C PROGRAMMING QB ANS

-Himalee Patil

Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ALGORITHM AND

FLOWCHART

Q: Write an algorithm to find sum of two numbers.

A:

1. Start
2. Read two numbers A and B
3. Sum = A + B
4. Display Sum
5. Stop

Q: Differentiate between Low-Level language and High-Level language

A:

• Low-Level: Close to hardware, difficult to understand (e.g., Assembly).

• High-Level: Human-readable, easier to code (e.g., C, Python).

Q: Define the flowchart. Draw the flowchart “to find the given number is even or odd.”
A:

• Flowchart: Diagram representing algorithm using symbols.

• Even/Odd Flowchart:
o Start → Input N → N % 2 == 0? → Yes → Print "Even" → End
→ No → Print "Odd" → End
(Drawing not possible here, but you can follow this logic to sketch it.)

Q: Write an algorithm and draw flowchart to find factorial of a number.

A:

1. Start
2. Read number N
3. Set fact = 1
4. Loop i = 1 to N → fact = fact * i
5. Display fact
6. Stop

Q: Write an algorithm "To calculate the perimeter and area of rectangle."

A:

1. Start
2. Read length and width
3. Perimeter = 2 × (length + width)
4. Area = length × width
5. Display both
6. Stop

Q: What is a flowchart? List any four symbols used in a flowchart

A:

• Flowchart: Visual representation of logic steps

• Symbols:
o Terminator (Start/Stop)
o Input/Output
o Process
o Decision
Q: Write an algorithm “to calculate the simple interest using the formula SI =
PNR/100.”
A:

1. Start
2. Read P, N, R
3. SI = (P × N × R) / 100
4. Display SI
5. Stop

Q: Flowchart to find average of three numbers

A:

1. Start
2. Read A, B, C
3. Avg = (A + B + C) / 3
4. Display Avg
5. Stop

(Use process, input/output and terminator symbols)

Q: Describe algorithm “To calculate perimeter and area of rectangle.”

A:
(Same as above)

Q: What is pseudo code? Give pseudo code for given program statement.
A:

• Pseudo code: Plain-language steps representing a program.

• Example:

mathematica
CopyEdit
Start
Read A, B
Sum = A + B
Print Sum
End

Q: Write an algorithm and draw flowchart

a. Check whether the entered number is positive or negative number.

1. Start
2. Read N
3. If N > 0 → Print "Positive"
4. Else → Print "Negative"
5. Stop

b. To reverse a number

1. Start
2. Read N
3. Rev = 0
4. While N > 0
Digit = N % 10
Rev = Rev * 10 + Digit
N = N / 10
5. Print Rev
6. Stop

Module 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF C-PROGRAMMING

Q: Write a C program to find the largest of three numbers using the ternary operator

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void findLargest() {
int a, b, c, max;
printf("Enter 3 numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
max = (a > b) ? (a > c ? a : c) : (b > c ? b : c);
printf("Largest = %d\n", max);
}

Q: Write a program to calculate the average of 3 numbers.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void average() {
int a, b, c;
float avg;
printf("Enter 3 numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
avg = (a + b + c) / 3.0;
printf("Average = %.2f\n", avg);
}

Q: Write a C program to check if a given number is even or odd using the modulus
operator.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void evenOdd() {
int n;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n % 2 == 0)
printf("Even\n");
else
printf("Odd\n");
}

Q: Write a C program to take a string input using gets() and display it using puts()

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void stringInputOutput() {
char str[100];
printf("Enter a string: ");
gets(str);
puts(str);
}

Q: What are Bitwise Operators in C? List all Bitwise Operators.

A:
Bitwise operators perform operations on bits:

• & AND
• | OR
• ^ XOR
• ~ NOT
• << Left Shift
• >> Right Shift

Q: Write a program to find if a number is even or odd using ternary operator.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void checkEvenOdd() {
int n;
printf("Enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
(n % 2 == 0) ? printf("Even\n") : printf("Odd\n");
}
Q: Write a program to find minimum number among two numbers using ternary
operator

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void findMin() {
int a, b, min;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
min = (a < b) ? a : b;
printf("Minimum = %d\n", min);
}

Q: Discuss the fundamental and derived data types of the C language with examples.

A:

• Fundamental: int, char, float, double

• Derived: array, pointer, structure, union

Q: Give output of following program (with use of different operators)

Please upload the program to provide output.

Q: WAP to accept basic salary and calculate gross salary with 50% DA and 40% HRA

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void calcGrossSalary() {
float basic, gross;
printf("Enter basic salary: ");
scanf("%f", &basic);
gross = basic + (0.5 * basic) + (0.4 * basic);
printf("Gross Salary = %.2f\n", gross);
}

Let me know if you'd like me to continue with Module 3: Control Structures.

4o

You said:

yes

ChatGPT said:

Continuing with Module 3: CONTROL STRUCTURES — answers are in C and follow void
method style.

Q: What is the purpose of a switch statement? How does it differ from if-else?
A:
Switch is used for multi-way branching based on a variable.

• Switch: Better for fixed values.

• If-else: Works for ranges, conditions.

Q: WAP to check whether the number entered is divisible by 10 or not.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void checkDivisibleBy10() {
int n;
printf("Enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n % 10 == 0)
printf("Divisible by 10\n");
else
printf("Not divisible by 10\n");
}

Q: WAP to find number of days in a month using switch case. Explain the need of break
keyword in switch case
A:
break exits the switch to prevent fall-through.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void daysInMonth() {
int month;
printf("Enter month (1-12): ");
scanf("%d", &month);
switch(month) {
case 2:
printf("28 or 29 days\n");
break;
case 4: case 6: case 9: case 11:
printf("30 days\n");
break;
case 1: case 3: case 5: case 7: case 8: case 10: case 12:
printf("31 days\n");
break;
default:
printf("Invalid month\n");
}
}

Q: Write a C program to print numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void print1to10() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
 printf("%d ", i);
}

Q: C program to calculate grade of student based on marks using if-else ladder

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void calcGrade() {
int marks;
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%d", &marks);
if (marks >= 90)
printf("Grade A\n");
else if (marks >= 75)
printf("Grade B\n");
else if (marks >= 60)
printf("Grade C\n");
else if (marks >= 40)
printf("Grade D\n");
else
printf("Fail\n");
}

Q: Write a program to print Floyd’s Triangle

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void floydTriangle() {
int n, num = 1;
printf("Enter number of rows: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
printf("%d ", num++);
 printf("\n");
}
}

Q: WAP using switch to compute i) sqrt ii) square iii) cube iv) factorial v) prime factors

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void computeChoice() {
int choice, n, i;
long fact = 1;
printf("Enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("1.SQRT 2.SQUARE 3.CUBE 4.FACTORIAL 5.PRIME FACTORS\n");
printf("Enter choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
switch(choice) {
case 1: printf("SQRT = %.2f\n", sqrt(n)); break;
case 2: printf("SQUARE = %d\n", n*n); break;
case 3: printf("CUBE = %d\n", n*n*n); break;
case 4:
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) fact *= i;
printf("Factorial = %ld\n", fact);
break;
case 5:
printf("Prime factors: ");
for (i = 2; n > 1; i++) {
while (n % i == 0) {
printf("%d ", i);
n /= i;
}
}
break;
default: printf("Invalid\n");
}
}

Q: WAP to check whether the entered number is palindrome or not

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void checkPalindrome() {
int n, rev = 0, rem, orig;
printf("Enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
orig = n;
while (n > 0) {
rem = n % 10;
rev = rev * 10 + rem;
n /= 10;
}
if (rev == orig)
printf("Palindrome\n");
else
printf("Not Palindrome\n");
}

Module 3: CONTROL STRUCTURES

Q: Compare while loop with do while loop.
A:

• while: condition is checked before loop body.

• do while: loop runs at least once, condition checked after.

Q: Program to check if number is Armstrong or not

(Armstrong: sum of cube of digits = number)

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void checkArmstrong() {
int n, temp, sum = 0, digit;
printf("Enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
temp = n;
while (temp > 0) {
digit = temp % 10;
sum += digit * digit * digit;
temp /= 10;
}
if (sum == n)
printf("Armstrong\n");
else
printf("Not Armstrong\n");
}

Q: Program to find sum of 1 to 10 numbers using Do while loop

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void sumDoWhile() {
int i = 1, sum = 0;
do {
sum += i;
i++;
} while (i <= 10);
printf("Sum = %d\n", sum);
}

Q: WAP to print the following pattern (stars)

markdown
CopyEdit
*
**
***
****
*****

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void printPattern() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
printf("*");
printf("\n");
}
}

Q: Menu-driven program for Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, Modulus using switch

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void arithmeticMenu() {
int a, b, choice;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
printf("1.Add 2.Sub 3.Mul 4.Div 5.Mod\n");
printf("Enter choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
switch(choice) {
case 1: printf("Sum = %d\n", a + b); break;
case 2: printf("Diff = %d\n", a - b); break;
case 3: printf("Product = %d\n", a * b); break;
case 4:
if (b != 0) printf("Div = %d\n", a / b);
else printf("Divide by 0 Error\n");
break;
case 5:
 if (b != 0) printf("Mod = %d\n", a % b);
else printf("Divide by 0 Error\n");
break;
default: printf("Invalid\n");
}
}

Q: Program to find sum and average of 1 to 10 numbers using for loop

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void sumAverageFor() {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
sum += i;
printf("Sum = %d\nAverage = %.2f\n", sum, sum / 10.0);
}

Q: Program to print weekday name using switch case

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void weekDayName() {
int day;
printf("Enter day number (1-7): ");
scanf("%d", &day);
switch(day) {
case 1: printf("Monday\n"); break;
case 2: printf("Tuesday\n"); break;
case 3: printf("Wednesday\n"); break;
case 4: printf("Thursday\n"); break;
case 5: printf("Friday\n"); break;
case 6: printf("Saturday\n"); break;
case 7: printf("Sunday\n"); break;
 default: printf("Invalid\n");
}
}

Q: Program to input alphabet and check vowel or consonant using switch

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void checkVowel() {
char ch;
printf("Enter an alphabet: ");
scanf(" %c", &ch);
switch(ch) {
case 'a': case 'e': case 'i': case 'o': case 'u':
case 'A': case 'E': case 'I': case 'O': case 'U':
printf("Vowel\n"); break;
default:
printf("Consonant\n");
}
}

Q: Program to display table of any number using do while

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void displayTable() {
int n, i = 1;
printf("Enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
do {
printf("%d x %d = %d\n", n, i, n * i);
i++;
} while (i <= 10);
}

Q: Explain continue, break and goto with examples

A:

• continue: skips rest of loop and starts next iteration

• break: exits loop or switch
• goto: jumps to a labeled part of program (use sparingly)

c
CopyEdit
void exampleBreakContinue() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
if (i == 3) continue;
if (i == 5) break;
printf("%d ", i);
}
}

c
CopyEdit
void exampleGoto() {
int i = 1;
start:
if (i > 3) return;
printf("%d ", i++);
goto start;
}

Q: WAP to calculate sum of given series x + x² + x³ + ... + x^m

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void sumSeries() {
int x, m, sum = 0;
printf("Enter x and m: ");
scanf("%d %d", &x, &m);
for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++)
sum += pow(x, i);
printf("Sum = %d\n", sum);
}

Q: WAP to display pattern

yaml
CopyEdit
12345
1234
123
12
1

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void patternNumbers() {
for (int i = 5; i >= 1; i--) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
printf("%d", j);
printf("\n");
}
}

Q: WAP to accept number and display: a) number of digits b) sum of digits c) product
of digits

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void digitInfo() {
int n, count = 0, sum = 0, product = 1, digit;
printf("Enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
while (n > 0) {
digit = n % 10;
sum += digit;
product *= digit;
count++;
n /= 10;
}
printf("Digits: %d\nSum: %d\nProduct: %d\n", count, sum, product);
}

Module 4: ARRAYS, STRINGS, STRUCTURE AND

UNION
Q: Define structure and union. Write the differences.
A:

• Structure: All members occupy separate memory.

• Union: All members share same memory.
• Use struct and union keywords.

Q: Write a C program to input and display a 2D array of size 3x3.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void inputDisplay2D() {
int a[3][3];
printf("Enter 3x3 matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
 printf("Matrix is:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
}

Q: What are built-in functions in string.h? Explain any 4 with example.

A:
Common string functions:

• strlen() – gets length

• strcpy() – copies string
• strcmp() – compares
• strcat() – concatenates

c
CopyEdit
void stringFunctions() {
char a[50] = "Hello", b[50] = "World";
printf("Length: %lu\n", strlen(a));
strcpy(b, a);
printf("Copy: %s\n", b);
strcat(a, " World");
printf("Concat: %s\n", a);
printf("Compare: %d\n", strcmp("abc", "abd"));
}

Q: Define a structure Student with name, roll number and marks. Accept and display 5
students.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
struct Student {
char name[20];
int roll;
float marks;
};

void studentDetails() {
struct Student s[5];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("Enter name, roll, marks: ");
scanf("%s %d %f", s[i].name, &s[i].roll, &s[i].marks);
}
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%s %d %.2f\n", s[i].name, s[i].roll, s[i].marks);
}
}

Q: Explain the following string functions:

a) strcpy() b) strlen() c) strcmp() d) strcat() e) puts() f) getch()

A:

• strcpy() – copy strings

• strlen() – length of string
• strcmp() – compare strings
• strcat() – append string
• puts() – prints string
• getch() – gets a char (no echo)

Q: Discuss the concept of an Array with examples.

A:
Array stores multiple values of same type in one variable.
Example: int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
Q: WAP to count the number of even numbers in the array

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void countEven() {
int a[5], count = 0;
printf("Enter 5 numbers: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
if (a[i] % 2 == 0) count++;
}
printf("Even numbers = %d\n", count);
}

Q: WAP to display five elements of an array

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void displayArray() {
int a[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
printf("%d ", a[i]);
}

Q: WAP to display addition of two matrices of size mxn

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void addMatrices() {
int m = 2, n = 2, a[2][2], b[2][2], sum[2][2];
printf("Enter elements of matrix A:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
 scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
printf("Enter elements of matrix B:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
scanf("%d", &b[i][j]);
printf("Sum:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
sum[i][j] = a[i][j] + b[i][j];
printf("%d ", sum[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

Q: WAP to find transpose of a matrix and use function to do it

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void transpose(int a[2][2], int b[2][2]) {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
b[j][i] = a[i][j];
}

void useTranspose() {
int a[2][2], b[2][2];
printf("Enter 2x2 matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
transpose(a, b);
printf("Transpose:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
printf("%d ", b[i][j]);
printf("\n");
 }
}

Q: Program to search an element in array

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void searchArray() {
int a[5], key, found = 0;
printf("Enter 5 elements: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) scanf("%d", &a[i]);
printf("Enter number to search: ");
scanf("%d", &key);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (a[i] == key) {
found = 1;
break;
}
}
if (found)
printf("Found\n");
else
printf("Not Found\n");
}

Q: Write a C program to reverse a string with and without using built-

in functions.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

void reverseWithFunction() {
char str[100];
printf("Enter string: ");
 gets(str);
strrev(str);
printf("Reversed: %s\n", str);
}

void reverseWithoutFunction() {
char str[100];
int i, len;
printf("Enter string: ");
gets(str);
len = strlen(str);
printf("Reversed: ");
for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
putchar(str[i]);
printf("\n");
}

Q: WAP to accept EMPLOYEE details (Name, Designation, Gender, DOJ,

Salary). Define functions to compute:
i) Total number of employees
ii) Employees with salary > 20,000

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
struct Employee {
char name[20], designation[20], gender[10];
char doj[20];
float salary;
};

void processEmployees() {
struct Employee e[5];
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("Enter name, designation, gender, DOJ, salary:\n");
scanf("%s %s %s %s %f", e[i].name, e[i].designation,
e[i].gender, e[i].doj, &e[i].salary);
 count++;
}
printf("Total employees = %d\n", count);
printf("Employees with salary > 20000:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (e[i].salary > 20000)
printf("%s\n", e[i].name);
}
}

Q: C program to take a string input and perform the following using

built-in functions:

1. Find the length

2. Convert to uppercase
3. Concatenate another string
4. Copy to another variable

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void stringOperations() {
char str1[100], str2[100], str3[100];
printf("Enter string: ");
gets(str1);

printf("Length = %lu\n", strlen(str1));

for (int i = 0; str1[i]; i++)

str1[i] = toupper(str1[i]);
printf("Uppercase: %s\n", str1);

printf("Enter string to concatenate: ");

gets(str2);
strcat(str1, str2);
 printf("Concatenated: %s\n", str1);

strcpy(str3, str1);
printf("Copied string: %s\n", str3);
}

Q: WAP to accept two strings, compare them, and display whether equal
or not. If not, display the greater one.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void compareStrings() {
char str1[100], str2[100];
printf("Enter two strings: ");
gets(str1);
gets(str2);
int cmp = strcmp(str1, str2);
if (cmp == 0)
printf("Strings are equal\n");
else if (cmp > 0)
printf("'%s' is greater\n", str1);
else
printf("'%s' is greater\n", str2);
}

Q: Program to define a structure Hockey with player name, country,

matches played, goals scored. Accept and display 5 players.

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
struct Hockey {
char name[20];
char country[20];
 int matches;
int goals;
};

void hockeyPlayers() {
struct Hockey p[5];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("Enter player name, country, matches, goals:\n");
scanf("%s %s %d %d", p[i].name, p[i].country, &p[i].matches,
&p[i].goals);
}
printf("Player Details:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%s from %s played %d matches and scored %d goals\n",
p[i].name, p[i].country, p[i].matches, p[i].goals);
}
}

Module 5: FUNCTIONS AND PARAMETERS

Q: What are storage classes in C? Explain different types.
A:
Storage classes define variable scope, lifetime, and linkage.
Types:

• auto – default local variable

• register – stored in CPU register
• static – retains value between calls
• extern – global variable from another file

Q: Write a recursive function to print Fibonacci series up to N terms

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
int fib(int n) {
if (n == 0) return 0;
if (n == 1) return 1;
 return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
}
void printFibonacci() {
int n;
printf("Enter N: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("%d ", fib(i));
}

Q: Program to find the sum of two numbers using a function

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
void sum(int a, int b) {
printf("Sum = %d\n", a + b);
}
void callSum() {
int x, y;
printf("Enter 2 numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &x, &y);
sum(x, y);
}

Q: Program to swap two numbers using call by value and call by

reference

c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
// Call by value
void swapValue(int a, int b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
 printf("Inside swapValue: a=%d b=%d\n", a, b);
}

// Call by reference
void swapRef(int *a, int *b) {
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}

void testSwap() {
int x = 5, y = 10;
printf("Original: x=%d y=%d\n", x, y);
swapValue(x, y);
printf("After swapValue: x=%d y=%d\n", x, y);
swapRef(&x, &y);
printf("After swapRef: x=%d y=%d\n", x, y);
}

Q: WAP to calculate Factorial using recursion

c
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#include <stdio.h>
int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0) return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
void calcFactorial() {
int n;
printf("Enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Factorial = %d\n", factorial(n));
}

Q: WAP to check if a number is prime using function

c
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#include <stdio.h>
int isPrime(int n) {
if (n < 2) return 0;
for (int i = 2; i <= n / 2; i++)
if (n % i == 0) return 0;
return 1;
}
void checkPrime() {
int n;
printf("Enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (isPrime(n))
printf("Prime\n");
else
printf("Not Prime\n");
}

Q: Difference between call by value and call by reference

A:

• Call by value: Copy is passed, original not changed.

• Call by reference: Address is passed, original can be modified.

Q: Benefits of using functions in C. Explain predefined and user-

defined functions with examples.
A:

• Benefits: Code reuse, modularity, easier debugging.

• Predefined: printf(), scanf()
• User-defined: Custom written like int sum(int a, int b) { return
a + b; }

Module 6: POINTER
Q: Write a C program to demonstrate pointer arithmetic

c
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#include <stdio.h>
void pointerArithmetic() {
int a[] = {10, 20, 30};
int *p = a;
printf("Value: %d\n", *p);
p++;
printf("Next Value: %d\n", *p);
printf("Address: %p\n", p);
}

Q: What is a pointer in C? How is it useful? Give declaration with

example.
A:
Pointer stores address of another variable.
Syntax: int *p;
Useful for dynamic memory, arrays, functions, structures.

Example:

c
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void pointerExample() {
int x = 5;
int *p = &x;
printf("Value: %d, Address: %p\n", *p, p);
}

Q: Explain dynamic memory allocation functions (malloc, calloc, free)

with examples.

A:

• malloc(size) – allocates uninitialized memory

 • calloc(n, size) – allocates and initializes to 0
• free(ptr) – releases memory

c
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void demoDynamicAllocation() {
int *p, *q;
p = (int *)malloc(3 * sizeof(int)); // malloc
q = (int *)calloc(3, sizeof(int)); // calloc

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

p[i] = i + 1;
q[i] = (i + 1) * 10;
}

printf("malloc: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) printf("%d ", p[i]);
printf("\ncalloc: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) printf("%d ", q[i]);

free(p);
free(q);
}

Q: Explain pointer / pointer variable in detail.

A:
Pointer variable stores memory address.
Declared using *.
Used for dynamic memory, parameter passing, arrays, etc.

c
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void pointerVar() {
int x = 100;
int *p = &x;
 printf("x = %d, *p = %d\n", x, *p);
}

Q: Output of the given program with pointer

c
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#include <stdio.h>

void pointerOutput() {
int a = 250, *p, **p1;
p = &a;
p1 = &p;

printf("%d\n", a); // 250

printf("%p\n", p); // Address of a
printf("%p\n", p1); // Address of p
printf("%d\n", *p); // 250
printf("%p\n", *p1); // Address of a (same as p)
}

Q: What is an array of pointers? Give an example where it's useful.

A:
Array of pointers stores multiple addresses (e.g., strings).
Useful in handling arrays of strings.

c
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void arrayOfPointers() {
char *names[] = {"Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"};
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
printf("%s\n", names[i]);
}