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COGNITIVE SCIENCE
Third edition

The third edition of this popular and engaging text consolidates the interdisciplinary streams of
cognitive science to present a unified narrative of cognitive science as a discipline in its own right.
It teaches students to apply the techniques and theories of the cognitive scientist’s “tool kit” – the
vast range of methods and tools that cognitive scientists use to study the mind. Thematically
organized, Cognitive Science underscores the problems and solutions of cognitive science rather
than more narrowly examining individually the subjects that contribute to it – psychology,
neuroscience, linguistics, and so on. The generous use of examples, illustrations, and applications
demonstrates how theory is applied to unlock the mysteries of the human mind. Drawing upon
cutting-edge research, the text has been substantially revised, with new material on Bayesian
approaches to the mind and on deep learning. An extensive online set of resources is available to
aid instructors and students alike. Sample syllabi show how the text can support a variety of
courses, making it a highly flexible teaching and learning resource at both the undergraduate and
graduate levels.
C O G N IT I V E S C I EN C E
An Introduction to the Science of the Mind
Third edition

José Luis Bermúdez

Texas A&M University
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
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Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108424493
DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216
© Cambridge University Press 2020
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2020
Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-108-42449-3 Hardback
ISBN 978-1-108-44034-9 Paperback
Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/bermudez3e
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
 CONTENTS

List of Boxes xiv

List of Figures xv
List of Tables xxii
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments for the First Edition xxxi
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition xxxii
Acknowledgments for the Third Edition xxxiii

Introduction: The Challenge of Cognitive Science 3

PART I HISTORICAL LANDMARKS 12

1 The Prehistory of Cognitive Science 15
2 The Discipline Matures: Three Milestones 37
3 The Turn to the Brain 65

PART II MODELS AND TOOLS 96

4 Physical Symbol Systems and the Language of Thought 99
5 Neural Networks and Distributed Information Processing 123
6 Applying Dynamical Systems Theory to Model the Mind 149
7 Bayesianism in Cognitive Science 171
8 Modules and Architectures 203
9 Strategies for Brain Mapping 229

PART III APPLICATIONS 256

10 Models of Language Learning 259
11 Object Perception and Folk Physics 285
12 Machine Learning: From Expert Systems to Deep Learning 307
13 Exploring Mindreading 335
14 Mindreading: Advanced Topics 357
15 The Cognitive Science of Consciousness 379
16 Robotics: From GOFAI to Situated Cognition and Behavior-Based Robotics 407
17 Looking Ahead: Challenges and Opportunities 437

Glossary 444
Bibliography 454
Index for Cognitive Science (3rd edition) 478
v
 CONTENTS

List of Boxes xiv

List of Figures xv
List of Tables xxii
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments for the First Edition xxxi
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition xxxii
Acknowledgments for the Third Edition xxxiii

Introduction: The Challenge of Cognitive Science 3

0.1 Cognitive Science: An Interdisciplinary Endeavor 3

0.2 Levels of Explanation: The Contrast between Psychology and Neuroscience 5

How Psychology Is Organized 6
How Neuroscience Is Organized 7

0.3 The Challenge of Cognitive Science 10

Three Dimensions of Variation 10
The Space of Cognitive Science 10

PART I HISTORICAL LANDMARKS 12

1 The Prehistory of Cognitive Science 15

1.1 The Reaction against Behaviorism in Psychology 16
Learning without Reinforcement: Tolman and Honzik, “‘Insight’ in Rats”
(1930) 17
Cognitive Maps in Rats? Tolman, Ritchie, and Kalish, “Studies in Spatial
Learning” (1946) 20
Plans and Complex Behaviors: Lashley, “The Problem of Serial Order in
Behavior” (1951) 21

1.2 The Theory of Computation and the Idea of an Algorithm 22

Algorithms and Turing Machines: Turing, “On Computable Numbers, with an Application
to the Decision Problem” (1936–7) 23

1.3 Linguistics and the Formal Analysis of Language 25

The Structure of Language: Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures (1957) 26

vii
viii Contents

1.4 Information-Processing Models in Psychology 28

How Much Information Can We Handle? George Miller’s “The Magical Number Seven,
Plus or Minus Two” (1956) 29
The Flow of Information: Donald Broadbent’s “The Role of Auditory Localization in
Attention and Memory Span” (1954) and Perception and Communication (1958) 30

1.5 Connections and Points of Contact 32

2 The Discipline Matures: Three Milestones 37
2.1 Language and Micro-worlds 38
Natural Language Processing: Winograd, Understanding Natural Language (1972) 39
SHRDLU in Action 41

2.2 How Do Mental Images Represent? 47

Mental Rotation: Shepard and Metzler, “Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional
Objects” (1971) 48
Information Processing in Mental Imagery 50

2.3 An Interdisciplinary Model of Vision 53

Levels of Explanation: Marr’s Vision (1982) 53
Applying Top-Down Analysis to the Visual System 55

3 The Turn to the Brain 65

3.1 Cognitive Systems as Functional Systems? 66

3.2 The Anatomy of the Brain and the Primary Visual Pathway 68
The Two Visual Systems Hypothesis: Ungerleider and Mishkin, “Two Cortical Visual
Systems” (1982) 70

3.3 Extending Computational Modeling to the Brain 76

A New Set of Algorithms: Rumelhart, McClelland, and the PDP Research Group,
Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition (1986) 77
Pattern Recognition in Neural Networks: Gorman and Sejnowski, “Analysis of Hidden
Units in a Layered Network Trained to Identify Sonar Targets” (1998) 78

3.4 Mapping the Stages of Lexical Processing 80

Functional Neuroimaging with PET: Petersen, Fox, Posner, and Mintun, “Positron Emission
Tomographic Studies of the Cortical Anatomy of Single-Word Processing” (1988) 81
Petersen, Fox, Posner, and Mintun, “Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the
Cortical Anatomy of Single-Word Processing” (1988) 81

3.5 Studying Memory for Visual Events 84

Functional Neuroimaging with fMRI 86
Brewer, Zhao, Desmond, Glover, and Gabrieli, “Making Memories: Brain Activity That
Predicts How Well Visual Experience Will Be Remembered” (1998) 87
 Contents ix

3.6 The Neural Correlates of the BOLD Signal 90

Logothetis, “The Underpinnings of the BOLD Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Signal” (2001) 91

PART II MODELS AND TOOLS 96

4 Physical Symbol Systems and the Language of Thought 99

4.1 The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis 100
Symbols and Symbol Systems 101
Transforming Symbol Structures 102
Intelligent Action and the Physical Symbol System 106

4.2 From Physical Symbol Systems to the Language of Thought 106

Intentional Realism and Causation by Content 108
The Language of Thought and the Relation between Syntax and Semantics 110

4.3 The Russian Room Argument and the Turing Test 114
Responding to the Russian Room Argument 117

5 Neural Networks and Distributed Information Processing 123

5.1 Neurally Inspired Models of Information Processing 124
Neurons and Network Units 125

5.2 Single-Layer Networks and Boolean Functions 128

Learning in Single-Layer Networks: The Perceptron Convergence Rule 131
Linear Separability and the Limits of Perceptron Convergence 134

5.3 Multilayer Networks 137

The Backpropagation Algorithm 138
How Biologically Plausible Are Neural Networks? 139

5.4 Information Processing in Neural Networks: Key Features 141

Distributed Representations 141
No Clear Distinction between Information Storage and Information Processing 142
The Ability to Learn from “Experience” 143

6 Applying Dynamical Systems Theory to Model the Mind 149

6.1 Cognitive Science and Dynamical Systems 149
What Are Dynamical Systems? 150
The Dynamical Systems Hypothesis: Cognitive Science without Representations? 153

6.2 Applying Dynamical Systems: Two Examples from Child Development 158
Two Ways of Thinking about Motor Control 159
Dynamical Systems and the A-Not-B Error 161
Assessing the Dynamical Systems Approach 166
x Contents

7 Bayesianism in Cognitive Science 171

7.1 Bayesianism: A Primer 172
Degrees of Belief and Subjective Probability 173
Conditional Probability 175
Bayes’s Rule (the Short Version) 176

7.2 Perception as a Bayesian Problem 179

The Predictive Challenge of Perception 179
Case Study: Binocular Rivalry 182

7.3 Neuroeconomics: Bayes in the Brain 186

What Is Expected Utility? 187
Case Study: Neurons That Code for Expected Utility 190
Probability-Detecting Neurons 193
Utility-Detecting Neurons 194
Combining Probability and Utility 196

8 Modules and Architectures 203

8.1 Architectures for Artificial Agents 204
Three Agent Architectures 204

8.2 Fodor on the Modularity of Mind 208

Modular and Nonmodular Processing 208

8.3 The Massive Modularity Hypothesis 210

The Cheater Detection Module 211
The Evolution of Cooperation 213
Two Arguments 216
Evaluating the Arguments for Massive Modularity 218

8.4 Hybrid Architectures: The Example of ACT-R 219

The ACT-R Architecture 220
ACT-R as a Hybrid Architecture 222

9 Strategies for Brain Mapping 229

9.1 Structure and Function in the Brain 230
Exploring Anatomical Connectivity 232

9.2 Studying Cognitive Functioning: Techniques from Neuroscience 237

Mapping the Brain’s Electrical Activity: EEG and MEG 237
Mapping the Brain’s Blood Flow and Blood Oxygen Levels: PET
and fMRI 240

9.3 Combining Resources I: The Locus of Selection Problem 241

Combining ERPs and Single-Unit Recordings 242
 Contents xi

9.4 Combining Resources II: Networks for Attention 246

Two Hypotheses about Visuospatial Attention 248

9.5 From Data to Maps: Problems and Pitfalls 249

From Blood Flow to Cognition? 250
Noise in the System? 251
Functional Connectivity versus Effective Connectivity 252

PART III APPLICATIONS 256

10 Models of Language Learning 259

10.1 Language and Rules 260
Understanding a Language and Learning a Language 261

10.2 Language Learning and the Language of Thought: Fodor’s Argument 263

10.3 Language Learning in Neural Networks 266

The Challenge of Tense Learning 267
Connectionist Models of Tense Learning 269

10.4 Bayesian Language Learning 274

Probabilities in Word and Phrase Segmentation 275
Understanding Pronouns 276
Learning Linguistic Categories 278

11 Object Perception and Folk Physics 285

11.1 Object Permanence and Physical Reasoning in Infancy 286
Infant Cognition and the Dishabituation Paradigm 286
How Should the Dishabituation Experiments Be Interpreted? 292

11.2 Neural Network Models of Children’s Physical Reasoning 293

Modeling Object Permanence 295
Modeling the Balance Beam Problem 297

11.3 Conclusion: The Question of Levels 300

12 Machine Learning: From Expert Systems to Deep Learning 307
12.1 Expert Systems and Machine Learning 308
Expert Systems and Decision Trees 308
ID3: An Algorithm for Machine Learning 310

12.2 Representation Learning and Deep Learning 315

Deep Learning and the Visual Cortex 318

12.3 The Machinery of Deep Learning 321

Autoencoders 322
xii Contents

Convolutional Neural Networks 324

Sparse Connectivity 325
Shared Weights 326
Invariance under Translation 326

12.4 Deep Reinforcement Learning 327

13 Exploring Mindreading 335

13.1 Pretend Play and Metarepresentation 336
The Significance of Pretend Play 336
Leslie on Pretend Play and Metarepresentation 337
The Link to Mindreading 341

13.2 Metarepresentation, Autism, and Theory of Mind 341

Using the False Belief Task to Study Mindreading 342
Interpreting the Results 344
Implicit and Explicit Understanding of False Belief 347

13.3 The Mindreading System 348

First Steps in Mindreading 349
From Dyadic to Triadic Interactions: Joint Visual Attention 351
TESS and TOMM 352

14 Mindreading: Advanced Topics 357

14.1 Why Does It Take Children So Long to Learn to Understand
False Belief? 358
Leslie’s Answer: The Selection Processor Hypothesis 358
An Alternative Model of Theory of Mind Development 360

14.2 Mindreading as Simulation 363

Standard Simulationism 363
Radical Simulationism 365

14.3 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Mindreading 365

Neuroimaging Evidence for a Dedicated Theory of Mind System? 366
Neuroscientific Evidence for Simulation in Low-Level Mindreading? 369
Neuroscientific Evidence for Simulation in High-Level Mindreading? 373

15 The Cognitive Science of Consciousness 379

15.1 The Challenge of Consciousness: The Knowledge Argument 380

15.2 Information Processing without Conscious Awareness:

Some Basic Data 382
Consciousness and Priming 382
Nonconscious Processing in Blindsight and Unilateral Spatial Neglect 384
 Contents xiii

15.3 So What Is Consciousness For? 387

What Is Missing in Blindsight and Spatial Neglect 389
Milner and Goodale: Vision for Action and Vision for Perception 389
What Is Missing in Masked Priming 392

15.4 Two Types of Consciousness and the Hard Problem 393

15.5 The Global Workspace Theory of Consciousness 396

The Building Blocks of Global Workspace Theory 396
The Global Neuronal Workspace Theory 397

15.6 Conclusion 400

16 Robotics: From GOFAI to Situated Cognition and Behavior-Based Robotics 407

16.1 GOFAI Robotics: SHAKEY 408
SHAKEY’s Software I: Low-Level Activities and Intermediate-Level Actions 409
SHAKEY’s Software II: Logic Programming in STRIPS and PLANEX 413

16.2 Situated Cognition and Biorobotics 414

The Challenge of Building a Situated Agent 415
Situated Cognition and Knowledge Representation 416
Biorobotics: Insects and Morphological Computation 418

16.3 From Subsumption Architectures to Behavior-Based Robotics 423

Subsumption Architectures: The Example of Allen 424
Behavior-Based Robotics: TOTO 427
Multiagent Programming: The Nerd Herd 430

17 Looking Ahead: Challenges and Opportunities 437

17.1 Exploring the Connectivity of the Brain: The Human Connectome Project and
Beyond 438

17.2 Understanding What the Brain Is Doing When It Appears Not to Be Doing
Anything 439

17.3 Neural Prosthetics 440

17.4 Cognitive Science and the Law 441

17.5 Autonomous Vehicles: Combining Deep Learning and Intuitive Knowledge 442

Glossary 444
Bibliography 454
Index for Cognitive Science (3rd edition) 478
 BOXES

2.1 A Conversation with ELIZA 39

3.1 What Does Each Lobe Do? 69

3.2 Brain Vocabulary 72

4.1 Defining Sentences in Propositional Logic 102

6.1 Basins of Attraction in State Space 157

7.1 Basic of the Probability Calculus 174

7.2 Deriving Bayes’s Rule 177

8.1 The Prisoner’s Dilemma 215

15.1 A Typical Semantic Priming Experiment 384

xiv
 FIGURES

0.1 Connections among the cognitive sciences, as depicted in the Sloan Foundation’s 1978
report. 4

0.2 Some of the principal branches of scientific psychology. 7

0.3 Levels of organization and levels of explanation in the nervous system. 8

0.4 The spatial and temporal resolution of different tools and techniques in neuroscience. 9

0.5 The “space” of contemporary cognitive science. 11

1.1 A rat in a Skinner box. 18

1.2 A fourteen-unit T-Alley maze. 19

1.3 A cross-maze. 20

1.4 Schematic representation of a Turing machine. 25

1.5 A sample phrase structure tree for the sentence “John has hit the ball.” 27

1.6 Donald Broadbent’s (1958) model of selective attention. 29

2.1 A question for SHRDLU about its virtual micro-world. 40

2.2 An algorithm for determining whether a given input is a sentence or not. 42

2.3 Algorithms for identifying noun phrases and verb phrases. 43

2.4 Procedure for applying the command CLEARTOP. 44

2.5 SHRDLU acting on the initial command to pick up a big red block. 45

2.6 SHRDLU completing instruction 3 in the dialog: “Find a block which is taller than the one
you are holding and put it in the box.” 46

2.7 Examples of the three-dimensional figures used in Shepard and Metzler’s 1971 studies of
mental rotation. 48

2.8 Results of Shepard and Metzler’s 1971 studies of mental rotation. 49

2.9 Examples of vertically and horizontally oriented objects that subjects were asked to
visualize in Kosslyn’s 1973 scanning study. 52

2.10 Two images of a bucket. 56

xv
 xvi List of Figures

2.11 Two examples of Marr’s primal sketch, the first computational stage in his analysis of the
early visual system. 57

2.12 An example of part of the 2.5D sketch. 58

2.13 An illustration of Marr’s 3D sketch, showing how the individual components are
constructed. 59

2.14 The place of the implementational level within Marr’s overall theory. 60

2.15 An illustration of the hierarchical organization of the visual system, including which parts
of the brain are likely responsible for processing different types of visual information. 61

3.1 The large-scale anatomy of the brain, showing the forebrain, the midbrain, and the
hindbrain. 69

3.2 A vertical slice of the human brain, showing the cerebrum. 70

3.3 The division of the left cerebral hemisphere into lobes. 71

3.4 The primary visual pathway. 72

3.5 Image showing ventral (purple) and dorsal (green) pathways in the human visual
system. 73

3.6 Design and results of Ungerleider and Mishkin’s cross-lesion disconnection studies. 75

3.7 A generic three-layer connectionist network (also known as an artificial neural

network). 78

3.8 Gorman and Sejnowski’s mine/rock detector network. 80

3.9 Images showing the different areas of activation (as measured by blood flow) during the
four different stages in Petersen et al.’s (1988) lexical access studies. 84

3.10 A flowchart relating areas of activation to different levels of lexical processing. 85

3.11 Neural area showing activity when subjects looked at pictures. 88

3.12 Neural areas where activation is correlated with levels of memory performance. 89

3.13 A microelectrode making an extracellular recording. 90

3.14 Simultaneous microelectrode and fMRI recordings from a cortical site showing the neural
response to a pulse stimulus of 24 seconds. 92

4.1 A typical traveling salesperson problem. 104

4.2 The structure of Fodor’s argument for the language of thought hypothesis. 114

4.3 Inside and outside the Russian room. 116

5.1 Schematic illustration of a typical neuron. 125

 List of Figures xvii

5.2 An artificial neuron. 126

5.3 Four different activation functions. 127

5.4 Illustration of a mapping function. 128

5.5 A single-layer network representing the Boolean function AND. 130

5.6 A single-layer network representing the Boolean function NOT. 131

5.7 The starting configuration for a single-layer network being trained to function as a
NOT-gate through the perceptron convergence rule. 133

5.8 Graphical representations of the AND and XOR (exclusive-OR) functions, showing the
linear separability of AND. 135

5.9 A multilayer network representing the XOR (exclusive-OR) function. 136

5.10 The computational operation performed by a unit in a connectionist model. 138

6.1 The trajectory through state space of an idealized swinging pendulum. 151

6.2 The state space of a swinging pendulum in a three-dimensional phase space. 152

6.3 Illustration of the Watt governor, together with a schematic representation of how
it works. 155

6.4 An example of the computational approach to motor control. 160

6.5 The stage IV search task, which typically gives rise to the A-not-B-error in infants at around
the age of 9 months. 162

6.6 An infant sitting for an A trial and standing for a B trial. 163

6.7 Applying the dynamical field model to the A-not-B error. 165

7.1 An illustration purporting to be of Thomas Bayes from a 1936 book on the history of life
insurance. 172

7.2 A diagram showing the proportion of the probability space in which A is true; the
proportion of the probability space in which B is true; and the intersection of A and
B (which is the region where A and B are both true). 175

7.3 Four of the seven Gestalt principles of grouping, illustrated and explained. 180

7.4 Two examples of stimuli used to elicit binocular rivalry. 182

7.5 Two well-known ambiguous figures: Rubin’s vase and the duck–rabbit illusion. 183

7.6 The principal pathways for saccade production. 192

7.7 Platt and Glimcher’s probabilistic cued saccade task. 193

7.8 Activity of an LIP neuron during the probability experiment. 194

xviii List of Figures

7.9 Platt and Glimcher’s cued saccade experiment, with stimulus and response held constant
and the quantity of reward varied. 195

7.10 Activity of an LIP neuron while a monkey makes his own choice compared to a
behaviorally derived estimate of the value of the movement to the monkey. 197

8.1 The architecture of a simple reflex agent. 205

8.2 The architecture of a goal-based agent. 206

8.3 The architecture of a learning agent. 207

8.4 A version of the Wason selection task. 212

8.5 A version of Griggs and Cox’s deontic selection task. 213

8.6 The evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton (1936–2000). 217

8.7 The ACT-R cognitive architecture. 221

9.1 Luria’s (1970) diagram of the functional organization of the brain. 231

9.2 Map of the anatomy of the brain showing the four lobes and the Brodmann areas. 233

9.3 A connectivity matrix for the visual system of the macaque monkey. 235

9.4 An anatomical wiring diagram of the visual system of the macaque monkey. 236

9.5 The results of single-neuron recordings of a mirror neuron in area F5 of the macaque
inferior frontal cortex. 238

9.6 Typical patterns of EEG waves, together with where/when they are typically found. 239

9.7a Common experimental design for neurophysiological studies of attention. 243

9.7b Example of the occipital ERPs recorded in a paradigm of this nature. 244

9.7c Single-unit responses from area V4 in a similar paradigm. 245

9.7d Single-unit responses from area V1 showing no effect of attention. 245

9.8 Frontoparietal cortical network during peripheral visual attention. 247

9.9 An illustration of a typical delayed saccade task. 248

9.10 Peripheral attention versus spatial working memory versus saccadic eye movement across
studies. 250

10.1 The dual-route model of past tense learning in English proposed by Steven Pinker and Alan
Prince. 269

10.2 Rumelhart and McClelland’s model of past tense acquisition. 270

10.3 Performance data for Rumelhart and McClelland’s model of past tense learning. 271
 List of Figures xix

10.4 The network developed by Plunkett and Marchman to model children’s learning of the
past tense. 272

10.5 A comparison of the errors made by Adam, a child studied by the psychologist Gary
Marcus, and the Plunkett–Marchman neural network model of tense learning. 273

10.6 A hierarchical cluster of similarity judgments, with nodes corresponding to clusters of

stimuli more similar on average to each other than to objects in the nearest cluster. 279

11.1 Schematic representation of the habituation and test conditions in Baillargeon’s

drawbridge experiments. 288

11.2 Schematic representation of an experiment used to test infants’ understanding of object

boundaries and sensitivity to what Spelke calls the principle of cohesion. 289

11.3 Schematic representation of an experiment testing infants’ understanding of the principle

of contact. 290

11.4 Schematic depiction of events that accord with, or violate, the continuity or solidity
constraints. 291

11.5 A series of inputs to the network as a barrier moves in front of a ball and then back to its
original location. 295

11.6 Recurrent network for learning to anticipate the future position of objects. 296

11.7 A balance beam. 297

11.8 The architecture of the McClelland and Jenkins network for the balance beam
problem. 299

12.1 A decision tree illustrating a mortgage expert system. 309

12.2 The first node on the decision tree for the tennis problem. 313

12.3 The complete decision tree generated by the ID3 algorithm. 313

12.4 A sample completed questionnaire used as input to an ID3-based expert system for
diagnosing diseases in soybean crops. 314

12.5 Different ways of distinguishing two groups in a database of examples. 317

12.6 An illustration of hierarchical visual processing. 320

12.7 Illustration of how an autoencoder compresses and then decompresses a signal. 323

12.8 A move in the Google DeepMind challenge between AlphaGo and Lee Sedol in 2016. 328

13.1 An example of metarepresentation. 338

13.2 The general outlines of Leslie’s model of pretend play. 339

13.3 Leslie’s Decoupler model of pretense. 340

 xx List of Figures

13.4 The task used by Baron-Cohen, Leslie, and Frith to test for children’s understanding of false
belief. 344

13.5 Illustration of the connection between pretend play and success on the false
belief task. 346

13.6 Baron-Cohen’s model of the mindreading system. 350

14.1 What goes on when one subject represents another’s belief. 361

14.2 What goes on when one subject represents another’s perception. 362

14.3 A schematic version of standard simulationism. 364

14.4 Schematic representation of brain regions associated with the attribution of mental
states. 367

14.5 Schematic overview of the frontoparietal mirror neuron system (MNS) and its main visual
input in the human brain. 372

15.1 An illustration of a typical priming experiment. 382

15.2 Examples of deficits found in patients with left spatial neglect (damage to the right
hemisphere of the brain). 386

15.3 D.B.’s responses to pictures of animals presented in his blind field. 388

15.4 An illustration of the two houses presented to P.S. 389

15.5 In this experiment, subjects were asked either to “post” a card into a slot or to rotate
another hand-held card to match the orientation of the slot. 391

15.6 In the Ebbinghaus illusion, two circles are illusorily seen as differently sized, depending on
what surrounds them. 392

15.7 In the Norman and Shallice 1980 model, conscious processing is involved in the
supervisory attentional regulation, by prefrontal cortices, of lower-level sensorimotor
chains. 398

15.8 The neural substrates of the global workspace. 399

16.1 A map of SHAKEY’s physical environment. 409

16.2 A photograph of SHAKEY the robot. 410

16.3 The organizing principles of biorobotics – a highly interdisciplinary enterprise. 419

16.4 The cricket’s ears are on its front legs. 420

16.5 A robot fish called WANDA. 421

16.6 WANDA swimming upward. 422

 List of Figures xxi

16.7 Another example of morphological computation: the robot hand designed by

Hiroshi Yokoi. 422

16.8 The Yokoi hand grasping two very different objects. 423

16.9 Rodney Brooks’s robot Allen, his first subsumption architecture robot. 424

16.10 The layers of Allen’s subsumption architecture. 425

16.11 The Nerd Herd, together with the pucks that they can pick up with their grippers. 430
 TABLES

2.1 A table illustrating the three different levels that Marr identified for explaining
information-processing systems 55

4.1 Syntax and semantics in the predicate calculus 113

8.1 Comparing the symbolic and subsymbolic dimensions of knowledge representation in the
hybrid ACT-R architecture 224

9.1 Comparing techniques for studying connectivity in the brain 241

10.1 The stages of past tense learning according to verb type 268

13.1 The three groups studied in Baron-Cohen, Leslie, and Frith (1985) 343

16.1 SHAKEY’S five levels 411

16.2 How SHAKEY represents its own state 412

16.3 SHAKEY’s intermediate-level routines 413

16.4 The five basis behaviors programmed into Matari±c ’s Nerd Herd robots 431

xxii
PREFACE

About This Book

There are few things more fascinating than the human mind – and few things that are
more difficult to understand. Cognitive science is the enterprise of trying to make sense of
this most complex and baffling natural phenomenon.
The very things that make cognitive science so fascinating make it very difficult to study
and to teach. Many different disciplines study the mind. Neuroscientists study the mind’s
biological machinery. Psychologists directly study mental processes, such as perception
and decision-making. Computer scientists explore how those processes can be simulated
and modeled in computers. Evolutionary biologists and anthropologists speculate about
how the mind evolved. In fact, very few academic areas are not relevant to the study of the
mind in some way. The job of cognitive science is to provide a framework for bringing all
these different perspectives together.
The enormous range of information out there about the mind can be overwhelming,
both for students and for instructors. Different textbooks have approached this challenge
in different ways.
Some textbooks have concentrated on being as comprehensive as possible, with a
chapter covering key ideas in each of the relevant disciplines – a chapter on psychology,
a chapter on neuroscience, and so on. These books are often written by committee – with
each chapter written by an expert in the relevant field. These books can be very valuable,
but they really give an introduction to the cognitive sciences (in the plural) rather than to
cognitive science as an interdisciplinary enterprise.
Other textbook writers take a much more selective approach, introducing cognitive
science from the perspective of the disciplines that they know best – from the perspective
of philosophy, for example, or of computer science. Again, I have learned much from these
books, and they can be very helpful. But I am convinced that students and instructors need
something more general.
This book aims for a balance between these two extremes. Cognitive science has its
own problems and its own theories. The book is organized around these. They are all
ways of working out the fundamental idea at the heart of cognitive science – which is that
the mind is an information processor. What makes cognitive science so rich is that this
single basic idea can be (and has been) worked out in many different ways. In presenting
these different models of the mind as an information processor, I have tried to select as

xxiii
xxiv Preface

wide a range of examples as possible to give students a sense of cognitive science’s

breadth and range.

About the Third Edition

Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Science of the Mind has been very significantly revised
for the third edition. These changes have been made for two reasons. First, I wanted to
make the book more accessible to students in the first and second years of their studies. To
achieve that goal, I have made changes to both content and style as well as to the organiza-
tion of the book. Second, I wanted to make sure that the new edition reflects the most
exciting new developments in cognitive science, some of which were barely discernible
back in 2010, when the first edition was published.
Previous editions of this book were organized around what I termed the integration
challenge. This is the challenge of providing a unified theoretical framework for studying
cognition that brings together the different disciplines that study the mind. The third
edition no longer uses the integration challenge as an organizing principle. The additional
layer of complexity is useful for many purposes, but not, I now think, for pedagogical ones.
As a result, I have cut the two chapters that were devoted to the integration challenge in the
first and second editions and simplified the presentation in later chapters. In particular,
I no longer employ a two-way division into symbolic and nonsymbolic models of infor-
mation processing. I have added an introduction that explains in some more general terms
some of the issues and problems previously discussed under the label “integration
challenge.”
I have used the space freed up by reorganization to expand coverage of more up-to-date
areas elsewhere in the book. This includes a new chapter on Bayesian approaches to the
mind. This chapter covers both the idea that cognition can be understood in terms of
Bayesian hypothesis testing and error minimization and experimental studies in neuro-
economics of how probabilities and values seem to be calculated in a broadly Bayesian
manner in the primate nervous system. In addition, I have updated the discussion of
machine learning in what is now Chapter 12, eliminating some by now dated examples
and replacing them with more topical discussion of deep learning algorithms.
To help instructors and students, I have divided some of the longer chapters from the
second edition into two. Dynamical systems theory has its own chapter (Chapter 6), while
situated cognition and robotics are now in Chapter 16. The lengthy discussion of mind-
reading in the second edition is now spread over two chapters: “Exploring Mindreading”
(Chapter 13) and “Mindreading: Advanced Topics” (Chapter 14).

How the Book Is Organized

This book is organized into three parts.
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334 Roster of Ohio Troops. Names. Rank. ! & Date of

EnteriDK the Service. Pyl€«, William. Reed. David Reed, Nathaniel C.
Riggle. E4lward. Rigirle. Thomas Riiiehart, Joel W Rutherford.
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24 Aug. 12, 1862 .do. Sparks. Alexander R. . . . .do. ....do. . . . .do.
.do. Spaulding, Lyman — do Stafford , Isaac. Starr, Man ley.. Strock,
Martin. .do. Stoltz, Andrew P Taylor. Itaac Thacker. Palestine.
Thomas'. David W. Van Fleet, Felix.. Ward, William . . . . .do. .do. . . .
.do. ....do. .do. ..do. . .do. 19 ! Oct. 8, 1862 I 21 I Aug. 13, 1862 31
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1862 46 Oct. 19. 1862 26 June 12,1864 36 May 17. 1864 27 Aug.
19, 1862 42 May '£^, 1864 21 ■ Aug. 17, 1862 41 I Aug. 16. 1862
35 I May 2:^, 1864 ..do.... I 34 Aug. 12, 1862 Will, Anthony I. ...do
18 i June 13,186-4 31 I Oct. 10, 1862 WirtB, Samuel A do. . .
WoodrufT, Eleazer ' do. . Worlev. Peter do.. i Yunker, George W do..
Ziegler, Levi B ..do.. . . ' 21 May '23, 1864 1^ Remarks. 3 yrs. 8 yrs.
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3 yrs. 3 yrs. 8 yrs. 8 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 34 May 23. 1864 3 yrs.
30 Aug. 12, 1862 3 yrs. 21 Aug. 13, 1862 8 yrs. 3 yrs. Captured
June 15. laa. at battle of Wincbegler. Va. ; transferred to Veteran
Reserve Corr>8 April 25. 1864. Transferred from Co. I Nov. 1, 1862;
died July 14, 1863. at New York (.ity. Wouuded April 6. 18G5, in
battle of Sailor'i Creek. Va. ; discharged June ». 1865, at Columbus,
O., ou Surgeon's certiHcate of disability. Transferred from Co. I Nov.
1, 1862 : discharcfed June 19, 1865, on Surgeon's certificate of
disability. Died Auff. 14. 1863. at Frederick, Md. Mustered out with
companv June 26. 1865. Drafted : mustered out May 16. 1865, at
Baltimore. Md., by order of War Department. Drafted ; mustered out
with company Jane 26, 1865. Discharged June 15, 1863. at
Columbus. O., od Hurgeou's certificate of disability. Transferreil to
Veteran Reserve Corps Dec 2, 186.3. from which mustered out J\ily
-22, 18<>5. at Washington, D. C, by order of War Department.
Substitute: assigned to company, but never Xrted. d : mustered out
with companv June 20, 1865. Prom'land. Drafted : mustered out
with company June 26, 1865. COMPANY H. Mustered iu Sept. 30,
1862. at Camp Zancsville, O.. by Charles C. Goddard, Captain 17th
Infantry U. 6. A. 3Iufitered out June -JO, 1865, near Washington. D.
C, by J. C. Robinson, brevet Major and A. C. M. ik\ Division, 6th
Army Corps. Charl(5« M. Gordon Isaac R. Uendershott. Alexander A.
Taylor. . Joseph C. Huston Captain. « • • sxAx/* • • • William T.
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..do.. Ol I I 50 ' Aug. 23. 1862 22 24 Aug. 28. 1862 28 Aug. 23,
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mustered ; escaped — , 1**.' appointed Adjutant Nov. 14, 1864.
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with company June*, 186.'>. Resigned Dec. 15, 1863, on account of
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wiorbM.DlM'li»rB?d Kfip. l^ wv.. m Ainini->U.,
Mrt.,.incv(Iibt'*ii>ij|iUMl>IUiy. TnuiKfArrvd frcun Co. £ l«ov. 1, IHrJ;
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ISO. Bl CoIdUMb, (L. b$i>rilrru[ Wai liepamnent. DhMllule:
trsmlcrted la VMObs KlHnt indUEoldiublllij. . June 2, h I e«pl. 10. 1: '
June 1 nut Jnli le or Warbai iXia . . ..jtpred out wllb roiDHDy JuTW
31. IM&, duUUtulc. l>iceDl on lurlootb. mlli-a : miulen^ am with
comi«nr JaK inSf-tl: dltrbirgfHl Jul; 10. t^K, at GiilJabillir. Hall,
William.... l{a:)«r, Kiitwrl... Haypi. Au Hiifiln,(iwnB«... Ilcaiimc.
David... Holien. Paliick BiiRhu. RLhert fiiil.-lilw>ii,J>avl.I W Joyce,
Michael.. Keillor, John. Kelly, James Uny It. IMU | .
H)ra(litl:inii>i,Trtl..ii . ]Dnillml;'inufcli,Ted. o ■S.. IMT'. . iDlseharned
May a, 1ft l>bpar1DiAat. Jniig 2, ISM I 8 yn-. AUR. 28, 1(162 j 8 jn.
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ul [be I ![. 'J:t. 1W'4. In Rebel Prisun Sept. H, Z 3 rra. Aug. 28 1802
.,„. Aug. 2» Oi-l. 4 1802 IZ Sept. 2 1862 Bj-ra. June 11 1861 3 yra.
Killed June a. 1864. 1 Virginia. batllv of Cold HirbK B..tbiilil.- nfWiwli*
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UaltheH'. PrlvBle. ...,do... Lroiu. WlUlsm .. 3"Jr.';!,AT™«-j::::
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James S Bobliu. PelerC... an, Henry D JUrte. Bcii]4tdIii P. . . . eiiL
wtaalu, John Sl^asa, Rloluird Murny. laomiu ,.-...an,,. MnimrDve.
Charlex M l....du... Kobie. lisorgK W |....do... Panlpn. cnarleii....
Pierce. R.tbert. Powell. William B Soeen. Ilufch ueeu,Janie. QuIglfV.
Philip.. . fiedu, CUrluou AuR. :«. Hch. at. Sept. % Sepl. 15.
9UlMtiI11IC. Ttancrnrred u W. 1HH. Iirmrted: illcd July 1, ISGl. nen
'^.pKired Jmic 1.', iw:, a( Iwltle r ter. Vs.; died Nur. 27. IMKi. iiL>i>r
Vltgliiia. j.. ua Siir[r Wat liepartment, C'l'iTTpanyJuiie^. ISiU. IW.I, Hi
battle of wiucheii.
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ilo... :Jp J*r|»i. :»•. ISli Taj- lor. J i**-4- W •!« ;-■» A lu J-M ♦*«i
Toiler. ThoinaN . :l yrn. i» ypi. :t yr». 3 xr* ;t yrj». If yrn. 3 yn». i»
yrs. Renurkh. TollKTt. Tlu* Sl'Ul. 1. iv;2 3 yfh. I>i«^l iU'\. :ai. ]Si'»4.
ill ludiel I*rifA. at battle of < 'eek. Va.: n*turiu*d 't«MMni|«oy Juiir
1. ]>•'•.'>: ma*>tervaiiy Jur.t Jr.. 1 •«•;:». I>ied Jan. Jl. iM^t. at
ie«l IH^*. »i, iNVi, at Sew frick. W. Ya. Di^Khanri'il Jan. — . 1M63.
nt CuinUTlaiid. Md.. on surjrwin*- uerilflcatt- of diNiMilry. dubMiiute.
rapturi'd June !.'». I;«i3, at ImtiJ* of Wluchr't.T. Va.: kilttrd May (i.
isivt. in iMittU <>f tl.r WfltUfrnew*. Va ( iipturtMl June 1-'>. I>4>*..
at lialtle oi Whh-heWY. Va.: wtmntled Nov. '11, I.m^;. In Willtri :
Mine Kun. V«.: mi;sl*'i"e«| out May IS. l**;"'. ht Ua It hut ire, Md..
by ortler «ii War l>ei'«nluenf. MiiKtvriMl out with fHini|)any .luiiv
'Ji.l*^'>. MuHienil uiit \^i\\\ iiuuiMiny June Ji. 1miv\ I)ie. !?*> r.
(HnManl. Captain ITtli In.'airtry T. S. A. Mustered out JuiieiV>, lMi.'».
near WashiiiM;ton. 1). <. by="" j.="" uobfiimui.="" bn-vel=""
.major="" and="" m.="" :="">4l Division, <>lh Army Conn*. Daniel
R < lary Captain . , :W Thomas s. Black do. . . Auk. Auk. lii. ISOJ 15
yrs. IG, isivj . :) ynt. John M. William- do.... r.» Aujc. !«.. Im'J :l yr>.
Isaac K. 11eiider»liott... Isl Lieut. '^1 Thoma.s S. AmislrouK do — '
27 JefTenMm U. Mc.Milleu... IM Sii>ri. '22 hn M. Voris* dt> — 22
John I.. Maxlield SerKi.'aut. 21 Kobvrl II. Warner do — ' 41 Isaac R.
Steele do. ... :5s Etlward R. Hilliani ilo — is .\H.ier: Hrtuuiiond di» —
22 William 1». liobcrl>on do — 41 I'oN^cU rowels»iu do — y*
Jalue^ StuU do — 27 Enoch Shriuley do — :X» Auk. ■>. !>*»'■- :i
yrs. Auk. h"». is«;2 :; yrs. Auk. 2«i. ls«V2 ' :'> yrs Auk. 2t;. 1NV2 3
yrj'. Au^'. ■22. 1S«;2 3 yr«. Sept. •22. ISC.2 3 yrs. Auk. 22, 1MV2 3
yr^. Auk. 22, 1.V.2 3 yrs. Auk. 22, ls»;2 :i yrs. Auj:. 111. 1M|^2 3
yrs. Oct. ;j. ls«i2 3 yrs. .S'pi. 11. 1S62 3 yrs. Auk. ■22, lMi2 3 yr>.
Aug. 22, IN-O :: yrs. DiHC'harKfd Div. 7. IMiH.ou account of phy«ir»i
t disability. Tromoted from 1st Lieutenant to date Juui !.'». IStSl:
discharKeil Dc«'. l*».lsft4.furwuund» receive«l June 3, INJI. in battle
oi laid Harbor, Va. l*nunote«l from l8t Lieutenant Co. K hVl'. M
IJ^i.')-. mustered (mt with I'oinpany Jui:r">iMk'K I'nuuoted fn>m Isi
Serjreani Co. II Jnii*^. IstH : i«» Cai»tain Co. II iKf. 7. KnM.
Captured Juno 15. 1*>J. at IwiUle of ^'i*** ter.Va.; pmmoted from
yX IJcutentntwi 2ii. I«i»4. but beiiiK altsent. a prixmer ol nt' wai»
nt)t mubtereil until Mav 14, !**»: P^ inotetl to Captain 5. App(dntev.
.\pT»(dnte, l>b\ - .Jw*. Captured June W l*i3. at '*ti:v i< "f*jT tor.
Va.: dLvharKed Nov. > :^ ^Jri andria, Va.. «>ii
SuTK.tm'scemiK*^*"^ bility. V. n * Dischanieit April IS !>*;;. at «
o:r.abi«-y-*" SurgetJii's eerlltlmle irt dl-»«b:"!.' ^^ ApiNiTnied fn»m
Cr«i — : ?£!&. ter. er. Va.: apiMnntc*! irwa |="^»*r"^ icrcd out with
e«vji|4iny Jkw ^ Tw * A].pidnte.i loriNiial : ?tereil nul wtib cob|*«'
iNwV ., *r* Ap|H>intiHl Corporal : ^**JLJ5* ISIwi; DlllsteiWl out
With l^«l•■' ls4'i.V .^ .VppointedtVrut^rml : ^^^b^CSi^ Sepu -iJ.
l^
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122nd Rboihemt Ohio VoLUNTEKa Infantry. ..|CorporalJ 2T

. Aug. : ...,da....| ■a 1 Aug. 21 R. Nelson.... :::: ■ ...do... mer . ""Wu
Private.. JIPCT ....do.... Ili^ ....do.... leM ...do..., ter ....do.... lllAID
....do.... ..aav[|le,Vii.,ODSnrsi-OD'>certllI< caleuCdlNiblliV. Jiiiie a w
Aug ■11 i« SH'pt 1,-, 18 Feb. » ie Oti. J. IM Aug. ... "■■'• .I."L Aug
I'i. IB Aug i!.l« Sept 10, 1» Ocl. i.\ Aug 19. IS Aug IS. IH Feb. ■-•».
w Aug. ■J6,l ^g 2*;i Juxe LT.l June ran Renene Corp* ■ In ra which
H) niJuJ 1 tSe.'S HI Albc t N \ A ol Wkr Ueporlment I IIM In bailie ol
tho lid n E«thR«*. ! IM&t Dili wltb compauy June %. IWj, ' Capliired
Uar «, IXM. ai )hI(1c of the Wildern«ne.Va,; ceturiied tooommny
Dec. 14,186*.appolnted (kirpoml Hay 1(1. IHJ ; mtutend oai with
company Jane 91. 1M&. iTnuiflerred fnim Co. E Not. 1. ISUl:
captured , June IS. IHOit, al baltlu of Wlncbeeler, Va. Appulnted ;
dlKhiiRal Jano B. 1865, at F WanblDgtoii, D. (.!., ou SurgHin'i
tvrtlflcale c>t dUBiUllty. .Caplored June W 1863. al bailie of Wlncbee.
l«r, Va.; mualered oul Hilh cAmpany June Appoinled — -; tniiiilercit
out wlin eompanr I ter. Vs.; dial Not. «, IHM. lu Bel ■I Andereourllle.
Oa. |Mi«tn« May «, \*M. In battle of II l.'apnmd June W IMS, ■ lEr.
Va.i iratulerred [ rarpa April U. If" ^ran iteoorre 'MVi8«"rn Rebel
Prlwu at AndetK^plured June lb. IMS. t. ._ nf Wlnehw._r, Va.:
lunslered out May X, 18116, al OoI lumbiix, o„ by order of War
Pepartment. iMumeredoui with iximpauT June ^.isra. iDiscbarcwl
Juue'i, I!tfi5. at Wanhlnglon. D.C., nu gurgeon'i cerilflcaCe of
dlwbilllF. .. . - i.w company JuoH to 2d Llei. lb O. V. .April
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accurate

123Nb ItEGiMEMT Ohio Volontker Infantby. ., .1. INM. lt>

iMlUe ol llii- Wilder irarut-Tii^il tc; CTo, B, tilt BeiiH Mtnl 9 a w 'rtHwIi
iiii.VmlmilJuiiela, ."imifea Julys. ISM, '''■ :\,""v'''«';fV£?!"jsipaitf Jun«
:ai. I«»^
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RoflTSB OF Ohio Troops. r, l'>«lertBk.,.|l'rivMe. IiODahlu>,

Mlchap). Dougherty. J>itin U 2inulil>«r. PeKT. . . Fell, Benjamin F...
Ferrlf . Richiinl FInler. I^vil- Folfur. JidiQ aildajr. Tiaiiiel Gladmui.
Thnmu., I!»rTiiion. V HIU, IVlUla .Tnjra. Michael Ktely. Ulchwl KIme,
UeciiceT i £« ■£■ ' ittpc. la. iufsi . ■il (K't. M. IKW ■ : ■M Jlllv 4. IWt
I . ■it I Aii^. -il. imti 1 . CHjiluivd June 1\]tW.1. at tnilieof WlDcboIrr.
Va.: ilio May 6. IFei. at Larile o( ihe WlldeTDeM, Vh.: cxchaiiiiiei] Fvti.
n. 1W^: murleciHl oli[Jnnel>. IBK. al York. 1^, b; orjor ol Wm
Dejawtnieiit. r Ar[H)ljiLcd StreeaTit irom Cormml iitui- 1. Insa:
cai>tare.lJuJ;li. lf«4. *l batlUofUuiincucy, Vm.: riuliauiiPd Keti. '^^
1»a; n^ui'HltolhcraDlutDilaLeJan. 1. ISSa^ mm- I brallefl : miutpnsl
nut wlih rvmpiinj Juik . [No r«0"rd tiibaequem toenllBliaeot. ■,
IMiiMvrei] oiilwiUi compaiir JuneSE. IM3. • jDralufl : nuiitered iim
Uay W. IMA. at WuliliiKtoD, D. r-.. by DTdiT OI Wtir DvparUnenl. .
Ii:'iiurwl Jane IS. 18OT, at butle of Vtatba tvr. Va.; exchangtsl Julf 24,
liW : miiiUnd 'lui nllli niiDiMny Juiiv X. IMV ■ {No niMrd iIibiHiuelil
lueiillntmirut. . Itnliiceil from Sergnnt April '.*£■. I'M. . IDniliFcI;
dlaotawged Jaii. I>. IM.>, b}' ontriol Jnly -X. UlOi x> I Jnne S. IHM
ai Aug. I3,\mi Aiig. 8, im;; Aug. 1. 1M2 Stured July 9. IBM, al baillo
a.: exebaigal Feb. -ji. li«S; wllh cominny Jiine'jfi. tHUV Killed Uay fl.
MM, Virginia. Captured Juoe 15, IMS. al ' — Va.: I'lthanged July
INBt.at M'uOilnKiou. L. .. ired July V, IHH, ai baitit battle oi the
Wlldertna. battle of WlDcbei' villi mmpany Jui Died April X, 1M4. at
Waiblngum i>. r. iC>tniirudJuualG.l«»,att^ tn.n>fi>rTHl ID
I>eparlnien[ar uw . — J om stu. of tt'if !«■ Cuniherlaiiil.JI'l. ..
renmaitie frfdiwhilin. voliDdcd Cept. 1S. I»l.lnban)e - '■-.;
dlfLCbarged Feb. IJ. IMS. . .TraniCm^'ioCo.l N„,.., . jReduced IruiD
SerseaDt Jan.l.l»»; moitaoi ilurlti roll. No further n I nt ttwblDgton, a
C. byuidi . 'captured June 15, ISC*, at baule of Wn^ I ler.
Va.:eichanjEedJiily24.l8H:iniUlein< U. Co. 0. Ut fie«lmeim
Veiei»B,llnn« Conn. . fmm nhloh dlwhiugH v I w, iSi4. »1
WMhlOglDl- " " — ■="" I ceninweof dlaablllt} . iTran^ferred toCn. H
Km. 1, Itttt. . ITrauiiferrsd to Co. I Nov. 1. 1M3. .
Trai.hterredt«Co.CMIh RtglmmUfWJ Reaerve i^ri». Match 16. UiM.
trom 'MO muiiered out Jnly IB. lg«5. al WiAlnP*' D. C. hji rwder ol
War Depaninent. - Tnnuferred toiia, 1, fltb 11681™!!!!!.***^ Knem-
Corp*. Mareh IS. I»4. mm '"• iQuatered not July II. IW-. al
Ctndau'lO.. Iij- order iiI War Deparinieul. , , . at Zan«yme, O.
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122sD Reoiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. 345 N&me&.

Rank. I4itta, CAlvin ; Private.. Lower, William H { do Md-'arty , Simon
I do. . . . McKlrov. John do, >leMullen, Noab McPeek. Joshua. do.
.do.. McWilllams. Hu^h do. . Martiu, William K | do.. Miller, Henry \
do. . MtX)re, Albert i . . . .do. . N icliolfl, Harrison Paden, Stephen R
Painter, Samuel Painter. Thomas Powell. John Salusgaver, Jacob.
Scott, Levi P..:. ..do.. . . • • « v^^v* • • • ...do.. .do., .do., .do..
Sherrard, Olauder Simms, Adam B Smith, John , Smith, Peter ■ • •
•\tv« • • » • aHv* • I • • • • U V V • ' ....do.. Snurr, John W do
Si>alding. Lee A Stage. John R. Stephens, Jm^eph Stephens,
William H Upbole, Benjamin, Voffht, Gottlieb.... Walters. George W.
Ward. James R Watson, David E WilloQgbby. Westel. Wilson, Bailey
Wright, Jacob W.... .do... . .do., .do.. do.. .do., .do., .do.. < 22 19 20
20 89 23 26 2:^ 82 16 . . ..do.. . . 20 21 27 42 80 32 37 18 44 22
23 . . . .do. ... 37 • • • adva • • • J *r 19 18 24 •27 28 84 19 20
Date of l£niering the Service. Aug. 1. 1862 July 27, lt»62 Aug. 11,
1862 8 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. July 6. 1864 3 yrs. Aug. 15, 1862 July
20.1862 3 yrs. 3 yrs. Aug. 2. 1862 I 3 yrs. July 6, 1864 3 yrs. July
21, 1862 I 3 yrs. Aug. 13, 1862 3 yrs. Aug. 4. 1862 Ang. 14, 1862
Aug. 13. 1862 Aug. 14. 1862 Aug. 8, 1862 CXt. 8, 186:# Aug. 15,
1862 Aug. 20, 1862 Oct. 6. 1862 Aug. 8. 1862 Aug. 7. 1862 Aug. 5,
1862 Aug. 10, 1862 Aug. 10. 1862 June 30. 1864 Dec. '22, 1863
Aug. 10,1862 Aug. 14,1862 June 14, 1864 July 7. 1862 Aug. 7, 1862
Oct. 8. 1862 July 15, 1862 Aug. 13, 1862 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3
yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 8 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 8
>T8. 3 yrs. 8 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs 3 yrs. Remarks.
Mustered out with company June 26. 1865. Mitstered out with
company June 26. Ib65. Substitute Wouhded Jui.e 3. 1«.">, from
which discharged June '24. 1866. at Ciuclunati. O., on Surgeon's
certificate of disability. Captured June 15. 1863. at battle of
Winchester. Va.: exchanged July 24. 1863; killed May 6. 1864, in
buttle of the Wilderness, Va. 8ub.stliute. Captured June 15. 1863. at
battle of Winchester, \h.: exchanged July 16. 186:{: wounded June
3. 1864. in battle of Cold Harbor. Va.; mustered out May 13, 1865.
by order of War De {.Wirt men t. Captured May 6. 1864. at battle of
the Wilderness. Va.: exchanged Dec. '20, 18. 186.V Mustered out
with company June '26, 186.5. Died June 4, 1863, at Winchester. Va.
Wounded May 6. 1864, in battle of the WMldernebs, Va.; mustered
out with company June 26, 1865. Transferred to Co. D, 10th
Regiment. Veteran Resei've Corps. (>ct. 15. 1864. irom which
mustered out July 17. 1865. at Washington, D. 4. at battle of the
Wilderness, Va.; exchanged Dec. 3. 1864; mustered out June 7,
1865. at Columbus, O., by order of War Department. Wounded May
16, 1864. in battle of Spot tsylvania, Va.; mustered out with
company June '26, 18G5. Mustered out with company June 'Jd,
1865. Drafted ; mustered out July 15, 1865, at Washington, D. C, by
order of War Department. Killed May 31. 1864. in battle of
Tolopotomy Creek, Va. No record subsequent to enlistment.
Captured Julv 9, 1864. at battle of Monocacy. Md.; died Nov. 14.
1864, in Rebel Prlhon at Danville. Va. ^ -' * /.• ■ •
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"^ 346 Roster of Ohio Troops. UNASSIGNED RECRUITS

AND DRAFTED MEN. Names. Rank. • < 21 18 :<6 23 18 89 Date of
Entering the Service. May 17.1864 Feb. 10. 1864 May i:], 1864 Sept.
1. 1864 Feb. 19.1864 Feb. 26. 1864 S'P Remarks. £* ! Bay, Robert C
Private.. • • • •V.llJ* • • • • • • aCJU* • • • ....do.... . . . .do. . . . • •
• V^^* *f • • • 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 8 yrs. 3 yrs. Drafted ;
discharged July 12. 1864. at Columbus, 0.. on Burgeon's certificate
of disability. Died March 25, 1864. at Columbus. 0. Drafted;
mustered out June 26. 1865, at Philadelphia. Pa., bv order of War
I>epArtment On recruit roll. No further record found. No record
subsequent to enlLsUnent. Crawford. Matbias Francis. Stephen C
Grav. John Holbrook, Charles C Pierce. Charles A
 i23rd Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. THRBB YBARS'
SBRVICB. This Regiment was organized at Monroeville, 0., from
August to October, 1862, to serve three years. It was mustered out
of service June 12, 1865, in accordance with orders from the War
Department. The oflScial list of battles in which this Regiment bore
an honorable part is not yet published by the War Department, but
the following list has been compiled after careful research during the
preparation of this work : WINCHESTER, VA. Jdne 13-15, 1863. NEW
MARKET, VA., May 15, 1864. PIEDMONT, VA., June 5, 1864.
LYNCHBURG, VA., June 17-18, 1864. SNICKER'S FERRY, VA., July 18,
1864. WINCHESTER, VA., July 24, 1864. BERRYVILLE, VA.,
Septembee 3, 1864. OPEQUAN, VA., September 19, 1864. FISHER'S
HILL, VA., September 22, 1864. CEDAR CREEK, VA., October 19,
1864. PETERSBURG, VA. (near Hatcher's Run), March 30 to April 2,
1865. HIGH BRIDGE, VA. (near Farmville), . April 6, 1865.
APPOMATTOX, VA., April 9, 1865. (347)
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-i
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^■123rdREGIMENT OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY^ ^H ^H

FIELD A\D STAFF. 1 ^■^ lcrtd(iutJDticl2.1S6&,atCaiapCba)«.U.,by il,
Latimer Beck. iMUeuienaut ^1 13th r. M. Infantry. ^1 NamM, Bank,
1 IK 40 is il KDleriugVe Service. Aug, C.1WI Mpt, aa. IM2 Aug.
1«,1HS Aug. X!, IMii Kept. 4. IMJ t^]ll, 1, 1MU Aug. 'fl. im-i Sept.
K.iwi Aug. Ifi, 1W2 Bepl 1, m-1 (".■l, T, IfWI Aug. 18, IM2 Aug, \*.
iwa Aug, IB, im if : -- 1 L^HikB T. Wllaoii ^Bhr B. HHiiiar. Uoi>«
Kcll^ra A. Baldwiu Korton Urin Pvnl* WllUani B. Il^utt JamoH.
William yapnleoiiB. Briabiac... William V. McCnoMii . pgfaef IL UuMri
^P^-^"-" Colonel: UCDl. Uajar. A.t,8u.B. ....ila,. Adjuunt ....do.... R.
q, M. ■ na. * yr», Syn. a VM. 3 rn. ay™, srn3 yn. a )TH. nyn. it ym.
PromoMI tmrn I.Uut noignol mii Beslmeui, U, V, i., »epl. It. l§iUi
oapiurod Juue lA, IMH. at iMlllo of Wincfiealer, Va.: pamleil Man'h IN.
IMH; excliHiiged May W. IiV4; brevet url«. (Mueral Uaroh in. IBU;
muilerad out with reuliiu^iil June I'^. IM&. Captured Jiin.' t" |--i'.-: ,■
!.n'iv. ..f Wljirhe.ter, Va: .ti.. im; .■. .i i>,. - i-.i PrwnoledinM,. ... n
March WlnchWu-r" 1 ,r,',i'(olon«i Juni-li IS..1 Itealglied M.rr'li ',. l-i;;.
KHlgncd Nor. 10. IM4. Wouiiditt Jiiiii' iri. iMi.1. Ill liatlleol WlnchM.M>i
' - -' !■«v~iratdl>wbllllt, ■ ■ ■ .., haiilu o( wfufhet r< ' ' . > I. IWU:
pramoled ApKiilnUMl ^pl, IH, IMU: delaebed M Aldede-uunp to Ua].
Qeiieial Hllivy April K, \m»: rctnnied to tvglintnt Hov. T. iDtS:
pnmiMwl to Captain Co. U Ihu. ». 1M4. Proraotvd to q. H. BerpMDt
from prlvaiB Co, B Dcpi.M. IMU: capnircd Jmia 1A, laoa. at t>alll« ul
Wlncheiler, Va.: eiohangei) Sepltaui Dvn. *. Itei: muxlorod nut with
regiment Juiiel2,lMU>. Captureil Jan, «, IWSI. In aptlou at
I'etenbnrg. «. Va.: exGbantvd March IS. \m: pn>■SSr.lTr™'""
Promoted fr.m ".rr.-^r^:,- . n^-.l,I ii.lwj: rapturwi. ■MMni-
h™SiS^,S'::, ;;.::.,.,.Vr~ra? pnuuotol u. U.I i,iL-.ii.i.«.u .Mbv .1, IWS,
but not mu»len'd : mujlercd oai wllb regiment musteml out villi
reglnutnl June tl, ]»&, Promuted from prtvaw Co, H Sepl, iM.lg(t2:
oiptnredJnne^S. IM:l,atbanleo(Wli>clua ler. Va.: exchanged Bept. 1.
IBffi: cauluteil 8>pt. 4. mA. In ucllon neat IMrryvltl& Va,: not
muficrcd : muitcr«d out wltb rc«linen( PrumotBd rram private Co. B
Bept, 1. 11W: miBlerert out w^tb reclii)«nt June 1!, IMO,
^^BpA.ga<>b<>jr j gwJarU'k C, Wlekluun. . ^^Rftl ). B»reiwor».. ,
. ,...do„.. Q. M. S. ta>m,Ser. Iliw. 81' 11 . — ^^ ^^^^ M
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■-J :K0 Roster of Ohio Troops. N&meit. Edwin P. Cater

Dennis K. Canndd. Weslov Holmes < Date of * iQ Entering the \ o
Senrioe. s i I Remarkt. 27 Aug. m. 1862 ! 8 yrs. Promoted from
Corporal C^. A Oct. S.1M2; captured June l\ MSS, at battle of
Winchwter. Va.; exchanged Sept. 1, IMS : mustered ! out with
regiment Jane 12. 1865. 44 ; Aug. -J-2, 1862 3 yn. Promoted from
Musician Co. C Dec. 1,1864; , mustered out with regiment June 12.
18&. . . ! Aug. 24, 1862 ; 3 yrs. Captured June 15. 1863, at battle of
WinchesI , • ter. Va.: mustered out Nov. 21, 186n, at : C/Olumbiis,
O.. to date April 10. 1863, by order I I , of War Department.
COMPANY A. MustcrtMl in Sept. 24, 1K62. at C^imp MonroevHle, O.,
by K. \V. U. Read. Captain 8lh Infantry. U. S. A. Mustere, at Camp
Chase, O., by H. Lntimer Beck, 1M Lieutenant ruh U. S. Infantr>-.
John W. Chamberlin.... Captain, i 2.') Aug. 12. Ih62 ; 3 yrx. .».» I
VillR. Davis Ist Lieut. 2:i ' Aug. 12.1862 3 yrs Jame!! B. Pumphrey
.do.... 23 Aug. i:*». 1W2 | 3 yrs. 12. 1W2 3 yrs. •iO, 1862 I 3 yrs.
13, 1862 I 3 yrs. .\ndrew R. lugerson 2d I^ieut. 3:; Aug. William F.
Baaoni Ist Sergt. . 2:> Aug. David D. Terr>- do.... .T2 Aug.
JohnWentz ...do.... 'M Aug. IK, 1862 3 yrs. I I Jacob P Bear ....do....
2») Aug. 21, 1M62 ; 3 yrs. Henr>' S. Kaley ,S.'rgeanl. 22 Aug. 13,
1862 Johcph Roll do.... 2.) Aug. 20,1862 3 yrs. 3 yrs. James H.
Bonjflr ....do 26 Aug. 1."). 1862 , 3 yrs. Jacob < 'linger .do.... :J0 •
Aug. 21. 1H62 I 3 yrs. .do.... 2.'> Aug. 11, 1SG2 ! 3 yre. Francis M.
Anderson Thomas C. Thorn i>soii do.... :W Aug. 14.1862 I 3 yrs.
SU'phcn A. McKenzie... CorrK>rMl.i »4 ; Aug. 14, 1862 3 yrs. !
Captured June 15. 1S63, at battle of Winche»: ter, Va.: promoted to
Major Dec. SO. 1861. but not mustered : mustered out with ochaI
pany June 12, 1865. (Promoted to Captain Jan. 31. 1863, but
decline4, in battle of Snicker's Fertr. I Virginia. I Appointed Corporal
April — . 1863; 1st Ser' geant ; discharged Feb. 1.5, 18S5. for '
wounds rcceive report to Csptaio Welsh. of Pioneer Corps, Jan. 10.
18^ No further record found. Wounded June 13. 1863, in battle of
Whicbff; ter. Va.; transferred to Co. H. 22d Regiment. Veteran
Reserve Corps. April 10. 18H: miffI tered out July 1. 1865. at
Colnmbos. (X, hy , order of War Department. Captured Jnne V\
186S. at battle of Winebe^i ter, Va.: accidentally wounded Jn»_^ :
1864. at Ple«imont, Va.: right Icgftmpoliin I ; captured . No further
wcoro found. Regimental history repom hia ' "died." Captured June
15, 1?«S. at battle of Wincb**.' ter. Va.: appointed Corporal May 1,
l**; Sergeant March 1, 1865: mnsfiered out viU I company June 12.
1865l Captured June 15. 1863. at battle of W1mJ«i ter, Va.;
appointed Corpoiml Dec 1. MB: ^fergcant April 8. 1865: mnstered
oot with ! (H)mpany June 12. 1865. •Captured June 15. ia6:«, at
battle of Winch*ter. Va.: dischaned April 8. WSSt ^J I wounds
received ^L 22, 1*1. in hsttl* « , Fisher's Hill, Va. iDlschaiged Aug.
3. 1863. at Coliuibas O. «• Surgeon's ceniUcate of diasbiUty.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 4.40%
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125BR Rboimbkt Ohio Volujwbbk Infastby. Prtvme.. Aue. la.

i«« s yr*. Di»chorgi^ April 1. isea, t Aug. IZ, IHGJ Aug, \n. isea 3
yi>, AnK. IMMI 3 yn. Auij. IMSa^ K yn. Feb. at. IIW "I lilsiblllly, ill
|...ny June U.'lSBS, . uilHUiy Juiini'J, IHili. ;uiQpiiiiTJune Vt, IHfti.
Miiblcrtil mil >v[lli iiuiDUHiiy Jui CKptiicert JnnH tS.IKW, mWiIl . ' vt.
Va.: nlH) May IG. 1§M. «t baltto of Kcw Aug. U. IMIi 3 yn. '< tMlUe
r>( Wlncliw■lili Komimny June ,!2 71. -^SXl 1 JuneU, tsUA. (lU «.in|-
ny June A^^n litaler. Vi,; ni wiuubwilitili
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