PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINNERING &

TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINNERING

DEPARTMENT

IOT BASED SYSTEM

QUESTION BANK

ACADEMIC TERM 2025-2026

- Page 1 of 34
 || ी ||
Paper Pattern
Q-1 (A) Five One line Questions (1 marks each) [5 Marks]
(B) Five fill in the blanks (1 marks each) [5 Marks]
Q-2 Attempt any four (Short Questions)(3 marks each) [12 Marks]
Q-3 Attempt any two questions (4 marks each) [8 Marks]
Q.4 (A) Compulsory Question [5 Marks]
(B) Optional Question [5 Marks]
OR
(B) Optional Question [5 Marks]

CHAPTER’S FOR MID EXAM

1. Basics of Networking & Basics of Network Security:
 Network Types,
 Layered Network Models,
 Addressing ,
 Internet of Things TCP/IP Transport layer,
 Security ,
 Network Confidentiality,
 Cryptography,
 Message Integrity and Authenticity,
 Digital signatures,
 Key Management,
 Internet,
 Security& Firewall.
2. Introduction to IoT:
 Genesis of IoT,
 IoT and Digitization,
 Evolutionary Phases of the Internet,
 IoT Impact,
 IoT Applications and examples: Connected Roadways, Connected Factory,
Smart Connected Buildings, Smart Creatures, Convergence of IT and OT,
IoT Challenges
3. IoT Architecture -State of the Art:
 Introduction,
 State of the art,
 Architecture Reference Model- Introduction,
 Reference Model, and architecture,
 IoT reference Model,
 IoT Reference Architecture- Introduction, Functional View, Information
View, Deployment and Operational View, Other Relevant architectural
views

- Page 2 of 34
 CHAPTER-1
Basics of Networking & Basics of Network Security

Q-1 (A) One line Questions: (1 Marks Each)

1. What are the four main types of networks?

 LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN.
2. Which model consists of seven layers for network communication?
 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model.
3. Which model has four layers and is widely used in the Internet?
 TCP/IP model.
4. Which OSI layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery?
 Transport layer.
5. What does an IP address represent?
 A unique identifier for a device on a network.
6. Which protocol in the transport layer ensures reliable communication?
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).
7. Which protocol offers faster, but unreliable, communication?
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
8. What does network security aim to protect?
 Data, systems, and networks from cyber threats.
9. What does confidentiality in network security mean?
 Ensuring only authorized access to information.
10. What is the science of encrypting and decrypting information?
 Cryptography.
11. Which cryptographic method uses the same key for encryption and decryption?
 Symmetric key cryptography.
12. Which cryptographic method uses a public and a private key?
 Asymmetric key cryptography.
13. What ensures a message is not tampered with during transmission?
 Message integrity.
14. What verifies the identity of the sender of a message?
 Authenticity.
15. What is a digital signature used for?
 To ensure message integrity and verify sender identity.
16. What is the process of handling and distributing cryptographic keys called?
 Key management.
17. What is the large-scale, global network of interconnected computers?
 Internet.
18. What device or system monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic?
 Firewall.
19. What is the main function of a firewall?
 To block unauthorized access while permitting legitimate communication.
20. What is the primary goal of network layer addressing?
 To identify source and destination devices in a network.

- Page 3 of 34
Q-1 (B) Fill In The Blanks:(1 Marks Each)

1. A network is a group of computers and devices connected together to share resources.

2. PAN (Personal Area Network) is a small network used for connecting personal devices.
3. The OSI model has seven (7) layers.
4. The transport layer of the OSI model is the fourth layer.
5. The TCP/IP model consists of four (4) layers.
6. IP addressing is used to uniquely identify devices on a network.
7. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol in the transport
layer.
8. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol.
9. Confidentiality ensures that only authorized users can access sensitive data.
10. Encryption converts plain text into unreadable form.
11. Cryptography provides data integrity and confidentiality.
12. A single (or same) key is used in both encryption and decryption in symmetric cryptography.
13. Asymmetric key cryptography uses two different keys.
14. The transport layer is responsible for ensuring reliable data transmission.
15. A digital signature is used to verify the authenticity and integrity of a digital message.
16. Key management involves the generation, exchange, and storage of encryption keys.
17. The Internet is a global system of interconnected networks.
18. A firewall acts as a barrier between a trusted and an untrusted network.
19. Message integrity is the assurance that a message has not been altered.
20. Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user or device.
21. TCP and UDP protocols work at the transport layer of TCP/IP.
22. Authenticity ensures a message truly comes from the stated sender.
23. In networking, a firewall helps prevent unauthorized data access and cyber threats.
24. In public-key cryptography, the sender encrypts with the recipient’s public key.
25. IoT is all about the data generated by sensors and how that data is used.
26. Edge computing is often referred to as the “fog” layer on data reduction.
27. Destination address is stored as a network address.
28. Address mask defines how many bits are used to identify network.
29. Hackers are classified as a Black hat or White hat.
30. URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
31. Token management is performed by Data Link layer.
32. GPS (Global Positioning System) is used to enable dynamic rerouting to avoid traffic,
accidents and other hazards.

Q-2 Answer the following Question: (2,3,5 marks each)

1. What are the different types of computer networks? (3/4)

TYPES OF COMPUTER
NETWORKS

LAN MAN WAN PAN WLAN SAN VPN

- Page 4 of 34
 1. LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographical area like an office or home.
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Spans a city or large campus.
3. WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large areas, even across countries.
4. PAN (Personal Area Network): Used for personal devices like smartphones, laptops.
5. WLAN (Wireless LAN): A wireless form of LAN.
6. SAN (Storage Area Network): Used for data storage and access.
7. VPN (Virtual Private Network): Secure private connection over public networks.

2. Explain the OSI Model with its layers.(5)

Answer:

 The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a set of rules that explains how different

computer systems communicate over a network.

 OSI Model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

 The OSI Model consists of 7 layers and each layer has specific functions and responsibilities.

 This layered approach makes it easier for different devices and technologies to work together.

 OSI Model provides a clear structure for data transmission and managing network issues.

 The OSI Model is widely used as a reference to understand how network systems function.

BOTTOM TO UP APPROCH (EXPLANATION)

- Page 5 of 34
1) Physical Layer:

 This layer includes the physical equipment involved in the data transfer, such as the cables
and switches.
 This is also the layer where the data gets converted into a bit stream, which is a string of 1s and 0s.

2) Data-Link Layer:

 The data link layer is very similar to the network layer, except the data link layer facilitates data
transfer between two devices on the same network.
 The data link layer takes packets from the network layer and breaks them into smaller pieces
called frames.

3) Network Layer:

 The network layer is responsible for facilitating data transfer between two different networks.
 If the two devices communicating are on the same network, then the network layer is
unnecessary.
 The network layer breaks up segments from the transport layer into smaller units,
called packets, on the sender’s device, and reassembling these packets on the receiving
device. The network layer also finds the best physical path for the data to reach its destination;
this is known as routing.

- Page 6 of 34
4) Transport Layer:

 Layer 4 is responsible for end-to-end communication between the two devices.

 This includes taking data from the session layer and breaking it up into chunks called
segments before sending it to layer 3.
 The transport layer on the receiving device is responsible for reassembling the segments into
data the session layer can consume.

5) Session Layer:

 This is the layer responsible for opening and closing communication between the two devices.
 The time between when the communication is opened and closed is known as the session.
 The session layer ensures that the session stays open long enough to transfer all the data
being exchanged, and then promptly closes the session in order to avoid wasting resources.

6) Presentation Layer:

 This layer is primarily responsible for preparing data so that it can be used by the application
layer; in other words, layer 6 makes the data presentable for applications to consume.
 The presentation layer is responsible for translation, encryption, and compression of data.

- Page 7 of 34
7) Application Layer:

 This is the only layer that directly interacts with data from the user.
 Software applications like web browsers and email clients rely on the application layer to
initiate communications.

3. Define IP addressing.(3)

Answer:

 IP Address: Unique identifier for devices on a network.

 Format: IPv4 (e.g., 192.168.0.1), IPv6 (e.g., 2001:db8::).
 IPv4: 32-bit, divided into 4 octets.
 IPv6: 128-bit, written in hexadecimal.
 Static IP: Manually assigned and fixed.
 Dynamic IP: Assigned by DHCP.
 Used for routing and communication.

4. What is the function of the Transport Layer in TCP/IP?(3)

Answer:

 Ensures end-to-end communication.

 Provides segmentation and reassembly.
 Handles error detection and correction.
 Flow control and congestion control.
 Uses TCP (reliable) and UDP (unreliable).
 Manages data delivery sequence.
 Operates between application and network layers.

- Page 8 of 34
5. Why is network security important? (3)

Answer:

 Protects sensitive data from breaches.

 Prevents unauthorized access.
 Ensures confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA).
 Defends against viruses, worms, and malware.
 Secures financial and personal data.
 Helps maintain trust and compliance.
 Protects infrastructure and services.

6. What is network confidentiality? (3)

Answer:

 Ensures data is accessed only by authorized users.

 Prevents eavesdropping and data leakage.
 Achieved using encryption techniques.
 Important in secure communication (HTTPS, VPNs).
 Applies to data at rest and in transit.
 Implemented through secure protocols (SSL, TLS).
 Maintains user privacy.

7. Define cryptography. (3)

Answer:

 Technique of securing communication.

 Converts plaintext into ciphertext (encryption).
 Decryption converts it back to readable form.
 Types: Symmetric and Asymmetric cryptography.
 Used in secure messaging, banking, and emails.
 Ensures data confidentiality and integrity.
 Involves algorithms like AES, RSA.

8. What is message integrity and authenticity? (3)

Answer:

 Message integrity ensures no data alteration.

 Authenticity confirms sender's identity.
 Achieved through cryptographic hashes (SHA, MD5).
 Uses digital signatures and certificates.
 Prevents man-in-the-middle attacks.
 Ensures trust between sender and receiver.
 Essential in secure email and data exchange.

- Page 9 of 34
9. What are digital signatures? (3)

Answer:

 Cryptographic mechanism to verify message origin.

 Used for data authentication and integrity.
 Created using sender’s private key.
 Verified using sender’s public key.
 Ensures non-repudiation.
 Used in documents, emails, software.
 Relies on public key infrastructure (PKI).

10. What is key management in cryptography? (3)

Answer:

 Handling cryptographic keys securely.

 Includes key generation, distribution, storage.
 Also involves rotation and revocation.
 Central to encryption/decryption security.
 Can use key exchange protocols
 Important in both symmetric and asymmetric systems.
 Poor key management can lead to data compromise.

11. What is the Internet? (3)

Answer:

 Global network connecting millions of devices.

 Uses TCP/IP protocol for communication.
 Enables web browsing, email, streaming, etc.
 Formed by interconnected ISPs and servers.
 Supports both wired and wireless access.
 Accessible via browsers and network clients.
 Foundation of modern communication.

12. What is a firewall and its function? (3)

Answer:

 Network security device/software.

 Monitors and filters network traffic.
 Blocks unauthorized access.
 Implements security rules (ACLs).
 Can be hardware or software-based.
 Supports NAT and packet inspection.
 Acts as a barrier between internal and external networks.

- Page 10 of 34
13. Write a short note on the transport layer in the IoT TCP/IP stack.(4)

1. End-to-End Communication:
o Enables direct communication between IoT devices and remote servers/applications.
2. Protocol Support – TCP & UDP:
o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
Used where reliable and ordered data delivery is needed (e.g., firmware updates, data
logging).
o UDP (User Datagram Protocol):
Used where faster, lightweight, and loss-tolerant communication is sufficient (e.g.,
sensor data, real-time monitoring).
3. Data Segmentation and Reassembly:
o Breaks large data into smaller packets and reassembles them at the destination.
4. Port Addressing:
o Uses port numbers to direct data to specific services or processes on a device.
5. Error Detection and Recovery (in TCP):
o Ensures reliable data transmission by detecting errors and retransmitting lost packets.
6. Flow Control and Congestion Avoidance:
o Manages data flow between sender and receiver to avoid overload.
7. Lightweight Protocol Alternatives for IoT:
o Protocols like CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) and MQTT (Message Queuing
Telemetry Transport) operate over UDP/TCP, optimized for low-bandwidth IoT
environments.

- Page 11 of 34
14. Differentiate between OSI and TCP/IP models. (3/5)

15. What are the most important characteristics or features of IoT?[3]

 Connectivity – IoT devices are interconnected through networks (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee,
etc.) to communicate with each other and central systems.
 Automation and Control – IoT enables automation of processes by allowing remote control
and real-time monitoring of devices and systems.
 Data Collection and Sensing – IoT systems collect data from the environment using sensors,
providing meaningful insights for decision-making.
 Scalability – IoT networks can scale from a few devices to millions, enabling applications
across homes, industries, cities, and agriculture.

16. Which are the four industrial revolutions?[3]

 First Industrial Revolution (1780s) – Mechanization using water and steam power to operate
machines in textile and manufacturing industries.
 Second Industrial Revolution (1870s) – Introduction of electricity, mass production, and
assembly lines.
 Third Industrial Revolution (1970s) – Rise of electronics, IT systems, and automation
through computers and digital technologies.
 Fourth Industrial Revolution (Current) – Integration of cyber-physical systems, IoT, AI,
robotics, and cloud computing into industries.

- Page 12 of 34
17. What is digital signature? Write down steps to create digital signature.[3]

A digital signature is a cryptographic technique used to validate the authenticity and integrity of
digital messages or documents.

Steps to Create a Digital Signature:

 Hashing – A hash function generates a fixed-size message digest from the original data.
 Encrypting Hash – The hash is encrypted using the sender's private key to create the digital
signature.
 Attach Signature – The encrypted hash (signature) is sent along with the original data.
 Verification – The receiver decrypts the signature using the sender’s public key and compares
it with the hash of the received data.

18. Briefly explain Firewall.[3]

 Definition – A firewall is a network security device or software that monitors and filters
incoming and outgoing traffic.
 Purpose – It prevents unauthorized access and protects the internal network from external
threats like viruses and hackers.
 Types – Common types include packet-filtering, stateful inspection, proxy, and next-generation
firewalls (NGFW).
 Policy Rules – Firewalls use predefined security rules to allow or block traffic based on IP
address, port number, or protocol.

19. What do you understand by the thermocouple sensor?

 Definition – A thermocouple is a type of temperature sensor made by joining two different

metals that generate voltage related to temperature differences.
 Working Principle – It operates on the Seebeck effect, where voltage is produced at the
junction of two dissimilar metals when there is a temperature difference.
 Applications – Widely used in industries for high-temperature measurements in furnaces,
engines, and exhausts.
 Advantages – Thermocouples are rugged, cost-effective, and can measure a wide range of
temperatures.

- Page 13 of 34
 CHAPTER-2
Introduction To Internet Of Things

Q-1 (A) One line Questions: (1 Marks Each)

1. Who coined the term "Internet of Things"?

→ Kevin Ashton
2. In which year was the term IoT first introduced?
→ 1999
3. What technology is considered the foundation of early IoT systems?
→ RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
4. What does IoT stand for?
→ Internet of Things
5. Which layer connects IoT devices to the internet?
→ Network Layer
6. What is the full form of RFID?
→ Radio Frequency Identification
7. Name one key enabler of IoT apart from sensors.
→ Cloud Computing
8. Which phase of internet evolution is known as the “IoT Era”?
→ Internet 4.0
9. Which IoT application is used for monitoring and managing factory equipment?
→ Connected Factory (Industrial IoT)
10. What is the goal of IoT in smart buildings?
→ Energy efficiency and comfort
11. Which technology helps track animals and livestock in IoT?
→ GPS-enabled wearables
12. What is the main challenge in integrating devices from different vendors in IoT?
→ Interoperability
13. Which two technologies does IoT bridge in industries?
→ Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT)
14. What is the purpose of sensors in IoT devices?
→ To collect data from the environment
15. Name one IoT use case in transportation.
→ Connected Roadways
16. Which IoT application focuses on user comfort and energy saving in buildings?
→ Smart Connected Buildings
17. What type of device collects data in an IoT system?
→ Sensor
18. What is a common security concern in IoT systems?
→ Data Privacy and Device Vulnerability
19. What is digitization in the context of IoT?
→ Converting physical processes into digital systems using IoT
20. What is the major impact of IoT on traditional industries?
→ Improved efficiency and automation

- Page 14 of 34
 21. What is quarantine in context of Antivirus software?
→ It is the process of isolating infected or suspicious files to prevent them from harming the
system.
22. Which layer is responsible for reliable transmission of frames?
→ Data Link Layer
23. Which evolutionary phase enabled e-commerce and supply chain enhancements?
→ Internet 2.0 (Web 2.0)
24. What shall be done to overcome the performance constraints in an IT network?
→ Upgrade hardware, optimize configurations, and increase bandwidth.
25. Which sensor is used to detect the moisture of the soil?
→ Soil Moisture Sensor (e.g., Capacitive or Resistive type)
26. Which layer manages the transmission of packets?
→ Network Layer
27. Who coined the term Internet of Things?
→ Kevin Ashton

Q-1 (B) Fill In The Blanks:(1 Marks Each)

1. The visionary behind the term “Internet of Things” is Kevin Ashton.

2. Devices in an IoT network often communicate wirelessly through Wi-Fi technology.
3. Reliable communication between two endpoints in the TCP/IP stack is handled by the Transport
layer.
4. The sensor that helps farmers measure soil hydration is called Soil Moisture Sensor.
5. The fog layer close to the data source in an IoT setup is known as Edge computing.
6. Two dissimilar metals are joined to form a temperature-sensing device called a Thermocouple.
7. Tiny mechanical and electrical components integrated on a chip are known as MEMS.
8. Each device on a network is assigned a unique number called an IP Address.
9. Environmental data is captured using input devices known as Sensors.
10. Data forwarding and logical addressing are functions of the Network layer.
11. A web of connected smart devices is the core idea of IoT (Internet of Things).
12. Antivirus software isolates suspicious files into Quarantine for safety.
13. The component that physically performs an action in an IoT system is called an Actuator.
14. Steam engines and textile machines marked the beginning of the First industrial revolution.
15. Integration of AI, cloud, and IoT is the hallmark of the Fourth industrial revolution.
16. Navigation and location-based services rely on GPS technology.
17. The address used to uniquely identify hardware on a LAN is called a MAC address.
18. A Router manages and forwards data between multiple computer networks.
19. Web pages are accessed using addresses called URLs.
20. Traffic lights, surveillance, and waste systems are part of Smart city infrastructure.
21. The working principle of thermocouples is based on the Seebeck effect.
22. IoT systems use the cloud primarily for data storage and Analytics.
23. A Accelerometer detects motion and measures acceleration in smart devices.
24. Ethical hackers who test systems for vulnerabilities are known as White Hat hackers.
25. The software layer of IoT that users directly interact with is the Application layer.

- Page 15 of 34
Q-2 Answer The Questions: (2,3,5 Marks Each)
(1) What industries can be benefitted from IoT? (3)

 Manufacturing – IoT enables predictive maintenance, asset tracking, and real-time monitoring
through Industrial IoT (IIoT).
 Healthcare – Wearables and connected medical devices allow remote monitoring, patient
tracking, and emergency alerts.
 Agriculture – Smart irrigation, soil monitoring, and livestock tracking help in precision farming
and resource optimization.
 Transportation – Fleet management, connected vehicles, and real-time traffic updates improve
logistics and safety.
 Energy & Utilities – Smart grids, energy meters, and consumption analytics help in efficient
energy management.
 Smart Homes & Cities – IoT enables smart lighting, surveillance, waste management, and
automated household systems.

(2) What are the different types of components used in IoT? (2)

 Sensors/Actuators – Collect data (e.g., temperature, humidity, motion) or perform actions (e.g.,
open valve).
 Microcontrollers/Microprocessors – Control unit for data processing and logic execution (e.g.,
Arduino, Raspberry Pi).
 Connectivity Modules – Facilitate communication (Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth, LTE, LoRa).
 Power Source – Provide energy to IoT devices (batteries, solar panels, power adaptors).
 Cloud Platform – Stores and analyzes the collected data and provides remote access.
 Software/Application Layer – Used for data visualization, control interfaces, and decision-
making dashboards.

(3) What do you understand by the thermocouple sensor? (3)

 Definition – A thermocouple is a temperature sensor made by joining two different metals to

generate a voltage when exposed to heat.
 Working Principle – Operates based on the Seebeck effect, where a voltage is produced
across metal junctions when there is a temperature difference.
 Types – Common types include Type K, J, T, and E thermocouples, each suitable for different
ranges.
 Applications – Used in furnaces, gas turbines, engines, and industrial heating systems.
 Advantages – Simple, cost-effective, durable, and able to measure very high temperatures.
 Output – Produces a small voltage that corresponds to the temperature, which is interpreted
using electronics.

(4) What is Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)? (2)

 Definition – MEMS are miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical devices built using
microfabrication technology.
 Size Range – Typically range from 1 micrometer to a few millimeters in size.
 Components – Include micro-sensors, micro-actuators, and microstructures.
 Applications – Found in smartphones (accelerometers, gyroscopes), airbags, medical devices,
and drones.
- Page 16 of 34
  Benefits – High precision, low power consumption, and compact size make them ideal for IoT.
 Integration – MEMS can integrate mechanical elements with electronics on a single chip.

(5) Which are the four industrial revolutions? (2)

 First Industrial Revolution (Late 18th Century) – Mechanization using water and steam power
for textile and iron industries.
 Second Industrial Revolution (Late 19th Century) – Mass production and electricity-driven
automation using assembly lines.
 Third Industrial Revolution (1970s Onward) – Digital revolution with computers, IT systems,
and electronics-based automation.
 Fourth Industrial Revolution (Current) – Integration of IoT, AI, robotics, cloud computing, and
cyber-physical systems.
 Key Enabler of 4IR – Smart connectivity between devices and systems, enabling real-time data
sharing.
 Impact – Enhanced productivity, personalized services, and smart manufacturing across
sectors.

(6) Explain Range Criterion of Communications. (2)

Range criterion refers to how far a communication signal can travel effectively between devices or
nodes in a network.
Key Points:

 Defines communication distance – Indicates the maximum physical separation between

devices for successful communication.
 Short-range – Technologies like Bluetooth, Zigbee, and NFC operate within a few meters.
 Medium-range – Wi-Fi and LoRa cover tens to hundreds of meters depending on conditions.
 Long-range – Cellular networks (4G/5G), satellite, and LPWAN offer coverage in kilometers.
 Environmental factors – Buildings, interference, and terrain can affect actual range.
 Application-dependent – Smart homes use short range; smart cities use long-range
communication.

(7) Briefly explain types of confidentiality. (3)

Confidentiality ensures that data is only accessible to authorized individuals.

Types of confidentiality:

 Data Confidentiality – Protection of data from unauthorized access during storage or

transmission.
 User Confidentiality – Hides the identity or activities of users from unauthorized entities.
 Network Confidentiality – Ensures that data on a network is secure from sniffing or
interception.
 End-to-End Confidentiality – Data is encrypted from sender to receiver without exposure in
transit.
 Operational Confidentiality – Protects processes, configurations, and operational data of
systems.
 Contextual Confidentiality – Hides metadata such as location, time, or device identity to
protect privacy.

- Page 17 of 34
(8) Explain the following terms: PAN, HAN, NAN, FAN (3)

These are types of IoT communication networks based on application and range:

 PAN (Personal Area Network) – Short-range network connecting personal devices like
smartphones, wearables.
 HAN (Home Area Network) – Network within a household, connecting smart appliances, lights,
sensors, etc.
 NAN (Neighborhood Area Network) – Connects multiple HANs in a locality for utility or smart
grid purposes.
 FAN (Field Area Network) – Used in industrial or utility settings to connect devices over a large
field or plant.
 Scope – PAN < HAN < NAN < FAN in terms of range and coverage.
 Technology Used – Examples include Zigbee (PAN), Wi-Fi (HAN), RF Mesh (NAN),
LTE/LPWAN (FAN).

(10) Discuss IoT and Digitization. (3)

IoT plays a critical role in transforming physical systems into digital ones, enabling digitization across
industries.
Key Points:

 Data Collection – IoT devices collect real-time data from the physical environment.
 Automation – Enables smart control and automation of processes like lighting, manufacturing,
etc.
 Decision Making – Data is analyzed for insights, leading to intelligent decision-making.
 Business Efficiency – Improves resource use, maintenance, and service delivery.
 Digital Twins – Real-world systems are mirrored digitally for monitoring and simulation.
 Transformation – Bridges the gap between traditional systems and digital technologies.

(11) What are the trends in Smart Objects? (3)

Smart objects are physical devices embedded with computing and communication capabilities.
Emerging trends include:

 Miniaturization – Devices are becoming smaller and more powerful (e.g., wearable sensors).
 Edge Intelligence – Smart objects process data locally using AI (edge computing).
 Energy Efficiency – Use of low-power chips and energy harvesting techniques.
 Interoperability – Devices now support multiple protocols and platforms.
 Self-Healing and Adaptive – Smart objects adjust based on usage or environment.
 Integration with Cloud and AI – Enhanced decision-making, automation, and learning
capabilities.

(12) Explain the genesis of IoT. How did the concept evolve and what were the key enabling
technologies? [5]

 The term "Internet of Things" (IoT) was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 at MIT.
 Initially developed to track inventory using RFID in supply chains.

- Page 18 of 34
  The early concept focused on linking physical objects to the Internet for automation and
monitoring.
 Growth of wireless communication (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) made device interconnection easier.
 Sensor miniaturization allowed embedding into various objects.
 Microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi) provided low-cost control systems.
 Emergence of cloud computing enabled centralized data storage and access.
 IPv6 allowed addressing a massive number of connected devices.
 Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication became more prevalent in industries.
 Development of low-power communication protocols (Zigbee, LoRa) improved efficiency.
 Smartphones and mobile apps facilitated user interfaces for controlling smart devices.
 Advancement in AI and analytics enabled smarter decision-making using IoT data.
 IoT matured with industrial applications like smart grids, healthcare, and agriculture.
 Today, IoT integrates cyber-physical systems, forming the foundation of the Fourth Industrial
Revolution.
 It continues to evolve with 5G, Edge Computing, and Blockchain integration.

13. Discuss the role of IoT in digitization. How does IoT support the digital transformation of
industries and services? [5]

 IoT enables real-time data acquisition from physical systems through sensors.
 Converts physical operations into digital formats, supporting decision-making.
 IoT bridges hardware and software, enabling automation.
 Digitization through IoT helps in process optimization (e.g., smart factories).
 Enables remote monitoring and control in sectors like utilities, healthcare, and logistics.
 Supports predictive maintenance by identifying faults before failure.
 Transforms customer experience through smart products (e.g., smart TVs, wearables).
 Cloud platforms store and process huge volumes of IoT data for analysis.
 Helps in asset tracking and inventory control in supply chains.
 IoT-powered digitization improves energy efficiency in homes and cities.
 Facilitates data-driven decision-making at business and governmental levels.
 Promotes automation in agriculture, smart irrigation, and livestock monitoring.
 Empowers smart infrastructure such as smart grids, smart parking, and lighting.
 Leads to better resource management and cost reduction.
 Acts as a backbone for Industry 4.0 and digital economies.

14. Describe the evolutionary phases of the Internet. How has each phase led to the
development of IoT? [5]

 Internet 1.0 (Connectivity Era): Focused on connecting computers using static web pages and
email.
 Enabled basic client-server architecture and information exchange.
 Internet 2.0 (Web 2.0): Introduced user-generated content, interactivity, and platforms like
social media.
 Brought cloud computing, which later supported IoT data storage and analytics.
 Internet 3.0 (Mobile and Cloud Era): Smartphones, apps, and mobile broadband became
widespread.
 Enabled users to remotely access and control devices.
 Rise of cloud infrastructure supported scalable IoT data handling.

- Page 19 of 34
  Internet 4.0 (IoT Era): Introduced machine-to-machine communication and embedded
intelligence.
 Devices like smart bulbs, cars, and wearables started communicating through the Internet.
 Integration of AI and Big Data allowed advanced processing of IoT data.
 Led to automation and real-time decision-making across industries.
 Introduction of IPv6 allowed the connection of billions of IoT devices.
 Edge and Fog Computing emerged to reduce latency in IoT applications.
 Each phase contributed to the evolution of infrastructure and use cases required for IoT.
 IoT is now part of the larger trend of cyber-physical system convergence.

15. What is the impact of IoT on modern industries and everyday life? Explain with suitable
examples. [5]

 Manufacturing: Enables predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring (Industrial IoT).

 Healthcare: Wearables and connected devices monitor health metrics (e.g., Fitbit, remote
ECG).
 Agriculture: IoT is used in smart irrigation, crop monitoring, and livestock tracking.
 Smart Homes: Devices like smart bulbs, thermostats, and security cameras enhance comfort
and control.
 Energy: Smart meters and grids optimize energy consumption and distribution.
 Logistics: Real-time tracking of vehicles and goods improves supply chain transparency.
 Retail: IoT enables smart shelves, automatic inventory, and personalized offers.
 Automotive: Connected vehicles offer features like lane detection, smart navigation, and self-
driving.
 Cities: Traffic management, waste collection, and pollution control are improved using IoT.
 Safety: IoT sensors detect gas leaks, fire, or unauthorized access in real-time.
 Environment: Weather monitoring stations and pollution detectors help in sustainability efforts.
 Education: Smart classrooms and e-learning tools enhance interactivity.
 Finance: ATMs and banking services use IoT for improved user experience.
 Disaster Management: Sensors can predict and alert in case of earthquakes or floods.
 Personal Life: Smartwatches, fitness trackers, and home assistants (Alexa, Google Home)
enrich daily life.

16. Describe any four applications of IoT with real-world examples such as Connected
Roadways, Smart Buildings, and Smart Creatures. [5]

1. Connected Roadways:
o IoT sensors detect traffic flow, accidents, and suggest alternative routes.
o Example: Smart traffic lights, toll booths, and V2X communication.
o Improves safety, reduces congestion, and saves fuel.
2. Connected Factory (IIoT):
o Machines communicate for predictive maintenance and error detection.
o Example: GE’s smart factories and Bosch’s industrial automation systems.
o Reduces downtime and increases productivity.
3. Smart Connected Buildings:
o Automated systems manage lighting, HVAC, and security.
o Example: Smart thermostats (Nest), access control systems.
o Increases energy efficiency and user comfort.
4. Smart Creatures (Wearables & Livestock Monitoring):
- Page 20 of 34
 o IoT used to track animal health, movement, and location.
o Example: GPS collars for wildlife, Fitbit for pets.
o Enables better veterinary care and tracking of endangered species.
5. Convergence of IT and OT:
o Integration of data processing (IT) with real-world device control (OT).
o Used in smart grids, automated factories, and industrial robots.
o Enhances real-time decision-making and system coordination.
6. Other Applications: Smart parking, waste bins, agriculture, healthcare, energy monitoring, etc.
7. Common Features: Real-time data collection, analytics, automation, remote control.

17. What are the current trends in Smart Objects? [5]

 Miniaturization: Devices are becoming smaller yet more powerful.

 Energy efficiency: Use of low-power sensors and processors.
 Interoperability: Devices support multiple protocols (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee).
 Edge computing: Smart objects now process data locally for speed and privacy.
 AI Integration: Smart objects are getting intelligent with machine learning.
 Voice Assistants: Devices integrate with Alexa, Google Assistant, Siri.
 Wearables: From fitness trackers to smart glasses and health monitors.
 Context awareness: Devices adapt to environment and user behavior.
 Bio-sensing: Integration of sensors for temperature, ECG, hydration, etc.
 Self-healing systems: Devices can detect and repair software faults automatically.
 5G support: High-speed connectivity enabling AR/VR and remote surgeries.
 Secure design: Focus on encryption, secure boot, and user privacy.
 Sustainable materials: Eco-friendly smart devices with recyclable parts.
 Real-time analytics: Insights derived instantly from smart object data.
 Modular and Upgradable Designs: Allow easy replacement of components or firmware.

Q 18 Give different types of sensors used in IoT and explain any one of them.

Fig- Types of Sensors in IoT

- Page 21 of 34
 Explanation of Temperature Sensor:

1. Purpose: Measures the heat energy or coldness in the environment and converts it into a
readable electrical signal.
2. Common Types: Thermistors, Thermocouples, Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs).
3. Working Principle: The resistance of the sensor changes with temperature; this change is
measured and converted to a temperature reading.
4. Example: LM35 is a popular temperature sensor with linear output.
5. Applications:
o Smart thermostats (e.g., Nest)
o Industrial HVAC systems
o Greenhouse monitoring
o Medical devices like digital thermometers
6. Advantages:
o Compact
o Accurate
o Energy-efficient
7. Integration: Easily connected with microcontrollers like Arduino and Raspberry Pi.
8. Digital and Analog Versions: Available based on the system's needs.
9. Real-Time Monitoring: Helps in alerts and automation.
10. Example Output: LM35 provides 10 mV per °C temperature rise.

- Page 22 of 34
 CHAPTER- 3
IoT Architecture State of the Art

Q-1 (A) One Linear Questions:(1 Marks Each)

1. What does IoT stand for?

→ Internet of Things
2. What is the core purpose of IoT architecture?
→ To define a structured framework for IoT communication, data flow, and operation.
3. What is the function of the perception layer in IoT?
→ To sense and collect data from the environment.
4. Which layer handles device communication in IoT architecture?
→ Network Layer
5. What is the topmost layer in IoT Reference Architecture?
→ Application Layer
6. What does the IoT Reference Model help in?
→ Standardizing design and communication in IoT systems.
7. Which view of IoT architecture focuses on system functions and modules?
→ Functional View
8. What does the information view of IoT architecture represent?
→ Structure and flow of data
9. Which view addresses where components are physically placed?
→ Deployment View
10. Which view deals with real-time system operation and processes?
→ Operational View
11. Which body proposed the IoT-A Reference Architecture?
→ European Union (EU) Project IoT-A
12. What type of model is used for interoperability in IoT systems?
→ Reference Model
13. In IoT-A, what is a 'Device'?
→ A physical object with communication and computation capabilities.
14. What does the term “state of the art” in IoT architecture refer to?
→ The latest and most advanced practices and technologies.
15. What is an IoT Gateway responsible for?
→ Bridging devices and cloud or internet.
16. What role does the cloud layer play in IoT architecture?
→ Storage, analytics, and application hosting.
17. Which layer processes and transforms collected sensor data?
→ Middleware Layer
18. Why are multiple architectural views important in IoT?
→ To address complexity from different stakeholder perspectives.
19. What is a key feature of the functional view in IoT architecture?
→ Defines interactions between components.
20. What does the deployment view consider in IoT design?
→ Placement and connectivity of physical nodes.

- Page 23 of 34
Q-1 (B) Fill In The Blanks: (1 Marks Each)

1. IoT stands for Internet of Things.

2. The layer responsible for data sensing is the Perception Layer.
3. Reference Architecture provides a blueprint for building IoT systems.
4. The top layer in the IoT stack is the Application Layer.
5. The Network Layer handles data transmission between devices.
6. The Functional View focuses on system functionalities and interactions.
7. Information View deals with the flow and structure of data.
8. In IoT, the Deployment View specifies the physical distribution of nodes.
9. The Operational View concerns real-time system behavior.
10. IoT-A stands for Internet of Things - Architecture.
11. Middleware manages communication between IoT devices and applications.
12. A Reference Model ensures interoperability and reusability.
13. The Cloud Layer stores and analyzes sensor data.
14. Devices in IoT communicate using protocols like MQTT and CoAP.
15. Gateways connect sensors to the cloud or other networks.
16. The Application Layer interfaces directly with the end-user.
17. IoT Reference Architecture includes multiple architectural views.
18. In IoT, the state of the art means cutting-edge innovation.
19. The Deployment View addresses hardware setup and network layout.
20. Semantic interoperability ensures that systems "understand" shared data.

- Page 24 of 34
Q-2 Answer The Questions: (2,3,5 Marks Each)
1. What is a reference model in the context of IoT architecture?(3)

 A reference model is a conceptual framework that outlines key components and their
interactions in an IoT system.
 It serves as a blueprint for developing standardized, interoperable IoT architectures.
 It defines common layers, functions, and data flows.
 Enables vendors and developers to align their systems.
 Examples include the ISO/IEC IoT Reference Model and the IoT-A Model.
 It facilitates scalability, modularity, and reuse.

2. List and briefly explain different layers of the IoT architecture.(5)

TYPES OF LAYEERS

Perception Network Middleware Application Bussiness

Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

1. Perception Layer: Collects physical data via sensors and actuators.

2. Network Layer: Transmits data from devices to processing units.
3. Middleware Layer: Handles data filtering, storage, and processing.
4. Application Layer: Interfaces with users; provides services like smart homes or health
monitoring.
5. Business Layer: Manages analytics, business models, and decision-making.
6. Each layer performs specific tasks to enable full system functionality.
7. Communication across layers uses standardized protocols.
8. The structure supports scalability and modular deployment.
9. Ensures security and reliability across the system.
10. Enables interoperability between heterogeneous devices and platforms.

3. What are the key functions of the IoT middleware layer? (3)

 Provides data management by storing, analyzing, and organizing sensor data.

 Acts as a bridge between hardware and applications.
 Offers interoperability between diverse devices.
 Supports service discovery and device abstraction.
 Implements security mechanisms like authentication and encryption.
 Manages data filtering, reducing noise and irrelevant data.
 Provides cloud integration and API services.
 Ensures scalability and reliability of services across devices.

- Page 25 of 34
4. Explain the significance of the perception layer in IoT. (2)

 The perception layer is the bottommost layer in IoT architecture.

 It senses and gathers data from the environment using sensors and actuators.
 Converts physical parameters (e.g., temperature, motion) into digital signals.
 Acts as the input source for the entire IoT system.
 Ensures real-time monitoring of physical phenomena.
 Plays a crucial role in accuracy and responsiveness of IoT applications.

5. Define the purpose of the application layer in the IoT reference model. (2)

 The application layer is the top layer of IoT architecture.

 It delivers user-specific services like smart homes, healthcare, or traffic control.
 Interacts with end users and external systems.
 Translates processed data into meaningful applications and decisions.
 Ensures customization based on industry or user requirements.
 Integrates with web apps, mobile apps, and enterprise systems.

6. What is the role of gateways in IoT architecture? (3)

 Gateways serve as bridges between sensors/devices and cloud networks.

 They aggregate data from multiple sensors.
 Perform local processing to reduce network load.
 Provide protocol translation (e.g., Zigbee to Wi-Fi).
 Ensure security filtering before data leaves local networks.
 Manage device configuration and updates.
 Enable edge computing for faster decisions.
 Facilitate reliable communication in heterogeneous networks.

7. Describe the concept of functional view in IoT Reference Architecture. (3)

 The functional view defines how components interact functionally.

 It maps the roles, services, and interactions between devices, platforms, and applications.
 Shows data flow and control across different layers.
 Useful for designing functional modules and APIs.
 Helps developers understand service orchestration.
 Supports implementation of modular and scalable systems.
 Often visualized using functional block diagrams.

8. Why is the network layer critical in IoT communication? (3)

 Manages transmission of data from perception to middleware/application layers.

 Supports wired and wireless communication (e.g., Wi-Fi, 4G, LoRaWAN).
 Handles routing, addressing, and switching.
 Provides connectivity and coverage for remote devices.
 Ensures reliable, low-latency communication.
 Implements security protocols like TLS or VPN.
 Vital for device mobility and scalability.
 Reduces packet loss and improves QoS.
- Page 26 of 34
9. What is the state of the art in IoT systems? (3)

 Current IoT systems are highly intelligent and autonomous.

 They use AI/ML for decision-making and predictions.
 Integration with 5G allows ultra-fast, low-latency connectivity.
 Edge computing reduces response time.
 Use of blockchain for secure data sharing.
 Devices are becoming self-healing and self-configuring.
 Enhanced interoperability and standards across vendors.
 Support for massive device ecosystems in smart cities.
 Stronger focus on cybersecurity and privacy.
 Real-time analytics using cloud and fog computing.

10. List three key features of IoT Reference Architecture. (3)

 Modularity: Breaks down system into reusable components.

 Interoperability: Supports diverse devices and platforms.
 Scalability: Can grow with increasing devices and data.
 Security: Incorporates security in every architectural layer.
 Multiple Views: Functional, information, deployment, and operational.
 Abstraction: Separates high-level design from implementation.

Q11. Explain different architectural views in IoT Reference Architecture. (5 Marks)

Architectural
Description
View

Describes the major functions of an IoT system such as sensing, data processing,
Functional View
analytics, and actuation.

Information Focuses on the flow of data, its structure, and how information is modeled, stored, and
View accessed.

Deployment Deals with physical distribution of devices, networks, and nodes; defines where each
View component is deployed in the system.

Operational Addresses system behavior under various operational conditions, including monitoring,
View fault handling, and maintenance.

Ensures confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and availability of IoT components and

Security View
data.

- Page 27 of 34
Q12. Differentiate between IoT Reference Model and IoT Reference Architecture. (5 Marks)
Aspect IoT Reference Model IoT Reference Architecture

Abstract conceptual model defining A concrete architectural framework for building

Definition
layers and functions in IoT. IoT systems based on the reference model.

Provides a generic understanding of IoT Offers detailed guidance on how to implement

Purpose
functionalities. these functions.

Focus Describes what needs to be done. Describes how it should be done.

Includes layers like perception, network, Includes views like functional, deployment,
Components
data processing, application, etc. operational, security, etc.

Use Case Can be tailored for specific domains and

Technology-agnostic and abstract.
Specificity applications.

Q13. Describe the deployment and operational view of IoT systems. (3 Marks)

1. Deployment View:
o Defines the physical layout and distribution of IoT components (devices, gateways, cloud
nodes).
o Specifies how devices are connected across geographical locations.
o Includes hardware specifications, connectivity, and energy sources.
o Ensures optimized placement for performance and scalability.
2. Operational View:
o Focuses on how the system performs during runtime.
o Includes monitoring, configuration, diagnostics, and fault tolerance.
o Handles software updates, security patches, and system health.
o Aims to ensure reliable and efficient long-term operation.

Q14. Discuss the role of cloud computing in IoT architecture. (3 Marks)

 Acts as a central platform for data storage, processing, and analytics.

 Enables scalability, allowing systems to handle millions of IoT devices.
 Supports real-time data access and global connectivity.
 Provides machine learning and AI tools for predictive analytics.
 Ensures data backup and disaster recovery capabilities.
 Facilitates remote device management and OTA updates.
 Offers platform-as-a-service (PaaS) models for rapid IoT app development.

Q15. Explain how middleware ensures interoperability in IoT systems. (3 Marks)

 Middleware acts as a communication bridge between heterogeneous IoT devices.

 Hides the complexity of different hardware platforms, protocols, and data formats.
 Provides common APIs and service interfaces.
 Supports device discovery, registration, and data translation.
- Page 28 of 34
  Facilitates semantic interoperability using ontologies and metadata.
 Manages security, access control, and message routing.
 Ensures scalable and flexible integration of new devices and services.

Q-16: What are the core components of IoT-A architecture?

The IoT-A (Internet of Things - Architecture) was proposed under the European Lighthouse
Project to standardize the architecture of IoT systems. Its core components include:

1. Device Layer (Physical Layer):

Contains physical IoT devices like sensors, actuators, RFID tags, etc., which interact with the
environment.
2. Communication Layer:
Responsible for enabling reliable, secure, and scalable data exchange. Includes protocols
such as MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP over IP.
3. Service Layer:
Provides abstraction and exposure of device capabilities as services using RESTful APIs or
middleware.
4. Virtual Entity (VE):
A digital representation of a physical entity. VEs allow interaction with devices in a
standardized and abstracted manner.
5. IoT Service:
Exposes functionalities of VEs or Resources and allows their composition to create IoT
applications.
6. Resource:
Any software component that provides a capability — e.g., a temperature reading service,
actuator control, or event logging.
7. Application Layer:
Hosts the business logic and user interfaces. It uses the services exposed by the Service
Layer to create applications like smart homes, health monitoring, etc.
8. Security and Privacy Module:
Ensures authentication, authorization, secure communication, and privacy-preserving
mechanisms.
9. Context Management:
Captures and manages contextual information to support decision-making (e.g., location, time,
user activity).
10. Service Organization:
Handles discovery, composition, and orchestration of services.

Q-17: What challenges are addressed by the IoT Reference Architecture?

The IoT Reference Architecture (IoT-RA) is designed to tackle several challenges that arise in
complex IoT ecosystems:

1. Interoperability:
Standardizes interfaces and protocols to enable communication between heterogeneous
devices and platforms.
2. Scalability:
Supports massive numbers of devices, services, and users without performance degradation.

- Page 29 of 34
 3. Security and Privacy:
Implements access control, encryption, and user privacy to counter cyber threats and data
leaks.
4. Device Abstraction:
Hides underlying device complexities and exposes services in a unified way.
5. Modularity and Reusability:
Encourages reusable components and modular system development.
6. Integration of Legacy Systems:
Allows existing IT and OT systems to be part of modern IoT deployments.
7. Dynamic Configuration and Management:
Enables dynamic discovery, deployment, and orchestration of services and devices.
8. Data Management and Analytics:
Facilitates data acquisition, processing, and analytics for actionable insights.
9. Support for Heterogeneous Networks:
Accommodates various communication standards like Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LTE, NB-IoT, etc.
10. Standardization and Compliance:
Follows open standards to ensure compliance and future-proofing.

Q-18: Explain in detail the IoT Reference Architecture with its different views. Write a detailed
note on the functional, deployment, operational, and information views in IoT systems.

The IoT Reference Architecture defines the structural blueprint for building scalable and
interoperable IoT systems. It is organized into several architectural views:

1. Functional View:

 Describes the system in terms of its functionalities and services.

 Key Elements:
o Virtual Entity
o Service Interface
o Resource Access Interface
o IoT Services and Applications
 Focuses on how users interact with the system through services.

2. Deployment View:

 Shows how functional components are mapped to actual physical components.

 Includes:
o Device Deployment
o Network Topology
o Hardware Resources
 Example: Sensors in a factory deployed across different zones connected via gateway nodes.

3. Operational View:

 Describes how the system is operated and maintained.

 Includes:
o Service orchestration
o Monitoring and diagnostics
- Page 30 of 34
 o Fault management
 Example: Remote firmware upgrades, logging, and event monitoring.

4. Information View:

 Describes data flow, structure, and semantics.

 Includes:
o Data models
o Context-aware data representation
o Event-driven data
 Example: A smart thermostat transmitting temperature as structured JSON messages.

Q-19: Explain the architecture reference model of IoT and its importance in system design.

The IoT Architecture Reference Model (ARM) provides a blueprint for designing IoT systems. It
captures fundamental elements and relationships needed to build consistent and interoperable
systems.

Key Elements:

1. Entities: Physical or virtual, such as sensors or software agents.

2. Resources: Capabilities offered by entities.
3. Services: Interfaces to access and control resources.
4. Communication Interfaces: Standardized protocols for data exchange.
5. Applications: Business logic and end-user interaction layer.

Importance in System Design:

1. Blueprint for Development: Guides developers in creating layered, interoperable systems.

2. Standardization: Ensures consistency across devices, services, and applications.
3. Separation of Concerns: Decouples system layers (device, service, data) to improve
maintainability.
4. Technology Agnostic: Allows integration of various protocols and hardware.
5. Support for Interoperability: Facilitates communication between multi-vendor devices and
systems.
6. Reusability and Modularity: Promotes reuse of services and modules.
7. Scalability and Flexibility: Designed to support both small-scale and large-scale
deployments.
8. Security and Privacy Built-in: Addresses security at multiple layers.
9. Support for Real-time Applications: Enables event-driven and time-sensitive applications.

Q-20: How does the IoT Reference Architecture support scalability, interoperability, and
modularity in IoT applications?

The IoT Reference Architecture is inherently designed to support modern application requirements
like scalability, interoperability, and modularity:

- Page 31 of 34
1. Scalability:

 Layered Design: Decouples device, network, service, and application layers.

 Cloud Integration: Supports horizontal scaling through cloud-based resource provisioning.
 Asynchronous Communication: Uses MQTT, CoAP for lightweight scalable messaging.

2. Interoperability:

 Standard Protocols: Adopts standard protocols like HTTP, MQTT, CoAP, and RESTful APIs.
 Semantic Models: Uses common ontologies and data formats (JSON, XML).
 Device Abstraction Layer: Hides hardware details and presents uniform interfaces.

3. Modularity:

 Component-based Architecture: Enables reuse of software modules and services.

 Microservices Pattern: Each function can be built and deployed independently.
 Service Discovery and Orchestration: Allows dynamic integration of new services or
devices.

Real-Life Example:

 A smart building system can add new energy meters (scalability), integrate third-party HVAC
systems (interoperability), and update only the lighting control module without affecting others
(modularity).

Q-21: Discuss the importance and structure of the layered IoT architecture with real-life
examples.

The layered IoT architecture divides complex systems into manageable layers, enhancing design
clarity and interoperability.

1. Perception Layer (Sensing Layer):

 Includes sensors, actuators, RFID, cameras.

 Example: A soil moisture sensor in agriculture.

2. Network Layer:

 Transfers data using communication protocols (Wi-Fi, 5G, Zigbee).

 Example: IoT gateway sending weather data to the cloud.

3. Middleware Layer:

 Provides data processing, device abstraction, and service management.

 Example: Google Cloud IoT Core acting as middleware.

- Page 32 of 34
4. Application Layer:

 Delivers specific services to users (e.g., alerts, dashboards).

 Example: Mobile app for controlling smart lights.

5. Business Layer:

 Converts data insights into business strategies and manages policies.

 Example: Automated crop watering decisions in smart farming.

Importance:

 Simplifies Complexity
 Supports Scalability
 Enables Interoperability
 Secures Data Flow
 Promotes Modularity

Q-22: Explain the integration of IT (Information Technology) and OT (Operational Technology)

in modern IoT architectures.

Modern IoT systems aim to converge IT and OT to enhance industrial and enterprise automation.

Information Technology (IT):

 Deals with data, software, and communication.

 Examples: Cloud computing, ERP systems, analytics.

Operational Technology (OT):

 Involves hardware and control systems in the physical environment.

 Examples: SCADA, PLCs, sensors.

Integration Goals:

1. Unified Data Flow: Real-time sensor data (OT) used in analytics and dashboards (IT).
2. Predictive Maintenance: OT sensors detect anomalies; IT analytics predict failures.
3. Enhanced Security: Unified security policies for both physical and cyber assets.
4. Automated Control: IT systems can control OT devices through AI logic.
5. Industry 4.0 Enablement: Supports smart factories and digital twins.

Challenges in Integration:

 Protocol mismatch (e.g., Modbus in OT vs. TCP/IP in IT).

 Security gaps between legacy OT and modern IT systems.
 Real-time requirements of OT vs. latency in IT.

- Page 33 of 34
Solutions:

 Use of IoT gateways and edge computing.

 Adoption of common communication standards.
 Employing cyber-physical systems (CPS) frameworks.

-x-

END

- Page 34 of 34