Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral and Mental

Health Care 1st Edition David D. Luxton -

Downloadable PDF 2025

https://ebookfinal.com/download/artificial-intelligence-in-behavioral-
and-mental-health-care-1st-edition-david-d-luxton/

Visit ebookfinal.com today to download the complete set of

ebooks or textbooks
Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

Mental Health and Social Policy Beyond Managed Care 6th

Edition David Mechanic

https://ebookfinal.com/download/mental-health-and-social-policy-
beyond-managed-care-6th-edition-david-mechanic/

Mental Health Care for Nurses Applying Mental Health

Skills in the General Hospital 1st Edition Anthony
Harrison
https://ebookfinal.com/download/mental-health-care-for-nurses-
applying-mental-health-skills-in-the-general-hospital-1st-edition-
anthony-harrison/

Psychiatric and Mental Health Essentials in Primary Care

1st Edition Lee Ann Hoff

https://ebookfinal.com/download/psychiatric-and-mental-health-
essentials-in-primary-care-1st-edition-lee-ann-hoff/

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Mental Health Care 1st

Edition Dr Alec Grant

https://ebookfinal.com/download/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-in-
mental-health-care-1st-edition-dr-alec-grant/
Consciousness and Creativity in Artificial Intelligence
1st Edition Jon-Arild Johannessen

https://ebookfinal.com/download/consciousness-and-creativity-in-
artificial-intelligence-1st-edition-jon-arild-johannessen/

Integrating Mental Health into Primary Health Care A

Global Perspective 1st Edition Who

https://ebookfinal.com/download/integrating-mental-health-into-
primary-health-care-a-global-perspective-1st-edition-who/

Sport and Physical Activity for Mental Health David

Carless

https://ebookfinal.com/download/sport-and-physical-activity-for-
mental-health-david-carless/

Community Mental Health Nursing and Dementia Care Practice

Perspectives 1st Edition John Keady

https://ebookfinal.com/download/community-mental-health-nursing-and-
dementia-care-practice-perspectives-1st-edition-john-keady/

Artificial intelligence with python 1st Edition Prateek

Joshi

https://ebookfinal.com/download/artificial-intelligence-with-
python-1st-edition-prateek-joshi/
Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral and Mental Health
Care 1st Edition David D. Luxton Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): David D. Luxton
ISBN(s): 9780124202481, 0124202489
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.38 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
Artificial Intelligence in
BEHAVIORAL AND
MENTAL HEALTH
CARE
This page intentionally left blank
Artificial Intelligence in
BEHAVIORAL AND
MENTAL HEALTH
CARE

Edited by
David D. Luxton PhD., M.S.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
and
Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125, London Wall, EC2Y 5AS
525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA
225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK

Copyright r 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 8: Copyright r 2016 Laurel Riek. All rights reserved. Published by Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani-
cal, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permis-
sions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other
than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or
from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions,
or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-0-12-420248-1

For Information on all Academic Press publications

visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/

Publisher: Nikki Levy

Acquisition Editor: Nikki Levy
Editorial Project Manager: Barbara Makinster
Production Project Manager: Nicky Carter
Designer: Matthew Limbert

Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India

www.adi-mps.com
Printed and bound in the USA
CONTENTS

List of Contributors ix
About the Editor xi
Preface xiii

1. An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral

and Mental Health Care 1
David D. Luxton
Introduction and Overview 1
Key Concepts and Technologies 2
Benefits of AI for Behavioral and Mental Health Care 15
Additional Considerations 17
Conclusion 19
References 21
Additional Resources 25

2. Expert Systems in Mental Health Care: AI Applications

in Decision-Making and Consultation 27
Casey C. Bennett and Thomas W. Doub
Introduction 27
The History Expert Systems and Clinical Artificial Intelligence in Health Care 28
The Present Dynamical Approaches to Clinical AI and Expert Systems 32
Technology-Enhanced Clinicians 37
Summary of Dynamical Approaches for Clinical AI 38
The Future 39
Conclusion 46
References 47

3. Autonomous Virtual Human Agents for Healthcare

Information Support and Clinical Interviewing 53
Albert Rizzo, Russell Shilling, Eric Forbell, Stefan Scherer,
Jonathan Gratch and Louis-Philippe Morency

Introduction 53
The Rationale and Brief History of the Clinical Use of VHs 55
Use Cases: SimCoach and SimSensei 59

v
vi Contents

Comparative Evaluation Across Interviews: Face-To-Face, WoZ,

and Automatic Interaction with the SimSensei VH Agent 70
Conclusions 74
References 75

4. Virtual Affective Agents and Therapeutic Games 81

Eva Hudlicka

Introduction 81
Brief History of Virtual Affective Agents and Serious Games 84
State of the Art 88
Applicable Ethical and Privacy Considerations 104
Future Prospects 107
Conclusions 111
References 111

5. Automated Mental State Detection for Mental Health Care 117

Sidney K. D’Mello
Introduction 117
Theoretical and Technical Foundation 119
Example Systems 122
Concluding Remarks 131
Acknowledgments 132
References 132

6. Intelligent Mobile, Wearable, and Ambient Technologies

for Behavioral Health Care 137
David D. Luxton, Jennifer D. June, Akane Sano and Timothy Bickmore

Introduction 137
Intelligent Capabilities for Mobile Health 139
Overview of AmI 150
Design Recommendations 152
Conclusion 156
References 157

7. Artificial Intelligence and Human Behavior Modeling

and Simulation for Mental Health Conditions 163
Barry G. Silverman, Nancy Hanrahan, Lina Huang, Emilia Flores Rabinowitz
and Samuel Lim

Introduction 163
 Contents vii

Background 163
History of ABMS in Medicine/Mental Health Care 166
Synergies with Other Industries 167
Sociological Inputs into Multi-Tiered ABMS 167
A Toolbox for Multi-Layer Modeling of Social Systems 169
Data and Privacy Constraints for ABMS in Mental Health Modeling
Applications 175
Example Application 177
Future Prospects 180
Conclusion 181
Acknowledgments 181
References 182

8. Robotics Technology in Mental Health Care 185

Laurel D. Riek
Introduction 185
Conclusion 199
Acknowledgment 200
References 200

9. Public Health Surveillance: Predictive Analytics and Big Data 205

Chris Poulin, Paul Thompson and Craig Bryan
Introduction 205
The Current State of Informatics 206
Overview of Recent Applications 206
Results 215
Larger Cohorts (Current Work) 218
Impact 220
Applicable Ethical Considerations 222
Future Prospects in the Topic Area 224
Conclusion 228
References 228

10. Artificial Intelligence in Public Health Surveillance and Research 231

Yair Neuman
Introduction 231
Conclusion 251
References 252
viii Contents

11. Ethical Issues and Artificial Intelligence Technologies

in Behavioral and Mental Health Care 255
David D. Luxton, Susan Leigh Anderson and Michael Anderson
Introduction 255
Overview of Ethics Codes and Ethical Behavior in Health Care 256
Particular Ethics Challenges 261
Design and Testing Recommendations 270
Conclusion 274
References 275

Glossary 277
Index 281
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Michael Anderson
Department of Computer Science, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA

Susan Leigh Anderson

Department of Philosophy, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT, USA

Casey C. Bennett
School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA;
Department of Informatics, Centerstone Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA

Timothy Bickmore
College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston,
MA, USA

Craig Bryan
Department of Psychology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Sidney K. D’Mello
Departments of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, IN, USA

Thomas W. Doub
Department of Informatics, Centerstone Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA

Eric Forbell
University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies, Los Angeles,
CA, USA

Jonathan Gratch
University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies, Los Angeles,
CA, USA

Nancy Hanrahan
School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Lina Huang
Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Eva Hudlicka
Psychometrix Associates, Inc. and School of Computer Science, University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Jennifer D. June
National Center for Telehealth & Technology, WA, USA; Department of Human
Centered Design and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

ix
x List of Contributors

Samuel Lim
Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

David D. Luxton
Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA

Louis-Philippe Morency
University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies, Los Angeles,
CA, USA

Yair Neuman
Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

Chris Poulin
Patterns and Predictions, Portsmouth, NH, USA

Emilia Flores Rabinowitz

School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Laurel D. Riek
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, IN, USA

Albert Rizzo
University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies, Los Angeles,
CA, USA

Akane Sano
MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

Stefan Scherer
University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies, Los Angeles,
CA, USA

Russell Shilling
University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies, Los Angeles,
CA, USA

Barry G. Silverman
Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Paul Thompson
Institute for Security, Technology, and Society, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
ABOUT THE EDITOR

David D. Luxton, Ph.D., M.S. is a Research Health Scientist at the

Naval Health Research Center in San Diego California and an Affiliate
Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle.
Prior to moving to San Diego, he served as a Research Psychologist and
Program Manager at the U.S. Department of Defense’s National Center
for Telehealth & Technology (T2) in Tacoma Washington. He has previous
experience as an electronics technician and technical writer in the semi-
conductor manufacturing industry and as a Secure Communications
Systems Technician while serving in the United States Air Force.
Dr. Luxton’s research and writing is focused in the areas of military and
veterans’ health, telehealth, mobile health technologies, artificial intelli-
gence, and emerging technology applications in health care. He serves on
several national committees and workgroups and he provides training and
consultation regarding the use and development of technology in behav-
ioral healthcare. He is a licensed clinical psychologist and member of IEEE
and the American Psychological Association.

xi
This page intentionally left blank
PREFACE

We have entered a very exciting era for behavioral health and mental
health care. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) make it possible to
build intelligent machines that enhance the quality, accessibility, and effi-
ciency of care, while also providing entirely new capabilities. For exam-
ple, the integration of natural language processing and virtual reality has
allowed for the creation of interactive intelligent virtual humans that can
provide training, consultation, and treatments. Artificial intelligent agent
systems can also assist with clinical decision-making and healthcare man-
agement. Advances in sensing technologies and affective computing have
enabled machines to detect, assess, and respond to emotional states.
Robots capable of patient and medical provider interaction are now com-
mercially available for use in the home and medical settings. Moreover,
the use of machine learning and pattern recognition is improving public
health surveillance while brain mapping initiatives now underway provide
opportunities to model behavior and better understand normal and
abnormal functions of the brain. The current and forthcoming advances
in AI will transform behavioral and mental health care in the years ahead.
Given these advances, it is important for healthcare professionals and AI
systems designers and developers to be aware of the current and emerging
capabilities, challenges, and opportunities that AI brings to the behavioral
and mental healthcare arenas.
This book brings together multidisciplinary experts with specific
experience in the development and study of intelligent technologies in
health care. Our goal is to share some of the latest developments and to
present the basic theoretical, technical, and practical aspects regarding the
design and use of these technologies in behavioral and mental health care.
We hope that this book will be informative to those who are interested in
developing intelligent technologies and to healthcare professionals (e.g.,
counselors, psychologists, social workers, nurses, physicians, pharmacists,
healthcare technicians, administrators, etc.) who use these technologies.
This book should also interest the broader audience of persons interested
in current and emerging technologies as well as ethical issues associated
with the use of these technologies.
Any book that reports on current technological developments is des-
tined to become outdated within just a short time. Between planning this
book in 2013 and going to press in mid-2015, new and exciting

xiii
xiv Preface

technological innovations worthy of mention in this book emerged. Not

only is it difficult to keep up with all of these impressive developments, it
is impossible to cover all AI technologies and approaches in just one
volume. Any one chapter of this book could easily be the subject of
an entire book on its own. The aim of this book is thus to provide a
wide-ranging but highly useful presentation of pertinent AI applications
in behavioral and mental health care and to do so in a way that is
accessible to a broad audience of readers.
I am grateful to the chapter authors for their willingness to share their
knowledge and insight into the topics presented in this book. I wish to
thank my publisher Nikki Levy and project managers Barbara Makinster
and Nicky Carter at Elsevier for their assistance and support along the
way. I also wish to acknowledge the assistance of Eva Hudlicka, Jennifer
June, Laurel Riek, and Rudy Rull. I dedicate this book to my brother
Matthew, for his courage to overcome adversity, his kindheartedness, and
his thoughtful conversations about the stories of Isaac Asimov.

David D. Luxton
February 2015
Olympia, Washington, USA
CHAPTER 1

An Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence in Behavioral and
Mental Health Care
David
1
D. Luxton1,2
Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
2
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine,
Seattle, WA, USA

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of science concerned with the study and
design of intelligent machines. For people unfamiliar with AI, the thought of
intelligent machines may at first conjure images of charismatic human-like
computers or robots, such as those depicted in science fiction. Others may
think of AI technology as mysterious computers confined to research labora-
tories or as a technological achievement that will occur at some far off time
in the future. Popular media reports of the use of aerial surveillance drones,
driverless cars, or the possible perils of emerging super-intelligent machines
have perhaps increased some general awareness of the topic.
AI technologies and techniques are in fact already at work all around us,
although often behind the scenes. Many applications of AI technologies and
techniques have become so commonplace that we may no longer consider
those applications as involving AI. For example, AI technology is used for
predicting weather patterns, logistics planning, manufacturing, and finance
functions (e.g., banking and monitoring and trading stocks). AI technology
is also deployed in automobiles, aircraft guidance systems, smart mobile
devices (e.g., voice recognition software such as Apple’s Siri), Internet web
browsers, and a plethora of other practical everyday functions. AI technolo-
gies and techniques enable us to solve problems and perform tasks in more
reliable, efficient, and effective ways than were possible without them.
The behavioral and mental healthcare fields are also benefiting from
advancements in AI. For example, computing methods for learning, under-
standing, and reasoning can assist healthcare professionals with clinical
decision-making, testing, diagnostics, and care management. AI technolo-
gies and techniques can advance self-care tools to improve the lives of

Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral and Mental Health Care. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-420248-1.00001-5 All rights reserved. 1
2 Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral and Mental Health Care

people, such as interactive mobile health applications (apps) that learn the
patterns and preferences of users. AI is improving public health by assisting
with the detection of health risks and informing interventions. Another
example is the use of artificially intelligent virtual humans that can interact
with care seekers and provide treatment recommendations. As each chapter
of this book will demonstrate, the opportunities to apply AI technologies
and techniques to behavioral and mental healthcare tasks abound.
The purpose of this introductory chapter is to provide basic back-
ground and context for the subsequent chapters of this book. I first pro-
vide an overview of essential AI concepts and technologies with emphasis
on their relevance for behavioral and mental health care. Although the
review is not by any means exhaustive, it will provide readers who are
new to AI with basic foundational information. I also highlight recent
technological developments in order to demonstrate emerging capabilities
and to provide a glimpse of innovations on the horizon. I then discuss the
many practical benefits that AI brings to behavioral and mental health
care along with some additional considerations. A list of foundational
texts is included at the end of the chapter to serve as a resource for read-
ers seeking more in-depth information on any given topic.

KEY CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

What Is AI?
The goal of AI is to build machines that are capable of performing tasks that
we define as requiring intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, planning,
problem-solving, and perception. The field was given its name by computer
scientist John McCarty, who, along with Marvin Minsky, Nathan Rochester,
and Claude Shannon, organized The Dartmouth Conference in 1956
(McCarthy, Minsky, Rochester, & Shannon, 1955). The goal of the confer-
ence was to bring together leading experts to set forward a new field of
science involving the study of intelligent machines. A central premise
discussed at the conference was that “Every aspect of learning or any other
feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be
made to simulate it” (McCarthy et al., 1955). During the conference, Allen
Newell, J.C. Shaw, and Herbert Simon demonstrated the Logic Theorist
(LT), the first computer program deliberately engineered to mimic the
problem-solving skills of a human being (Newell & Simon, 1956).
Over the last 60 years AI has grown into a multidisciplinary field
involving computer science, engineering, psychology, philosophy, ethics,
 An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral and Mental Health Care 3

and more. Some of the goals of AI are to design technology to accomplish

very specialized functions, such as computer vision, speech processing, and
analysis and prediction of patterns in data. This focus on specific intelligent
tasks is referred to as Weak AI (sometimes called Applied AI or Narrow
AI) (Velik, 2012). An example of a Weak AI machine is IBM’s Deep Blue
chess-playing system that beat the world chess champion, Garry Kasparov,
in 1997. Rather than simulating how a human would play chess, Deep
Blue used the process of brute force techniques to calculate probabilities to
determine its offensive and defensive moves. The term “Strong AI,” intro-
duced by the philosopher John Searle in 1980 (Searle, 1980), refers to the
goal of building machines with Artificial General Intelligence. The goal of
Strong AI is thus to build machines with intellectual ability that is
indistinguishable from that of human beings (Copeland, 2000). The overall
aim of AI is not necessarily to build machines that mimic human intelli-
gence; rather, intelligent machines are often designed to far exceed the
capabilities of human intelligence. These capabilities are generally narrow
and specific tasks, such as the performance of mathematical operations.
The term AI is also sometimes used to describe the intelligent behavior
of machines such that a machine can be said to possess “AI” when it
performs tasks that we consider as intelligent. AI can be in the form of hard-
ware or software that can be stand-alone, distributed across computer
networks, or embodied into a robot. AI can also be in the form of intelligent
autonomous agents (e.g., virtual or robotic) that are capable of interacting
with their environment and making their own decisions. AI technology can
also be coupled to biological processes (as in the case of brain computer
interfaces (BCIs)), made of biological materials (biological AI), or be as small
as molecular structures (nanotechnology). For the purposes of this chapter,
I use the term AI to refer to the field of science and AI technologies or
intelligent machines to refer to technologies that perform intelligent functions.

Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Networks

Machine learning (ML) is a core branch of AI that aims to give compu-
ters the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed (Samuel,
2000). ML has many subfields and applications, including statistical
learning methods, neural networks, instance-based learning, genetic
algorithms, data mining, image recognition, natural language processing
(NLP), computational learning theory, inductive logic programming, and
reinforcement learning (for a review see Mitchell, 1997).
4 Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral and Mental Health Care

Essentially, ML is the capability of software or a machine to improve

the performance of tasks through exposure to data and experience. A typ-
ical ML model first learns the knowledge from the data it is exposed to
and then applies this knowledge to provide predictions about emerging
(future) data. Supervised ML is when the program is “trained” on a
pre-defined set of “training examples” or “training sets.” Unsupervised
ML is when the program is provided with data but must discover patterns
and relationships in that data.
The ability to search and identify patterns in large quantities of data and
in some applications without a priori knowledge is a particular benefit of
ML approaches. For example, ML software can be used to detect patterns
in large electronic health record datasets by identifying subsets of data
records and attributes that are atypical (e.g., indicate risks) or that reveal
factors associated with patient outcomes (McFowland, Speakman, & Neill,
2013; Neill, 2012). ML techniques can also be used to automatically pre-
dict future patterns in data (e.g., predictive analytics or predictive modeling) or
to help perform decision-making tasks under uncertainty. ML methods are
also applied to Internet websites to enable them to learn the patterns of
care seekers, adapt to their preferences, and customize information and
content that is presented. ML is also the underlying technique that allows
robots to learn new skills and adapt to their environment.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a type of ML technique that simu-
lates the structure and function of neuronal networks in the brain. With
traditional digital computing, the computational steps are sequential and
follow linear modeling techniques. In contrast, modern neural networks
use nonlinear statistical data modeling techniques that respond in parallel to
the pattern of inputs presented to them. As with biological neurons, con-
nections are made and strengthened with repeated use (also known as
Hebbian learning; Hebb, 1949). Modern examples of ANN applications
include handwriting recognition, computer vision, and speech recognition
(Haykin & Network, 2004; Jain, Mao, & Mohiuddin, 1996). ANNs are
also used in theoretical and computational neuroscience to create models of
biological neural systems in order to study the mechanisms of neural pro-
cessing and learning (Alonso & Mondragón, 2011). ANNs have also been
tested as a statistical method for accomplishing practical tasks in mental
health care, such as for predicting lengths of psychiatric hospital stay
(Lowell & Davis, 1994), determining the costs of psychiatric medication
(Mirabzadeh et al., 2013), and for predicting obsessive compulsive disorder
(OCD) treatment response (Salomoni et al., 2009).
 An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral and Mental Health Care 5

ML algorithms and neural networks also provide useful methods for

modern expert systems (see Chapter 2). Expert systems are a form of AI
program that simulates the knowledge and analytical skills of human
experts. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) are a subtype of expert
system that is specifically designed to aid in the process of clinical
decision-making (Finlay, 1994). Traditional CDSSs rely on prepro-
grammed facts and rules to provide decision options. However, incorpo-
rating modern ML and ANN methods allows CDSSs to provide
recommendations without preprogrammed knowledge. Fuzzy modeling
and fuzzy-genetic algorithms are specific ancillary techniques used
to assist with the optimization of rules and membership classification
(see Jagielska, Matthews, & Whitfort, 1999). These techniques are based
on the concept of fuzzy logic (Zadeh, 1965), a method of reasoning that
involves approximate values (e.g., some degree of “true”) rather than
fixed and exact values (e.g., “true” or “false”). These methods provide a
useful qualitative computational approach for working with uncertainties
that can help mental healthcare professionals make more optimal decisions
that improve patient outcomes.

Natural Language Processing

The capability of machines to interpret and process human (natural)
language is called NLP. NLP is a sub-field of AI that combines computer
science with linguistics. The use of computational techniques to specifi-
cally examine and classify language is referred to as “computational
linguistics” or “statistical text classification” (Manning & Schütze, 1999).
One of the earliest examples of a NLP user interface was the ELIZA
program, which was created by MIT computer scientist Joseph
Weizenbaum in 1966 (Weizenbaum, 1976). ELIZA was created using a
simple programming language called SLIP (Symmetric LIst Processor)
and employed language syntax to provide formulated responses based on
a programmed model to imitate the empathic communication style of
psychologist Carl Rogers (Rogers, 1959). Users would type a question or
statement on a keyboard and the program would rephrase the statements
into new questions or statements and therefore only mimicked human
conversation. In the early 1970s, Stanford University psychiatrist Kenneth
M. Colby developed a program called PARRY that simulated a person
with paranoid schizophrenia. Like ELIZA, the program could converse
with others via a text interface (Güzeldere & Franchi, 1995) and tests of
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 STATE OF MAINE. 843 ^ Robert Tuck, immigrant ancestor,
TUCK came to New England in 1636 from Gorlston, a seaboard town
of county Suffolk, England. He settled first in Watertown,
Massachusetts, where he was a proprietor in 1636. He lived also a
while in Salem. In 1638 he, with others, petitioned for leave to settle
at Hampton, New Hampshire, and he was granted land there in
1640. He was admitted a freeman September 7, 1639. His house lot
was near Rand's hill, on the west side of the road leading toward
North Hampton, and bounded on the west by Ward's lane, near the
railroad crossing, as it now is. The house was conveniently situated
and was kept as an ordinary or inn. He was called a vintner. He
made a trip to England, after he had lived in Hampton about fifteen
years, and when he returned got into trouble by continuing at
business in the inn without renewal of his license. He was a tailor by
trade, although he never worked at his trade after he came to New
England. He was also, a chirurgeon. He was selectman in 1648-49-
52, and in 1647 was town clerk, being elected for three years. He
was commissioner for small causes for the town of Hampton. He
died intestate, October 4, 1664. He married, in England, Joanna ,
who died February 14, 167374. Children, born in England: i. Robert,
remained in England and had a son William. 2. Elizabeth, married
John Sherburne. 3. Mary, married Lieutenant John Sambourne, of
Hampton; died December 30, 1668. 4. Edward, mentioned below.
(II) Edward, son of Robert Tuck, was born in England and came to
America with his parents. He married, about 1648, Mary Philbrick,
daughter of Thomas Philbrick, of Hampton. He died intestate, April
6, 1652, and his widow was appointed administratrix of the estate.
She married (second) James Wall, of Hampton, as his second wife,
and outlived him more than forty years. She died about 1699.
Children of Edward and Mary Tuck : I. Edward, born September 8,
1649, died young. 2. John, mentioned below. (III) Deacon John, son
of Edward Tuck, born about 165 1 or 1652, died January 4, 1742,
aged ninety years. He married, January 9, 1678, Bethia Hobbs, born
in Hampton, February 28, 1659, died May 29, 1738, daughter of
Morris and Sarah (Eastow) HoblDs. He was a carpenter by trade,
owned much real estate, and carried on a farm. He also invested
capital in building mills, some of which he operated. He owned grist
and fulling mills on the Nilus river, and the sites of these two mills
are or were lately occupied by mills. He was selectman many years,
and town clerk nearly sixteen years. He was twice elected deputy to
the general court, and was involved in a controversy in regard to his
representation of the town. He and his wife united with the church,
February 28, 1696-97, and he was chosen deacon July 19* 1715,
and held the office until his death. That he was a very pious man is
shown by his diary, in which he says, imder date of May 22, 171 5,
that he then began to read the Bible through for the thirteenth time.
Children: i. Bethia, born July 28, 1682, died July 25, 1755; married,
November 4, 1703, John Marston. 2. Mar>', born January 27, 1684,
married, June 21, 1716, Deacon Samuel Shaw, as his second wife. 3.
John, born April 19, 1687, died June 25, 1688. 4. Samuel, born April
30, 1689. 5. Sarah, born April 30, 1689 (twin), died February 15,
1764; married, January 16, 1718, Thomas Batchelder. 6. Hannah,
born April 10, 1692, married, December 29, 1715, Jonathan
Dearborn. 7. Edward, born February 7, 1694-95, mentioned below.
8. Jonathan, born September II, 1697. 9. John, born August 23,
1702. (IV) Edward (2), son of Deacon John Tuck, born February 7,
1694-95, died June 7, 1772. He married, November 24, 1720, Sarah
Dearborn, born June 17, 1699, died January 15, 1756, daughter of
Samuel and Mercy (Batchelder) Dearborn. He was a carpenter by
trade, and settled in Kensington, New Hampshire. His estate
remained in the family many years, and is or was lately occupied by
Samuel Parsons Tuck, his great-grandson. Children: i. Sarah, born
August 4, 1722, married, February 4, 1742, Nathaniel Prescott; died
1805. 2. Bethia, born June, 1723, married Benjamin Veasey ; died
December 13, 1802. 3. Mercy, born June 20, 1724, married
Batchel4er; died April i, 1806. 4. Edward, born August 6, 1726, died
unmarried 1748. 6. Mary, born April 19, 1730, died unmarried March
2, 1810. 6. Elizabeth, born January 22, 1732, died unmarried. 7.
Hannah, born December 11, 1733, married Major John Lane as his
second wife. 8. John, bom July 28, 1736. 9. Samuel, born
September 13, 1738, mentioned below. 10. Jeremiah, born
November 17, 1740, died September, 1748. 11. Jesse, born January
16, 1743. (V) Samuel, son of Edward Tuck, was born in Kensington,
New Hampshire, September 13, 1738. He resided for a time in his
native town, but removed to Brentwood, New Hampshire, and lived
on a farm south of his brother John. He was a soldier in the
 844 STATE OF MAINE. revolution, and died in the army
November 12, 1777, aged thirty-nine. He married Anna , who died
August 8, 1836, aged ninetytwo years one month and three days.
Children: I. Edward, born January 4, 1764. 2. Samuel, born April 6,
1765. 3. John Moulton, born September 17, 1766. 4. Anna, born
September 25, 1768, marcied, April 7, 1789, Rev. Cyrus Baldwin. 5.
Mary, born May 5, 1773, married. May 28, 1794, Daniel French; died
March 14, 1847. 6. Jeremiah, born 1774-757. Jesse, born December
5, 1776, mentioned below. 8. Sarah, born March 26, 1778, married,
November 27, 1806, Isaac Whittier; died August 12, 1850. (VI)
Jesse, son of Samuel Tuck, born in Brentwood, New Hampshire,
December 5, 1776, died September 10, 1832. He resided in Fayette,
Kennebec county, Maine. He married, in 1798, Dorothy Woodman,
born January 3, 1777, died March 29, 1817. Children: I. Mary, born
December 8, 1799, died unmarried, September 2, 1863. 2. Samuel,
born September 17, 1801. 3. Jonathan, born November 9, 1803. 4.
Madison, born December 17, 1809, mentioned below. 5. Nancy, born
May 7, 1813, married, March 27, 1828, Reuben Crane Jr. (VTI)
Madison, son of Jesse Tuck, born December 17, 1809, died
December 10, 1893. He resided in Hallowell, Kennebec county,
Maine. He married, April 4, 1832, Mary A. Woodbridge, born October
18, 1810, died September 20, 1864. Children: i. William Jesse, born
March 20, 1833, mentioned below. 2. Mary Ellen, married Lewis
Frank Chase. 3. Elizabeth H., married John Pierce ; now deceased. 4.
Hattie J. 5. Julia M., deceased, married Rev. Howard Parshaley. 6.
Emma L., married Amos Chadbourn. (VIII) William Jesse, son of
Madison Tuck, born in Hallowell, Maine, March 20, 1833, died April
9, 1907. His boyhood, schooldays and his whole life up to the
seventies were spent in his native town, but he was best known
from his long service as an officer of the "Eastern Queen," "Star of
the East" and "Kennebec," steamships of the Kennebec & Boston
line. Mr. Tuck commenced his steamboat Hfe in 1863 as clerk of the
freight steamer, "C. W. Dexter," owned by Alden Sampson & Sons,
which plied between Hallowell and Boston and was commanded by
Captain Reuben Eastman. "Jesse," as Mr. Tuck was universally called
by his friends, was made baggage master on the "Eastern Queen"
two years later, and in 1866 was appointed purser of that vessel,
continuing in that office, which he filled so capably, until the boat
was sold in 1871. Soon afterward Mr. Tuck was placed in charge of
the Augusta business of the steamship company as agent, remaining
there until 1887, when he again went on the line as purser of the
"Star of the East." After several seasons he was transferred to the
new steamer "Kennebec," Captain Collins, and continued until he
retired from active life three years before his death. He was for more
than forty years in the steamboat service in various positions, chiefly
with Captain Collins and the pioneers in river business, the late
Hiram Fuller and his son, Charles E. Fuller, who died February, 1888.
Fie was one of the best known and most popular pursers of New
England, faithful and exact in his business affairs, considerate and
obliging to the patrons of the steamships. He knew his business
thoroughly and did his full duty in every position that he held. He
was a member of the Free Baptist church of Augusta, and the four
deacons were the bearers at his funeral. He was a member of
Kennebec Lodge of Free Masons of Hallowell. He was fond of music
and skillful in instrumental and vocal music, playing in the old
Hallowell Band under the veteran leader, Fales, and in the celebrated
Hallowell Band under A. H. Davis's leadership, and for many years
sang in the Methodist choir under that veteran chorister, Mark
Johnson. Mr. Tuck was the type of man of whom his native state has
reason to be proud. Active, industrious, earnest, of the strictest
integrity, he commanded the confidence and respect of every one.
He married (first) Lucy Churchill, of Augusta, died in 1885. He
married (second) Elizabeth Jordan, born in Brighton, Maine,
daughter of Robert and Elizabeth (Palmer) Jordan. She resides at the
old home in Augusta. The only child was William Albert, born
December 26, 1864. educated in the public schools of Hallowell and
Augusta ; resides in Eureka City, California, where he is at present
engaged in the shoe business. The Wellman family is of WELLMAN
old English descent. The Wellman genealogy says that three
brothers, Isaac, Thomas and Abraham, came from Wales, England,
about 1625, and settled in Lynn, Massachusetts. After a short time
Isaac removed to Killingworth, Connecticut. Thomas and Abraham
resided in Lynn all their lives. Thomas died October
 STATE OF MAINE. 845 10, 1672, and his widow Elizabeth,
and children Abigail, Isaac, Elizabeth, Sarah and Mary were
mentioned in his will. ' (I) Abraham Wellman came from Wales,
England, and settled in Lynn. He had a son Abraham. (IIj Abraham
(2), son of Abraham (i) Wellman, married Elizabeth Cogswell,
daughter of John Cogswell, of Ipswich. She died Alay 10, 1736. His
will was dated JMarch 15, 1716, and provides for the widow and
living children. Children: i. Thomas, born October II, 1667. 2.
Elizabeth, born February, 1671, died April 24, 1673. 3. Abraham,
born November 25, 1673, mentioned below. 4. John, born May 10,
1676, drowned in the Lynn river. 5. Elizabeth, born July 25, 1678. 6.'
Mary. 7. Martha. 8. Abigail. (III) Abraham (3), son of Abraham (2)
Wellman, was born November 25, 1673. He married, in 1717,
Elizabeth Taylor. Children: I. Abraham, born in Lynnfield, 1718,
shoemaker; married Mehitable Cowing. 2. Jacob, born in Lynn, April
24, 1720, mentioned below. 3. Rev. James, born Alay 10, 1723,
married, November 8, 1750, Sarah Barnard; first minister of the
church at Cornish, New Hampshire ; died December 18, 1808. 4.
Martha, born about 1724, married Jeremiah Brown, of Reading. (IV)
Captain Jacob, son of Abraham (3) Wellman, was born in Lynn, April
24, 1720. He removed to Lyndeborough, New Hampshire, where he
was a prominent man, and held many positions of trust and
responsibility. He married Jane Johnson, who was of Scotch descent.
Children: i. Jacob, born at Dunstable (now Nashua), New Hampshire,
May 13, 1746. 2. James, born 1747. died in the army during the
revolution. 3. Abraham, bom 1748, mentioned below. 4. John, born
at Lyndeborough, 1749, a farmer; in the revolution; married Ann
Thissel ; died about 1825. 5. Anna, born 1750, married John Howes.
6. Elizabeth, born 1751, married Joseph Robeson. (V) Abraham (4),
son. of Captain Jacob Wellman, was born in iji'i. He was a soldier in
the revolution and enlisted for three years in 1777. He was in
Captain Joshua Brown's company. Colonel Timothy Bigelow's
regiment, from April 10, 1777, to December 31, 1777. Part of the
time of his enlistment he was stationed at Van Schack's Island. He
was also in Lieutenant Osgood Carleton's company. Colonel Lewis
Niscola's regiment, in 1779, and also in the same company under
Captain Brown in Falmouth. After the war he received a pension. He
removed from Lyndeborough to Maine, and settled in Belgrade,
Kennebec county. He married Rebecca Parsons. Children: i. Nancy,
born about 1780, married Bunker Clark, of Farmington, Maine; died
about 1812. 2. Abraham, born about 1782, removed to Ohio. 3.
John, born April 22, 1787, mentioned below. 4. Rebecca, born 1789,
married Russell Braley. 5. Fanny, born about 1790, married James
Braley, of Belgrade, brother of her sister's husband ; resided in
Hallowell, Maine. 6. Emeline, married John Yoimg, of Smithfield,
Maine. 7. James, born in Belgrade. 8. Samuel. 9. Lois, married
Byanton, of Readfield, Maine. (VI) John, son of Abraham (4)
Wellman, born in Belgrade, Maine, April 22, 1787, died in September,
1866. He was a farmer, and resided all his life on the same farm in
Belgrade. He also engaged quite extensively in the lumbering
business, and accumulated considerable property. He was a member
of the Free Will Baptist church at Belgrade. He married (first),
November 15, 1807, Lydia Braley, born March 29, 1790, died July 16,
1827. He married (second) Mrs. Sally (Whittier) Judkins. Children of
first wife: I. Melinda, born February 18, 1809. 2. John Parsons, born
January 29, 181 1, mentioned below. 3. Amos Braley, born
November 9, 1812. 4. Sarah Taylor, born June 22, 1815, died JMarch
i, 1852. 5. Lydia, born October I, 1819, died July 16, 1827. 6. Hiram,
born July 16, 1821, died June i, 1861. Children of second wife: 7.
Augustus Wellington, born January 10, 1829. 8. Augustine Llewellyn,
born October 22, 1838. 9. Caroline Augusta. (VII) John Parsons, son
of John Wellman, born in Belgrade, Maine, January 29, 1811, died in
1896, in Augusta. He was an enterprising and wealthy farmer during
the last fifteen years of his life. He married. May 8, 1830, Martha C.
Jones, daughter of Samuel C. and Nancy Jones, of Belgrade.
Children : I. John Alonzo, born August 27, 1831. 2. Samuel Jones,
born March 19, 1833, married, May 13, 1855, Louisa B. Leighton. of
Belgrade. 3. Alartha Angeline, born September 2-/, 1834, married
Ryon H. Fairbanks, of Alanchester, March 7, 1857; died June 24,
1858. 4. Mary Jones, born April 10, 1836, married, March 30, 1856,
George A. Taylor, of Belgrade. 5. Lydia Elizabeth, born July 6, 1837,
married, August 26, 1855, Samuel H. Leighton, of Belgrade. 6.
William Henry Harrison, born December 19, 1839, married, August
10, 1862, Delphina E. Bates, of Fairfield. 7. Nancy Maria, born
February 25, 1842, married, January i, 1866, Hiram F. Rockwood,
 846 STATE OF MAINE. of Belgrade. 8. Sarah Octavia, born
November 1, 1843, died J\lay 29, 1856. 9. Justin Thomas, born
August i, 1845, died September 5. 1848. 10. Owen Rogers, born
April 25, 1847. II- Eugene Frank, born June 18, 1849, died May 27,
1851. 12. Frank Robbins, born May 15, 1852. 13. John Alphonso,
born December 25, 1853, died February 28, 1861. 14. Lonzo
Llewellyn, mentioned below. (VIII) Lonzo Llewellyn, son of John
Parsons Wellman, was born in Belgrade, Maine, August 18, 1855. He
was educated in the common schools of his native town, and
assisted his father on the farm there until he came of age. He then
learned the carpenter's trade, and in 1878 engaged in the business
of moving buildings in Augusta, Maine, and has built up a large and
successful business in that section of the state. He has been elected
to various positions of trust and honor. He was street commissioner
of the city of Augusta two years and is now superintendent of county
road building, having charge of eighty men engaged in the work of
his department. He has been a member of the common council. In
politics he is a Republican. He is a member of Augusta Lodge of Free
Masons ; of Cushnoc Chapter, Royal Arch Masons ; of Alpha Council,
Royal and Select Masters ; of Trinity Commandery, Knights Templar;
also of Asylum Lodge of Odd Fellows and was formerly noble grand ;
Jeptha Encampment, has been chief patriarch ; captain of Canton ;
member of Knights of Pythias, and of Augusta Lodge, No. 964, B. P.
O. Elks. He is a member and has been commodore of the Augusta
Yacht Club. He married (first) Ella Hallett, of Sidney, born 1864,
daughter of Allen Hallett. of Sidney. He married (second) Luella
Williams Heals, widow. Child of first wife : lona A., bom April 2,
1886, married Carl Morton, of Augusta, and has one child, Allen.
Among the many things DUNNING which win the admiration of
students of the Dunning family is that rare quality of preserving its
faith, zeal, honesty and sterling worth, alike in places mossy with
age, and in conditions of the newest and most testing character. In
old towns and cities of England and Scotland one finds Dunnings
with long historic stories behind them working and hoping with the
energy and cheer of their first ancestors in those lands. Wherever in
America we find a branch from this stock transplanted we find the
same story of earnest life and faith. This is true in the stud}' of the
Dunning lines represented in America. George Dunning was a settler
at New Haven, Connecticut, as early as 1644, and all glimpses of the
life of himself and children show a faith and zeal undimmed by his
change from Old W^orld scenes to those which had so many trying
days and nights. The pioneer spirit in this family has made many of
the Dunnings prominent residents of the state of New York, and the
builders in many new towns in many western states. But the story of
untarnished worth, patriotism and activity is the same among these
as among those who have lived near the old Connecticut homestead.
Rev. Dr. A. E. Dunning, so long editor of the Coiigregationalist of
Boston, Massachusetts, is one of the scholarly and energetic types of
this family. The Dunnings of Maine, and of many New England and
Western states, find their ancestor in Andrew Dunning, who
emigrated to Brunswick, Maine, early in 1700. He dwelt in a
community of colonists of the hardiest and worthiest type. The story
of his family indicates a transplanting from an old English town to
one of different type in Scotland ; then a removal 10 the north of
Ireland ; and from thence emigration to America. But Andrew
Dunning, the sturdy Presbyterian, had a faith as clear and
unwavering as that of any ancestor of his ; and he met the wiles and
warwhoops of the savages with the same zeal which his ancestors
had met their foemen on battle-fields. A tabulated list of the
achievements of his descendants has been made, and is of the most
convincing character in regard to the wonderful vitality of the
Dunning family. Here is a list of patriots in all our country's struggles
embracing scores of names; a line of legislators ; men who have
been town clerks for forty years; workers by the hundred who have
been true pillars in many churches ; ministers of renown ; deacons
of fifty years' faithful service; writers of marked ability along many
lines ; lawyers and physicians in twenty states; shipbuilders of great
skill, from Robert Dunning, the pioneer shipbuilder of Brunswick,
Maine, down to later history in many towns ; a list of sea captains of
long service showing thirty names ; a list of postmasters beginning
with Deacon Andrew Dunning, who was the first postmaster at
Brunswick, Maine ; a painter of wide renown in Joseph Dunning, late
of Fall River, Massachusetts ; and able workers along all lines of life.
(I) Andrew Dunning was born in 1664 and
 STATE OF MAINE. 847 died at Maquoit, Brunswick, Maine,
January 18, 1736, in the seventy-second year of his age. His
gravestone may still be seen in the old cemetery below Brunswick
Village, and near the site of the first church built in the town. It is
the oldest stone there and is said to have been engraved by his son,
Lieutenant James Dunning. The words are arranged in very
picturesque fashion, and contain the following statements : "Here
Lyeth the Body of Mr. Andrew Dunning Who departed this life,
January the i8th, 1736, aged 72 years. 1664. 1666 London was
burnt. 1660 Chas. 2nd. 1685 James 2nd. 1689 William and Mary.
1702 Queen Anne. 1714 George ist. 1727 George 2nd." The country
from which Andrew Dunning came is clearly given in the deposition
of himself and sons, Andrew and David, when these three enlisted in
Captain John Giles' company at Brunswick in the time of the Indian
wars, 1722-73. Each deposed that he was of Ireland. Another
deposition of the son David is still preserved in the old Pejepscot
papers, in which he states that "about the year 1718 he' came to
Boston with his father, on the ship with Andrew McFadden, that from
thence they came to Georgetown (in Maine), and thence to
Brunswick, where they had resided ever since." This clearly marks
their coming to America with one of the Scotch-Irish colonies which
brought to the shores of Maine some of its sturdiest settlers. In view
of these and other historical facts it seems very strange that several
writers claim that Andrew Dunning came from Devonshire, England,
and that he left behind him a son John, whose son John became a
celebrated lawyer and was made Lord Ashburton. Some years ago a
cunning "grafter" persuaded some members of the Dunning family in
Maine that they were heirs to the estate of this Lord Ashburton,
which was then valued at the fabulous sum of fifty millions of
dollars. He got a large sum for securing this estate, and departed for
England, from which he reported that "the claim of heirship is plain
as daylight, but it takes many years to secure the property."
Meanwhile, two scholarly descendants of the Dunning ancestor in
Maine examined the will of Lord Ashburton, and found it stating that
the heir must be found in a short period, and also that the heir was
found in London within six months of Lord Ashburton's death. Thus
all these stories of the famous English origin of the Dunning family
were proved to be without the least foundation. The members of the
family turned to the deposition of Andrew Dunning and his sons in
1722-23 and said, "He must have known from whence he came."
"These Scotch Irish," says Professor Berry, of Williams College,
"were all in general one sort of people. They belonged to one grade
and sphere of life. They were for the most part very poor in this
world's goods. The vast majority of all the adults, however, could
read and write. If they had but one book to the family, that book
was surely the Bible, and if there were two volumes to a family, the
second place in most cases was disputed between Fox's 'Book of
Martyrs,' and Bunyan's 'Pilgrim's Progress.' Their personal habits,
their mental characteristics, their religious beliefs and experiences,
and their very superstitions, were held largely in common. So far as
their physical natures went, they had received in the old country a
splendid outfit for the race of life, in large bones and strong teeth
and a digestive apparatus the envy of mountain bears. Men and
women were both trained to almost tireless physical industry. The
struggle for physical subsistence had been with them no mere figure
of speech. Each company of Scotch-Irish brought with them as a
part of their indispensable outfit the much prized potato, to which
the pine lands of New England were so w-ell adapted. Each company
also brought the agricultural implements needful for the culture of
the flax plant, and the small wheels for spinning the flax fiber, and
the looms for weaving the linen textures." Andrew Dunning bought
quite a large tract of land near the first church in Brunswick, in
whose organization he was so largely helpful, as he was a very
devout Presbyterian, and very close to the home of the faithful
minister, Rev. Mr. Woodside. He cultivated this farm, and also did
much work as blacksmith for the early settlers. By all who knew him
he was respected .for his great honesty and integrity of character.
The wife of Andrew Dunning was Susan Bond, who is said to have
lost her life in the burning of the home in 1737-38. Their five sons
were bom before the coming to America. These children were: i.
Lieutenant James, born 1691, mentioned below. 2. Andrew, born
1702, a brave soldier in the Indian wars, and who was shot by the
savages while crossing the river near Brunswick, March 22, 1724, or
1726. 3. Robert, who was shot with his brother Andrew by the
Indians. 4. William, who removed to York, Maine, where he died,
June 13, 1783, having married Deborah Donnell and become the
father of a large family. Two of his sons moved to Flarpswell, Maine,
at an early date, becoming
 848 STATE OF MAINE. the ancestors of a long line of sea
captains and noble men and women. 5. Captain David, bom 1705,
died in Brunswick, August 16, 1793, aged eighty-eight years. He was
a soldier in the revolutionary war, selectman of Brunswick, deacon of
the Congregational church, and built a block house on the site of the
jiresent postoffice. He became the owner of nearlv all the land on
which Brunswick Milage now stands, and had great influence in the
town; he had a large family, and a long line of worthy descendants.
(H) Lieutenant James, son of Andrew and Susan (Bond) Dunning,
born 1691, died Brunswick, Maine, June 8, 1752. He lived on his
father's homestead, to which he added much. He w'as known far
and wide as "the famous Indian fighter," and saved many lives and
towns from the savages. In 1727 he served in Captain William
Woodside's company, and in 1757 in Captain John Getchell's famous
company. He was on a committee to the general court of
Massachusetts, selectman of Brunswick, had much to do in the
incorporation of the town, and made his strong and patriotic
influence felt in various ways. Lieutenant James Dunning married
Martha Lithgow, daughter of Robert Lithgow, who came from Ireland
to Topsham, Maine, about 1721. Lieutenant James Dunning had a
large family of sons and daughters, who, with their descendants,
have done much to help and cheer the world. Among these have
been brilliant scholars, fine business men, clergymen of earnest
faith, and worthy citizens of many towns, cities and states. (HI)
James (2), son of Lieutenant James (i) and Martha (Lithgow)
Dunning, born Brunswick, Maine, July 31, 1738, died at Bnmswick,
August 11, 1781. He was a patriot of the truest type. He became
one of the pioneer settlers at Bangor, Maine.. His lot was at the
mouth of the Kenduskeag stream, on the southwest side, and was
lot number 10, in Holland's survey, and is said to have contained one
hundred acres. He also owned a quarter part in a sawmill. His estate
was appraised at $440. James Dunning married, at Brunswick,
December 25, 1763, Jane Woodside, born Brunswick, May 14, 1742,
died Bangor, Maine, March 28, 1792, daughter of Captain William
and Ann (Vincent) Woodside, and granddaughter of Rev. James
Woodside and of Captain William Vincent, thus being a woman of
"royal religious and patriotic heritages." The family was one of whom
the parents were justly proud because of the children's sturdy zeal,
honesty and helpfulness wherever they lived. Among the
descendants is James E. Dunning, so long an editor at Bangor and
Portland, the author of many articles and books, and now United
States consul at Milan, Italy. (IV) James (3), son of James (2) and
Jane (Woodside) Dunning, was an influential citizen at Bangor,
Levant and Charleston, Maine, and married, March 8, 1786, Anna
Thomas, who died at Charleston, March 30, 1825, aged fifty-eight
years. Their children were : Dorothy, Jane, Rachel, William,
Solomon, Reuben, Olive, Eliza, Mary, Caroline Holbrook and Isaac
Cary. All but two of these children married and reared families. (V)
Solomon, son of James (3) and Anna (Thomas) Dunning, born
Brunswick, May 7, iSoo, died Charleston, October 4, 1871. He moved
to Charleston when young, and received a good education in the
schools there. Like his ancestors in the Dunning and other family
lines, he was very active and industrious. He had a large farm,
conducted a country store very successfully, and was one of the
most shrewd and careful buyers and sellers in the state. He thus
accumulated a large fortune for his times. He was very helpful in all
enterprises which tended to make the town one of strength and
honor. He was selectman, tax collector and treasurer for the town for
many years, representative to the Maine legislature in 1850-56, and
county commissioner of Penobscot county. He was one of the
staunch supporters of the Baptist church, and a man of earnest
faith. His good influence was widely felt in the state. Mr. Dunning
married, January 20, 1829, Susan Kingsbury, born Brewer, Maine,
September 28, 1805, died Charleston, 1892. The children were :
Hannah Jane ; Henry, for many years connected with the Youth's
Companion office in Boston, Massachusetts ; William Emmons,
Harrison, Horatio, Eudora, Freeland, Emily, and Rachel, who died in
infancy; a family of truly sterling qualities. (VI) William Emmons, son
of Solomon and Susan "(Kingsbury) Dunning, born Charleston,
March 31, 1835, is one of the highly esteemed residents of that
town. Until 1853 he helped conduct his father's farm, and then went
to California, where he remained until 1864, being engaged in
mining and lumbering. Returning to Charleston he purchased his
father's farm, which he carried on until 1906, when he retired from
business and moved to a home in the village. Like his father, he has
always been a sturdy Republican
 STATE OF MAINE. 849 and was representative to the Maine
legislature in 1876. He is a member of Olive Branch Lodge, of
Charleston, A. F. and A. M. Like so many of his Dunning ancestors
who have seen many years, he is active and wide-awake with a keen
and cheery outlook on life. Mr. Dunning married, in 1864, Susan
Wylie, who died in 1902, the daughter of William Wylie, of Frankfort,
Maine, a true helpmeet and beloved neighbor. (VII) Richard T., son
of William E. and Susan (Wylie) Dunning, was born at Charleston,
September 10, 1865, and resides with his father. The Hinckses were
originally of HINCKS Chester, England, and it is quite probable that
the American progenitor of those mentioned below came from that
city or its immediate vicinity. Some of the early ancestors in New
England acquired considerable prominence in the colonial military
service, also in a judicial and political capacity. (I) John Hincks, the
first of the name in New England, arrived from the mother country in
1670 or 1672 and settled in Great Island, New Castle, now
Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He was a councillor for the province of
New Hampshire, and assistant in the court of chancery from 1683 to
1686. June 10 of the latter year he was appointed chief justice, and
was also captain of the fort on Great Island. He continued in office
as councillor, judge and captain until the overthrow of the colonial
government in April, 1689. March i, 1692, he was again appointed
councillor in the new charter issued by William and Mary, which
created a new government for New Hampshire, and became the
president of the covmcil. In 1696-97 he was again captain of the
King's fort, then called Fort William and Mary. In 1699 he was
appointed chief justice of the superior court and captain of the fort,
and served in each capacity until 1707. He is known to have been
living in New Castle, August 29, 1722, and his death occurred prior
to 1734. John Hincks married Elizabeth, born in Boston, November i,
1657, daughter of Judge Nathaniel Freyer, of Portsmouth. They had
one son, Samuel, and several daughters. (II) Samuel, only son of
John and Elizabeth (Freyer) Hincks, was born in Great Island about
1680. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1701 ; entered the
colonial military service, in which he attained the rank of captain ; at
one time commanded Fort Mary and the garrison at Winter 'Harbor,
near Biddeford, Maine. In the colonial archives preserved at the
state house in Boston is to be seen the original copy of a treaty
made with one of the eastern tribes of Indians, signed at Falmouth,
Maine, August 5, 1726, by Samuel Hincks and several other
prominent colonial officials. He married Mrs. Elizabeth (Winslow)
Scott, widow of Joseph Scott, of Boston, and daughter of Edward
and Elizabeth (Hutchinson) Winslow. She was a granddaughter of
John and Mary (Chilton) Winslow. John Winslow, who came in the
"Fortune" in 1621, was a brother of Governor Edward Winslow, the
"Mayflower" Pilgrim. Mary Chilton, also a "Mayflower" Pilgrim, was a
daughter of James Chilton, one of the signers of the famous
compact. Edward Winslow married (first) Sarah Hilton and (second)
Elizabeth Hutchinson, daughter of William Hutchinson and his
famous wife Anne Hutchinson, the last-named of whom occupies a
prominent place in colonial history on account of her opposition to
the theological doctrines in vogue at that period. (III) Samuel (2),
son of Samuel (i) and Elizabeth (Winslow) (Scott) Hincks, was a
student at Harvard College, but probably did not graduate. For many
years he taught school at Truro, on Cape Cod, and was known as
"The Learned Schoolmaster of Truro." In 1795 he moved to
Bucksport, Maine, where he died in 1804. He was married in Truro to
Susannah, daughter of Jonathan Dyer of that town. Of this union
there were thirteen children, and Jesse Y., the next in line of
descent, was the youngest. (IV) Jesse Y., son of Samuel (2) and _
Susannah (Dyer) Hincks, was born in Truro, January i, 1776, died in
Bucksport, December 29, 1853. He was married April 4, 1795, to
Ruth Pain Rich, born July 5, 1780. Children: I. Mary, born December
16, 1797. 2. Ruth, April 17, 1801, died in April, 1852. 3. Jesse,
February 28, 1802, died the same day. 4. Elizabeth P., December 15,
1803. 5. Jesse, who will be again referred to. 6. Rebecca R., July 15,
1808. 7. Betsey, February 19, 181 1. 8. Reuben G., February 23,
1813. 9. John W., August 23, 1817. 10. Joseph F., March 8, 1820,
died July 25, same year. (V) Captain Jesse, second son and fifth child
of Jesse Y. and Ruth P. (Rich) Hincks, was born in Bucksport, January
13, 1806, died in Brewer, Maine, February 14, 1883. Like most of the
male inhabitants of his native town he followed the sea and became
a master mariner. He was married in Bucksport, Novem 
 850 STATE OF MAINE. ber 26, 1827, to Eliza L. Eldridge,
born in that town. August 31, 1807, (lied in Brewer, November 17,
1881. She was a daughter of Elisha D. and Phebe (Lewis) Eldridge,
and granddaughter of Captain John and Elizabeth (Hamlin) Lewis.
Captain John Lewis served in the revolutionary war as master on
board the Continental schooner "Warren," thirty-two guns. He was
captured by the British, who conveyed him to Liverpool, whence he
was brought to Marblehead on the Cartel sloop "Pacific" and
exchanged. Captain Jesse and Eliza L. (Eldridge) Hincks were the
parents of ten children : i. Julia S., born July 6, 1829, died February
18, 1861. 2. Mary M., March 10, 1830, (lied in 1907. 3. Elizabeth G.,
No vember 30, 1832, died March 26, 1906. 4. Jesse Y., see next
paragraph. 5. Jane L., September 15, 1836, died June 19, 1840. 6.
Josephine, February 15, 1839. 7. Louisa, May 19, 1841, died June
17, 1893. 8. Phebe L., December 25, 1843, died July 12, 1900. 9.
Emma D., March 13, 1846. 10. John E. R., April 26, 1849, died May
5, 1886. (VI) Jesse Y. (2), fourth child and eldest son of Captain
Jesse and Eliza L. (Eldridge) Hincks, was born in Brewer, April 30,
1834. He began his studies in the public schools of his native town
and concluded them at the Maine Wesleyan Seminary at Kents Hill.
Entering the service of the old European and North American
Railway Company as a conductor he served in that capacity until he
found it advisable to relinquish railroading, and going to Marlboro,
Massachusetts, he engaged in the manufacture of wooden boxes.
The burning of his factory some two years later caused him to return
to Maine, and in 1876 he bought a farm in Old Town. About the year
1885 he engaged in the dry goods business in Old Town with John
M. Stowe, tmder the firm name of Stowe & Hincks. This firm w^as
subsequently succeeded by that of Hunt, Stov\-e & Hincks, and
occupied a portion of the Indian Agency store. Mr. Hincks retired
from business in 1898. In politics he acts independently. He is a
member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. December 14,
1869, he married Elizabeth F., born in OW Town, March 10, 1849.
daughter of Joseph Locke and Amelia C. (Le Ballister) Smith. Joseph
L. Smith, born November 30, 1817, died January 8, 1892, was a son
of Asa and Mary J. (Corwin) Smith. Asa Smith was born May 26,
1786, died August 26, 1867. Amelia C. (Le Ballister) Smith was born
September 15, 1817, daughter of Thomas and Hannah (Keen) Le
Ballister. She died August 8, 1894. Jesse Y. and Elizabeth F. (Smith)
Hincks have one son, Joseph L. S. (VTI) Joseph L. S., son of Jesse Y.
(2) and Elizabeth F. (Smith) Hincks, was born in Bangor, Maine,
December 23, 1871. He attended the public schools of Old Town and
concluded his education with a commercial course at Eastman's
Business College, Poughkeepsie. New York. He began his practical
business training as a grocer's clerk in Old Town, but subsequently
accepted the position of assistant manager with the Eastern Trust
and Banking Company, in which capacity he continued for eleven
years. In 1899 he acquired a half interest in the undertaking and
casket manufacturing business, becoming associated with Charles E.
Racklifif, whose interest he purchased in 1902, and as sole proprietor
of the business he has since carried it on with success. At the
present time he is manufacturing caskets on quite an extensive
scale, principally for the wholesale trade. Politically he is
independent and has served two years as city treasurer at different
times under both parties. Mr. Hincks is far advanced in the Masonic
Order, being a member of Star in the East Lodge, Ancient Free and
Accepted Masons, of Old Town ; Mount Moriah Chapter, Royal Arch
Masons ; St. John Commandery, Knights Templar ; Eastern Star
Lodge of Perfection, Princes of Jerusalem, all of Bangor ; the Maine
Consistory, Portland ; Kora Temple, Order of the Mystic Shrine,
Lewiston, and Kineo Chapter Eastern Star, thirty-second degree
Mason. He also affiliates with Phintheas Lodge, Knights of Pythias;
Tarratine Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows ; the Maccabees,
and the Woodmen, all of Old Town. September 2, 1902, Mr. Hincks
married Autense L. Cousens, born February 10, 1881, daughter of
James W. and Marion (Waterhouse) Cousens, of Stillwater. Maine.
Her father was a son of William and Mary (Sawyer) Cousens, and
her mother was a daughter of Oliver A. and Nellie (Houston)
Waterhouse. Mr. and Mrs. Hincks had one child, Marion Elizabeth,
born July 22, 1903, died June 28, 1907. John Gilmore, immigrant
anGILMORE cestor, was of Scotch-Irish ancestry and descended from
the Gilmores of Paisley, Scotland. He was born in Ulster province,
north of Ireland, came to this country about 1700 and settled at
Weymouth, Massachusetts, and died in Raynham, Massachusetts,
July 24, 1741. His wife Agnes
 STATE OF MMNE. 851 died March 18, 1752. The Gilmores
of Londonderry and Windham, New Hampshire, came about the
same time and are closely related. (II) James, son of John Gilmore,
came to Massachusetts with his parents and the early Scotch
pioneers, and died in Raynham, Massachusetts, November 19, 1773.
James married, in 1725, Thankful Tyrrel, of Weymouth, born
September 20, 1705, daughter of William Jr. and Abigail Tyrrel.
Thankful Tyrrel Gilmore is mentioned in her father's will in 1727.
Thankful died February 20, 1789, in her eighty-fourth year.
Headstones of James and Thankful at North Raynham. Children: i.
Adam, baptized at West Bridgewater in 1742. 2. Agnes, baptized at
West Bridgewater in 1742. 3. Thankful, born 1738. 4. William, born
1740. 5. Tyrrel, born March 24, 1744, mentioned below. 6.
Whitefield, born November 12, 1745. settled at New Bedford, New
Hampshire, where he married Margaret Gilmore, born November 6,
1743. (III) Tyrrel, son of James Gilmore, born in or near Raynham,
March 24, 1744, married Hannah Cook, of Foxboro, Massachusetts.
He was a soldier in the revolution, a private in Captain Benjamin
Hawes's company. Colonel John Smith's regiment, which marched on
the alarm of April 19, 1775 (P. 466, Vol. VI, Mass. Soldiers and
Sailors of the Revolution). He lived in Attleboro or Wrentham, and it
seems died in the service the following May. Children of Tyrrel and
Hannah (Cook) Gilmore : I. William, of Franklin, Massachusetts ;
married i\Iolly Hill. 2. Samuel, mentioned below. 3. Hannah, married
Richard Fisher, of Franklin, IMassachusetts. 4. Rachel, married Eben
Crowningshiekl, of Cumberland, Rhode Island. (IV) Samuel, son of
Tyrrel Gilmore, was born in Attleboro or Wrentham, Massachusetts,
August II, 1765, and was a soldier in the revolution, serving under
Captain Hunt and ColcTnels Greaton and Jackson ; length of service,
three years. He settled in Orrington, afterward Brewer and now
Holden, Maine, before 1797, and married Reumah Hathorn or
Hawthorn, who was bom in Taunton, Massachusetts, September 11,
1767. Samuel Gilmore died February 27, 1845 ! his wife died January
26, 1864, aged ninety-six years four months fifteen days.
Headstones of Samuel and Reumah at East Holden. Children, born in
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com