Motor

AC Generator (Alternator)

Transformer

An electrical Generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy (or power) into electrical energy (or power). Principle : It is based on the principle of production of dynamically (or motionally) induced e.m.f (Electromotive Force). Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in it according to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed. Hence, the basic essential parts of an electric generator are : A magnetic field and A conductor or conductors which can so move as to cut the flux.

Construction : A single-turn rectangular copper coil abcd moving about its own axis in a magnetic field provided by either permanent magnets or electromagnets. The two ends of the coil are joined to two split-rings which are insulated from each other and from the central shaft. Two collecting brushes (of carbon or copper) press against the slip rings.

Click here for Animation DC Generator AC Generator (Alternator) Transformer

An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Principle: It is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming's Left-hand rule and whose magnitude is given by Force, F = B I l newton Where B is the magnetic field in weber/m2. I is the current in amperes and l is the length of the coil in meter. The force, current and the magnetic field are all in different directions. If an Electric current flows through two copper wires that are between the poles of a magnet, an upward force will move one wire up and a downward force will move the other wire down.

Figure 1: Force in DC Motor

Figure 2 : Magnetic Field in DC Motor

Figure 3 : Torque in DC Motor

Figure 4 : Current Flow in DC Motor

The loop can be made to spin by fixing a half circle of copper which is known as commutator, to each end of the loop. Current is passed into and out of the loop by brushes that press onto the strips. The brushes do not go round so the wire do not get twisted. This arrangement also makes sure that the current always passes down on the right and back on the left so that the rotation continues. This is how a simple Electric motor is made. Click here for Animation

Principle : A.C. generators or alternators (as they are usually called) operate on the same fundamental principles of electromagnetic induction as D.C. generators. Alternating voltage may be generated by rotating a coil in the magnetic field or by rotating a magnetic field within a stationary coil. The value of the voltage generated depends onthe number of turns in the coil. strength of the field. the speed at which the coil or magnetic field rotates.

Click Here for Animation

Working of Alternator

Working : Consider a rectangular coil having N turns and rotating in a uniform magnetic field with an angular velocity of radian/second. Maximum flux m is linked with the coil when its plane coincides with the X-axis. In time t seconds, this coil rotates through an angle = . position , the component of the flux which is perpendicular to the plane of the coil is = m cos t. Hence flux linkage at any time are N=Nm cos t. According to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction, the e.m.f. induced in the coil is given by the rate of change of flux linkage of the coil. Hence the value of the induced e.m.f. is e = - d(N)/dt volt = - N d(m cos t) / dt volt = - Nm ( t) volt = Nm

t volt

= Nm volt ----------------------- (i) When the coil turned through 90 i.e. when = 90, then sin , ,1 = )( . = Nm = Nm 2 =

Nm
= .
2

m / = .
2

 ./

,)(
m

= sin =

t ,

= m t

DC Generator AC Generator (Alternator) Motor A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which electric power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. Principle :

In brief, a transformer is a device that transfers electric power from one circiut to another. it does so without a change of frequency. it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and where the two circuit are in mutual inductive influence of each other. Working of Transformer E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer Voltage Transformation Ratio ( K

In it's simplest form it consist of, two inductive coils which are electrically separated but magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance. If one coil (primary) is connected to

source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked with the other coil in which it produces mutually-induced e.m.f. (according to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. If the second coil (secondary) circuit is closed, a current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the second coil.

Let N1 = No. of turns in primary

N2 = No. of turns in secondary m = Maximum flux in core in webers = Bm x A f = Frequency of a.c. input in Hz.

The flux increases from it's zero value to maximum value m in one quarter of the cycle i.e. in 1/4 f second. Therefore, r.m.s value of e.m.f./turn = 4.44 m volts Now, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in the whole primary winding = ( induced e.m.f. / turn ) x No. of primary winding E1 = 4.44 f N1m ------------------- ( i ) Similarly, r.m.s. value of e.m.f. induced in secondary is, E2 = 4.44 f N2m ------------------- ( ii ) From the above equations (i) and (ii), we get

=K (i) If K>1, then the transformer is called step-up transformer. (ii) If K<1, then the transformer is called step-down transformer.

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iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory

ITC Learnings AC/DC Motor Theory library was specifically developed for electricians and electronic technicians as well as for the multi-craft training needs of process and manufacturing facilities. This library consists of 11 interactive, on-line lessons that address AC and DC motor theory. These lessons take approximately 30 to 45 minutes to complete.

1. Introduction to AC Components and Motors 2. Advanced AC Motor Principles 3. Three-Phase Motors - Part 1 4. Three-Phase Motors - Part 2 5. Single-Phase Motors 6. Introduction to DC Motors 7. Introduction to DC Motor Theory 8. Armature Reaction, Compensation, and Induced Voltage 9. Series, Shunt, and Compound DC Motors 10. Permanent Magnet, Universal, and Brushless DC Motors 11. DC Motor Controls

Introduction to AC Components and Motors

Description: This is the first lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson identifies the components of an AC motor and explains their functions. Basic magnetic principles, sine waves, methods of increasing magnetic flux in a conductor, and how a rotating field is created in an AC Motor are presented. Prerequisites: None Topics: Introduction to AC Components Magnetic Principles The Sine Wave Flux Field Increasing Magnetic Flux Objectives:

Identify the components of an AC Motor and explain their function Explain the basic principles of magnetism Interpret the characteristics of a current as represented on a sine wave


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Describe the effect of AC current on a conductor Describe the methods of increasing magnetic flux in a conductor Explain how a rotating field is created in an AC Motor

Advanced AC Motor Principles

Description: The second lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library, this lesson explains synchronous speed and how to calculate it. The lesson demonstrates the relationship between phased current and rotor spin and induction and its effect on a rotor. Slip and how to calculate slip using its formula are also covered. Prerequisites: Review of the lesson, Introduction to AC Components and Motors, or knowledge of AC motor components and magnetic principles is recommended. Topics: Current and Rotating Field Synchronous Speed Rotor Movement Rotor Spin Slip Objectives:

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Explain Explain Explain Explain

and be able to calculate synchronous speed induction and its effect on a rotor the relationship between phased current and rotor spin slip and know its formula

Three-Phase Motors - Part 1

Description: This is the third lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson defines and explains the components and functions of various three-phase motors. The lesson also defines torque and explains its role in motor operation. Prerequisites: None Topics: Squirrel Case Motors Wound Rotors Induction Characteristics Reluctance Synchronous Objectives:

Describe the design of a squirrel cage rotor Explain the function of a squirrel cage rotor's components


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Describe the design of a wound rotor Explain the function of a wound rotor's components Define torque and explain its role in motor operation Explain the design of a reluctance motor and how it works

Three-Phase Motors - Part 2

Description: This is the fourth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson defines and explains the components and functions of externally excited motors, starters, and variable speed drives. There is also a review topic to reinforce the information covered in the lesson, Three-Phase Motors Part 1. Prerequisites: Completion of the lesson, Three-Phase Motors Part 1, is recommended. Topics: Externally Excited Motors Starters Variable Speed Drives Three-Phase Review Objectives:

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Explain the design of an externally excited motor Explain how an externally excited motor works Explain the function of a motor starter Describe the most common types of motor starters Describe a variable speed drive and its effect on voltage and frequency

Single-Phase Motors
Description: This is the fifth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson trains the participants to distinguish single-phase motors from three-phase motors. Split-phase motors and capacitance start motors are discussed. Prerequisites: Completion of the lessons, Three-Phase Motors Part 1 and Part 2, is recommended. Topics: Single-Phase Motors Split-Phase Motors Capacitor Start Motors Summary Objectives:

Distinguish a single-phase motor from a three-phase motor Explain the design of a split-phase motor and how it works


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Explain the design of a capacitance start motor and how it works

Introduction to DC Motors
Description: This is the sixth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson introduces the learner to DC Motors and their basic components. Prerequisites: None Topics: History of DC Motors Basic Components Armature Components Brushes Objectives:

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Identify the general characteristics of a DC motor Identify the advantages of a DC motor Identify the basic components of a DC motor Explain the function of DC motor components Identify the components of the armature and explain their function Identify the components of the brush assembly and explain their function

Introduction to DC Motor Theory

Description: This is the seventh lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. The lesson introduces participants to DC motor theory. Prerequisites: Knowledge of DC motor components and magnetic principles or review of the lessons, Introduction to AC Components and Motors and Introduction to DC Motors, is recommended. Topics: Flux Interaction Commutation Multiple Windings Objectives:

Explain the effect of armature current on the main flux field and how it results in motor action. Explain the process of commutation and how it maintains direct current in a DC motor. Describe how the number of windings and commutator segments effects torque and mechanical power of a DC motor.

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Armature Reaction, Compensation, and Induced Voltage

Description: The eighth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library, this lesson demonstrates armature reaction, compensation, and induced voltage. Prerequisites: Knowledge of DC motor components and review of the lesson, Introduction to DC Motor Theory, is recommended. Topics: Armature Reaction Compensation Induced Voltage Objectives:

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Explain how armature reaction shifts the neutral plane in a DC motor Explain how armature reaction affects motor operation Explain what measures will correct armature reaction List the requirements for induced voltage in a motor Explain counter-EMF.

Series, Shunt, and Compound DC Motors

Description: This is the ninth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson instructs the participant in the design of series wound, shunt wound, and compound DC motors and how they work. Prerequisites: Knowledge of DC motor components and review of the lessons, Introduction to DC Motor Theory and Armature Reaction, Compensation, and Induced Voltage, is recommended. Topics: Series Wound Motors Shunt Wound Motors Compound Motors Objectives:

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Explain Explain Explain Explain Explain Explain

the design of a series wound DC motor how a series wound DC motor works the design of a shunt wound DC motor how a shunt wound DC motor works the design of a compound wound DC motor how a compound wound DC motor works

Permanent Magnet, Universal, and Brushless DC Motors

Description: This is the tenth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson instructs the student in the design of permanent magnet, universal, and brushless DC motors and how they work. Prerequisites: Knowledge of DC motor components and review of the lessons, Introduction to DC Motor Theory and Series, Shunt, and Compound DC Motors, are recommended. Topics: Permanent Magnet Motors Universal Motors Brushless Motors Objectives:

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Explain Explain Explain Explain Explain

the design of a permanent magnet DC motor how a permanent magnet DC motor works how a universal motor runs off of DC power the design of a brushless DC motor how a brushless DC motor works

DC Motor Controls
Description: This is the final lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson trains participants in starters, rotation direction, speed control, and drive controls of DC motors. Prerequisites: Knowledge of schematics is recommended as well as review of the lessons, Introduction to DC Motor Theory and Series, Shunt, and Compound DC Motors. Topics: Starting DC Motors Reverse Direction Speed Control DC Drives Objectives:

Explain Explain Explain Explain Explain Explain Explain Explain Explain

why a reduced voltage starter is sometimes needed in a motor how a reduced voltage starter works what determines the direction of rotation of a DC motor how a reverse contactor works how to control the speed of a DC motor how a tapped resistor works how a field rheostat works a DC drives control system how a DC drive control system works

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