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The High Energy Universe Péter Mészáros Digital
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Author(s): Péter Mészáros
ISBN(s): 9780521517003, 0521517001
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Year: 2010
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The High Energy Universe
Ultra-High Energy Events in Astrophysics and Cosmology

In the last two decades, cosmology, particle physics, high energy astrophysics,
and gravitational physics have become increasingly interwoven. The intense
activity taking place at the intersection of these disciplines is constantly
progressing, with the advent of major cosmic ray, neutrino, gamma-ray, and
gravitational wave observatories for studying cosmic sources, along with the
construction of particle physics experiments using beams and signals of
cosmic origin.
This book provides an up-to-date overview of the recent advances and
potential future developments in this area, discussing both the main
theoretical ideas and experimental results. It conveys the challenges, but also
the excitement associated with this field. Written in a concise yet accessible
style, explaining technical details with examples drawn from everyday life, it
will be suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as for other
readers interested in the subject. Color versions of a selection of the figures
are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521517003.

PÉTER MÉSZÁROS is Eberly Chair of Astronomy & Astrophysics and Professor

of Physics at the Pennsylvania State University, where he is also Director of the
Center of Particle Astrophysics. His main research interests are high energy
astrophysics and cosmology. He has been a co-recipient of the Rossi Prize of
the American Astronomical Society and the First Prize of the Gravity Research
Foundation. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
 The High Energy
Universe
Ultra-High Energy
Events in Astrophysics
and Cosmology

P ÉTER MÉSZÁROS
Pennsylvania State University
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521517003
© P. Mészáros 2010

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the

provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2010

ISBN-13 978-0-521-51700-3 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
Deborahnak, Andornak
 Contents

Preface page x

1 Introduction 1
1.1 The dark and the light 1
1.2 Where the fires burn 2
1.3 The vast dark sea 5
1.4 The great beyond 6
1.5 The next steps 8

2 The nuts and bolts of the Universe 11

2.1 The building blocks: elementary particles 11
2.2 The forces: three easy pieces and a harder one 17
2.3 Beyond the Standard Model 28
2.4 Into the soup 29

3 Cosmology 31
3.1 The dynamics of the Universe 31
3.2 The primordial fireball: a particle cauldron 38
3.3 Into the unknown: the GUT and Planck eras 42
3.4 Inflation, dark energy and dark matter 43

4 Cosmic structure formation 46

4.1 The perturbed Universe 46
4.2 Large scale structure formation 48
4.3 Stars: the Universe’s worker bees 55
4.4 Stellar and galactic concentrates 57
4.5 Black hole characteristics 60
4.6 Black hole astrophysics 64

vii
viii Contents

5 Active galaxies 67
5.1 What makes a galaxy “active”? 67
5.2 MBH masses, masers and distances 69
5.3 An AGN garden, classified 74
5.4 Extreme AGNs 80

6 Stellar cataclysms 83
6.1 Stellar high energy sources 83
6.2 White dwarfs and thermonuclear supernovae 84
6.3 Core collapse supernovae 87
6.4 Neutron stars and pulsars 92
6.5 Accreting X-ray binaries 94
6.6 Millisecond pulsars 95
6.7 Magnetars 96
6.8 Stellar black holes 98
6.9 Micro-quasars: neutron stars or black holes? 100

7 Gamma-ray bursts 103

7.1 What are gamma-ray bursts? 103
7.2 Phenomenology of gamma-ray bursts 105
7.3 The GRB prompt radiation 109
7.4 GRB progenitors 112
7.5 GRB afterglows 115
7.6 Cosmological uses of GRBs 118
7.7 Very high energy gamma-rays 118
7.8 Non-photonic emission 121
7.9 Wider impact of GRB multi-channel studies 122

8 GeV and TeV gamma-rays 124

8.1 Importance of the GeV–TeV range 124
8.2 Galactic Gev–TeV sources 124
8.3 Extragalactic sources 128
8.4 Detectability of GeV–TeV sources 132
8.5 GeV and TeV detection techniques 136

9 Gravitational waves 140

9.1 Ripples in space-time 140
9.2 Astrophysical sources of gravitational waves 143
9.3 Stellar binary GW sources 145
9.4 Galaxies as gravitational wave sources 149
9.5 Gravitational wave detectors 151
 Contents ix

10 Cosmic rays 154

10.1 Particles from Heaven 154
10.2 Ultra-high energy cosmic rays 158
10.3 Cosmic-ray observational techniques 162

11 Neutrinos 166
11.1 The elusive neutrinos 166
11.2 Stellar and supernova neutrinos 168
11.3 Atmospheric neutrinos 170
11.4 VHE astrophysical neutrinos 171
11.5 Cosmogenic neutrinos 175
11.6 Neutrino detectors 176

12 Dark dreams, Higgs and beyond 180

12.1 Dark matter 180
12.2 Indirect astrophysical WIMP searches 181
12.3 Direct WIMP searches 183
12.4 Axions 186
12.5 Dark energy 186
12.6 Beyond the Standard Model at the LHC 188
12.7 Underground astrophysics and particle physics 191

Epilogue 194

References 196
Glossary 199
Index 206
 Preface

This book provides an overview of topics in high energy, particle

and gravitational astrophysics, aimed mainly at interested undergraduates
and other readers with only a modest science background. Mathematics and
equations have been kept to a minimum, emphasizing instead the main con-
cepts by means of everyday examples where possible. I have tried to cover
and discuss in some detail all the major areas in these topics where significant
advances are being made or are expected in the near future, with discussions
of the main theoretical ideas and descriptions of the principal experimental
techniques and their results.
Cosmology, particle physics, high energy astrophysics and gravitational
physics have, in the last two decades, become increasingly closely meshed,
and it has become clear that thinking and experimenting within the isolated
confines of each of these disciplines is no longer possible. The multi-channel
approach to investigating nature has long been practiced in high energy accel-
erators involving the strong, the weak and the electromagnetic interactions,
whereas astrophysics has long been possible only using electromagnetic sig-
nals. This situation, however, is rapidly changing, with the advent of major
cosmic-ray, neutrino and gravitational wave observatories for studying cosmic
sources, and the building of particle physics experiments using beams and sig-
nals of cosmic origin. At the same time, theoretical physics has increasingly
concentrated efforts in attempts to unify gravity with the other three forces
into an ultimate theory involving all four. The intense activity in these fields
is beginning to open new vistas onto the Universe and our understanding of
Nature’s working on the very small and very large scales. In this book I have
sought to convey not only the facts but also the challenges and the excitement
in this quest.
I have been fortunate in my collaborators working in these fields and, at
my own university, in having colleagues active in the various areas discussed

x
 Preface xi

here. Among the latter, I am grateful to Irina Mocioiou, Yuexing Li, Niel Brandt,
Michael Eracleous, Derek Fox, Abe Falcone, L. Sam Finn, Paul Sommers, Douglas
Cowen and Stephane Coutu for providing me feedback and advice on individual
chapters. I am also grateful to my wife Deborah for suggestions on improving
the readability of the manuscript. Any remaining errors are my own.
Understanding our cosmic environment and its immense displays of power
is somewhat akin to experiencing a major storm at sea. One feels awe at its
vastness and violence, and also the desire to understand, as far as possible, how
it works and what causes it. I hope that this book will help its readers participate
in this experience.
 1

Introduction

1.1 The dark and the light

The Universe, as we gaze at it at night, is a vast, predominantly dark

and for the most part unknown expanse, interspersed with myriads of pin-
pricks of light. When we consider that these light spots are at enormously large
distances, we realize that they must be incredibly bright in order to be visible
at all from so far away. Occasionally, some of these specks of light get much
brighter, and some of them which were not even seen with the naked eye before
become in a few days the brightest spot in the entire night sky, their brightness
having increased a billion-fold or more against the immutable-looking dark
background. Thus, we have come to realize that the Universe is characterized
by what Renaissance artists called chiaroscuro, referring to the contrast between
light and dark, which is both stark and subtle at the same time. In the case of
the Universe, the contrasts can be enormous and surprisingly violent, as well
as of a subtlety which beggars the imagination. In this book we will focus on
these contrasts between the vast, unknown properties of the dark Universe and
its most violent outpourings of energy, light and particles.
According to current observations and our best theoretical understanding,
the Universe is made up of different forms of mass, or rather of mass-energies,
since as we know from special relativity, to every mass there corresponds an
energy E = mc 2 and vice versa, where E is energy, m is mass and c is the speed
of light. About 74% of the Universe’s total energy content is in the form of dark
energy, a very strange component whose true nature we are completely igno-
rant of. All we know about it at present is what it appears to do to us and to
the rest of the massive objects in the Universe: it affects the rate of the expan-
sion of the Universe. The next most prominent mass-energy component in the

1
2 Introduction

74% dark energy

22% dark
matter

4% atoms

Figure 1.1 Relative amount of different forms of mass-energy densities in the

Universe.
Source: SNAP project website.

Universe, amounting to about 22% of the total, is in the form of dark matter
(another “dark” constituent!), of whose nature we are only slightly less igno-
rant than we are about dark energy. Despite 30 years of pondering it, all we
know for sure about dark matter is how it affects the gravitational attraction
felt by the “normal” matter of galaxies, we know roughly how it is distributed
in space, and we can rule out some classes of objects as being responsible
for it. The remaining fraction of the mass-energy of the Universe amounts to
4%, which is in the form of “normal” everyday baryons, or atoms (Fig. 1.1),
although only about one in 10 of these (∼ 0.5%) emit light or detectable radiation,
a very modest-looking contribution indeed. Physicists have taken to describ-
ing these two types of components as the dark and the light sectors of the
Universe.

1.2 Where the fires burn

In the deep dark night of the Universe, the tiny bright specks of light
shine as reassuring outposts, or so it would seem. These small corners of the
Universe where we feel warm and at home form that portion which we can
probe with our various instruments, telescopes, satellites, accelerators and
 1.2 Where the fires burn 3

laboratory experiments. In fact, this portion of the Universe makes up for its
relatively small size with its sheer brilliance, and upon closer inspection, with
its concentrated violence.
The most obvious denizens of the light sector, just from their sheer num-
bers, are the so-called main sequence stars, of which the Sun is a very ordinary
example. The Sun’s luminosity, that is its energy output per unit time, is
L  4 × 1033 erg s−1 ≡ 4 × 1027 watts, which can also be expressed as 5 × 1023
horsepower.1 Most of this energy, in the case of the Sun, is in the form of
“optical” light, to which our eyes are sensitive, with smaller fractions in the
infrared and in the ultraviolet parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. There
are other stars which emit most of their electromagnetic radiation outside the
optical range, either at shorter or longer wavelengths. Like the Sun, all stars
shine because of nuclear reactions going on in their core, which results in their
emitting copious amounts of neutrinos, a type of elementary particle, the stel-
lar neutrino luminosity being in general comparable to the electromagnetic
luminosity.
Despite their huge power, stars are just the lumpen proletariat of the Uni-
verse, humble light-bugs compared to some of the rare, lavish energy plutocrats
which arise occasionally here and there. When they occur, the sky is pierced by
extremely concentrated outbursts of high energy radiation pouring out from
them, which make the normal stars pale by comparison, outshining them by
a factor of a billion or more over periods of weeks. These outlandish events
are called supernovae, and besides their optical and other forms of electromag-
netic radiation, we have managed to measure on at least one occasion their
neutrino luminosity as well. They are also thought to be powerful sources of
other forms of cosmic rays, and to a lesser degree of gravitational waves, which
however have not so far been detected. Some of these supernovae occur as a
consequence of the collapse of the inner core of massive stars, while others are
due to smaller stars slowly gaining mass until a nuclear deflagration occurs. In
many cases, the collapse leaves behind an extremely compact remnant called a
neutron star, composed of matter whose density is extremely high, comparable
to that of atomic nuclei.
The most extreme stellar outbursts, however, appear to occur as a result of
the core collapse of the most massive stars leading to the formation of a black

1 We use the common scientific notation where a quantity written as, say, 6 × 10X is
equivalent, in the usual decimal notation, to 6 followed by X zeros before the decimal
point, for instance, 6 × 103 ≡ 6000, or in general, the first number followed by X figures,
with zeros added after the significant figures to make up X figures after the first one, for
instance, 1.56 × 104 = 15 600.
4 Introduction

hole, or as a result of the merger of two compact stars leading to a black hole.
The black hole formation may perhaps proceed through an intermediate stage
as a neutron star with an extremely high magnetic field. These cataclysmic
events are called “gamma-ray bursts”, or GRBs. They flare up very fast, and for
short periods of time (seconds or minutes), their brightness can exceed the total
luminosity of the rest of the observable Universe.
Slower flares of even higher total energy occur in some galaxies, made up
of billions or trillions of stars. These are related to massive black holes which
lurk at the center of most galaxies, millions to billions of times more mas-
sive than the stellar mass black holes. As gas or stars fall in and are stretched
and ripped apart by the enormous gravitational fields of these black holes, the
resulting heated gas leads to correspondingly brighter electromagnetic flaring
episodes, spread out over longer times, and recurring fitfully. These flaring
episodes on the galactic scale have brightnesses which exceed thousands or
tens of thousands of times the luminosity of the more peaceful steady-state
emission produced by their stars or by the low and steady accretion of gas onto
the black hole. Yet, bright as these electromagnetic galactic flares are, observa-
tions as well as simple physical arguments tell us that many of them must be
accompanied by comparable or even larger outpours of energy in the form of
cosmic rays, neutrinos and gravitational waves (Fig. 1.2).

Figure 1.2 A relativistic jet shooting out from the massive black hole at the
center of the active galaxy M87, which is an incredibly energetic source of photons
and particles.
Source: NASA Hubble Space Telescope.
 1.3 The vast dark sea 5

1.3 The vast dark sea

The looming bulk of the dark Universe, alas, provides the greatest and
least tractable mysteries. What are the dark energy and the dark matter, and
what can we do to find out what they are, and how they operate?
Of these, dark matter appears to offer somewhat more promising or at least
straightforward approaches for its investigation. For more than three decades,
it has been studied indirectly through its gravitational effects on normal, vis-
ible matter. However, direct methods of investigation, such as capturing or
analyzing the effects of dark matter interacting within laboratory detectors,
appear at least possible as well. If the dark matter is not made up of hard-
to-detect macroscopic objects, as seems to be the case after long and fruitless
searches, it should consist of hard-to-detect elementary particles, for which
there are some possible candidates. Those in the known arsenal of the Standard
Model of particle physics, such as electromagnetic radiation at hard-to-detect
frequencies, or neutrinos, appear to be ruled out. But there are many plausi-
ble extensions of the Standard Model which predict particles that could fit the
bill, such as various types of weakly interacting massive particles (graced with
the acronym WIMPS), or another type of hypothetical wimpy particle called
axions. WIMPS are thought to be able to annihilate each other to produce neu-
trinos, which are in principle detectable with large neutrino detectors such as
IceCube under the Antarctic ice or KM3NeT under the Mediterranean sea. In
deep underground laboratories, WIMPS are also being searched for through the
weak recoil they would impart to nuclei with which they (very rarely) interact.
And one of the prime targets of large particle accelerators such as the new Large
Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, in Switzerland, is the detection of “some-
thing missing” when accounting for the energy budget of colliding high energy
particles, which could indicate the creation of WIMPS. The latter, being weakly
interacting, would leave the detector unnoticed, without paying their bill, so to
speak, but leaving a noticeable gap in the collision energy balance.
Dark matter WIMPS can also annihilate by interacting with each other, lead-
ing to distinctive gamma-ray signatures which are being searched for with,
among others, the recently launched Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (for-
merly known as GLAST), and also with ground-based devices called imaging
air Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), such as HESS, VERITAS, MAGIC and CANGA-
ROO. Besides their more spectacular and speculative task of probing the dark
matter sector of the Universe, these space and ground instruments earn a hard
living through honest, untiring and only slightly less spectacular studies of the
more extreme forms of “normal” matter, such as black holes, gamma-ray bursts,
supernovae, active galaxies, etc.
Dark energy is even harder to grasp, both experimentally and conceptually,
than dark matter. The experimental study of dark energy is, for now, mainly
6 Introduction

confined to indirect methods. As in the case for dark matter, dark energy man-
ifests itself most blatantly through its dynamical effects on the large scale
behavior of the normal visible matter, in particular on the apparent acceler-
ation of the expansion rate of the Universe. This is being studied by a variety
of large scale optical surveys of distant objects, with new and proposed ground-
and space-based experiments.
However, a theoretical understanding of the nature of dark energy, of what
it is and how it fits in with the fundamental forces and other constituents of
the Universe, remains perhaps the most challenging task of theoretical physics
and astrophysics. If it is indeed a fundamental physical property, the answer is
likely to lie at the interface between gravitation and quantum mechanics.

1.4 The great beyond

The study of both dark matter and dark energy pushes at the boundaries
of particle physics and appears to require a unification of quantum mechanics
and gravity, which is currently the most ambitious goal of theoretical physics. A
major and very active component of this quest is the exploration of particle the-
ories “beyond the Standard Model” (BSM). There are two major arenas where this
is being played out. First, terrestrial experiments on very large particle accelera-
tors such as the LHC or deep underground detectors such as Super-Kamiokande
in Kamioka, Japan; experiments underway at Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy and
at the planned Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL)
in the USA, among others (Fig. 1.3). Second, theoretical models of processes in
the very early Universe and related cosmological observations.
One critical epoch in the early history of the Universe is the so-called
electroweak transition epoch, when the thermal energies of particles in the
Universe had values comparable to those that are achievable in the LHC. There
is also an even earlier epoch, during which an episode of greatly accelerated
expansion is thought to have occurred. This is called the epoch of inflation,
at a time when the Universe would have been so dense and hot that so-called
Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) of particle physics hypothesize that three of the
known forces of nature, the strong, the weak and the electromagnetic forces,
would have been unified into a single interaction (e.g. [1]). And even earlier than
that, at the so-called Planck epoch, the fourth force, gravity, would also have
become comparable in strength to the other three forces, and the structure of
space-time itself would have been a jumble of random quantum fluctuations.
Somewhere in this imposing, chaotic landscape may lie the clues to unravel the
nature of dark energy and its connection to the rest of physics, or at least that
is the hope.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 MARY LOUISE COLLINS KEYES. 1~\AUGHTER of Frederick
Collins and Mary L. Allen. Married Charles VViUard Keyes, October
25, 1866. THEIR CHILDREN: Mary— Horn November 22, 1S67.
Married the Reverend Gerald H. Beard, of Hampstead, London,
luigland, July 27, i8q2. Their child; Louise Frederica— Born
September 22, 1S93, at South Norwalk, Conn. Edward - Born
January 1, 1869. Died March 12, 18S9. Willard-Born January 7,
1872. Died March 8, 1872. Charles Frederick -Born November 10,
1874. Willard Collins - Born March i, 1876. Allen Collins- Born May i,
1878. Robert Howard Born January 24, 1S82. Louise Born February
4, 1886. Present residence of the Keyes family is Minneapolis,
Minnesota. LUCIA COLLINS KINGMAN. Daughter of Frederick Collins
and JNLary L. Allen. Married Dr. Eugene Kingman, June 10, 1S75.
THEIR CHILDREN; Cornelia Amy ]5orn August 26, 1876. Lucius
CoUinwood — Born July 29, 1878. Eugene AUerton - Born
September 3, iSSo. Dr. Kingman lives in Providence, Rhode Lsland.
 FRAGMENTARY RECORDS COLLATERAL COLLINS FAMILIES.
/'Correspondence, while fathering the mateiial for this record, has
incidentally developed fragments of the genealogical records of
collateral branches of the Collins family. These are inserted in this
book as material which may serve in the future, should a complete
record of all of the descendants of John Collins, Sr., be attempted.
 LAFAYETTE COLLINS. C^ECOND child of Aaron Cook Collins
and Love Lee. He married Elizabeth Hayden. THKIR CHILDREX:
Waldo H.— Born October 13, 1S31. INLarried Carry H. Perkins, of
Calais, Maine. Germaine Augustus — Horn August 14, 1S36. David
Hayden— ]5orn April 19, 183S. Gertrude- Born August 29, 1S41.
Died June 29, 1S46. Henry Eaton — ]5orn August 2, 1843. Married
Amelia Young, of St. Louis, Missouri May 23, iS/f. She was a
daughter of William Young, of New York. The children of Henry
Eaton and Amelia Young: George Eaton — Born July 29, 1872, at St.
Louis. David Havdex— Born August 19, 1874, at St. Louis. Henry La
Fayette — Born November 23, 1876, at St. Louis. Palmer— Born
October 5, 1878, at Pittsburgh, Pa. Fletcher — Born September 12,
18S0, at Pittsburgh, Pa.
 T AARON COOK COLLINS. HIRD child of Daniel Collins and
Lois Cornwall. lie manicd Love Lcc. Their children: Elizabeth—
Married Frederick Houohton, of I'ittsford, New York. Lafayette- Born
January 24, 1796, at Ciuilfonl, Connecticut. ^L•lrrie(l Elizabeth
llayden, of \\'atcrbur\-, Connecticut. Love Lee — Married T. Hucll, of
Last Hloomfield, New York. Frederick W. — .Married Olivia Chapin.
Sarah — Married Harney Spraguc, of Rochester, New York. William
Augustus— ALarried Emily Howers, of Cooperstown, New York. Siniri
Collins and his brother, Lafaj'ettc, were etlucated for the lef^al
profession. The\' went from C)ntario Count}-, New \'ork, at an earl\-
day, to .St. Louis. Simri became associated with Pierre Choteau in
the fur trade. His brother 0[)ened a law office. Simri established a
trading post among the Osage Lidians. His journe)-ings took him
along the Platte River to the Rocky Mountains. He dealt with the
Kickapoos, Sioux and Mandans. He atlapted himself to their mode of
life; became skillful with the bow ami arrow. He was chosen a chief.
He experienced man}' hardships. On one of his journe}'s he was
attacked by a violent fever, and without food or water laid down to
die; in his last e.xtremit}' a wandering trapper found him and nursed
him back to health. He was at the head of a delegation of ( )sages
who rowetl down the Missouri Ri\'er to St. Charles, dressed huiian
st}-le, with feathers and blankets. The treaty was negotiated
through an interpreter; he did not disclose the fact that he
unilerstood the English language, and enjoyed the reniarks of the
frontier [icople who indulged in complete freedom of expression, as
they assumed they were not uiulerstood b}- their savage visitors.
After living with the Indians eight }-ears, he returned to East
Bloomfield, Ontario Count}', New York. He afterwards went to
California, where Lafayette and his two sons had settled. Remaining
there two }'ears, he returned and opened a law oftice in Rochester.
In iS6g he sought health and a mild climate, buying a plantation in
Louisiana, where he died of consumption, in 1876. He married
ICmily Parmelee, in iS.^i. His widow lives in Hartford, Connecticut.
 F SAMUEL COLLINS. IFTH son of William Collins and Ruth
Cook. He married Elizabeth Bishop, October 22, 1793. Died at
Berkshire, New York, July 4, 1840. Frederick— Born June 29, 1812.
Married Nancy M. White, who was born July 23, 1814. Their child:
HoKATio — Born February 3, 1840. Married Anna Johnston They had
two daughters: Ellen J.— Married Mr. Bird. Adaline E.— Married Mr.
Hatch. This family reside near Joliet, Will County, Illinois. OLIVER
COLLINS. Tenth child of John Collins (third) and Ann Leete. Born
October 18, 1710. He married Elizabeth Hall, November 26, 1730.
THEIR CHILDREN: Tryphena — ]5orn February 3, 1732. Married
Charles Stone. Luther — Drowned at early age; no dates. Oliver —
Born November i, 1738. Married Hannah Wilcox. Darius — Born
December 22, 1740. Married Hannah Spencer. Daniel — Born August
3, 1744. Married Amy Bristol. Lorinda — Married Jacob Cram; no
dates. Elizabeth — Born May 14, 1748. Married Jared Benton. Joel—
Born 1750. Married Betty A. Hall. Rhoda — Married Josiah Adkins.
Lois — Married William Hatch. Luther -Born 1761. Married Polly M.
Doolittle. Lucretia — Born June 6, 1767. Married Joel Fowler.
Claudius — Born March 26, 1769. Married Lois Spellman.
 SAMUEL COLLINS. iq^lGIITH child of John Collins (third )
and Ann Lcctu. lie nianicd Margery ^—^ Leete, October 20, 1731.
THK CHILDRKX OF SAMIKI. AND MAKCKKV. Margery— Born March
4, 1733. Married Samuel Johnson. Anna — No record. Samuel — No
record. Gordon — No record. Thomas — No record. Charles — No
record. Sarai — Born January 11, 174S. Married James Ames. John—
Born July 11, 1751. Married Submit Field. Died June 4, 1773.
TIMOTHY COLLINS. Fifth son of John Collins (third) and Ann Leete.
He was the first clerg>-man of the village of Litchfield, and was not
only the minister and preacher, but physician and judge of probate
with both criminal and civil jurisdiction. He graduated at Yale
College, in 171S. He married E;iizabeth (born December, 1703),
daughter of Samuel Hyde, January 16, 1723. THKIR CHILOREX:
Oliver— liorn March 7, 1724. .Married Sarah Hyde. Anna — Born
August 24, 1725. Married Isaac Baldwin. Charles- Born August 5,
1727. Married Ann Huntingdon. Lewis — Born August 8, 1729.
Rhoda— Born May 3, 1731. Cyprian — Born March 4, 1733. Married
Azutah Gibbs. Died i8og. Ambrose — Born March 30, 1737. John —
Born June i, 1739. Married Lydia Buell.
 ...SKETCHES... OF INDIVIDUAL LIFE AND CHARACTER OF
SOME OF THE MEMBERS OF THE COLLINS FAMILY.
 LORRAIN COLLINS. T ORRAIN was also known as Laura
Collins. Her husband was the son of Roger ^^ Wolcott, who was
Governor of Connecticut in 175 1. He was a graduate of Yale College
in 1747; Sheriff of Litchfield County in 1751; Counsellor in 1774;
Major- General of Militia during the Revolutionary War; was one of
the signers of the Declaration of Independence; in 1784 and 1785 a
commissioner to arrange terms of peace with the "Six Nations."
From 17S6 was annually elected Lieutenant-Governor till 1796, when
he was chosen Governor. One historian says of Lorrain: "She was a
discreet woman of great merit." Another says: "In the arduous
duties in which he (her husband) was engaged during the
Revolutionary War, he was well supported by his wife, who, during
his almost constant absence from home, educated their children and
conducted the domestic concerns of the family, including the
management of a small farm, with a degree of fortitude,
perseverance, frugality and intelligence equal to that which in the
best da)'s of ancient Rome distinguished their most illustrious
matrons. Had it not been for her aid, his public services could not
have been rendered without involving a total sacrifice of the
interests of his family; with her aid, his house was a seat of comfort
and hospitality, and by means of her assistance he retained during
life a small estate, a part of which was a patrimonial inheritance."
Her son, Oliver (1760-1S33), a lawyer, was Secretary of the United
States Treasury (1795-1800); afterward Circuit Judge till 1802, and
from 1818 to 1827, Governor of Connecticut. One of her
descendants, Hon. Ed. Wolcott, is now (1897) United States Senator
from Colorado. Her daughter, Laura, married William Mosely, of
Hartford. Mariaim became the wife of Chauncey Goodrich, of
Hartford. Her mother, the widow of Captain Daniel Collins, was for
many years an iimiate that Thf of her home in Litchfield, and was
buried in the burial ground tombstone has chiseled upon it: "In
memory of Lois Collins, relict of Capt. Daniel Collins, of Guilford, who
died January 4th, 1786, aged 66." The portrait of Lorrain was by
Earle. It is the property of J. H. Wolcott, of Boston. The half-tone in
this book was from an engraving made from the oil painting by C. H.
Smith, of Brooklyn. Lorrain was buried in Litchfield. On her
monument is the Latin inscription: NuUius addictus jurarc in verba
magistri. This would indicate that she had her opinions and the
courage of them, as became the wife of a patriot General of the
Revolution and signer of the Declaration of Independence. 94
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accurate

'•1' tic son oi Roger ' "' ''is a graduate lanii^ I'lited States -G
re, Ik . ,,H.\Volcolt,ot ^jitheoilpii"''"? :,ccription:
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LO OLLINS. •ho was Goveif '■ ■-■ Sheriff oi i . ■.\' mducted

the domestic , i.iciuding the mn 1 small f.irm, with a degree of
•rugality and intei.i 1 that which in the best days .i.-tjiigm.-hed their
most illusuiuus matrons. Had it not been for iic services could not
have been rendered without involving a total •iterests of his family;
with her aid, his house was a seal of comfort id -jv means of her
assistance he retained during life a small estate, ..va A patrimonial
inheritance." ' )liver ( 1700-1833), a lawyer, was Secretary of the
United States 7yS-iSoo): afterwiinl Circuit Judge till 1802, and from
1818 to 1827, Govinnccticut. One of her descendants, Hon. Ed.
Wolcott, is now (1897) r.im Colorado, I. married William Mosely, of
Hartford. .nic the wife of Chauncey Goodrich, of Hartford. . the
widow of Captain Daniel Collins, was for many years an inmate
^chficld. .uui was buried In the burial ground in that village. The .
liiseled upon it: "In memory of Lois Collins, relict of Capt. Daniei
Collins, of V'Uilfurd, who died January 4th, 1786. aged 66." t of
Lorrain was by Earle. It is theproperty of J. H. Wolcott, of if-tone in
this book was from an engraving made from the oil painting of
Brooklyn. • uried in Litchfield. On her monument is the Latin
inscription: NuUius addictus jut are in verba mugislri. ■ Mcate that
she had her opinions and the courage of them, as became ' tcneral
of the Revolution and signer of the Declaration
LORRAIN COLLINS.
 WILLIAM COLLINS. [First son of Daniel Collins and Kmh
Cook Collins, lioin al Cuillonl, ^A rilKN a lad seventeen years of a^e,
he enlisted Inr nnlitaiy service in the war uf the Rc\uIution. He was a
priwate in a coiiipan\- et)ninianded li_\' a C.iptain Ihiniiihre}-. The
regiment to which the coni[iany belonged was under the command
of Colonel Jonathan Meigs. This regiment belongetl to the militar\-
contingent raised b\- the ."^tatc of Connecticut. After a seiA'ice of
eight months in the militia, in \JJ^) he ser\-ed with his uncle,
Augustus Collins, who was a major serving as lirigade major untler
Brigadier-General W'aril. He first applied for and recei\-ed a pension
in 1S40. He was very reluctant to a[iply for a pension, and dc\oted
the money received to the promotion of religious and educational
purposes. He had already subscribed the first five hundred dollars
given to establish Illinois College. The writer has .some recollection
of "Grandpa Collins," as he was called by his grandchildren. One of
the deepest impressions connected with him was his prominence on
the Fouith of July, as this day was always celebrated in the \-illage.
With one or two other old men he had a seat of honor upon the
platform. Every orator alluded to the "old heroes" in eulogistic terms.
They were the great men of the da}-. W'e children were filled with
l)ride, for we felt that these ancestral glories in some measure
belonged to us. 1 had i|uestioned my grandfather about his soldier
life, and especiall_\- was curious about his battles and as to whether
he ever had killed anybody. It greatly delighted me to learn from his
own lips that he had shed British blood, or, at least, blootl in the
employ of the British. He said that the only fight he was in was a
skirmish at Guilford, and that he shot at a Hessian and "saw his
broken arm tly over his shoulder," as he expressed it, and he "had
always felt sure he had fired the shot which tlid it." He was a deacon
in the church at Litchfield, Connecticut, while Lyman Beecher was
pastor. His colleague in ecclesiastical honors was Major Tallmadge,
who hail served on General Washington's staff for a time during the
war of the Revolution. During his life in Connecticut he carried on a
farm. After following his family to the West, he did not attempt to
conduct any kind of business, but tried to make himself useful in
manifold ways. He had the NewEngland habits of industry, and his
conception of life was that it was only rightly lived when spent in
hard work. He w-as happiest when so engaged. He is associated in
my memory with an old-fashioned two-w heeled cart and a yoke of
oxen and a loatl of hay or of wood, and a plow- which had a mould-
board of wood and the hand-holds made of cow-horns slipped over
the straight plow- handles and nailed fast. He enjoyed working in a
stone quarr\', and would drill a hole, put in his tapering prin-ier, his
powder, and shoot off his blast with bo\-ish satisfaction. His hands
were knotted 97
 and gnarled with hard work. He had a fine head, and as he
was quite bald, its polished smoothness showed to advantage. A thin
fringe of white hair hung from temple to temple. His eyes were
bluish-grey and his complexion fair. Work had bowed his form and
his walk was slow. My impression is that he had a quick and intense
temper. His favorite expletive when much angered, and he was
sometimes made so by the obstinacy of his oxen, was "tarnation,"
and it is truer than a myth that the utterance of this word was often
accompanied by a twisting of the caudal appendage of the
unfortunate ox. His theory seemed to be that along this channel he
could make useful impressions upon the belluine brain. He used
tobacco freely, but he did not smoke it. It is part of the family
tradition that he enjoyed the excellent whisky which came from the
still conducted by his sons, before their e}-es were opened to see
the true meaning and work of a distillery. His health was uniformly
good, though late in life his eyes weakened. He was quite
susceptible to emotional impression. I remember that one of the
frontier preachers. Reverend Joseph Lemen, toward the close of a
sermon, became quite personal and dwelt upon my grandfather's
"old age," "service to the church," "respect of everybody," "meetncss
for heaven," till the old man quivered with emotion and burst into
tears. In the later years of his extreme age, when vexed about some
trifle, or feeling that he was not treated with due consideration, he
gave expression of his passion in language which in its mingling of
sacred terms and names, when not pious, is quite profane. This was
much to the surprise and consternation of the two Puritan
daughters, who, with unselfish devotion, were trying to make his old
age happy and peaceful. It was a mysterious failure of the survival
of the fittest and an unconscious reversion to the freedom and
emphasis of expression which had been his when a boy and soldier.
I have a dim impression that in the expression of religious emotion
and petition he was quite apt and ready, and so, well qualified for his
office of deacon. I distinctly remember, when visiting home after my
first year away at school, he had some conversation with me. It was
the last year of his life. He was full of kindliness and affection. From
the height of eighty-eight years he was reaching across the long
stretch of years to touch my boyhood with benediction. There was
wisdom, pathos and love in his words. Though I can not recall a
single sentence, I still feel the impression of its eloquence. His
venerable age, his simplicity and strength, his patriarchal character,
made him so much an object of common respect and reverence that
his relation to the entire community was well expressed in the words
which everybody used when speaking of him or to him — " Father
Collins." "The mossy marbles rest On the hps that he has prest In
their bloom; And the names he loved to hear Have been carved for
many a year On the tomb."
AMOS MORRIS COLLINS.
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# ^^ / MARY LYMAN COLLINS.

 AMOS MORRIS COLLINS. T^T'AS born in Litchfield, March
30, i;S8; son of William Collins. He bc
 ELIZA ("BETSEY") COLLINS. hlest child uf \Vi w 'ITH her
family she left the farm and resided in the town of Litchfield. The
family, for a time, provided a home for the students in the law school
of the place. She afterward taught school in a little, red, barn-like
structure. She was firm, clear and accurate in all things. She must
have been a good teacher. Doctor Edward Beecher told the writer
that Miss Betsey Collins made a strongly marked and deep
impression upon him as a boy pupil in her school. lie remembered
particularly her explanation of the significance of the Fourth of July.
She had the honor of having several of the other Beecher children in
her school. She once expressed gratification but did not conceal her
surprise that Harriet Beecher, "the little dumpy girl," achieved fame
as one of the most effective and brilliant writers of the English
language. The writer in his boyhood knew her as "Aunt Eliza." With
her widowed sister, Almira, she lived in a little house across the way.
The other members of the family were the old grandfather, William,
and Almira's little boy, Frederick. Aunt Eliza's capacity for econom\-
was akin to genius. She made the amount of water used in washing
her face a matter of conscience. It was her regular habit during the
apple season to fill a "piggin" with apples, from which she had
carefully cut the decay, for the delectation of the Sunday School
children, who visited her house as the repository of the Sunday
School library, and to quench their thirst from the old oaken bucket
which hung in a well in the door-yard. I do not remember that I ever
saw her smile. I felt that she was an embodied conscience. I have
sometimes thought that possibly some arctic frost had suddenly
fallen on the ardent feelings and affections of her youth and chilled
them to a superficial hardness. She was a representative Puritan. If
in an earlier day of persecuting cruelty she had been called to a trial
of her faith "by fire," she would have had the nerve to have held up
the stake rather than been held up by it. If the Stoic and the Puritan
had searched for a feminine model combining the distinctive
qualities of both, they would have found them in her. Her placid
calmness and uncomplaining fortitude served her well when in old
age she lay nelpless with a broken thigh bone. She left a small
estate and divided it by will among some nephews and nieces. " I
am reminded of her kindness whenever I look upon the engravings
of Cole's "Voyage of Life," which have hung on the walls of my home
for more than forty years. There was a tradition in the family that
she was at one time the object of a certain preacher's admiration,
but, at one motion, hastily shut the door upon his approach and
upon all possible visions of marital experience. Be this as it may, she
was a ripe saint and had ante mortem fitness for that world where
there is neither marriage nor giving in marriage, but all are as the
angels in heaven. An interesting incident illustrative of her character
appears upon another page, under the caption "Blodgett's Hollow."
104
ALMIRA COLLINS GIDDINGS.
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oy, and made b-r ! of strong an'! to the preach of the pastor woij lii.-
y. pied by the magazines an spiritual struj; her life. Quite lat. Sonw
of her ^ .. ith the j;ru\. An intei swarm of berest, and pati
VVundlaiu) Cemetery,
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