suf. expr. person concerned with, f. L -
iarius or -arius -ary1; F -ier is retained in the less familiar wds
(muleteer but bombardier) ; -eer is freely used for new nn. , as
auctioneer, mountaineer, often contempt., as sonneteer. Vbs are also
formed (electioneer) by backformation on auctioneering &c. e'ep.
See ever. eer'ie, -y, a, Superstitiously timid; strange, weird. Hence
eep'iLY2adv., eeP'iNESS n. [ME eri, etym. dub.] ef-, pref. = ex-(1)
before/. effa'ee, v.t. Rub out ; (fig.) obliterate, wipe out ; utterly
surpass, eclipse ; treat, regard, oneself as unimportant. Hence
effa'eeABLE a., effa'eeMENT n. [f. F effacer f. L ex out +facies face]
effect1, n. Result, consequence; efficacy, as of no e. ; combination
of colour or form in picture &c, as a pretty e. ; (pi.) property, as
personal ee., no ee. (written by banker on dishonoured cheque) ;
give e. to, take e., make, become, operative ; impression produced
on spectator, hearer, &c, as calculated for e.; bring to, carry into, e.,
accomplish ; in e., for practical purposes. Hence effeetLESS n. [OF, f.
L effectus -us f. EF(ficere feet- =facere make)] effe'et2, v.t. Bring
about, accomplish ; e. (take out) a policy (of insurance), [f. prec]
effective, a. & n. Having an effect ; e. range (of weapon), range
within which it is c; powerful in effect ; striking ; (of soldiers or
sailors) fit for service ; actual, existing ; (n.) e. soldier, e. part of
army. Hence effeetiveLY2 adv., effe'etiveNESS n. [F (-if, -ive), f. L
effectivus (as effect1, see -ive)] effectual, a. Answering its purpose ;
valid. Hence effe*etualLY2adv., effeetualNESs n. [f. OF (-el) f. LL
effectualis (effect *, -al)] effectuate, v.t. Bring to pass, accomplish.
Hence effeetUATiON n. [f. F effectuer (as effect1), on anal, of
actuate] effeminate (-at), a. Womanish, unmanly ; voluptuous.
Hence effeminACY n., effe'minateuY2 adv. [f. L EF(fcminare f. femina
woman), see -ate2] effendi, n. Turkish title of respect applied to
government officials & members of learned professions, [f. Turk,
efendi lord, corrupt, of Gk atdhentes (see authentic)] e'fferent, a.
(physiol.). Conveying outwards, discharging, [f. L EF(ferre carry), see
-ent] effervesce (-es), v.i. Give off bubbles of gas, bubble, (often fig.
of persons) ; (of gas) issue in bubbles. Hence effepve'scENCE, -ency,
nn., effepve'seENT a. [f. L ef (fervescere incept. otfervere be hot)]
effete, a. Exhausted, worn out ; feeble, incapable. Hence effeteNESS
n. [f. L EFfetus worn out by breeding (fetus)] efnea'cious, a. (Of
thing) producing, sureto produce, desired effect. Hence or cogn.
effiea'eiousLY2 adv., effiea'eiousNESs, e*fncacy, nn. [f. L eMcax (as
foil., -acious)] efficient, a. Productive of effect ; (of persons)
competent, capable ; e. cause, that which makes a thing what it is.
Hence or cogn. effi'eiENCY n., efll'eientLY " adv. [F, f. L, as effect1,
see -ent] effigy, n. Portrait, image ; hang, burn, (person) in e., hang,
burn, his image, [f. F effigie f. L effigies (EFfingere fashion)]
effloresce (-es), v.i. Bui'st out into flower (lit. & fig.); (Chem., of
crystalline substance) turn to fine powder on exposure to air, (of
salts) come to the surface & there crystallize, (of ground or wall)
become covered with saline particles. So efflopeseENCE n.,
efflope'scent a. [f. L ef -(fiorescere flourish)] effluence, n. Flowing
out (of light, electricity, &c, or fig.) ; what flows out. [foil., -ence]
e'ffluent, a. & n. Flowingforth ; (n.) stream flowing from larger
stream, lake, sewage tank, &c [f. L EF(Jiuere flux- flow), see -ent]
efflu*vium (-oo), n. (pi. -ia). Exhalation
 EFFLUX 263 ELABORATE affecting lungs or sense of smell ;
(supposed) stream of minute particles emitted by magnet &c [LL, as
prec. ] e'fflux, n. Flowing out (of liquid, air, gas ; also fig.); that
which flows out. Hence efHu'xion n. [f. L effiuxus -us (as prec.)]
effort, n. Strenuous exertion ; (of oratory &c.) display of power. [F, f.
efforcer f. med.L EXifprtiare f. foriis strong)] effortless, a. Making no
effort, passive ; without effort, easy, [-less] effro'ntery (-unt-), n.
Shameless audacity, [f. F effronterie f. effronti, f. L 'ex( fronted us f.
frons -ntis forehead) shameless] effu'lgent, a. Radiant. Hence
eftirlgEXCE n., effu'lgentLY - adv. [f. L ef( fulgere shine), see -ent]
effu'se * (-s), a. (Bot., of inflorescence) spreading loosely; (Conch.)
with lips separated by groove, [as foil.] effu'se- (-'/,), v.t. Pour forth
(liquid, air, light, smell ; also fig.), [f. L ef( fundere fus- pour)]
effu'sion (-zhn), n. Pouring forth (lit. & fig.) ; unrestrained utterance
(often contempt., of literary work), [f. L effusio (as prec, see -ion)]
effu'sive (-s-), a. (Of speech or emotions) exuberant, demonstrative.
Hence effu'sively2 adv., effu'sivexESS n. las effuse2, see -ive] eft, n.
Xewt. [OE efeta etym. dub.] eftsoo'n(s), adv. (archaic). Soon
afterwards. [OE eftsona (see aft & soox) ; -s = -es] ega'd, int. By
God. [prob. orig. a ah + God] egg *» n. Spheroidal body produced
by female of birds &c. esp. of domestic fowl, containing germ of a
new individual ; addle, wixd \ e. ; (fig.) in thee., in an early stage ;
bad e., person, scheme, that comes to no good ; as sure as ee. is
ee., undoubtedly ; teach your grandmother to suck ee., offer advice
to persons more experienced than yourself ; have all your ee. in one
basket, risk all on a single venture ; e. ), n. Proposal tending to
make peace. [Gk, neut. adj. (eirene peace, see -ic)] eisteddfod
(aste'dhvod), n. Congress of Welsh bards. [W, lit. = session f. eistedd
sk] ei'thep (Idh-,e-),ad j. .pron. ,ad v. (conj. ). Each of two, as ate.
end was a lamp, e. view is tenable, e. is tenable ; one or other of
two, as put the lamp at e. end, there is no lamp at e. end, e. of you
can go ; (adv. or conj.) on one or other supposition, which way you
will, as he is e. drunk or mad, e. come in or go out ; (w. neg. or
interrog.) any more than the other, as if you do not go, I shall not e.
[OE seghxexdher f ,\VG *aiwon always + gihwatharoz each of two
(see Y- & WHETHER)] eja'eulate, v.t. Utter suddenly (words or abs.)
; eject (fluids &c) from the body. Hence ejaeulA'Tiox n., eja'eulatORY
a. [f. Le(j«cu lari f. jacidum iavelin) dart] eje'et \ v.t. Expel (from
place, office, property) ; dart forth, emit. Hence or cogn. eje'etiox,
eje'etMEXT, eje'etOR2, nn. [f. L ejectare frequent, of *E.(jicere ject-
=jacere throw)] e'jeet 2, n. Something inferred, not an actual nor a
conceivable object of our owm consciousness, [f. L ejecttim neut.
p.p. of ejicere (see prec)] eje'etive, a. Tending to eject ; pertaining
to an eject. Hence eje'etiveLY2 adv. [-ive] eke1, v.t. E. out:
supplement (defective means &c with); (improp.) contrive to make
(livelihood) or support (existence), [dial, form of obs. eche (OE
ecan) f. OTeut. aukan cogn. w. L augere increase ; partly also f. obs.
n. eke (same root)] eke2, adv. (archaic). Also. [com.-Teut. : OE eac,
Du. ook, G auch] -el. See -le(2). elaborate a (-at), a. Carefully or
minutely worked out; highly finished. Hence
ela'bcpateLY2adv.,ela'bopatexESsn. [f. Le(?o borare f. labor work),
see -ate2] ela'bopate 2, v.t. Produce by labour ; work out (invention,
theory, &c) in detail ; (of natural agencies) produce (substance &c)
from its elements or sources. Hence or cogn. elaboPA'tion n.,
ela'boratiVE a. [as prec, -ate 3]
 ELAEO264 ELECTRON elaeo- in comb. = Gk elaion oil, as -
meter, instrument for determining purity of oils. elan (F), n. Vivacity ;
impetuous rush. e'land, n. S.- African antelope of heavy build. !Du..
= elk] ela'pse, v.i. (Of time) pass away. [f. L E(labi laps- glide)]
ela'stic, a. & n. Spontaneously resuming its normal bulk or shape
after contraction, dilatation, or distortion, (of solids, liquids, & gases)
; springy ; (of feelings or persons) buoyant ; flexible, adaptable, as
e. conscience ; (n.) e. cord or string, usu. woven with india-rubber.
Hence ela'stiCALLY adv., elastieiTY n. [f. Gk elastikos impulsive
(elauno drive, st. ela-)] ela'te, v.t. Inspirit, stimulate ; make proud ;
(adj.) in high spirits, exultant, proud. So ela'tiON n. [f. L EFferre Elat-
bring out, raise] e'lbow x, n. Outer part of joint between fore &
upper arm ; e.-shaped bend or corner ; at one's e., close at hand ;
up to the ee., busily engaged m ; out at ee., (of coat) worn-out, (of
person) poor ; e.-grease, vigorous polishing, hard work ; e.-room,
plenty of room. [com.-Teut. : OE elnboga, Du. elleboog, G
ell(en)bogen, f. OTeut. alino-bogon (see ell & bow j)] e'lbow2, v.t. &
i. Thrust, jostle, (person, oneself, into, in, &c. ; also intr.). [f. prec]
e'lchee (-tshi), n. Ambassador, [f. Turk. ilchi representative of a tribe
(il)] eld, n. (archaic, poet., dial.). Old age; the olden time. [OE eldo
(aid old)] e'ldep1, a. & n. (The) senior (of relations, or of two
indicated persons), as his e. brother, which is the e. ?; (Cards) e.
hand, first player ; (n. pi.) persons of greater age, as respect your
ee. ; person advanced in life ; member of a senate ; official in early
Christian Church ( = Gkpres6wteros), & in some Protestant (esp.
Presbyterian) churches, whence e'ldepsmp n. [OE elclra (aid old)]
e'ldep2, n. Low white-flowered tree: e.(-berry) wine (made from fruit
of this). [OE ellxrn, cf. MLG ellern, alhorn] elderly, a. Getting old.
[elder1 + -ly1] e'ldest, a. First-born or oldest surviving (member of
family, son, daughter, &c). [OE eldest(a) superl. of aid old] El
Dora'do (-ah-), n. Fictitious country or ,-eitf abounding in gold. [Sp.,
= the gilded] e'ldpiteh, a. (Sc). Weird, hideous. [?] elecampa'ne, n.
Plant with bitter aromatic leaves & root ; sweetmeat flavoured with
this, [corrupt, of med.L enula (L in-) campana; campana may = of
Campania, or of the fields] ele'et1, a. Chosen; select, choice;
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