Organic Capston Project
Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal
Antimicrobial Soap
Umar FAROOQ (roll no.5004)
Bs-Chem.5th intake(IV) eve.
Under the supervison Of Dr.Gulam Mustafa
(University of Okara Renala Khurd)
Abstract
Herbal products have become an item of global importance both medicinally and
economically. Although usage of these herbal products has increased, their quality, safety
and efficiency are serious concerns in industrialized and developing countries.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
Aim:-
To study the formulation development and evaluation of herbal antimicrobial soap of neem
(Azadirachta indica) & tulsi.
Objectives:
The ultimate aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate the herbal antimicrobial soap
using extracts of plant having ethnic and dermatological importance in Ayurveda, namely,
Neem and Tulsi.
INTRODUCTION
Herbal soap preparation is a medicine or drugs it contain Antibacterial & antifungal agents
which e mainly uses as like leaves, stem, roots &fruits to treatment for a injury or disease or
to achieve good health. Herbal cosmos as-Natural cosmetics Herbal cosmetics are
products which are used to purify and beautify the skin.
The main advantage for using an herbal cosmetic is that it is pure and does not have any side
effects on the human body, instead enrich the body with nutrients and other useful minerals.
Soap is a solid product made from nil by means of saponification In Neem leaf and its
extractexhibi immunomodulatory anti-inflammatory, antiulcer antimalarial, antifungal
antibacterial antioxidant anticarcinogenic property.
CONTENTS OF THE SOAP :-
Plant Materials :-
Neem :-
➢ The Neem leaves were collected from different matured plant.
➢ Cracked and dry skin can be moisturised and made smooth by using neem.
➢ It acts as an Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant agent.
➢ Neem has been used to treat acne, reduce blemishes, and improve skin elasticity.
➢ Neem is rich in fatty acids, including oleic, stearic, palmitic, and linoleic acids.
Tulsi :-
➢ Tulsi is well known for its myriad medicinal properties antibacterial, antifungal,
antipyretic, antioxidant, antiseptic and anticancer. Helps beat stress. Tulsi is a
natural herb with anti- stress qualities.
➢ Tulsi is rich in Vitamin C and zinc, Rich in vitamin K and antioxidants.
➢ Tulsi benefits the skin by preventing blackheads, acne and relieves skin infections.
➢ It contains camphene which works as a natural toner to remove excess oil in the skin.
➢ Tulsi neutralizes free radicals and rejuvenates the skin, reviving the youthful glow.
Chemical:-
➢ A Glycerine will make sure that your skin will maintain its own moisture in order
toprotectit from damage caused by dryness.
➢ Glycerine is a nontoxic, odorless, and colorless liquid.
➢ Glycerine is used as a humectant in soap products.
➢ It can increase skin hydration, relieve dryness, and refresh the skin’s surface.
➢ It’s also an emollient, which means it can soften skin.
Ethanol:-
➢ Ethanol has the ability to dissolve on a partial level in water and
Of/CRI.
➢ Ethanol is most often used when making glycerin soap.
➢ It helps in making soap transparent.
➢ Ethanol can be used as Antiseptic, Antidote and as Medicinal solvent
Steric Acid:-
➢ Stearic Acid helps to harden products, such as candles and soap bars.
➢ It’s usually used as a thickening agent.
➢ Stearic acid is an emulsifier, emollient and lubricant.
➢ Stearic acid is used mostly in the manufacture of soaps, detergents, and several
other cosmetics such as.
➢ Shaving creams and shampoos.
Sodium lauryl sulphate:-
➢ Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is a surfactant
➢ Sodium lauryl sulfate helps to stabilize and thicken solutions with ingredients
Of differing solubility.
➢ It allows products to achieve a more uniform texture for easier, and smoother
application.
➢ It makes soap foamier.
Menthol:-
➢ Menthol is an organic compound, more specifically a monoterpenoid, made
synthetically or obtained from the oils of corn mint, peppermint, or other mints. It is
a waxy, clear or white crystalline substance, which is solid at room temperature and
melts slightly above.
A Herbal soap should have the following characteristics:
➢ It should remove dirt and sweat from your body.
➢ It should leave your skin feeling clean and refreshed.
➢ It should nourish and soften your skin.
➢ It should purify and protect skin from environmental damage
➢ It should moisturize your skin.
➢ It should have a pleasant odor.
Extraction method:-
To extract plant components used decoction method.
The process is:
“the crude plant is boiled in an open-type extractor that contains a
specified volume of water and the process lasts for a specific time
period”
FORMULATION AND MATERIALS :-
Formulation of soap &
Formulations of Lye :-
Procedure:-
The cold saponification process was used to create soap that included active plant
potentials. Soap is a combination of salicylic acid and other naturally occurring fatty acid
salts, often sodium or potassium.
The saponification reaction in the formulation of soap involved the use of coconut oil and
Tomato seed oils as natural fats, and alkali (NaOH) as the lye.
The procedure is outlined as follows:
• Combine 10.0 grams of coconut oil with 5.0 milliliters of seed oil from Solanum
lycopersicum in a beaker Combine 10.0 grams of coconut oil with 5.0 milliliters of
seed oil from Solanum lycopersicum in a beaker.
• Put 7 grams of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) into 25 milliliters of ethanol and distilled
water in a separate beaker and stir constantly until dissolved.
• After the beaker with oil has been filled, add the alkali solution. Always be stirring.
• Stir the mixture constantly over a low heat on a hot plate till oil or fat odor goes
away and a uniform solution.
• Pour mixture through a Buchner funnel lined with Whatman No. 1 filter paper.
• Prepare a filtered solution and add 2 grams each of the following extracts:
Sapindus mukorussi, Acacia nilotica, Aloe barbadensis juice, Curcuma longa,
and Piper betle.
• In a water bath, dissolve the extracts by adding 1 gram of stearic acid, 0.70 gram
of soft paraffin, and 5 milliliters of ethanol while stirring constantly until the
mixture is uniform.
• Mix a few drops of oil extracted from citrus lemon peels, and blend well.
• After pouring the semisolid mixture into a mold, let it cool to room temperature
until it solidifies.
• Physically observe for any characteristic changes in the soap during solidification.
Evaluation of the Herbal Soap:-
• Soaps from the first trial batch were tested for a number of characteristics.
Determination of pH:-
• One gram of soap was dissolved in one hundred milliliters of distilled water and
filtered for every sample. We wasted no time in putting the pH meter to work on the
filtrate that came out of it.
Moisture Content:-
• A petri dish with 10 grams of soap heated in a hot air oven set at 115 °C for 30 minutes.
The soap was dried in stages, with samples being removed and weighed at regular
intervals.
Moisture content (%) =W2-W1/W1x100
W2 is the combined weight of the soap and dried paper, whereas W1 is the weight of the
sample of dried soap and paper.
Alcohol insoluble content:-
• After dissolving 5 grams of soup in 50 milliliters of warm ethanol, the mixture was
passed to pre-weighed filter paper in a quantitative fashion. After that, it was
dehydrated in a desiccator for half an hour, after which it was weighed again. The oven
set at 105 °C for 30 minutes.
Percentage free alkali:-
• The procedure you've described involves a chemical analysis technique called
titration. Let's break down the steps:
1. Sample Preparation
A 5g sample was taken and added to conical flask. 50 ml of neutralized alcohol was added
to flask.
2. Heating and Refluxing
Thirty minutes were spent boiling the contents of the conical flask on a water bath with
reflux.
One method involves heating a reaction mixture and then returning the condensed vapors to
the reaction vessel; this process is called refluxing. This is a common practice to guarantee
that responses are completed.
3. Cooling
After the refluxing, the mixture was allowed to cool.
4. Indicator Addition
1 ml of phenolphthalein solution was added to the cooled mixtures. Phenolphthalein is a
common indicator used in titrations. In acidic solutions it remains colorless, whereas in
basic solutions it changes color to pink.
5. Titration
The titration was performed immediately after adding phenolphthalein. The titrant used was
0.1 N HCl (hydrochloric acid). This means that the concentration of the HC solution is 0.1
moles per liter.
The purpose of this titration is like of a basic substance present in the o. 4/6the sample's
bases have reacted with the hydrochloric acid, the phenolphthalein will reveal that the
titration has reached its endpoint.
The reaction involved in this titration is likely to be an acid-base reaction between the base
in the sample and the hydrochloric acid. The balanced chemical equation for such a reaction
would depend on the specific nature of the base in the sample.
Foam height
Dissolve approximately 1 g of soap in about 50 ml of distilled water within a 100 ml measuring
cylinder. Shake solution for around 2 minutes and then allow it to stand undisturbed for 10.
minutes. After this standing period, measure the height of the foam.
Viscosity
At room temperature, a 1% soap solution’s viscosity was measured using Brook field
viscometer (Spindle 63) operating at different rpm.
Conclusion
The produced soap's physicochemical and biological properties were studied. The mixture
had a color, scent, and look that was very appealing. As expected, the pH was between 7
and 10. Additional criteria, such as alcohol-insoluble matter, foamability, foam stability,
moisture content, and percent free alkali content, were measured and found to be within the
typical range for soap.
