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Rome and its Empire AD 193 284 1st Edition Zair Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Zair, Nicholas; Hekster, Olivier
ISBN(s): 9780748629923, 0748629920
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.08 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
Rome and its Empire-cvr 5/2/08 11:32 am Page 1
DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY
Rome and its Empire,
Series Editors: Emma Stafford and Shaun Tougher
Rome and its Empire, AD 193–284
Rome and its Empire,
AD
OLIVIER HEKSTER
AD 193–284
193–284
This was a time of civil war, anarchy, intrigue and assassination.
Between 193 and 284 the Roman Empire knew more than twenty-five
emperors, and an equal number of usurpers. All of them had some
measure of success, several of them often ruling different parts of the
Empire at the same time. Rome’s traditional political institutions slid into
vacuity and armies became the Empire’s most powerful institutions,
proclaiming their own imperial champions and deposing those they held
to be incompetent.
Yet despite widespread contemporary dismay at such weak government
this period was also one in which the boundaries of the Empire remained
fairly stable; the rights and privileges of Roman citizenship were extended
equally to all free citizens of the Empire; in several regions the economy
remained robust in the face of rampant inflation; and literary culture,
philosophy and legal theory flourished. Historians have been discussing
how and why this could have been for centuries. Olivier Hekster takes you
to the heart of these debates and illustrates the arguments with key
contemporary documents. This compelling account will engage students at
all levels of study.
OLIVIER HEKSTER
Key Features
• issues of historical significance are identified and thematically discussed
• important modern debates are placed together and explored
• key passages of text along with key images are gathered and accessible
in one volume
• includes essay questions, glossary, further reading, bibliography and
useful website resources
Olivier Hekster is Professor of Ancient History at the Radboud University,
Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Cover illustration: View of the porta Ostiensis
© J. C. N. Coulston
Cover design: www.riverdesign.co.uk
Edinburgh
Edinburgh University Press
22 George Square
Edinburgh EH8 9LF
www.eup.ed.ac.uk OLIVIER HEKSTER
ISBN 978 0 7486 2304 4
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page i
Rome and Its Empire, ad 193–284
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page ii
DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY
general editors
Emma Stafford, University of Leeds, and
Shaun Tougher, Cardiff University
Focusing on important themes, events or periods throughout ancient
history, each volume in this series is divided into roughly equal parts.
The first introduces the reader to the main issues of interpretation.
The second contains a selection of relevant evidence supporting
different views.
published
Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
Roger Rees
Julian the Apostate
Shaun Tougher
Rome and Its Empire, ad 193–284
Olivier Hekster with Nicholas Zair
in preparation
Roman Imperialism
Andrew Erskine
Sex and Sexuality in Classical Athens
James Robson
The Emperor Nero
Steven Green
Justinian and the Sixth Century
Fiona Haarer
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Rome and Its Empire,
ad 193–284
Olivier Hekster with Nicholas Zair
Edinburgh University Press
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© Olivier Hekster, 2008
Edinburgh University Press Ltd
22 George Square, Edinburgh
Typeset in Minion
by Norman Tilley Graphics Ltd, Northampton
and printed and bound in Great Britain
by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wilts
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7486 2303 7 (hardback)
ISBN 978 0 7486 2304 4 (paperback)
The right of Olivier Hekster
to be identified as author of this work
has been asserted in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page v
Contents
Series Editors’ Preface vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xii
Abbreviations xv
Maps xvii
Part I Debates
Introduction: History and Narrative 3
Chapter 1 A Capital and its Provinces 11
Chapter 2 Economy, Armies and Administration 31
Chapter 3 Law and Citizenship 45
Chapter 4 Development and Perception of Emperorship 56
Chapter 5 Christianity and Religious Change 69
Conclusion 82
Part II Documents
1 Cassius Dio: Roman History 89
2 Herodian: History of the Empire after Marcus 94
3 Historia Augusta 97
4 Sextus Aurelius Victor: Book of the Caesars 98
5 Eutropius: Breviarium 101
6 Festus: Breviarium 107
7 Zosimus: New History 108
8 Publius Aelius Aristides: To Rome 109
9 The Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle 110
10 Res Gestae Divi Saporis 112
11 Lactantius: On the Deaths of the Persecutors 114
12 P. Herennius Dexippus: Scythica 114
13 Dexippus Inscription 116
14 Odaenathus Inscriptions from CIS 117
15 Augsburg Inscription 117
16 Inscriptions from CIL 118
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vi Rome and Its Empire, ad 193–284
17 Ağa Bey Köyü Petition 121
18 Papyrus of Isis to her Family 122
19 Command of the Egyptian Prefect 122
20 The Constitutio Antoniniana 123
21 Digest 123
22 Damnatio Memoriae in a Papyrus 123
23 Oxyrhynchus Papyri 124
24 Inscriptions from Aphrodisias 125
25 Acclamation at Perge 126
26 The Feriale Duranum 127
27 Trajan to Pliny: Letter 10.97 130
28 Libellus of the Decian Persecution 130
29 Cyprian: To Demetrianus 130
30 Cyprian: Letter 80 134
31 Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas 135
32 Marcus Minucius Felix: Octavius 139
33 Epistle against the Manichees 140
34 Ban on Magical Consultation 141
35 Wall of Aurelian 143
36 Rock Relief at Bishapur 144
37 Arch of Galerius, Thessalonica 144
38 Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome 145
39 Arco degli Argentarii, Rome 146
40 Palmyrene Sarcophagus 146
41 Syrian Togate Portrait 147
42 Distribution of Third-Century Imperial Coin Types 147
43 Coins of Elagabalus 148
44 Trilingual Coin from Tyre 148
45 Coins of Philip the Arab 149
46 Decius’ Consecration Coins (250–1) 150
47 Coins of Gallienus 151
48 Coins of Aurelian and His Opponents 152
49 Imperial Busts 153
Emperors and Usurpers 155
Further Reading 157
Essay Questions and Exercise Topics 162
Internet Resources 165
Bibliography 168
Glossary 177
Index 179
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Series Editors’ Preface
Debates and Documents in Ancient History is a series of short books
on central topics in Greek and Roman history. It will range over the
whole period of classical history from the early first millennium bc to
the sixth century ad. The works in the series are written by expert
academics and provide up-to-date and accessible accounts of the
historical issues and problems raised by each topic. They also contain
the important evidence on which the arguments are based, including
texts (in translation), archaeological data and visual material. This
allows readers to judge how convincing the arguments are and to enter
the debates themselves. The series is intended for all those interested in
the history of the Greek and Roman world.
In this volume Olivier Hekster explores in particular the condition of
the Roman empire in the third century ad, prior to the emergence of the
dominating figure of the emperor Diocletian (ad 284–305). This period
has been categorised as one of crisis for the empire, since it witnessed
intense political, social, economic, military and religious upheaval.
Most obviously the empire experienced severe imperial instability and
pressure on its northern and eastern frontiers. However, the degree of
crisis the empire was facing is a matter for lively debate, which makes it
an ideal topic for this series. In addition, one of the key problems facing
historians of the third century ad is the lack of primary evidence.
Olivier Hekster thus provides a vital service in bringing together in one
volume a range of literary and material evidence on which interpret-
ations of the period can be based, such as histories, speeches, oracles,
inscriptions, Christian tracts, papyri, legislation, letters, monuments,
statues and coins. He draws on all of these to provide a thoughtful
and balanced consideration of Rome’s history from ad 193 to 284. This
volume should provide an invaluable tool for students, teachers and all
those interested in the history of the Roman Empire.
Emma Stafford and Shaun Tougher
November 2007
vii
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01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page ix
Preface
Large stretches of the monumental walls with which the emperor
Aurelian surrounded the city of Rome are still standing. Nowadays, they
are an imposing relic of the greatness of imperial Rome. Yet the decision
in ad 271 that the city needed walls marks an important moment in
Roman history. The empire could no longer guarantee peace in its
heartland. The period between ad 193 and 284 is often described as a
time of crisis, an era in which everything went wrong that possibly
could have gone wrong. But even after years of near-continuous
fighting, in spite of everything, Rome and its empire had survived
almost entirely intact. When Diocletian took up power in ad 284, the
Roman Empire was in many ways still the same as it had been at the end
of the second century. There was change, of course, but continuity too.
The third century is a confusing period of Roman history, in which
events took place at an incredible pace, major battles were lost but wars
were won, and two of the most recognisable legacies of Roman history
came to full growth: Christianity and Roman law. After years of relative
neglect, it is also a period which now receives academic attention.
Historians ask new questions, or give different answers to old ones,
partly by using different sources from those earlier scholars had access
to. These historians, as so often, disagree with one another, giving rise to
fierce debates. This books aims to highlight some debates relating to
Rome and its empire, and the ancient sources that are referred to in
these debates.
Since so much happens in the ‘short third century’ (the ninety-one
years from ad 193 to 284), Part I (Debates) starts with an introduction
which very briefly discusses the main events of the times, in Rome
and its empire, followed by a short presentation of the main sources.
Here one can find the first cross-referencing to the sources in Part II
(Documents). Throughout Part I, cross-references to the sources under
discussion are indicated by bold type in brackets: for example (II. 5)
refers to the fifth section in part II, and (II. 5 9.1) refers to a subsection
(9.1) within that fifth section. References to modern literature are
ix
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x Rome and Its Empire, ad 193–284
indicated (also in brackets) by author and year of publication. The
bibliography supplies further details. In some cases, references are made
to ancient sources which are not in Part II. These are also in brackets.
Maps (pp. xv–xvii) and a list of emperors and usurpers with their years
of reign (pp. 155–6) may also be of help.
Part I is divided into five chapters, each dealing with an important
theme in third-century history. Though it elaborates to some extent on
the narrative framework given in the introduction, especially in the first
two chapters, it does not aim to supply a full overview of events. The
guide to further reading which follows Part II gives directions on where
to look for more information. Instead, Part I introduces some of the
main debates surrounding Rome and its empire, and aims to give the
background that is necessary to follow the debates. Continuously, the
sources which are of importance to understand the third century are
discussed and explained, hopefully in a way which makes both the
debates and the documents more comprehensible to the reader.
Inevitably, a short book like this has to exclude much that is relevant to
the subject, in both parts. Especially regrettable was the need to omit,
for reasons of space, events outside of the Roman world. That does not
deny the importance of understanding how and why external threats
increased as much as they did during the third century. Again, some
references can be found in the guide to further reading. Also for reasons
of space, almost all of third-century philosophy has been left out. The
debate on whether or not there was a third-century crisis is only briefly
discussed in the conclusion.
This book would never have arrived at the press in time (if at
all) without Nicholas Zair, who is responsible for almost all of the
translations, and whose good humour and accuracy have been a great
support. Only very few of the translations have been expanded or
slightly adapted by me. For the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle (II. 9) I
have used the translation by David Potter (Potter 1990), and am most
grateful to him for his permission to reproduce it. The translation of the
Res Gestae Divi Saporis (II. 10) is by Richard Frye (Frye 1984). I thank
both him and the publishers, Beck, for their permission to use it. Freke
Remmers has helped me at various stages of the editorial process, and
I am thankful to her, as I am to Carol MacDonald at Edinburgh
University Press, and to the series editors Shaun Tougher and Emma
Stafford, without whom this book would not have been written. In
obtaining the right maps and images I have received kind help from
John Nichols, Jon Coulston, Nathalie de Haan, Maria Brosius and Ted
Kaizer, the last of whom also read (and improved) parts of the text. I am
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page xi
Preface xi
grateful to the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom (DAIR), the
Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, the Martin von Wagner Museum and the
Compagnie Generale de Bourse (CGB) for their permission to use
images from their collections. If the book serves its purpose, that is in
no small part thanks to the third-century research group at Nijmegen.
Lukas de Blois, Daniëlle Slootjes, Martijn Icks, Erika Manders, Inge
Mennen and (our temporary resident) Matthias Haake have taught me
most of what I know about the third century. Most of all, however, I am
grateful to Hannah for delaying the publication of this book, first by
being born, and then by distracting me as much as she could; and to
Birgit, for taking care of both of us when I needed to be at the library or
in my study, and for so much more.
Olivier Hekster
Arnhem, July 2007
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page xii
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page xiii
Acknowledgements
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for
permission to reproduce material. Every effort has been made to trace
the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked,
the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the
first opportunity.
Map 1 Map © copyright 2007, Ancient World Mapping Centre
(www.unc.edu/awmc)
Map 2 Map © copyright 2007, Ancient World Mapping Centre
(www.unc.edu/awmc)
Map 3 Courtesy of J. Nichols/University of Oregon
(darkwing.uoregon.edu/~atlas
Map 4 Courtesy of J. Nichols/University of Oregon
(darkwing.uoregon.edu/~atlas)
II. 9 Translation by David Potter
II. 10 Translation by Richard Frye (1984), courtesy Beck
II. 14 Translation by David Potter
II. 35 a. Photo N. de Haan
b. Photo J. C. N. Coulston
II. 36 Photo D. Mitchell
II. 37 Photo J. C. N. Coulston
II. 38 a–b. Photos O. Hekster
II. 39 a–b. Photos DAIR 70.993, 70.1000
II. 40 Photo T. Kaizer, courtesy A. Schmidt-Colinet
II. 41 Photo K. Oehrlein, courtesy Martin von Wagner Museum der
Universität Würzburg, Leihgaben inventar ZA 111
II. 42 Courtesy E. Manders
II. 43 a. Courtesy British Museum London, BMC 273
b. Courtesy CGB, r16.0248
xiii
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page xiv
xiv Rome and Its Empire, ad 193–284
II. 44 Courtesy British Museum London, BM 1970, 9-9-242
II. 45 a–b. Courtesy CGB, brm.09724 b, r16.0029
II. 46 a–d. Courtesy CGB, r09.0116, r09.0110, r09.0122, r09.1023
II. 47 a–b. Courtesy CGB, r16.0334, r16.0344
II. 48 a. Courtesy CGB, r16.0391
b. Courtesy CGB, r16.0395
c. Photo R. Abdy, courtesy British Museum London
d. Courtesy CGB, r15.0013
II. 49 a. Photo DAIR 54.794, courtesy Sovraintendenza Comunale,
Roma
b. Courtesy Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Copenhagen, IN 2028
c. Photo DAIR 69.2168, courtesy Sovraintendenza Comunale,
Roma
d. Courtesy Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Copenhagen, IN 818
e. Photo DAIR 55.13, courtesy Sovraintendenza Comunale,
Roma
f. Courtesy Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Copenhagen, IN 832
g. Photo DAIR 67.501, courtesy Sovraintendenza Comunale,
Roma
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page xv
Abbreviations
AE L’Année Epigraphique
AncSoc Ancient Society
ANRW H. Temporini and W. Haasse (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang
der römischen Welt (Berlin 1973–)
BJ Bonner Jahrbücher
BMCRE H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British
Museum (London 1965–75)
CAH Cambridge Ancient History
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
CIS Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum
CJ Codex Iustinianus
CTh Codex Theodosianus
Dig. Digest
GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
HTR Harvard Theological Review
IG Inscriptiones Graecae
ILS H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (Berlin 1954–52)
JJP Journal of Juristic Papyrology
JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology
JRS Journal of Roman Studies
LTUR E. M. Steinby (ed.), Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae
(Rome 1993–9)
Pan. Lat. Panegyrici Latini
P.Diog. P. Schubert, Les archives de Marcus Lucretius Diogenes et
textes apparentés (Bonn 1990)
P.Dura C. Bradford-Welles et al., The Excavations at Dura-Europos:
Final Report V.1. The Parchments and Papyri (New Haven,
CT, 1959)
P.Giss. O. Eger et al., Griechische Papyri im Museum des ober-
xv
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page xvi
xvi Rome and Its Empire, ad 193–284
hessischen Geschichtsvereins zu Giessen (Berlin and Leipzig
1910–12)
P.Oxy. B. P. Grenfell et al., The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (London
1898–)
P.Ryl. Catalogue of the Greek and Latin Papyri in the John Rylands
Library, Manchester 34 BAN
P.Thmouis S. Kambitsis, Le papyrus Thmouis 1, colonnes 68–160 (Paris
1985)
P.Yale Yale Papyri in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript
Library
PSI Papiri greci e latini. Pubblicazioni della società italiana per la
richerca dei papyri greci e latini in Egitto (Florence 1912–)
RIC H. Mattingly and R. Sydenham (eds), Roman Imperial
Coinage (London 1923–67)
RN Revue Numismatique
SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page xvii
Map 1 Ancient Italy
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20/5/08
14:33
Page xviii
Map 2 Legionary bases in the Roman Empire (reign of Septimius Severus)
01 pages i-xx prelims:Layout 1 20/5/08 14:33 Page xix
Map 3 Military advances from Septimius Severus to Gordian III
Map 4 Military advances from Papienus to Diocletian
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