Class 7 Kingdom Classification notes

🧫 ICSE Class 7 Biology – Kingdom Classification

(Notes from Image)
🔍 What is Classification?
Classification is the process of:
 Identification
 Grouping based on similarities
 Naming organisms scientifically

🧱 Early Systems of Classification (Contributors)

Example Kingdom
Scientist Contribution Introduced
F. Haeckel Introduced the kingdom Unicellular eukaryotes
Protista like Amoeba,
Paramecium
Copeland Added kingdom Bacteria, Blue-green
Monera algae (Cyanobacteria)
R.H. Whittaker Proposed the Five Fungi (cell wall made of
Kingdom Classification chitin)

🧬 Cell Types – Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Feature Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus Not membrane-bound Membrane-bound
Organelles No membrane-bound Has membrane-bound
organelles organelles
Complexity Primitive Advanced
Examples Bacteria, Blue-green Plants, Animals, Protists,
algae Fungi

🧠 Tip: "Karyon" means nucleus (Greek origin).

✏️Diagrams in Notes
 First diagram: Eukaryotic cell with:
 o Clear membrane-bound nucleus
o Membrane-bound organelles
 Second diagram: Prokaryotic cell with:

o No membrane around the nucleus

o Primitive structure

🧠 MCQ-Style Questions from These Notes

1. Who introduced the Kingdom Protista?
2. Which kingdom includes organisms with a peptidoglycan cell wall?
3. Name the kingdom proposed by R.H. Whittaker that includes mushrooms.
4. What is the main difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?
5. Is the nucleus in bacteria membrane-bound?

🦠 ICSE Class 7 Biology – Kingdom Monera (Notes

from Image)
🔍 Key Features of Kingdom Monera
Characteristic Description
Size Microscopic
Number of Cells Unicellular
Cell Type Prokaryotic (nucleus is not
membrane-bound)
Nutrition Both autotrophic (e.g. cyanobacteria)
and heterotrophic (e.g. mycoplasma,
decomposers)
Cell Wall Made of peptidoglycan

🧫 Bacterial Cell Diagram (Labelled)

Labelled parts:
 Capsule (outermost layer)
 Cell wall
 Plasma membrane
 Nucleoid (no nuclear membrane)
 Flagella (for movement)
 P.U. possibly stands for plasma unit/membrane
(We can redraw a cleaner version if needed for revision.)

🧬 Bacterial Shapes
Shape Name Symbol
Rod Bacillus SSS
Comma Vibrio GGG
Round Coccus ooo
Spiral Spirillum S̷ S̷ S̷

⚠️Harmful Bacteria
1. Pathogenic Bacteria:

o Cause diseases
o Example: Salmonella typhi → Typhoid
2. Spoilage-Causing Bacteria:

o Cause food spoilage

o Example: Clostridium botulinum → Botulism

🧪 Useful Bacteria
Type Function
LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria) Used in curd formation, probiotics
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Convert atmospheric nitrogen into
nitrates (in root nodules of legumes
like pea, bean)

🧠 Extra Keywords to Learn

 Putrefaction: Incomplete breakdown of organic matter → causes decay
 Decomposers: Break down dead organisms
 Mycoplasma: A parasitic bacteria with no cell wall

📘 Possible Viva Voce or Worksheet Questions

1. What type of nucleus is present in Monerans?
2. What is the function of nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
3. Give an example of a spiral-shaped bacterium.
4. What causes botulism?
 5. Which useful bacteria help in making curd?

🧫 ICSE Class 7 Biology – Protista & Fungi

🦠 Amoeba – A Unicellular Protist

✅ Key Features
 Movement: Uses pseudopodia (false feet) to move and engulf food.

 Respiration: Aerobic respiration through diffusion.

 Nutrition: Holozoic nutrition (ingests food using pseudopodia).

 Excretion: Via contractile vacuole that expels extra water and

waste.

 Reproduction:

o Binary Fission (asexual):

i. Nucleus duplicates.
ii. Division of nucleus (karyokinesis).
iii. Division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
o Multiple Fission: Occurs during unfavourable conditions
(e.g., dryness or lack of food). Cytoplasm divides into many tiny
amoebae.

💨 Diffusion in Amoeba
 Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide enter/exit through cell membrane by diffusion.
 Also shown: diffusion of carbon dioxide into a compound (possibly leguminous plant or
general concept).

🍄 Fungi – Structure & Growth

✅ Key Features
 Fungi like Rhizopus (bread mould) grow through hyphae:

o Hyphae: Long, thread-like filaments.

o Mycelium: A network of hyphae.
o These help in anchoring, nutrient absorption, and reproduction.
📘 Quick Definitions
Term Meaning
Pseudopodia Temporary projections for movement
and feeding
Karyokinesis Division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm
Contractile Vacuole Controls osmoregulation and excretion
in protists
Hyphae Thread-like fungal filaments
Mycelium Dense network of hyphae in fungi

🧠 Quiz/Oral Test Questions

1. How does Amoeba move and feed?
2. What is the function of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba?
3. What happens to Amoeba during unfavourable conditions?
4. Name and describe the two types of fission in Amoeba.
5. What are hyphae and how do they help fungi?

Would you like me to now combine all 4 pages into:

 A printable revision pack with diagrams + definitions?
 A classroom-style interactive quiz (HTML/Python)?
 A worksheet PDF with MCQs, fill in the blanks, diagram questions?
Let me know how Shriyans learns best — and I’ll structure the bot or printable around that!

🍄 ICSE Class 7 Biology – Kingdom Fungi (Image

Notes Summary)
🔬 Key Characteristics of Fungi
Feature Description
Type Mostly multicellular, eukaryotic
(except yeast)
Nutrition Saprophytic (feed on dead and
decaying matter)
Reproduction Asexual spores formed inside
sporangium
Digestion Extracellular – occurs outside the
Feature Description
body using enzymes
Cell Wall Made of chitin (not cellulose)
Structure Body made of thread-like hyphae →
grouped into a mycelium
Examples - Rhizopus (bread mould)
- *Penicillium notatum* → source of **first
antibiotic** (Penicillin)
- *Yeast* (unicellular) used in fermentation

🧪 Diagram: Rhizopus Structure

Parts labelled:
 Sporangium (produces spores)
 Sporangiophore (stalk)
 Rhizoids (root-like structures that absorb nutrients)
 Hyphae (threads forming the body)

🧬 Fungi Reproduction
 Asexual: By spores (in sporangium)
 Vegetative: By fragmentation of hyphae

🍞 Fermentation (by Yeast)

 Equation: Glucose → Ethyl alcohol + CO₂ (In absence of oxygen → Anaerobic
respiration)
 Used in making bread, beer, wine

🧫 Fungi as Parasites
 Cause diseases like ringworm
 Live on host and absorb nutrients

🌿 Kingdom Plantae (Quick Glance)

Feature Description
Chlorophyll Present → Plants can photosynthesize
Cell Wall Present → Made of cellulose
Cell Type Eukaryotic, Multicellular
🧠 Exam-Style Questions from This Page
1. What is the role of rhizoids in Rhizopus?
2. How is yeast different from other fungi?
3. What is extracellular digestion?
4. Which fungus was used to make the first antibiotic?
5. What is fermentation and what are its products?
6. How is the fungal cell wall different from the plant cell wall?