12 - Mk; tFg;G

tzpftpay;
(2023-24 Gjpa ghl jpl;lj;jpd;gb)

khztu; ifNaL
jahupg;G:
,y.gd;dPu;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET.,
KJfiy Mrpupau; (tzpftpay;)>
muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> neLq;fy;>
fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.
ifNgrp vz;. 8778305728

jahupg;gpy; cjtp kw;Wk; MNyhrid:

rp.Nyhfuh[h>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,
KJfiy Mrpupau; (tzpftpay;)>
muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> fy;yhtp>
fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.
ifNgrp vz;. 9443513875

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 1

 myF 1. Nkyhz;ik nray;Kiwfs;
mj;jpahak; 1. Nkyhz;ikj; jj;Jtq;fs;
I. rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf:
1. Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ --------- d; nray; MFk;.
m) Nkyhsu; M) fPo;g;gzpahsu; ,) Nkw;;ghu;itahsu; <) caujpfhup
2. Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ xU ---------------
m) fiy M) mwptpay; ,); fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; <) fiy my;yJ mwptpay;
3. mwptpay; G+u;t Nkyhz;ik Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fp tsu;j;jtu;;
m) /Nghay; M) Nlyu; ,) NkNah <) N[f;fg;
4. Ntiyia gy;NtW rpW gzpfshf gpupg;gij ------------ vd;gu;
m) xOq;F M) gad;ghL ,) Ntiyg;gfpu;T <) rkj;Jtk;
5. gue;j msT tPr;nry;iyapy; mjpfhug;gb epiy kl;lq;fspd; msT -----------
m) mjpfk; M) FiwT ,) gd;klq;F <) $Ljy;
tpilfs;:
1 m 2 , 3 M 4 , 5 M
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Nkyhz;ik vd;why; vd;d?
Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ kw;wtu;fspd; Kaw;rp kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;Gld; Nehf;fq;fis va;Jk; xU
fiyahFk;.
2. Nkyhz;ikf; fUtpfisg; gl;baypLf.?
1. fzf;fpay; 2. tzpfr; rl;lq;fs; 3. cstpay; 4.Gs;spapay; 4. nghUspay; 5. juT nrayhf;fk;
3. mjpfhuk; vd;gjd; nghUs; jUf?
mjpfhuk; vd;gJ xU mYtyu; jd; fPo;gzpahsu;fSf;F MizapLk; cupikiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
4. Nkw;ghu;it tPr;nry;iy vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
xU cau; mYtyuhy; jpwikahf Nkyhz;ik nra;ag;gLk; fPo;g;gzpahsu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia
Nkyhz;ikapd; tPr;nry;iy Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Nkyhz;ik tiutpyf;fzk; jUf.
“Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ Kd;fzpg;G nra;jy;> jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikg;gJ> fl;lisapLtJ>
xUq;fpizg;gJ> fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ” - n`d;wp/Nghay;
my;yJ
“Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ gd;Ndhf;F nray;> mJ tpahghuj;ij Nkyhz;ik nra;fpd;wJ. Nkyhsiu
Nkyhz;ik nra;fpwJ. NkYk; gzpahsiuAk;> gzpapidAk; Nkyhz;ik nra;fpwJ”- gPl;lu;.vg;.buf;fu;.
2.Nkyhz;ikia epu;thfj;jpypUe;J NtWgLj;Jf. (VNjDk; 3)
xg;gPl;bd;
Nkyhz;ik epu;thfk;
mbg;gil
Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ kw;wtu;fspd;
xU FOthy; xU epWtdj;ij
Kaw;rp kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;Gld;
nghUs; epu;tfpg;gjw;fhd nray; KiwNa epu;thfk;
Nehf;fq;fis va;Jk; xU
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fiyahFk;.
mjpfhuk; kj;jpa kw;Wk; fPo;kl;l mstpy; cau; kl;l mstpy;
gq;F epiwNtw;wk; KbntLj;jy;
njhlu;G
nfhs;iffis nray;gLj;Jjy; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fjy;
jd;ik
Kf;fpa
Nkyhsu; epu;thfp
egu;

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 2

3. nla;yupd; Nkyhz;ikj; jj;Jtq;fs; ahit?
jpU. nla;yu; mtu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l mwptpay; G+u;t Nkyhz;ikapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;:
1. mwptpay;> fl;iltpuy; tpjp my;y
2. ,zf;fk;> rr;rutpd;ik
3. kdg;Gul;rp
4. jdpkdpjj; jj;Jtk; my;y> xj;Jiog;G
5. xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mtutuJ jpwikf;Fk; nropg;Gf;Fkhd tsu;r;rp
4. Nkyhz;ikapd; tPr;nry;iyia jPu;khdpg;git vit?
1. Nkyhz;ikapd; tPr;nry;iyahdJ gue;j kw;Wk; FWfpa jd;ik cilaJ
2. gue;j msTs;s Nkyhz;ikg; gug;gpy; Fiwthd mjpfhug;gbepiy kl;lq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
3. njhopyikg;gpd; mbg;gil fl;likg;G vd;gJ ngaustpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
4. mJ NghyNt FWfpa Nkyhz;ikg; gug;gpy; mjpfhug; gbepiy kl;lq;fs; kpFe;J ,Uf;Fk;.
5. mikg;gpd; fl;likg;G caukhf ,Uf;Fk;.
6. ,uz;L epWtdf;fl;likg;GfSk; jj;jkJ ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfisf; nfhz;L
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
IV.Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Nkyhz;ikapd; mbg;gilf; fUj;Jf;fis tptup?
Nkyhz;ikapd; mbg;gilf; fUj;Jfis gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfs; %ykhf mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;.
1. mwptpd; njhFg;G:
jw;NghJ Nkyhz;ik cau; jdpr;rpwg;G tha;e;j Nkyhz;ikf; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; jj;Jtj;ij
cUthf;fpAs;sJ. Nkyhz;ik ,yf;fpak; midj;J ehLfspYk; tsu;r;rp ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. muR
my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwfspy; Eiotjw;F flTr;rl P ;L Nghd;wJ ,e;j Nkyhz;ik MFk;.
2. Nkyhz;ikf; fUtpfs;:
fzf;fpay;> tzpfr;rl;lq;fs;> cstpay; Gs;spapay;> nghUspay;> juT nrayhf;fk; vd
Nkyhz;ikapd; fpisfs; gy;fpg; ngUfp tpuptile;Js;sJ.
3. jdpg;ghlg;gpupT:
1951-ypUe;Nj tzpf Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; epu;thfg; ghlj;jpy; KJfiyg; gl;lq;fis gy;NtW
gy;fiyf; fofq;fSk;> cau; fy;tp epWtdq;fSk; Nkyhz;ikf; fy;tpia jdpg;ghlkhf
mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ.
4. rpwg;gPLghL:
tzpfj;jpd; xt;nthU nray;ghl;Lg; gFjpiaAk; rPupa Kiwapy; Nkyhz;ik nra;J tzpfj;jij
rpwg;ghf epu;tfpf;f cau; fy;tpj; jFjpAk; Kiwahd gapw;rpAk; ngw;w cupa Kd;dDgt-
Ks;stu;fis Nju;e;njLj;J gzpaku;j;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w kdg;ghq;F jw;NghJ tsu;e;J tUfpd;wJ.
5. elj;ij tpjp:
tzpf Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ Efu;Nthu;fs;> Copau;fs;> nghJkf;fs; my;yJ rKjhak;
Nghd;wtw;wpw;F tzpf Nkyhz;ik Mw;w Ntz;ba r%fg; nghWg;Gzu;Tfis mwpT+l;lg;gl;l
tzpfu;fs; mq;fPfupj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.
6. gzp uPjpahdnjhU mikg;G:
gy;NtW ehLfspy; Nkyhz;ikg; gpupTfspy; mwpTg; gutyhf;fk; Vw;glTk;> Nkyhz;ik rpwg;Gj;
njhopy; Fwpj;j nghJkf;fs; kdjpy; xU rpwe;j Njhw;wj;jij cUthf;fTk; tzpf Nkyhz;ik
rq;fq;fs; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sij ehk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

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2. etPd Nkyhz;ikf; Nfhl;ghLfis tptup.
1. Ntiyg;gfpu;T:
,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb njhopyikg;gpd; nkhj;j gzpr; RikAk; rpwpa gzpfshfg; gfpu;T nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
2. mjpfhuKk;> nghWg;Gk;:
mjpfhuk; vd;gJ xU mYtyu; jd; fPo;g;gzpahsu;fSf;F MizapLk; cupikiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ>
nghWg;G vd;gJ mt;thizapid epiwNtw;Wk; flikiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
3. xOq;FKiw:
,J fPo;g;gbjy;> kw;wtu;fsplk; Kiwg;gb elj;jy;> mjpfhuj;ij kjpj;jy; Nghd;wit MFk;.
4. fl;lisnahUik:
xt;nthU fPo;g;gzpahsUk; xNu xU NkyjpfhupaplkpUe;J kl;LNk fl;lisfisg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
mg;gzpahsu; mtUf;F kl;LNk fl;Lg;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. xU Kid ,af;fk;:
midj;J njhlu;Gila eltbf;iffisAk; xNu FOtpy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mf;FOtpw;F xNu
nray; jpl;lk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; xNu Nkyhsupd; fPo; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;.
6. Cjpak;:
Cjpak; vd;gJ gzpahsu;fspd; gzpf;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpiyahFk;. vdNt Cjpaj;jpd; msT
kw;Wk; Cjpa topKiwfs; epahakhdjhfTk; rupahdjhfTk; mtu;fspd; Kaw;rpf;F Vw;wjhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 4

 myF 1 Nkyhz;ik nray;Kiw
mj;jpahak; 2. Nkyhz;ik nray;ghLfs;
I. rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf:
1. Nkyhz;ikapd; nray;ghLfspy; Kjd;ikahdJ vJ?
m) GJikg;gLj;Jjy; M) fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; ,) jpl;lkpLjy; <) KbntLj;jy;
2. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ Kf;fpa gzpfs; my;y?
m) KbntLj;jy; M) jpl;lkpLjy; ,) xOq;fikj;jy; <) gzpaku;j;Jjy;
3. --------- y; epu;thf nray;ghLfSk; cs;slq;fpAs;sJ
m) xUq;fpizj;jy; M) fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; ,) gzpaku;j;Jjy; <) xOq;fikj;jy;
4. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rupghu;g;G nray;ghL vJ?
m) jpl;lkpLjy; M) xOq;fikj;jy; ,) gzpaku;j;Jjy; <) fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
5. -------------- d; cjtpAld; ,yf;Ffs; milag;gLfpd;wd.
m) nraYhf;fkspj;jy; M) fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; ,) jpl;lkpLjy; <) gzpaku;j;Jjy;
tpilfs;:
1 , 2 m 3 m 4 < 5 m
II.,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. jpl;lkpLjy; vd;why; vd;d?
jpl;lkpLjy; vd;gJ Kd;$l;bNa KbntLg;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. jpl;lkpLjy; vd;gJ tUq;fhyj;
Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd xU Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd kjpg;gPL MFk;.
2. nraYhf;fkspj;jy; vd;gjd; nghUs; jUf?
nraYhf;fkspj;jy; %yNk epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis mila KbAk;. xU gzpia tpiuthf
nra;J Kbg;gijAk;> gzpahsu;fspd; gzpapd; kPjhd tpUg;gj;ij tsu;g;gijAk; nraYhf;fkspj;jy;
vd;w nrhy; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
3. Nkyhz;ikapd; Jizr; nray;ghLfis gl;baypLf.
1. GJikg;gLj;Jjy; 2. gpujpepjpj;Jtk; 3. KbntLj;jy; 4. jfty; njhlu;G
4. jpl;lkpLjYf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghuk;gupa gonkhop vd;d?
 “nray;gLtjw;F Kd; ePq;fs; rpe;jpAq;fs;”
 “Mok; njupahky; fhiy tplhjPu;fs;” vd;gJ
jpl;lkpLjYf;F gad;;gLj;jg;gLk; ghuk;gupa gonkhopfs; MFk;.
III.%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Nkyhz;ikapd; Kjd;ikg; gzpfis gl;baypLf.
1. jpl;lkply; 2. xOq;fikj;jy; 3. gzpaku;j;jy;
4. ,af;Ftpj;jy; 5. fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; 6. xUq;fpizj;jy; 7.; nraYhf;fkspj;jy;
2. gzpaku;j;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp $Wf?
 nghUj;jkhd egu;fis nghUj;jkhd Ntiyf;F mku;j;Jk; nraiyf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
 gzpf;F nghUj;jkhd egu;fis Nju;e;njLg;gJ> Njitahd egu;fSf;F gapw;rp mspg;gJ> rpwe;j
egu;fSf;F gjtp cau;T mspg;gJ> gioa egu;fSf;F Xa;T mspg;gJ> midj;J egu;fspd;
nray;jpwd;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tJ kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fSf;F NghJkhd Cjpak; mspg;gJ
Mfpad cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
3. epWtdj;jpy; gzpGupAk; Copau;fSf;F Kf;fpaj; jfty;fs; vt;thW njuptpf;fg;gLk;?
mikg;gpd; ,yf;Ffis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F gzpahsu;fis ,af;Fk; nghUl;L Rw;wwpf;iffs;>
mwpTWj;jy;fs;> ifNaLfs;> nra;jp kly;fs;> mwptpg;G gyiffs;> $l;lk;> gq;Nfw;G> ,af;fk;
Mfpatw;wpd; %ykhf gzpahsu;fSf;F Njitahd midj;J tpguq;fSf;Fk; cupa jfty;
njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

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IV.Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Nkyhz;ikapd; gy;NtW gzpfis tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; 5)
1. jpl;lkply; 2. xOq;fikj;jy; 3. gzpaku;j;jy;
4. ,af;Ftpj;jy; 5. fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; 6. xUq;fpizj;jy; 7.; nraYhf;fkspj;jy; (POSDCCM)
1. jpl;lkply;:
“nray;gLtjw;F Kd; ePq;fs; rpe;jpAq;fs;” my;yJ “Mok; njupahky; fhiy tplhjPu;fs;” vd;gd
ghuk;gupa gonkhopfspy; rpy. jpl;lkpLjy; vd;gJ Kd;$l;bNa KbntLg;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
jpl;lkpLjy; vd;gJ tUq;fhyj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd xU Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd kjpg;gPL
MFk.;
2. xOq;fikj;jy;:
xU mikg;gpd; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F ,ilapy; ,zf;fkhd cwit Vw;gLj;JtJk;> xU tiyg;gpd;dy;
Nghd;w mikg;ig mtu;fsJ cwTfSf;F ,ilapy; cUthf;Fk; nray;KiwNa xOq;fikj;jy;
MFk;
3. gzpaku;j;jy;:
nghUj;jkhd egu;fis nghUj;jkhd Ntiyf;F mku;j;Jk; nraiyf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
4. ,af;Ftpj;jy;:
jw;Nghija ,yf;Ffis rhjpf;Fk; nghUl;L njhlu;r;rpahd mbg;gilapy; nraYhf;fkypj;jy;>
Kd;dzpapypUj;jy;> topfhl;Ljy;> kw;Wk; fPo;epiyg; gzpahsu;fSld; njhlu;GgLj;Jjy; Nghd;wd
,af;Fjiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ..
5. fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;:
Kd;$l;bNa epu;zapf;fg;gl;l ju myFfSld; cz;ikahd nray;jpwid vJ xj;jpirf;f cjtp
GupfpwNjh mJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nray;ghL MFk;.
6.nraYhf;fkspj;jy;:
nraYhf;fkspj;jy; %yNk epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis mila KbAk;. xU gzpia tpiuthf
nra;J Kbg;gijAk;> gzpahsu;fspd; gzpapd; kPjhd tpUg;gj;ij tsu;g;gijAk;
nraYhf;fkspj;jy; vd;w nrhy; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 6

 myF 1 Nkyhz;ik nray;Kiw
mj;jpahak; 3 Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ik (MBO) kw;Wk; tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ik (MBE)
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. -------------------- Kiw jdpg;gl;l typik kw;Wk; nghWg;gpw;F KO tbtk; nfhLf;fpwJ.
m) Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ik M) tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ik
,) KJfiy tzpf Nkyhz;ik <) KJfiy tzpf epu;thfk;
2. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ik nray;Kiwapd; Kjy; epiy vJ?
m) Kf;fpa KbT gFjpia epu;zapg;gJ M) eltbf;iffis kjpg;gPL nra;tJ
,) Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; tsq;fisg; nghUj;JtJ <) mikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tiuaWg;gJ
3. Kf;fpakhd rpf;fy;fisf; fz;lwptjd; %yk; tha;g;GfisAk; mr;RWj;jy;fisAk;
Nkyhz;ik vr;rupf;ifahf itj;jpUf;f -------------- cjTfpwJ
m) KJfiy tzpf epu;thfk; M) tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ik
,) KJfiy tzpf Nkyhz;ik <) Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ik
4. ------------ cjtpahy; mjpfhug; gfpu;T vspjhfr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ
,) KJfiy tzpf Nkyhz;ik (MBM) M) tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ik (MBE)
,) Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ik (MBO) <) KJfiy tzpf epu;thfk; (MBA)
5. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikahdJ ------------- vd;gtuhy; mnkupf;fhtpy; gpugyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
m) Nguhrpupau; nul;bd; M) Ihu;I; XbNahu;d; ,) n`d;wp gNahy; <) vg;.lgps;A+. nla;yu;
tpilfs;:
1 m 2 < 3 M 4 , 5 M
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; vd;d?
 mstpLjy; kw;Wk; nray;jpwd;fis kjpg;gpLjy;.
 mikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; jdpg;gl;l nray;jpwidj; njhlu;GgLj;Jjy;.
2. tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; nghUis vLj;Jf; $Wf.
tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ newpKiwapypUe;J tpyfpg; NghFk; epfo;Tfis milahsk;
fhz;gjw;Fk; ifahs;tjw;Fk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w tzpf epu;thfj;jpd; xU ghzpahFk;.
3. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; VNjDk; ,uz;L ed;ikfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; fPo;> Nkyhsu;fs; Nkyhz;ikapd; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; cs;s
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mikg;gjpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;. ,e;j nray; jpl;lk; mtu;fsJ fbd ciog;ig
cWjp nra;J rhjid gilf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
2. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; nray;Kiw Nkyhsu;fSf;F xl;L nkhj;j mikg;gpy; jq;fsJ
gq;ifg; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
4. Kf;fpa KbTg; gFjp (KRA) vd;gJ vd;d?
 mikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpa KbTg; gFjpfs; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 Kf;fpa KbTg; gFjpfs; (Key Result Area) Kd;Dupikapd; mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
III %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; ,ay;Gfis vOJf.
1. mikg;G kw;Wk; jdpegu;fspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis xUq;fpizf;f epu;thfj;jhy; xU Kaw;rp
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
2. FWfpa fhy ,yf;FfSld; epWtdj;jp;d; ePz;l fhy ,yf;Ffis ,izf;f Fwpapyf;F
Nkyhz;ik Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ
3. rKjha Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; mikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis njhlu;GgLj;j Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ.
4. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ik ,yf;Ffis kl;Lk; milar; nra;tjy;y> jpwikahd nray;jpwidAk;
milar; nra;fpwJ.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 7

2. tpjptpyf;f Nkyhz;ikapy; cs;s nray;Kiwfs; vd;d?
1. Kjd;ikahf> vjpu;ghu;g;G my;yJ kjpg;gplg;gl;l KbTfSld; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; my;yJ
newpKiwfis mikg;gJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
2. ,e;j epfo;rr
; pfs; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;L cz;ikahd nray;jpwDld; rkkhf xg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
3. mLj;J> tpyfy; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
4. KJepiy Nkyhsu;fs; xU rpwpa my;yJ ve;j tpyfYk; ,y;yhj NghJ ve;j eltbf;ifAk;
vLf;f Njitapy;iy.
3. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; VNjDk; %d;W nray;Kiwfisg; gl;baypLf.
1. mikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tiuaWj;jy;:
Kjyhtjhf ePz;l fhyf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpwF FWfpa fhy
Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; fl;likj;J ePz;l fhy Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;fhd rhj;jpaf; $Wfis
fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
2. xt;nthU gpuptpd; ,yf;Ffs;:
xt;nthU gpuptpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> Jiw my;yJ gpupTf;fhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> mikg;gpd;
xl;Lnkhj;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;Fupa
fhyk; epu;zak; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,yf;Ffs; my;yJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; mu;j;jKs;s Kiwapy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3. Kf;fpa Kbtg; gFjpfs; (Fixing Key Result Area):
1. mikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpa KbTg; gFjpfs; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. Kf;fpa KbTg; gFjpfs; (Key Result Area) Kd;Dupikapd; mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. Kf;fpa KbTg;gFjpfs; xU mikg;gpd; typikia Fwpf;fpwJ.
4. ,yhgk;> re;ij epytuk;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Nghd;wit Kf;fpa KbTg; gFjpfSf;F
cjhuzq;fshFk;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; Kf;fpa ed;ikfs; ahit? (VNjDk; 5)
1. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; fPo;> Nkyhsu;fs; Nkyhz;ikapd; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; cs;s
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mikg;gjpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;.
2. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; nray;Kiw Nkyhsu;fSf;F> xl;Lnkhj;j mikg;gpy; jq;fsJ gq;ifg;
Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
3. jpl;lkpLjYf;F NjitiaAk; kw;Wk; jpl;lkpLjYf;fhd ghuhl;LjiyAk; Nkyhsu; mq;fPfupf;f
nra;fpwJ.
4. xU Jiw kw;nwhU Jiwap;d; Ntiyapy; FWf;fpLk; Nehf;fj;jpy; <LglhJ.
5. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; cjtpAld; nray;jpwd; Kiwahf kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ>
6. Fwpapyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; cjtpahy; mjpfhug;gfpu;T vspjhfr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ
2. tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; ed;ikfs; vd;d? (VNjDk; 5)
1. ,J Nkyhsu;fspd; Neuj;ij Nrkpf;fpwJ Vnddpy; mtu;fs; tpjptpyf;fhd nray;fis kl;LNk
ifahSthu;fs;. tof;fkhd gpur;rpidfs;> fPo;epiy Copau;fspd; trk; tplg;gLfpd;wd.
2. ,J Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfis epu;tfpg;gjpy; ftdq;fisr; nrYj;JfpwJ. ,jd; Kbthf epu;thf
jpwikfs; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fs; rpwg;ghf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3. ,J mjpfhug; gfpu;tpid vspikahf;FfpwJ. Nky; epu;thfk; ngUe; jpl;l KbTfspy; ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwJ kw;Wk; nray;jpwd; KbTfs; fPo;epiy epu;thfj;jpw;F tplg;gLfpd;wd.
4. ,J Kf;fpaky;yhj jftypy; ,Ue;J Kf;fpakhd jftiyg; gpupf;Fk; xU njhopy; El;gkhFk;.
5. Kf;fpakhd rpf;fy;fisf; fz;lwptjd;%yk; tha;g;GfisAk; mr;RWj;jy;fisAk; Nkyhz;ik
vr;rupf;ifahf itj;jpUf;f tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ik cjTfpwJ.
6. tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ik KbTfis epu;zapf;Fk; rpwe;j msTNfhyhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,J
Fwpf;Nfhs; nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;by; gaDs;sjhf cs;sJ.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 8

4. tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; FiwghLfs; gw;wp tptup
1. tpjptpyf;F Nkyhz;ikapd; Kf;fpa FiwghL vd;dntd;why;> cz;ikapy; Nkyhsu;fs; kl;LNk
kpf Kf;fpakhd KbTfis vLf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
2. ,J fPo;epiy Copau;fSf;F cw;rhfj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ.
3. NkYk; ,J gpur;rpidfis Nkyhyu;fSf;Fj; njuptpf;f fhy Neuk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
4. ,ay;ghd eilKiwfspy; ,Ue;J tpyfpr; nry;Yk; Copau;fis epu;tfpg;gJ fbdkhFk;.
5. rpf;fy;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L epu;tfpg;gNjhL tof;fkhd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ntiyf;
flikfSld; Njhy;tpapd; GfhUf;F fhuzkhdtu;fisf; fz;lwpe;J ,Wjpahf Ntiy ePf;fk;
nra;fpwJ / Ntiyia tpl;L epWj;jp itf;fpwJ.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 9

 myF 2 epjpr;re;ij 1
mj;jpahak; 4 epjpr; re;ij – Xu; mwpKfk;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. epjpr; re;ij tzpf epWtdq;fSf;F ----------------- cjTfpwJ.
m) epjpfisj; jpul;Ltjw;F M) gzpahl;fis Nju;T nra;tjw;F
,) tpw;gidia mjpfupg;gjw;F <) epjpj; Njitia Fiwg;gjw;F
2. %yjdr; re;ij vd;gJ ---------------- f;fhd xU re;ij MFk;.
m) FWfpa fhy epjp M) eLj;ju fhy epjp ,) ePz;l fhy epjp <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk;
3. Kjy; epiyr; re;ij ----------------- vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
m) ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij M) gzr; re;ij
,) Gjpa ntspaPLfSf;fhd re;ij <) kiwKf re;ij
4. cldbr; re;ij vd;gJ epjpf; fUtpfis tpepNahfk; nra;tJk; kw;Wk; nuhf;fk;
nrYj;JtJk; --------------- eilngWk; xU re;ij MFk;.
m) cldbahf M) vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,) epiyahdJ <) xU khjj;jpw;F gpd;du;
5. xU ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ijapy; xU gj;jpuk; vj;jid Kiw tpw;fg;glyhk;
m) xNu xU Kiw M) ,uz;L Kiw ,) %d;W Kiw <) gyKiw
tpilfs;:
1 m 2 , 3 , 4 m 5 <
I. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. mikg;G epWtdq;fspd; $Wfs; ahit?
1. xOq;fhw;W epWtdq;fs; 2. epjp epWtdq;fs; 3. epjpr;re;ij 4. epjpr;rhu; Nritfs;
2. cldbr; re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
Mtzq;fis toq;fYk; nuhf;fk; ngWjYk; cldbahf eilngWk; re;ij „cldbr; re;ij‟ MFk;.
3. fld; re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
fld; fUtpfis tu;j;jfk; nra;tjw;fhd epjpr; re;ij fld; re;ij MFk;.
4. ,uz;lhk; epiyr;re;ijapy; tpiy vt;thW epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ?
,uz;lhk;epiyr; re;ijapy; tpiyahdJ Njit kw;Wk; mspg;ig nghWj;J epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. epjpr;re;ijapd; nghUs; jUf.
ve;j xU re;ijapy; epjpf; Nfhuy;fs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w epjpf; fUtpfs;
tpahghuk; nra;ag;gLfpwNjh mJNt „epjpr;re;ij‟ vdg;gLfpwJ. epjp mspg;gu;fsplk; cs;s cgup
epjpia epjp Njit cs;stupd; epjpg; gw;whf;Fiwia Nehf;fp fld; epjpia vLj;Jr; nry;tJ epjpr;
re;ij vdTk; $wyhk;.
2. ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij - rpW Fwpg;G tiuf
,uz;lhk;epiyr; re;ij vd;gJ Vw;fdNt ntspaPL nra;ag;gl;l gq;FfSf;fhd re;ij ,uz;lhk;
epiyr; re;ij MFk;. ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ijapy; gq;F khw;wfk; xU Kf;fpakhd epWtdk; MFk;.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; epjpr; re;ijapd; tiu vy;iyia tpsf;Ff.
1. epjpr; re;ij jdpegu;fs;> tptrhaj;Jiwfs;> njhopw;Jiwfs;> Nrit Jiwfs;> epjp
epWtdq;fshd tq;fpfs;> fhg;gPlL ; Jiwfs;> Nrkey fhg;G epjpfs; kw;Wk; muRf;F epjp
cjtpfis toq;FfpwJ.
2. ,e;j mikg;Gfs; Njitahd epjpia epjpr; re;ijapd; cjtpAld; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; ngWfpd;wdu;.
3. epjpr; re;ijapd; %yk; FWfpa fhy kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy epjp cjtpapid epWtdq;;fs;
ngWfpd;wd.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 10

IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Kjy; epiyr; re;ij kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy re;ijf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis tpsf;Ff.
(VNjDk; 5)
tupir
xg;gP;l;L mbg;il Gjpa ntspaPLfs; re;ij ,uz;lhk; epiy re;ij
vz;
Kd;du; ntspapl;l <Lfis
Gjpa gq;FfSf;fhd re;ij
1. nghUs; tzpfk; nra;Ak; ,lk; ,uz;lhk;
Kjy; epiy re;ij
epiyr; re;ij vdg;gLk;
nfhs;Kjypd;
2 Neub kiwKfk;
tiffs;
xU gj;jpuk;
3 vj;jid Kiw xNu xU Kiw gy Kiw
tpw;f KbAk;
gq;Ffis
tpw;gjd; kPjhd
4 epWkk; KjyPll ; hsu;fs;
Mjhak; ngWk;
egu;
5 ,ilepiyau; xg;GWjpahsu;fs; jufu;fs;
Njit kw;Wk; mspg;ig nghWj;J
6 tpiy epiyahd tpiy
khWk;
2. gy;NtW tifahd epjpr; re;ijfis tptupf;f.
m) epjp NfhUjy; tifapd; mbg;gilapy;:
i) fld; re;ij:
fld; fUtpfis tu;j;jfk; nra;tjw;fhd epjpr; re;ij fld; re;ij MFk;. muR gj;jpuq;fs;(m)
gpizq;fs;> epWk fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wd.
ii) rkepiy gq;Fr; re;ij:
epWkr; rkepiy gq;Ffspd; tzpfj;jpw;fhd epjpr; re;ij rkepiy gq;Fr; re;ij MFk;.
M) epjp NfhUjypd; Kjpu;T mbg;gilapy;:
i) gzr;re;ij:
FWfpa fhy> Xuhz;L my;yJ mjw;F Fiwthd epjp NfhUjYf;fhd epjpr; re;ij gzr;re;ij
MFk;. vfh. fUT+yr; rPl;Lfs;> tzpfj; jhl;fs;> itg;Gr; rhd;wpjo;fs;.
ii) %yjdr; re;ij: ePz;l fhy> Xuhz;Lf;F Nky; epjp NfhUjYf;fhd re;ij %yjdr; re;ij
MFk;. vfh. gq;Ffs;> fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wit.
,) epjpf; NfhUjypd; ntspaPl;Lf; fhy mbg;gilapy;:
i) Kjy; epiyr; re;ij:
epWkq;fs; / ntspaPl;lhsu;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; gj;jpuq;fis tpw;gid nra;tjpy; gq;F ngWk;
midj;J epWtdq;fisAk; cs;slf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhy; Kjy; epiyr; re;ij vdg;gLk;.
ii) ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij:
,uz;lhk;epiyr; re;ij vd;gJ Vw;fdNt ntspaPL nra;ag;gl;l gq;FfSf;fhd re;ij ,uz;lhk;
epiyr; re;ij MFk;.
<) epjpf; NfhUjypd; toq;fypd; fhy mbg;gilapy; :
i) nuhf;fk;/cldbr; re;ij:
Mtzq;fis toq;fYk; nuhf;fk; ngWjYk; cldbahf eilngWk; re;ij cldbr; re;ij MFk;
ii) Kd;Nehf;fpa (m) vjpu;fhyr; re;ij:
nrhj;J toq;fYk; nuhf;fk; nrYj;jYk; Kd;dNu jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L vjpu;fhyj;jpy; eilngWk;
re;ij vjpu;fhyr; re;ij MFk;.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 11

 c) epjpr; re;ij mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;:
i) gupkhw;wf tu;j;jfr; re;ij:
xNu xOq;F eilKiwfid nfhz;l ika mikg;G (gq;F khw;wfk;).
ii) cldbr; re;ij:
tof;fkhd eilKiwfisf; nfhz;l gutyhf;fg;gl;l re;ij (gq;F khw;wfj;jpw;F ntspapy;).
3. epjpr; re;ijapd; gq;fpid tptupf;fTk;.
m) Nrkpg;ig ngUf;Fjy;:
Nrkpg;ghsu;fs; (m) jdpegu;fs; tzpf epWtdq;fs;> nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; muR
Nghd;w cgup myFfsplkpUe;J epjpfis ngWtjd; %yk; epjpr; re;ij xU Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpf;fpwJ.
M) KjyPLfs;:
epjp KjyPLfis tR+ypg;gjpYk; mtw;iw Njit cs;stu;fSf;F toq;FtjpYk; epjpr; re;ij
Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
,) Njrpa tsu;r;rp:
epjpg; gw;whf;Fiw cs;s epWtdq;fSf;F cgup epjpfs; jlq;fypd;wp elkhl;lk; nra;a cWjp
nra;tjd; %yk; xU Njrj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; epjpr; re;ij gq;fspg;ig toq;FfpwJ.
<) njhopy;KidNthu; tsu;r;rp:
Njitahd epjp tsq;fs; njhopy;KidNthu;fSf;F fpilf;f ngWtjd; %yk; mjd;
Nkk;ghl;bw;F epjpr; re;ij gq;fspf;fpwJ..
c) njhopw;Jiw Nkk;ghL:
epjpr; re;ijapd; gy;NtW $Wfs; xU ehl;bd; njhopw;Jiwapd; Jupj tsu;rr ; p kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;F cjtp GupfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; rKjhaj;jpd; tho;f;if juk; kw;Wk;
ey;tho;it cau;j;JfpwJ.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 12

 myF 2 epjpr;re;ij – I
mj;jpahak; 5 %yjdr; re;ij
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. %yjdr;re;ij ------------ I toq;Ftjpy;iy
m) FWfpa fhy epjp M) flDWjp gj;jpuq;fs; ,) rkepiy epjp <) ePz;lfhy epjp
2. NSEI Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
m) 1990 M) 1992 ,) 1998 <) 1997
3. Kjy; epiyr; re;ij vd;gJ gj;jpuq;fis / gpizaq;fis ----------- Kiw tpahghuk; nra;Ak;
xU re;ij MFk;.
m) Kjd;Kiw M) ,uz;lhk;Kiw ,) %d;whk;Kiw <) gyKiw
4. %yjdr; re;ijapd; gq;Nfw;ghsu; ---------------- Mtu;.
m) jdpegu; M) epWkq;fs; ,) epjp epWtdq;fs; <) NkNy cs;s midj;Jk;
5. gq;Ffis ,e;jpah KOtJk; kpd;dZ %yk; tpahghuk; nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;NjhL Kjd;ik epjp
epWtdq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNj ------------ MFk;.
m) ,e;jpa cldb gq;F khw;wfk; M) Vl;Lf;fld; ,) gu];gu epjp <) Jzpfu epjp
tpilfs;:
1 m 2 M 3 m 4 < 5 m
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. %yjdr; re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
%yjdr; re;ij vd;gJ epjpg; gj;jpuq;fshd gpizaq;fs; kw;Wk; gq;Ffspd; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <LgLk;
thq;Fgtu;fs; kw;Wk; tpw;gtu;fs; $Lk; xU re;ij MFk;.
2. OTCEI - rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
gq;Ffis ,e;jpah KOtJk; kpd;dZ %yk; tpahghuk; nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;NjhL Kjd;ik epjp
epWtdq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNj OTCEI vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; %yk; KjyPl;lhsu; kw;Wk; epjp
epWkj;jpw;F rpy gpur;rpidfs; ,Ue;j NghJk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik> tpiuthd KbT> nefpo;T
jd;ik Mfpa ed;ikfisAk; mspf;fpwJ.
3. %yjdr; re;ijapd; gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs; ahu;?
%yjdr; re;ijapy; <LgLgtu;fs:
1. jdpegu;fs; 2. epWkq;fs; 3. muR tq;fpfs;; 4. ,ju epjp
4. %yjdr; re;ijapy; tpiy vt;thW epu;zak; nra;ag;gLfpwJ?
gj;jpuq;fspd; tpiy %yjdr; re;ijapy; gj;jpuq;fspd; Njit kw;Wk; mspg;ig nghWj;J
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. %yjdr; re;ijapd; gy;NtW tiffs; vd;d ? tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; 3)
1. Kjy;epiyr; re;ij:
Kjy;epiyr; re;ij vd;gJ Gjpa ntspaPLfSf;fhd re;ij MFk;.Mifahy; ,J Gjpa
ntspaPLfSf;fhd re;ij vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Kjy; epiyr; re;ij nghJkf;fSf;F
Kjd; Kjypy; ntspapLk; gj;jpuq;fisf; ifahSfpwJ.
2. ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij:
Vw;fdNt ntspaPL nra;ag;gl;l gj;jpuq;fSf;fhd re;ij ,uz;lhk; epiy re;ij vd
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vw;fdNt Kjy; epiyr; re;ijapy; ntspaPL nra;ag;gl;l gj;jpuq;fs; ,q;F
tzpfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 13

2. %yjdr; re;ijapd; VNjDk; ,uz;L gzpfis tpsf;Ff.
1. Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; %yjd cUthf;fk;:
%yjdr; re;ijapy; gy;NtW tifahd gj;jpuq;fs; gy;NtW Jiwiar; rhu;e;j kf;fsplkpUe;J
(jdp egu;>epWkq;fs;>muR Kjypad) Nrkpg;ig jpul;Ltw;F cjtp nra;fpd;wJ.
2. epiyahd %yjdk;:
%yjdr; re;ij / gq;F khw;wfk; epWkq;fs; epiy %yjdj;ij jpul;Ltjw;F cjtp nra;fpwJ.
KjyPl;lhsu;fs; epiyahd fhyj;jpw;F jq;fSila epjpfis xg;Gtpf;f KbahJ.
3. Vl;Lf;fld; kw;Wk; Jzpfu Kjy; toq;F epWkq;fis gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
Vl;Lf;fld; juF Kfik epWtdq;fs;:
1. tpw;gid %yk; ngw Ntz;ba ngWjy;fsp;d; mbg;gilapy; epjp epWtdq;fs; nra;Ak; epjp
Vw;ghNl Vl;Lf; fld; juF Kfik MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; nray;gLk; rpy epjp epWtdq;fshtd SBI kw;Wk; tzpf Nritfs; SBI apd; Jiz
epWtdk; kw;Wk; fhd;Ngq;f;/Ngf;lupf; ypkpnll;> fduh tq;fpapd; Jiz epWtdk; MFk;.
Jzpfu epjp epWtdk;:
1. Jzpfu %yjd epjp vd;gJ rhjhuz epjpapy; xU gFjp MFk;. ,J Gjpa jpl;lk; kw;Wk;
fz;Lgpbg;gpw;F epjp toq;Ftjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
2. ICICI-d; Mgj;J %yjdk;> IDBI-d; Jzpfu epjp> SIDBI-d; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp> ,e;jpa
fl;likg;G epWtdk; ( TDICT) kw;Wk; gythFk;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;.
1. %yjdr; re;ijapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpthjpf;f.
1. gj;jpuq;fspd; re;ij:
gq;Ffs;> flDWjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w gj;jpuq;fs; %yjdr; re;ijapy; ifahsg;gLtjhy; ,J
gj;jpuq;fspd; re;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. tpiy:
gj;jpuq;fspd; tpiy %yjdr; re;ijapy; gj;jpuq;fspd; Njit kw;Wk; mspg;ig nghUj;J
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs;:
%yjdr; re;ijapy; <LgLgtu;fs; jdpegu;fs;> epWkq;fs; muR tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; ,ju epjp
epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
4. ,lmikT:
%yjdr; re;ijf;fhd ,lk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fl;gl;ljpy;iy vd;whYk; gq;F khw;wfk;
Nghd;w ed;F njupe;j ,lkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. epjpr; rhu;e;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; re;ij:
%yjdr; re;ij ePz;l fhy epjp rhu;e;j nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd xU Nkilia toq;FfpwJ.
2. %yjdr; re;ijapd; gy;NtW gzpfis tpsf;Ff. VNjDk; 5)
1. Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; %yjd cUthf;fk;:
%yjdr; re;ijapy; gy;NtW tifahd gj;jpuq;fs; gy;NtW Jiwiar; rhu;e;j kf;fsplkpUe;J
(jdp egu;>epWkq;fs;>muR Kjypad)Nrkpg;ig jpul;Ltw;F cjtp nra;fpd;wJ.
2. epiyahd %yjdk;:
%yjdr; re;ij / gq;F khw;wfk; epWkq;fs; epiy %yjdj;ij jpul;Ltjw;F cjtp GupfpwJ.
KjyPl;lhsu;fs; epiyahd fhyj;jpw;F jq;fSila epjpfis xg;Gtpf;f KbahJ.
3. cldb kw;Wk; njhlu;rr ; pahd re;ij:
gq;F khw;wfk; thq;Fgtu;fs; kw;Wk; tpw;gtu;fs; gj;jpuq;fis thq;f kw;Wk; tpw;gjw;F xU
trjpahd ikaj;ij toq;FfpwJ.gj;jpuq;fspy; KjyPL mjpf ePu;ikj; jd;ikia cUthf;FfpwJ.
4. gpd;jq;fpa gFjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;:
gpd; jq;fpa kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfspd; Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lq;fSf;F ePz;l fhy epjpia
toq;FfpwJ.
,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 14
 5. may;ehl;L %yjdk;:
%yjdr; re;ij may;ehl;L %yjdj;ij jpul;l cjtp GupfpwJ.
6. vspa ePu;ikj; jd;ik:
,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ijapd; Jizf; nfhz;L KjyPl;lhsu;fs; jq;fspd; gj;jpuq;if tpw;W ePu;ik
nuhf;fkhf khw;w top tif nra;fpwJ.
3. epjpr; re;ijapd; gy;NtW tifahd Gjpa epWtdq;fis tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; 5)
1. Jzpfu epjp epWtdk;:
Jzpfu %yjd epjp vd;gJ rhjhuz epjpapy; xU gFjp MFk;. ,J Gjpa jpl;lk; kw;Wk;
fz;Lgpbg;gpw;F epjp toq;Ftjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ICICI-d; Mgj;J %yjdk;> IDBI-d;
Jzpfu epjp> SIDBI-d; njhopy;El;g tsu;rr; p> ,e;jpa fl;likg;G epWtdk; ( TDICT) kw;Wk;
gythFk;.
2. gu];gu epjp:
rpW KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; Nrkpg;Gfis ngupa KjyPlhf khw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fisNa gu];gu epjp
vd;fpNwhk;. gu];gu epjp epWtdq;fs; gq;Fjhuu;fsplkpUe;J ngw;w epjpapid KjyPL nra;J me;j
KjyPl;bypUe;J ngw;w gyid gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F mspf;fpwJ.
3. Vl;Lf;fld; juF Kfik epWtdq;fs;:
tpw;gid%yk; ngw Ntz;ba ngWjy;fsp;d; mbg;gilapy; epjp epWtdq;fs; nra;Ak; epjp Vw;ghNl
Vl;Lf; fld; juF Kfik MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; nray;gLk; rpy epjp epWtdq;fshtd SBI kw;Wk;
tzpf Nritfs; SBI apd; Jiz epWtdk; kw;Wk; fhd;Ngq;f;/Ngf;lupf; ypkpnll;> fduh
tq;fpapd; Jiz epWtdk; MFk;.
4. ,e;jpa cldb gq;F khw;wfk;:
gq;Ffis ,e;jpah KOtJk; kpd;dZ %yk; tpahghuk; nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;NjhL Kjd;ik epjp
epWtdq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNj OTCEI vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; %yk; KjyPl;lhsu; kw;Wk; epjp
epWkj;jpw;F rpy gpur;rpidfs; ,Ue;j NghJk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik> tpiuthd KbT> nefpo;T
jd;ik Mfpa ed;ikfisAk; mspf;fpwJ.
5. ,e;jpa Njrpa gq;F khw;wfk; ypkpnll;:
gq;F re;ijapd; khjpupahf NSEI vd;gJ 1992 y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j re;ijapd;
Nehf;fkhdJ kpd;dZ gq;Ffis ,e;jpah KOtJK; mikj;J nfhLg;gjhFk;.
6. Njrpa jPu;tf kw;Wk; fsq;rpa mikg;G(NCDS):
gq;fpy;yh tzpf Kiwapd; fPo; gj;jpuq;fspd; jPu;Tfs; midj;Jk; gjpNtl;bd; %yNk
eilngWfpwJ.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 15

 myF 2 epjpr;re;ij – I
mj;jpahak; 6 gzr; re;ij
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. miog;G gzr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;Ak; gzj;jpw;F -------------- cld; mjpf
ePu;ikj; jd;ikia toq;FfpwJ.
m) Fiwe;j ,yhgj;jd;ik M) cau; ,yhgj;jd;ik
,) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,yhgj;jd;ik <) eLj;ju ,yhgj;jd;ik
2. gzr;re;ijapy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wk; mikg;G --------------------
m) tzpf tq;fp M) ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp ,) ghuj ];Nll; tq;fp <) ika tq;fp
3. FWfpa fhy epjp Mjhuq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gzr;re;ijapy; epWk mikg;Gfs;
ntspapLk; fld; Mtzq;fs; -------------- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) fUT+y ,urPJfs; M) tzpfj; jhs; ,) itg;Gr; rhd;wpjo; <) muRg; gj;jpuq;fs;
4. tzpf khw;Wr;rPl;Lfis thq;Ftjw;Fk; tpw;gjw;Fkhd re;ijia ------------ vd;W miof;fyhk;.
m) tzpfj;jhs; re;ij M) fUT+y ,urPJ re;ij ,) tzpf ,urPJ re;ij <) %yjdr; re;ij
5. re;ijgLj;jf; $ba cupikapyhd Mtzk;> fhyKiw itg;ghf xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Mtzj;ij --------- vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;.
m) fUT+y ,urPJ M) itg;Gr; rhd;wpjo; ,) tzpf ,urPJ <) muRg; gj;jpuq;fs;
tpilfs;:
1 m 2 m 3 M 4 , 5 M
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. itg;Gr; rhd;wpjo; re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
itg;Gr; rhd;wpjo; tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; FWfpa fhy itg;G
Mtzq;fshFk;. khw;wf;$ba jd;ik cilajhy; ,J khw;WKiw Mtz itg;Gr; rhd;wpjo;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. muRg; gj;jpuq;fs; re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
muR my;yJ jq;fKid gj;jpuq;fis thq;fTk; tpw;fTk; $ba xU re;ijf;F „muR gj;jpuq;fs;
re;ij‟ vd;W ngau;.
3. VykpLjy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
tu;j;jfu;fs; xUtu; xUtNuhL Nghl;bapLk; Kiwapy; gj;jpuq;fs; mjpfgl;r tpiyf;F tpw;f
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xU tu;j;jf KiwNa „Vyk; tpLjy;‟ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. khw;wk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
xU gj;jpuj;ij thq;Ftjw;fhf kw;nwhW gj;jpuj;ij tpw;gid nra;a nfhz;L nry;Yk;
eltbf;ifapd; xU gFjpahf ,uz;lhk; epiy re;ijapy; ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp Nkw;nfhz;l mjd;
jpwe;j re;ij nray;ghL „khWjy;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. fUT+y ,urPjpd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs; ahit? (VNjDk; 3)
fUT+y ,urPJ gpd;tUk; nghJthd ,ay;Gfis cilaJ.mit gpd;tUkhW
1. ntspapLgtu; 2. epjp ,urPJ 3. ePu;ikj; jd;ik 4. Kf;fpa Mjhuk; 5. gz Nkyhz;ik
2. gzr;re;ijapy; <LgLk; gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs; ahtu;? (VNjDk; 3)
1. gy;NtW ehLfspd; murhq;fq;fs; 6. tq;fp my;yhj epjp epWtdq;fs;
2. gy;NtW ehLfspd; ika tq;fpfs; 7. ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp kw;Wk; ghuj ];Nll; tq;fp
3. jdpahu; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw tq;fpfs; 8. tzpf tq;fpfs;
4. gu];gu epjp epWtdq;fs; 9. khepy muRfs;
5. fhg;glP ;L epWtdq;fs; 10. nghJkf;fs;

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 16

3. fUT+y ,urPjpd; tiffis tptup? (VNjDk; 3)
fhy tiuaiw mbg;gilapy; ,e;j ,urPJfs; %d;W tifahf gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mit gpd;tUkhW:
1. 91 ehl;fs; fUT+y ,urPJfs;:
91 ehl;fs; fUT+y ,urPJfs; xU epiyahd 4 rjtpj js;Sgb tpfpjj;jpy; Vyj;jpd; %yk;
ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd.
2. 182 ehl;fs; fUT+y ,urPJfs;:
182 ehl;fs; fUT+y ,urPJfis xU thuk; KOtJk; tbfl;Lk; mbg;gilapy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
3. 364 ehl;fs; fUT+y ,urPJfs;:
364 fUT+y ,urPJfs; ve;jtpj epiyahd tpfpjKk; nfhz;L nray;gLtjpy;iy.
4. tzpf ,urPjpd; tiffis tptup? (VNjDk; 3)
1. Njit kw;Wk; gad;ghl;L ,urPJ:
Njit ,urPJ vd;gJ gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd Njjp vJTk; Fwpg;gplg;glhj ,urPJ MFk;. ,e;j
,urPij itj;jpUg;gtu; jdf;F vg;nghOJ gzk; Njitg;gLfpwNjh mg;NghJ me;j ,urPJf;F
gzk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
2. Jha;ik ,urPJfs; kw;Wk; Mtz ,urPJfs;
nghUl;fspd; cupik Mtzk; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;l ,urPJfs; Mtz ,urPJfs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vfh. njhlu;tz;b ,urPJ kw;Wk; ruf;Fe;J ,urPJ
3. cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; may;ehl;L ,urPJ:
,e;jpahtpy; FbapUf;Fk; xU egUf;F ,e;jpahtpy; vOjg;gl;l kw;Wk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba ,urPJfs;
cs;ehl;L ,urPJfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. may;ehl;L ,urPJ vd;gJ ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa
vOjg;gl;L ,e;jpahtpNyh my;yJ may;ehl;bNyh nrYj;jg;gLk; ,urPJ may;ehl;L ,urPJfs;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. gzr;re;ij kw;Wk; %yjdr;re;ij ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis tptup. (VNjDk; 5)
tupir
jd;ikfs; gzr;re;ij %yjdr; re;ij
vz;
,r;re;ij xU tUl fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,r;re;ij xU tUl fhyj;jpw;Fk;
1 epjpapd; fhyk; kpfhky; elf;Fk; FWfpa fhy Nkyhd ePz;l fhy
epjpfSf;fhd re;ijahFk;. epjpfSf;fhd re;ijahFk;.
murpd; FWfpa fhy murpd; ePz;l fhyj;
2 epjp toq;fy; Njitf;fSf;fhd epjpia NjitfSf;fhd epjpia ,r;re;ij
,r;re;ij mspf;fpwJ mspf;fpwJ
tzpf khw;W Kiw Mtzq;fs;> gq;Ffs;> fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs;>
3
Mtzq;fs; fUT+yr;rPl;L kw;Wk; tzpfj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; muRg; gj;jpuq;fs;
fld; kw;Wk; re;ij Mgj;J fld; kw;Wk; re;ij Mgj;J
4 ,lu; msT
Fiwe;jsT cs;sJ mjpfsT cs;sJ
ika tq;fp jtpu nrgp Nghd;w
xOq;FgLj;Jk; ika tq;fp gzr; re;ijia
5 jdpj;j xOq;FgLj;Jk;
mikg;G fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
mikg;Gfs; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
xg;GWjp mspj;jy; Kjd;ikg; gzp xg;GWjp mspj;jy; Kjd;ikg; gzp
6 xg;GWjpaspj;jy;
my;y MFk;.

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2. gzr;re;ijapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tptup (VNjDk; 5)
1. FWfpa fhy epjpfs;
FWfpa fhy epjpfs; my;yJ gzj;jpw;F epfuhd epjp nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd Kw;wpYkhd xU re;ij
,JthFk;.
2. Kjpu;T fhyk;:
,r;re;ijapy; xU tUlj;jpw;F Fiwthd Kjpu;T fhyk; nfhz;l epjp nrhj;Jf;fs; kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3. gzkhf khw;WtJ:
cldbahf gzkhf khw;wpaikf;ff; $ba epjpr; nrhj;Jf;fis kl;LNk ,r;re;ijapy; ,og;G
,y;yhky; Fiwe;j gl;r guptu;j;jid nrytpy; gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ
4. Kiwahd ,lkpy;iy:
nghJthf guptu;j;jidfs; njhiyNgrp mjhtJ tha;nkhop njhlu;G %ykhf eilngWfpd;wd.
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; vOjg;gl;l jfty; njhlu;Gfs; gpd;du; gupkhwpf; nfhs;syhk;.
%yjdr; re;ijapy; cs;sJ Nghy; gq;Fr; re;ijapy; xU Kiwahd ,lkpy;iy.
5. Jiz re;ijfs;:
,J xU xw;iwj; jd;ikAs;s re;ij my;y. ,J jdpj;jdp rpwg;Gila gy Jizr; re;ijfspd;
njhFg;ghFk;. vfh: miog;G gzr;re;ij> Vw;Gr;re;ij kw;Wk; khw;WKiw Mtz re;ijfs;.
6. re;ijapd; gq;F:
kj;jpa tq;fp> tzpf tq;fpfs; my;yhj epjp epWtdq;fs;> js;Sgbafk; kw;Wk; Vw;gfq;fs;> gzr;
re;ijapd; $WfshFk;.
5. muRg; gj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis tptup. (VNjDk; 5)
1. Kfikfs;:
kj;jpa muR> khepy muRfs; murhq;f mikg;Gf;F ,izahd mikg;Gfs; Nghd;w mjhtJ
cs;Su; muR mikg;Gfs; cjhuzkhf efuhl;rpfs; > khefuhl;rpfs; > JiwKfq;fs; Nghd;w
jd;dhl;rp mikg;Gfs;> kw;Wk; gpw mikg;Gfs; Nghd;w Kftu;fspd; %yk; muR gj;jpuq;fs;
ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd.
2. ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fpapd; rpwg;G gzp:
,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp muR gj;jpuq;fs; thq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;tjpy; Kf;fpa
gq;fhw;WfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf gz Nkyhz;ikapy; rpwg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ.
3. gj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;G:
muR gj;jpuq;fs; cj;juthjkhf tl;b toq;Ftjhy; mjpy; KjyPL nra;tJ ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk;
NkYk; muNr Kjd;ik njhifia jpUk;g nrYj;Jtjhy; Kw;wpYk; ghJfhg;G jd;ik
nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
4. gzg; Gof;f tpguk;:
jq;f Kid gj;jpuq;fs; gy tif ePu;ikj;jd;ik nfhz;lit mjd;gb kj;jpa murhy;
toq;fg;gl;l gj;jpuq;fs; mjpf ePu;ik jd;ik nfhz;ljhy; mjd; gzg; Gof;fk; mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk;.
5. tuptpyf;F:
KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F gue;j mstpy; tuptpyf;F mspg;gJ ,e;j muR gj;jpuqq;fspd; Kf;fpa
mk;rkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,e;j gj;jpuq;fs; ,e;j ed;ikf;fhfNt kpfTk; gpugykhdjhf cs;sJ.
6. re;ij:
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;ik kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy re;ij Mfpa ,uz;L re;ijfspYk; muR
gj;jpuq;fs; re;ijg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
7. Vyk; tpLjy;:tu;j;jfu;fs; xUtu; xUtNuhL Nghl;bapLk; Kiwapy; gj;jpuq;fs; mjpfgl;r
tpiyf;F tpw;f Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xU tu;j;jf KiwNa „Vyk; tpLjy;‟ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

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 myF 3 epjpr;re;ij – II
mj;jpahak; 7 gq;F khw;wfk;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. ----------------- ,JNt cyfpd; goikahd gq;Fr; re;ijahFk;.
m) ,yz;ld; gq;Fr; re;ij M) gk;gha; gq;Fr; re;ij
,) Njrpa gq;Fr; re;ij <) Mk;];lu;lhd; gq;Fr; re;ij
2. ehl;by; ------------------ gq;Fr; re;ijfs; cs;sd.
m) 21 M) 24 ,) 20 <) 25
3. jd;tzpfu; gq;Fr;re;ijapy; <LgLtJ
m) mtu;fspd; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;fhf M) jdJ nrhe;j eltbf;iffSf;fhf
,) kw;w jufu;fSf;fhf <) kw;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhf
4. ek;gpf;ifaw;w Cf tzpfu;fs; vd;gtu;
m) khd; M) fub ,) fhis <) thj;J
5. ek;gpf;ifAs;s tzpfu; vd;gtu;
m) fhis M) fub ,) khd; <) thj;J
tpilfs;:
1 < 2 M 3 M 4 M 5 m
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. gq;F re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
gq;Fr; re;ij vd;gJ ngUepWtd kw;Wk; gpw gj;jpuq;fis thq;Ftjw;Fk; tpw;gid nra;tjw;Fk;
xU xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l re;ijahFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s VNjDk; 5 gq;Fr; re;ijfisf; gw;wp vOJf.
1. jp ghk;Ng gq;Fr;re;ij 2. mfkjhghj; gq;Fr; re;ij rq;fk; ypkpnll;
3. ngq;fSU gq;F re;ij ypkpnll; 4. GtNd];tu; gq;Fr; re;ij
5. fy;fj;jh gq;F guptu;j;jid rq;fk; ypkpnll;
3. Jizj; jufu; vd;gtu; ahu;?
Jizj; jufu; vd;gtu; gq;F khw;wfj;jpd; cWg;gpdupd; Kftuhff; nray;gLthu;. jd;id mku;j;jpa
Kjy;tUf;F mjhtJ cWg;gpdUf;F tpahghuj;ijg; ngw;Wj; je;J mjw;fhff; fopT ngWthu;.
4. jufu; vd;W ahiu miof;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;?
jufu;fs;> fopT Kftu; Mtu;. gj;jpuq;fis thq;Fgtu;fSf;Fk; tpw;gtu;fSf;FkpilNa
,ilepiyau;fshfj; jufu;fs; nray;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; jdf;fhfg; gj;jpuq;fis thq;fp
tpw;gjpy;iy. jufu;fs; gj;jpuq;fis thq;Fgtu;fisAk; tpw;gid nra;fpd;w jd; tzpfu;fisAk;
xd;whf ,izj;J Nguk; Kbtila cjTfpd;wdu;. ,t;Tjtpf;fhf ,U jug;gpduplkpUe;Jk; fopT
ngWtu;.
5. Cf tzpfu;fspd; tiffs; ahit?
1. fhis 2. fub 3. fiykhd; 4. Klthj;J
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. gq;Fr; re;ijapd; FiwghLfis tptup (VNjDk; 3)
1. gq;F guptu;j;jidapd; rPuhd kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhjJ.
2. gq;Fr; re;ijfspd; cWg;gpdu; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhjJ.
3. MNuhf;fpakw;w Cfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F Njhy;tp.
4. xU ,lj;jpy; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fl;lzk; tR+ypf;f mDkjpf;fpwJ.
5. gq;F guptu;j;jidapd; tpspk;G Njitfs; my;yJ cw;gj;jpr; re;ijfspd; tp\aj;jpy;
typAWj;Jtjpy;iy.
6. gq;F khw;wfq;fspy; gq;Ffis gl;baypl rupahd xOq;F Kiwfs; ,y;iy.

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2. fhis kw;Wk; fub – tpsf;Ff
fhis
1. gj;jpuq;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; tpiyNaw;wk; ngWk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w Cf tzpfu; fhis my;yJ
nj[pthyh vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
2. ,tu; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mjpf tpiyapy; gj;jpuq;fis tpw;f ,aYk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; jw;NghJ
gj;jpuq;fis thq;f Kidfpwhu;.
3. ,tu; vy;yhk; ed;ikf;fhfNt eilngWk; vd;w kdg;ghq;F nfhz;ltu;.
fub
1. fub my;yJ kz;bthyh vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Cf tzpfu; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l gj;jpuq;fspd;
tpiyfs; tPo;rr ; p milAk; vd;W vz;Zgtu;.
2. xU fub nghJthf jd;Dila vjpupiaj; jiuapy; js;sp mOj;JfpwJ. mJNghy xU fub
CftzpfUk; gq;F re;ijapy; gq;Ffspd; tpiyiaf; fPNo js;Stjw;F Ntz;ba
eltbf;iffspy; <LgLfpwhu;.
3. xU fub Cf tzpfu; vjpYk; gpd;Ndhf;fpa kdg;ghq;F nfhz;ltu;.
3. khd; kw;Wk; Klthj;J – tpsf;Ff.
fiykhd;:
1. fiykhd; Cf tzpfu; Kd;ndr;rupf;if cilatu;. xU epWkj;jpd; gq;Ffs; Kidkj;jpy;
tpw;fg;gLk; vd;W mwpe;jTld; Gjpa tpLg;Gfspy; gq;F Nfhup tpz;zg;gk; nra;thu.;
2. jdf;F gq;Ffs; xJf;fg;gl;lhy; mtw;iw Kidkk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L tpw;WtpLthu;.
3. mtu; Kidk Ntl;ilahsu; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
Klthj;J:
1. jw;Nghija> jk; eltbf;iffspy; cs;s ,lu;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjpy; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w xU
fub Cf tzpfNu Kl thj;J vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
2. fub Cf tzpfu; gpd;du; nfhLg;gjw;fhfj; jw;NghJ gj;jpuq;fis tpw;ghu;.
3. Mdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy; gq;Ffis itj;Js;s vtUk; tpw;f tpUk;ghjjhy; ve;j tpiyapYk;
thq;Ftjw;fhf ve;j xU gq;Fk; fpilf;fhky; %iyapy; Klf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Ug;ghu;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. gq;Fr; re;ij gzpfis tptup? (VNjDk; 5)
1. cldb kw;Wk; njhlu;rr ; pahd re;ij:
xU KjyPl;lhsu; jdJ gj;jpuq;fis tpw;f tpUk;gpdhy;> mtu; vspjpy; tpiuthf gq;Fr;
re;ijfspy; mtw;iw tpw;gidr; nra;ayhk.;
2. gj;jpuq;fs; rupahd kjpg;gPL:
gj;jpuq;fs; thq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; tpiyfs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;L nghJ kf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j tpiyfs; “re;ij Nkw;Nfhs;fs;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
3. KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F ghJfhg;G:
xU gq;F guptu;j;jidapy; midj;J xg;ge;jq;fq;fSk; ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs; kw;Wk;
xOq;F KiwfSf;F Vw;g cs;sd
4. %yjdj;ij rupahd Kiwapy; topg;gLj;Jjy;:
jdp egu;fspd; Nrkpg;G xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; ey;y ,yhgj;ij mwptpf;Fk;
epWtdq;fSf;F cWjpaspf;fpwJ.
5. %yjd cUthf;fj;jpw;fhd cjtp:
gq;F re;ij gupkhw;wk; gy;NtW njhopy;Jiw gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tpiyfs; mtu;fspd;
nfhs;Kjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gidf;F toq;fpa trjpfs; Mfpatw;iw kf;fSf;F Nrkpj;J>KjyPL
nra;a Jhz;LfpwJ.
6. Cf tzpfj;jpw;fhd trjpfs;:
Cf tzpfj;jpd; tpiythf gj;jpuq;fspd; Njit kw;Wk; toq;fy; rkkhfpwJ.

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2. gq;Fr; re;ij jd;ikfis tptup? (VNjDk; 5)
1. gj;jpuq;fSf;fhd re;ij:
gq;F guptu;j;jid vd;gJ xU re;ij> ,J ngUepWtdq;fs;> muR kw;Wk; muRf;F ,izahd
epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; gj;jpuq;fs; thq;fg;gl;L tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
2. kWtpw;gid gj;jpuq;fSf;fhd re;ij:
,J Vw;fdNt ntspaplg;gl;l my;yJ kWtpw;gid gj;jpuq;fis ifahSfpwJ. vdNt ,J
,uz;lhk; epiy re;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. gj;jpu tu;j;jfj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jjy;:
Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; ntspg;gilahd tu;j;jfj;ij cWjp nra;tjw;fhf tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis
gq;F khw;wfk; xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.
4. gl;bayplg;gl;l gj;jpuq;fspy; kl;Lk; tzpf eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjpaspj;jy;:
cz;ikapy; gq;F khw;wfk; mYty; gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; gj;jpuq;fis kl;LNk thq;fp
tpw;f mDkjpaspf;fpwJ.
5. cWg;gpdu;fshy; kl;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;:
gq;F khw;wfj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; midj;J eltbf;iffSk; mjd; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l jufu;fs;
kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs; %ykhf kl;LNk nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
6. kj;jpa murpd; mq;fPfhuk;:
gq;F khw;wfk; vd;gJ xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l re;ijahFk;.murpd; mq;ff P huk; ,jw;F Njitg;gLfpwJ.

3. gq;Fr; re;ij – nghUl;fs; gupkhw;wfk; NtWghL fhz;f. (VNjDk; 5)

t.
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; gq;F guptu;j;jid gz;lkhw;W guptu;j;jid
vz;
gq;Fr; re;ij vd;gJ njhopy;Jiw
xU gz;l gupkhw;wk; vd;gJ
kw;Wk; epjpag; ghJfhg;gpd;
1 nghUs; gz;lq;fs; tu;j;jfk; nra;ag;gLk;
nfhs;Kjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gidf;fhd
gupkhw;wkhFk;.
xU xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l re;ij.
gj;jpuq;fSf;F Njit Vw;gLj;Jjy;
my;yJ gj;jpuq;fSf;F tpiyf;
2 gzpfs; vspjhf re;ijgLj;jiy toq;Fjy;
fhg;gL
P Nritfs; kw;Wk; ePu;ikj;
jd;ik Vw;gLj;Jjy;
jahupg;ghsu;fs;> Kftu;fs;
KjyPll ; hsu;fs; kw;Wk; Cf
3 gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs; epWtdq;fspd; tpahghupfs; kw;Wk;
tzpfu;fs;
Cftzpfu;fs;
vjpu;fhy re;ij xg;ge;jq;fSf;fhd
nuhf;fk;> cldb toq;fy; kw;Wk;
xg;ge;jq;fspd; 2 my;yJ 3 khjq;fs; fhy
4 gjpide;J ehl;fSf;fhd xg;ge;j
fhyk; nrYj;Jif kw;Wk; cldb gz
fzf;F
xg;ge;jq;fs;
gq;Ffs;> gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk;
Mtzq;fs; ePbj;j juk; tha;e;j nghUl;fs;
5 murhq;f gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wit
tu;j;jfk; kl;LNk re;igLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
re;ijgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
xU gue;j> jahuhf> ePu;ik kw;Wk; Cf tzpfk; vd;gJ tpiy
6 Cf tzpfk; njhlu;r;rpahd gj;jpuq;fs; ,lu;ghl;bd; <u;g;G cj;Njrj;ij
tpw;gidia cWjpgLj;Jfpd;wd. cWjp nra;fpwJ.

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 myF 3 epjpr;re;ij – II
mj;jpahak; 8 ,e;jpag; gj;jpu kw;Wk; khw;wfq;fspd; thupak; (SEBI)
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpa gj;jpuq;fs; kw;;Wk; gupkhw;w thupak; (SEBI) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L ---
m) 1988 M) 1992 ,) 1995 <) 1998
2. nrgpapd; jiyikafk; ---------------- MFk;.
m) fy;fj;jh M) Kk;ig ,) nrd;id <) jpy;yp
3. $l;L KjyPl;L jpl;lq;fspd; nray;ghl;il gjpT nra;jy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; ------------
vdg;gLfpwJ.
m) gu];gu epjpfs; M) gl;bay;
,) kW Gwj;Njhw;wkw;w gj;jpuq;fs; <) Gwj; Njhw;wkw;w gj;jpuq;fs;
4. xt;nthU gq;Fr; re;ijapd; Ml;rpf; FOtpy; -------------cWg;gpdu;fis epakpf;Fk; nghUl;L
epjp mikr;rfk; nrgpaplk; mjpfhuk; mspf;fpwJ.
m) 5 M) 3 ,) 6 <) 7
5. Njrpa gq;Fr; re;ijapy; Gwj;Njhw;wkw;w gj;jpu tu;j;jfk; njhlq;fpa Mz;L ------ MFk;.
m) [dtup 1996 M) [Pd; 1998 ,) brk;gu; 1996 <) brk;gu; 1998
tpilfs;:
1 m 2 M 3 m 4 M 5 ,

II.,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. nrgp gw;wpa rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
ekJ %yjd re;ijia xOq;FgLj;jTk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; ,e;jpahtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cau;
mikg;G ,e;jpag; gj;jpu kw;Wk; khw;wfq;fspd; thupak; (nrgp) MFk;. ,J ,e;jpa murhy; 1988 y;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; 1992 Mk; Mz;by; rl;lKiw mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ.
nrgp Kk;igapy; cs;s ghe;jpuhFu;yh tshfj;jpd; tzpf khtl;lj;jpy; mjd; jiyikafk; cs;sJ.
2. nrgpapd; ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fis vOJf.
1. gq;F guptu;j;jidfspd; xOq;FKiw:
nrgpapd; Kjy; Nehf;fk; gq;Fr; re;ijia xOq;FgLj;JtjhFk;> vdNt mq;F nray;gLk; vy;yh
jug;gpdUf;Fk; jpwikahd Nritfs; toq;fg;glyhk;.
2. KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F ghJfhg;G:
KjyPl;lhsu;fs; ,y;yhj epiyapy; %yjdr; re;ij mu;j;jkw;wjhFk;. vdNt KjyPll ; hsu;fspd;
eyd;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ Kf;fpak;.
3. nrgpapd; jiyikafk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
1. nrgp Kk;igapy; cs;s ghe;jpuhFu;yh tshfj;jpd; tzpf khtl;lj;jpy; mjd; jiyikafk;
cs;sJ.
2. NkYk; GJjpy;yp> fy;fj;jh> nrd;id kw;Wk; m`kjhghj;jpy; tlf;F> fpof;F> njw;F kw;Wk;
Nkw;F gpuhe;jpa mYtyfq;fs; cs;sd.
4. gy;NtW milahs Mjhuq;fs;; ahit?
1. epue;ju fzf;F vz; 2. thf;fhsu; milahs ml;il 3. Xl;Leu; cupkk;
4. tq;fp nry;NyL 5. tUkhd tup gbtq;fs; 6. kpd;fl;lz urPJ
7. njhiyNgrpf; fl;lz urPJ 8. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRj; Jiwfs; toq;fpa Gifg;glk; xl;ba
milahsr; rhd;wpjo; 9. rl;l uPjpahd my;yJ xOq;FKiw Mtzq;fs;>
10. fy;Yhupfs;> ,e;jpa gl;laf; fzf;fhsu;fs; rq;fk;> ,e;jpa mlf;ftpiy fzf;fhsu;fs; rq;fk;>
epWkr; nrayhsu;fs; rq;fk;> ghu;fTd;rpy; Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; toq;fpa Gifg;glk;
xl;ba milahsr; rhd;wpjo;fs; Mfpait MFk;.

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III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. Gwj;Njhw;wkw;w gj;jpuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
1. Gwj;Njhw;wkw;w gj;jpuq;fs; cUthf;fk; vd;gJ epWtdg;gjpthsuhy; fhfpj tbtpyhd gq;Fr;
rhd;wpjio mopj;J Gwj;Njhw;wkpy;yhj tifapy; gj;jpuq;fshf khw;wy; vd;gjhFk;.
2. gpd;du; mjw;Fr; rkkhd vz;zpf;ifapyhd gj;jpuq;fs; itg;Gjhuuhy; KjyPlL ; jhuu;fspd;
fzf;fpy; tuT itf;fg;gLk;.
3. KjyPll ; hsu;fspd; Ntz;LNfhspd;Ngupy; Gwj;Njhw;wkw;w gj;jpuq;fshf cUkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
2. Gwj;Njhw;wkw;w gj;jpu fzf;fpw;F Njitg;gLk; Mtzq;fis $Wf.
1. Gwj;Njhw;wkw;w fzf;if njhlq;f kw;Wk; mjDld; Njitahd Mtz efy;fisAk; ,izj;J
mj;Jld; gh];Nghu;l; msT Gifg;glj;ij rku;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. NkYk; epue;ju fzf;F vz; ml;il itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. NkYk; rupghu;g;gpw;F milahs ml;il kw;Wk; Kftupr; rhd;wpjo; mry; Mtzq;fis vLj;Jr;
nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
3. nrgp mikg;gpd; fl;likg;Gis tiuf.

IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. nrgpapd; gzpfis tptup. (VNjDk; 5)
1. NghJkhd fy;tp kw;Wk; topfhl;ly; %yk; KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; eyd;fis ghJfhf;fpwJ.
2. gq;Fr; re;ijfspy; tpahghuj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;>jufu;fs; kw;Wk;
Jizj; jufu;fs; MfpNahu; epjpr; re;ijapy; gjpT nra;tJ fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. gj;jpuq;fspy; cs;top tu;j;jfj;ij jil nra;fpwJ.
4. gq;F re;ijfspy; nray;gLk; epjp ,ilj;jufu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Nkhrbahd kw;Wk;
epahakw;w Kiwfis jilnra;fpwJ.
5. gj;jpuq;fs; re;ijAld; njhlu;G gLj;jf;$ba gy;NtW ,ilj;jufu;fs; MfpNahupd; gjpT kw;Wk;
6. epjp ,ilj;jufu;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd gapw;rp mspj;jy;.
2. nrgpapd; mjpfhuq;fis tptup. (VNjDk; 5)
1. gq;Fr; re;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufu;fs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;:
gj;jpu tzpfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gq;F khw;wfq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufu;fsplk; nrgp gue;j
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.Ma;T kw;Wk; $u;e;jha;T kw;Wk; gpwNehf;fj;jpw;fhf tzpf
guptu;j;jidfspy; gq;Fr; re;ij kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufu;fsplkpUe;J jftiyf; Nfl;fyhk;.
2. ehza mguhjq;fis tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;:
%yjdr; re;ij ,ilj;jufu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs; kPJ tuk;G kPwy;fSf;F ehza
mguhjq;fis Rkj;Jtjw;F nrgp mjpfhuj;jpw;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. gzpaplq;fspy; nray;ghLfis njhlq;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
nrgp xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s gzpfs; Fwpj;J eltbf;iffis Muk;gpf;f xU mjpfhuk; cz;L.
4. gj;jpuq;fspy; cs;tzpfj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuk;:
cs;top tu;j;jfj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; my;yJ tzpf tq;fpau;fspd; gzpfis
xOq;FgLj;Jk; mjpfhuq;fis nrgp nfhz;Ls;sJ.

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 5. gj;jpu xg;ge;e rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cs;s mjpfhuk;:
gq;Fr;re;ij jpwk;gl xOq;FgLj;j epjp mikr;rfk; gj;jpuq;fs; xg;ge;jq;fs; (xOq;Ftpjpfs;)
rl;lj;jpd;fPo; gy;NtW mjpfhuq;fis nrgpf;F 13 nrg;lk;gu; 1994 md;W xU mwptpj;jy; %yk;
toq;fpAs;sJ.
6. gq;Fr; re;ij tzpfj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jk; mjpfhuk;:
gj;jpur; re;ij kw;Wk; gu];gu epjpAld; njhlu;Gila ,ilepiyau;fs;>Nkhrbahd kw;Wk;
Kiwaw;w tpahghu nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; xUq;fpizg;G Nghd;w xOq;FgLj;Jk;
mjpfhuq;fis nrgp nfhz;Ls;sJ.

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 myF 4 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik
mj;jpahak; - 9 kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;bd; mbg;gilfs;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. kdpj tsk; vd;gJ xU ----------- nrhj;J.
m) fz;Zf;F GydhFk; M) fz;Zf;F Gydhfh ,) epiyahd <) elg;G
2. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ -------------------- kw;Wk; ------------------- MFk;.
m) mwptpay; kw;Wk; fiy M) Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; eilKiw
,) tuyhW kw;Wk; Gtpapay; <) NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l vJTk; ,y;iy
3. jpl;lkply; vd;gJ -------------------- nray;ghL MFk;.
m) Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l M) gutyhd / CLUtyhd
,) m kw;Wk; M ,uz;Lk; <) NkNy cs;s vJTk; ,y;iy
4. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik ---------------------------- cwtpid epu;zapf;fpwJ.
m) mf> Gw M) Kjyhsp> njhopyhsp ,) cupikahsu;> Ntiyf;fhud; <) Kjy;tu;> Kftu;
5. gzpahsu; Row;rp tPjk; vd;gJ epWtdj;jpy; gzpahsu;fspd; epiy---------nghOJ Vw;gLfpwJ.
m) epWtdj;jpw;Fs; cs;Ns tUk; M) epWtdj;ij tpl;L ntspNa nry;Yk;
,) rk;gsk; gpur;ridapd; <) NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l vJTk; ,y;iy
tpilfs;:
1 M 2 m 3 M 4 M 5 M
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik vd;why; vd;d?
kdpj tsj;ij epu;tfpf;Fk; Nkyhz;ikapd; fpisNa kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; ,ay;Gfspy; VNjDk; ,uz;L $Wf.
1. cyfytpy; nghUj;jkhdJ:
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik cyfstpy; nghUe;jf; $bajhf cs;sJ.
2. ,yf;F rk;ge;jkhdJ:
xU epWtdj;jpy; cs;s kdpj tsj;ij rpwe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; me;epWtdj;jpd;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltJ rhj;jpakhfpwJ.
3. kdpj tsj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfspy; VNjDk; ,uz;il Fwpg;gpLf.
1. cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xNu fhuzpahf kdpj tsk; jpfo;fpwJ.
2. gpw midj;J tsq;fisAk; kdpj tsk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
3. gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l gzpahsu;fisf; nfhz;lNj jtpu kdpj tsk; vd;gJ gzpahsu; my;y.
4. kdpj tsq;fs; czu;rr ; pg;G+u;tkhdit.
4. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; Nkyhz;ik gzpfs; vd;ndd;d?
Nkyhz;ikg; gzpfs;: 1. jpl;lkpLjy; 2. mikj;jy; 3. ,af;Ftpj;jy; 4. fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
,af;fg; gzpfs;: 1. jpul;Ljy; 2. mgptpUj;jp 3. ,og;gPL jf;f itj;jy;
4. xUq;fpizj;jy; 5. epu;tfpg;G
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; tiutpyf;fzk; jUf.
Nly; Nahlu; mtu;fspd; fUj;jpd;gb kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ “Ntiy tha;g;gpy; kdpj
tsj;jpd; gad;ghL kw;Wk; mjd; tsu;rr ; p> jpl;lkpLjypy; jpwd;kpf;f gbepiyfs; kw;Wk;
gad;ghl;bid ,af;Fjy; MFk;”. (my;yJ)
<.vg;.vy;.g;nur;
mtu;fspd; thu;j;ijfspy; kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ “epu;thf nray;ghl;bd; xU
gFjpahFk;.NkYk; mit xU epWtdj;jpd; kdpjf; $Wfis Kjd;ikahf fUj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;sJ”.

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2. kdpj tsq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; ahit? (VNjDk; 3)
1. cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xNu fhuzpahf kdpj tsk; jpfo;fpwJ.
2. gpw midj;J tsq;fisAk; kdpj tsk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
3. gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l gzpahsu;fisf; nfhz;lNj jtpu kdpj tsk; vd;gJ gzpahsu; my;y.
4. kdpj tskhdJ fz;Lgpbg;G kw;Wk; gilg;ghw;wy; Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
5. kdpj tsq;fs; jdpahf rpe;jpf;fTk;> nray;glTk;> gFg;gha;T nra;aTk;>kw;Wk; tpsf;fTk; KbAk;.
6. kdpj tsq;fs; czu;rr ; pg; G+u;tkhdit.
3. kdpj tsj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d? (VNjDk; 3)
1. kdpj tsj;jpd; %ykhf kl;LNk kw;w midj;J tsq;fSk; jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
2. xU epWtdj;jpd; epiyahd tsu;rr ; p Kf;fpa tskhd kdpj tsj;ij rhu;e;Js;sJ.
3. njhopy;Jiw cwTfs; kdpj tsj;ij rhu;e;Js;sJ.
4. kdpj tsq;fs; %ykhf kl;LNk kdpj cwTfs; rhj;jpakhfpwJ.
5. kdpj tskhdJ gpw midj;J cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfisAk; epu;tfpf;fpwJ.
6. gapw;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fspd; %yk; kdpj tsq;fspd; jpwid Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. kdpj tsj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; 5;)
1. cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xNu fhuzpahf kdpj tsk; jpfo;fpwJ.
2. gpw midj;J tsq;fisAk; kdpj tsk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
3. gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l gzpahsu;fisf; nfhz;lNj jtpu kdpj tsk; vd;gJ gzpahsu; my;y.
4. kdpj tskhdJ fz;Lgpbg;G kw;Wk; gilg;ghw;wy; Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
5. kdpj tsq;fs; jdpahf rpe;jpf;fTk;> nray;glTk;> gFg;gha;T nra;aTk;>kw;Wk; tpsf;fTk; KbAk;.
6. kdpj tsq;fs; czu;rr ; pg; G+u;tkhdit.
7. epjpAld; my;yJ epjpapy;yhkYk; kdpj tsq;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;glyhk;.
8. kdpj tsq;fspd; elj;ijfis Cfpf;f KbahJ.
9. kdpj tsq;fs; efUk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
10. kdpj tskhdJ xU FOthf nray;glyhk;.
2. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff (VNjDk; 5;)
1. kdpj rf;jp Njitfis milahsk; fhZjy;:
xU epWtdj;jpy; kdpj Njitfisj; jPu;khdpg;gJ vd;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhd xU KjyPlL ;
KiwahFk;.
2. khw;wq;fis ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;:
khw;wk; vd;gJ ve;j mikg;gpYk; epiyahdJ kw;Wk; ,e;j khw;wj;ij epWtdj;jpy; jpwd;gl
mwpKfg;gLj;j kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik xU Kftuhf nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. kdpj rf;jpapd; rupahd Njitia cWjp nra;jy;:
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; %ykhf epWtdj;jpy; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; gzpahsu;fs; gw;whf;Fiw
my;yJ cgup Vw;glhjthW ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4. rupahd Ntiyf;F rupahd egiu Nju;e;njLj;jy;:
rupahd Ntiyf;F rupahd jFjpAila egu;fis kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhy;
epWtdj;jpy; FiwjFjp my;yJ kpifjFjp cila gzpahsu;fs; ,y;yhj epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.
5. gzpahsu;fspd; nray; jpwid kjpg;gpLjy;:
kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik eltbf;iffs; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; gzpahsu;fspd;
nray;jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;tjhy; ed;F gzpGupNthupd; jpwid mjpfupj;J Cf;fkspf;f KbfpwJ.
6. Nghl;b ed;ikfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;:
epWtdq;fs; jFjptha;e;j kw;Wk; Nghl;br; R+oiy vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gzpahsu;fis nfhz;bUe;jhy;
kl;LNk cyfshtpa Nghl;br; re;ijapd; ed;ikia cz;ikapy; ngw KbAk;.

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3. kdpj ts Nkyhz;ikapd; nray; gzpfis tpthjpf;fTk;.
1. jpul;Ljy;:
Ntiyg; gFg;gha;T> kdpj ts jpl;lkply;> Ml;Nru;g;G> Nju;T> Ntiytha;g;G> gzpkhw;wk; kw;Wk;
gjtp cau;T Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; kdpj tsj;ij <u;fF ; k; nraiy Fwpf;fpwJ.
2. tsu;r;rp:
nray;jpwd; kjpg;gpLjy;> gapw;rp> nrayjpfhup tsu;rr
; p> njhopy; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; tsu;rr
; p> epWtd
tsu;rr; p Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ mgptpUj;jpahFk;.
3. Cjpak;:
,J Ntiy kjpg;gPL> Cjpak; kw;Wk; rk;gs epu;thfk;> Cf;fj;njhif> NkYhjpak;> tpspk;G
eyd;fs; kw;Wk; r%f ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4. Copau;fis jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;:
Rfhjhu kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G eyd;>r%f ghJfhg;G> Ntiy jpUg;jp kw;Wk; Ntiyapdhy; Vw;gLk;
tho;f;ifj; juj;jpd; %yk; ,J rhj;jpakhfpwJ.
5. xUq;fpizj;jy;:
jdpg;gl;l tpUg;gpw;Fk; epWtd tpUg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpy;
cs;s nray;ghLfis ,r;nrhy; Fwpf;fpwJ.
6. guhkupg;G:
gzpahsu;fs; jpUg;jpAld; gzpahw;w gzpahsu; Ntiyia tpl;L nry;tij Fiwj;jy;> kdpj
tsj;ij fzf;fpy; nfhs;sy;> jzpf;if kw;Wk; Muha;rr ; p Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; gzpahsu;fis
guhkupg;gij ,r;nrhy; Fwpf;fpwJ.

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 myF 4 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik
mj;jpahak; 10 Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwfs;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ ----------------- milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhd nray;Kiw MFk;.
m) rupahd Ntiyf;F rupahd egu; M) ed;F nrayhf;Fgtu;
,) rupahd egu; <) NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l vJTk; ,y;iy
2. Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ ----------------- kw;Wk; ----------------- f;F ,ilNa ghykhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
m) Ntiy NjLgtu; kw;Wk; Ntiy toq;Feu; M) Ntiy NjLgtu; kw;Wk; Kftu;
,) Ntiy toq;Feu; kw;Wk; cupikahsu; <) cupikahsu; kw;Wk; Ntiyf;fhud;
3. tpsk;guk; vd;gJ xU -------------------- Ml;Nru;g;G tskhFk;.
m) mf tsq;fs; M) Gw tsq;fs; ,) Kftu; <) Gwj;jpwdPl;ly;
4. gzp khw;wk; vd;gJ xU ------------- Ml;Nru;g;G tskhFk;.
m) mf tsq;fs; M) Gw tsq;fs;
,) Gwj;jpwdPl;ly; <) NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l vJTk; ,y;iy
5. ,iza top Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ ------------- %yNk rhj;jpak;.
m) fzpdp M) ,izak; ,) mfd;w tupir <) 4 [p
tpilfs;:
1 m 2 m 3 M 4 m 5 M
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Ml;Nru;g;gpd; nghUs; jUf.
xU epWtdj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW gzpaplq;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd egu;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; gzp
nray;Kiw Ml;Nru;g;G vdg;gLfpwJ.
2. gjtp cau;T vd;why; vd;d?
gzp %g;G kw;Wk; jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; gzpahsu;fs; epWtd mikg;gpd; gbepiyapy; cs;s
fPo;kl;l epiyapypUe;J Nky;kl;l epiyf;F nrd;W gzp Gupa tha;g;G mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt
gjtp cau;T vdg;gLk;.
3. mf ts Ml;Nru;g;gpd; VNjDk; ,uz;il $Wf.
1. ,lkhw;wk; 2. Nkk;gLj;Jjy; 3. gjtp cau;T 4. gjtp ,wf;fk;
4. Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwapy; Ntl;ilahLjy; vd;why; vd;d?
epWtdq;fs; jq;fsJ nrhe;j gzpahsu;fSf;F gapw;rpfs; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghLfs; toq;Ftjw;F gjpyhf
Nghl;b epWtdq;fspy; cs;s gzpahsu;fSf;F epjp kw;Wk; epjp rhuhj rYiffis $Ljyhf
toq;fp mg;gzpahsu;fis ftu;e;J gzpapy; mku;j;JfpwJ. ,J ftu;jy; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
my;yJ jpwikahdtu;fis Ntl;ilahLjy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz;fs;:
1. Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwapy; Nfhug;glhj tpz;zg;gq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
epWtdq;fs; fhypg;gzpaplq;fs; Fwpj;J vt;tpj mwptpg;Gk; nra;ahj epiyapy; Ntiy NjLNthu;
jd;dpr;irahf Ntiy Ntz;b tpz;zg;gpj;j tpz;zg;gq;fis Njitg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; epWtdk;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,tu;fs; NtW epWtdq;fspy; gzp Gupayhk; my;yJ NjLNthuhf
,Uf;fyhk;.
2. Ntiytha;g;G ,izajsq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
epWtdq;fs; Ntiytha;g;G ,izajsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jhq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; jFjpAila
gzpahsu;fis Nju;T nra;J fhypaplq;fis G+u;j;jp nra;ayhk;. ,jw;fhfNt Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
,iza jsq;fisNa Ntiytha;g;G ,iza jsq;fs; vd;fpNwhk;.
3. Ml;Nru;g;Gr; nray;ghl;by; cs;s Gwj;jpwdPl;ly; gbepiyfis $Wf.
1. Njitfis Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; 2. tpsk;guk; & %yk; 3. jpiuaply; / $u;e;jha;T 4. rupghu;j;jy;
5. Ratptuk; rku;gpj;jy; 6. Neu;Kfk; nray;Kiw & fUj;jspg;G 7. Nju;T & gpd;njhlu;jy;

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IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwapy; cs;s mftsq;fis tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; 5)
gpd; tUgitfs; Ml;Nru;g;gpd; mf tsq;fshFk;.
1. ,lkhw;wk;:
xU Jiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; cgupg; gzpahsu;fis gw;whf;Fiw cs;s kw;w JiwfSf;F gzp
khw;wk; nra;tjd; %yk; fhypg;gzpaplq;fSf;F Njitahd gzpahsu;fis vspikahd topapy;
epug;gyhk;.
2. Nkk;gLj;Jjy;:
gzpahsu;fs; fPo; kl;l epiyapypUe;J Nky;kl;l epiy Nehf;fp nry;y nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPl;L
Kiw cjTfpwJ.
3. gjtp cau;T:
gzp %g;G kw;Wk; jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; gzpahsu;fs; epWtd mikg;gpd; gbepiyapy; cs;s
fPo;kl;l epiyapypUe;J Nky;kl;l epiyf;F nrd;W gzp Gupa tha;g;G mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt
gjtp cau;T vdg;gLk;.
4. gjtp ,wf;fk;:
gzpapy; njhlu;e;J Fiwthd nray;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jk; gzpahsu;> nray;jpwdpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czUk; tifapy; mtiu Nky;epiy gzpapypUe;J fPo;epiyg; gzpf;F
khw;wptpLtJ gjtp ,wf;fk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
5. gioa Copau;fspd; gupe;Jiu:
gioa Copau;fis jpUg;jpgLj;j mtu;fsJ cwtpdu;fs; my;yJ ez;gu;fis Ntiyf;F
mku;j;jyhk;.
6. Ntiy Row;rp:
Row;rp Kiwapy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Ntiyfspy; <LgLtJ vg;gb vd;gij xt;nthU
gzpahsUk; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7. jf;f itj;jy;:
Nkyhz;ik tpUg;gg;gb> taJ Kjpu;T> Xa;Tf;F gpwF Xa;T+jpak; ngWk; gzpahsu;fis epWtd
Njitf;Nfw;g gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
8. Xa;T ngw;w Copau;fs;:
Nghjpa jFjp kw;Wk; mDgtk; nfhz;l Xa;T ngw;w gzpahsu;fisf; nfhz;L epWtdj;jpy;
cs;s fhypg; gzpaplq;fis epug;gpf; nfhs;syhk;.
9. rhu;e;jtu;fs;:
,we;j gzpahsUf;F gjpyhf mtUila rl;l thupR my;yJ mtiu rhu;e;j xUtUf;F
Ntiyapy; tha;g;G toq;fg;glyhk;.
10. Ke;ija tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs;:
fle;j fhyq;fspy; tpsg;gug;gLj;jg;gl;l gzpfSf;F tpz;zg;gpj;j Mdhy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;glhj
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd; ngau;fis juT jsj;jpypUe;J vLj;J Njitg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;.

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2. Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwapy; cs;s Gw tsq;fis tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; 5)
m) Neub tsq;fs;:
1. tpsk;guq;fs;:
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; tpz;zg;gpf;f VJthf epWtdj;jpy; cupikahsu; Ntiyapd; jd;ik>
Njitg;gLk; jFjp kw;Wk; mDgtk;> toq;fg;gLk; rk;gsk; tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; Kiw> tpz;zg;gpf;f
Ntz;ba fhyf;nfL Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;L jpdrup gj;jpupf;iffs;> ,jo;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
Clfq;fs; topahf tpsk;guk; nra;ayhk;.
2. Nfhug;glhj tpz;zg;gq;fs;:
epWtdq;fs; fhypg;gzpaplq;fs; Fwpj;J vt;tpj mwptpg;Gk; nra;ahj epiyapy; Ntiy NjLNthu;
jd;dpr;irahf Ntiy Ntz;b tpz;zg;gpj;j tpz;zg;gq;fis Njitg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; epWtdk;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,tu;fs; NtW epWtdq;fspy; gzp Gupayhk; my;yJ NjLNthuhf
,Uf;fyhk;.
3. Neu;Kfj;Nju;T:
Ntiy Njb epWtdj;jpw;F Neubahf tUgtu;fis Neu;Kf Nju;tpd; %ykhfTk;
gzpaku;j;j KbAk;.
4. tshfj; Nju;T:
fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;F Neubahf nrd;W ey;y fy;tpj; jFjpAila tpz;zg;gjhuu;fis tshfj;
Nju;tpd; %yk; Nju;e;njLf;fyhk;.
5. njhopw;rhiy thapypy; Ml;Nru;g;G:
nghJthf rhjhuz my;yJ jw;fhypf jpwdwlw Copau;fs; ,e;j topapd; %yk; Ml;Nru;g;G
nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
6. Nghl;b epWtdq;fs;:
Nghl;b epWtdq;fspy; cs;s jpwikahd gzpahsu;fis jk;Kila epWtdj;jpy; gzpahw;w
<u;f;Fk; nray; gzpahsu;fs; Ntl;il vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. ,izatop Ml;Nru;g;G:
epWtdq;fs; jhq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; jFjpAila gzpahsu;fis cyfstpy; ,izaj;jpy;
thapyhf ngw KbfpwJ.
M) kiwKf tsq;fs;:
1. gzpahsu;fs; gupe;Jiu:
jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; fhypaplq;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd egu;fis epWtdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; copau;fs;
gupe;Jiuf;fyhk;.
2. muR / nghJ Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfq;fs;:
,itfs; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjw;F trjpahf ehL KOtJk; murhq;fj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
Ml;Nru;g;G epWtdq;fs; MFk;.
3. jdpahu; Ntiytha;g;G Kftu;fs;:
cupikiaj;; jtpw kw;wgb muR Ntiy tha;g;G mYtyfq;fs; Nghd;Nw ,JTk; nray;gLfpwJ.
4. Ntiytha;g;G MNyhrid ikaq;fs;:
,e;j tifapy; gz mbg;gilapy; thbf;ifahsu;fs; epWtdq;fspd; rhu;ghf Ml;Nru;g;G gzpapid
Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
5. njhopy;Kiw rq;fq;fs;:
mjpf jpwik kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g mwpTs;s rupahd egiu Njl njhopw;Kiw rq;fj;ij ehlyhk;.
6. gjpyhaDg;Gjy;:
Vw;fdNt xU epWtdj;jpy; gzpapy; ,Ug;gtiu FWfpa fhy jPu;tpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F
Fwpg;gpl;l gzpia Nkw;nfhs;s gjpyha; epakpj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
7. tha;thu;j;ij:
Ntiytha;g;G jfty;fis jq;fSf;F njupe;j egu;fSf;F gfpUk; ed;kjpg;Gs;s egu;fsplkpUe;J
Ntiy NjLNthu; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 30

 8. gzpahsu; xg;ge;jjhuu;fs;:
epWtdq;fs; xg;ge;jf;fhuu;fs; %yk; njhopyhsu;fis epakpf;fpd;wd.
9. Ntiytha;g;G ,izajsq;fs;:
epWtdq;fs; Ntiytha;g;G ,izajsq;fis gad;gLj;jp jFjpAs;s gzpahsu;fis Nju;T
nra;J fhypaplq;fis G+u;j;jp nra;ayhk;.

3. Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwapy; cs;s rkPgfhy Nghf;Ffis tpsf;Ff.

epWtdq;fs; %yk; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjw;fhd rkPgj;jpa Kiwfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. Gwj;jpwdPl;ly;:
Ml;Nru;g;G gzpapid Nkw;nfhs;s Nritf; fl;lzk; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspd; tpz;zg;gq;fis
$u;e;jha;T nra;J rupahd gzpf;F rupahd egiu Nju;e;njLj;J nfhLf;Fk; gzpapid
Gwj;jpwdPl;ly; epWtdq;fs; nra;fpd;wd.
Gwj;jpwdPl;ly; %ykhf Ml;Nru;g;G nray;Kiw:
1. Njitfis Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; 2. tpsk;guk; & %yk; 3. jpiuaply; / $u;e;jha;T
4. rupghu;j;jy; 5. Ratptuk; rku;gpj;jy; 6. Neu;Kfk; nray;Kiw & fUj;jspg;G
7. Nju;T & gpd;njhlu;jy;
2. Gwk;ghd jpwd; kw;Wk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l egiu Ntl;ilahLtJ:
epWtdq;fs; jq;fsJ nrhe;j gzpahsu;fSf;F gapw;rpfs; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghLfs; toq;Ftjw;F
gjpyhf Nghl;b epWtdq;fspy; cs;s gzpahsu;fSf;F epjp kw;Wk; epjp rhuhj rYiffis
$Ljyhf toq;fp mg;gzpahsu;fis ftu;e;J gzpapy; mku;j;JfpwJ. ,J ftu;jy; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. my;yJ jpwikahdtu;fis Ntl;ilahLjy; vdg;gLfpwJ.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 31

 myF 4 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik
mj;jpahak; 11 gzpahsu; Nju;en
; jLj;jy;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; Nju;e;njLj;jy; nray;Kiwapd; ,yf;F ---------
m) rupahd egu;fs; M) rupahd Neuj;jpy;
,) rupahd nray;fis nra;tjw;F <) NkNy cs;s midj;Jk;
2. Nju;T nghJthf xU --------------- nrayhf fUjg;gLfpwJ
m) Neu;kiw M) vjpu;kiw ,) ,aw;if <) ,it xd;Wk; ,y;iy
3. gzpahsu;fis Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vit gy;NtW gz;Gfis mstpl
gad;gLfpwJ?
m) cly; gupNrhjid M) cstpay; Nrhjid
,) jpwdha;T Nrhjid <) epGzj;Jtk; Nrhjidfs;
4. nghUj;jkw;w tpz;zg;gjhuiu ePf;Ftjw;fhd nray;Kiw ---------------- miof;fg;gLfpwJ
m) Nju;T M) Ml;Nru;g;G ,) Neu;fhzy; <) Jhz;Ljy;
5. Kjypy; Ntiy> mLj;jJ kdpju; vd;gJ xU ---------------- Nfhl;ghL.
m) Nrhjid M) Neu;fhzy; ,) gapw;rp <) gzpaku;j;jy;
tpilfs;:
1 < 2 M 3 M 4 m 5 <
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Nju;e;njLj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
Nju;e;njLj;jy; vd;gJ gzpehLNthiu NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;j;J Ma;e;jwpe;J rupahd egiu cupa
gzpf;F milahsk; fz;L mg;gzpf;F mtiu ntw;wpfukhf gzpaku;j;Jk; epiy MFk;.
2. Neu;fhzy; vd;why; vd;d?
Nju;T eltbf;ifapy; mLj;j epiy Neu;fhzy; MFk;. ,J „tau;‟ vDk; gpnuQ;r; thu;j;ijapypUe;J
te;jjhFk;. ,jd; nghUs; „kw;wtiuf; fhzy;‟ vd;gjhFk;.
Nju;e;njLg;gtu; kw;Wk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLgtu; ,UtUk; Kfj;jpw;F Kfk; ghu;j;J mwpe;J
ciuahLtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
3. Ez;zwpT gupNrhjid vd;why; vd;d?
Ez;zwpTj; jpwd; Nrhjid vd;gJ xUtif cstpay; uPjpapyhd Nrhjid MFk;. ,J %isapd;
rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy;> kdj;jpwd;> Ez;zwpT Nghd;wtw;iw Nrhjpf;f gad;gLk;. Ez;zwpT vz; vd;w
mstPl;lhy; ,J mstplg;gLfpwJ. me;egupd; mwpthu;e;j jpwid Nrhjpg;gJ ,jd; Kjd;ik
Nehf;fkhFk;.
4.. gzpaku;j;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
gzpaku;j;jy; vd;gJ rupahd egUf;F rupahd Ntiytha;g;ig mspf;Fk; nray;KiwNa
gzpaku;j;jy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. kd mOj;j Neu;fhzy; vd;why; vd;d?
1. ,t;tifahd Neu;fhzypy; tpz;zg;gjhuuplk; Ntz;Lk; vd;Nw kd mOj;jk; jUk; tifapyhd
Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;> czu;rr ; pfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; kd mOj;jj;ij rkhspf;Fk;
jpwid Nrhjpf;f ,j;jifa Neu;fhzy; elj;jg;gLtijNa kd mOj;j Neu;fhzy;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. kd mOj;j R+o;epiyapy; tpz;zg;gjhuu; vt;thW vjpu; tpidahw;Wfpwhu;> gjpyspf;fpwhu; vd;gij
cw;W Nehf;fp mg;gzpf;F mtupd; nghUj;jg;ghL Nrhjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 32

2. fl;likf;fg;gl;l Neu;fhzy; vd;why; vd;d?
1. ,J Kd; $l;bNa jpl;lkpl;L elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. Neu;fhzypy; Nfl;fg;gl Ntz;ba Nfs;tpfs; Kd;$l;bNa jahupf;fg;gl;L mjd; mbg;gilapy;
elj;jg;gLtJ.
3. Neu;fhzypy; tpz;zg;gjhuu; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fs; mbg;gilapy; jutupirg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
3. Nju;Tr; Nrhjidapd; tiffs; ahit?
jpwd; Nrhjid: MSik Nrhjid
1. kNdhghtr; Nrhjid 1. Mu;tr; Nrhjid
2. milTr; Nrhjid 2. MSikr; Nrhjid
3. Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjid 3. nray;jpwd; Nrhjid
4. KbntLf;Fk; jpwd; Nrhjid 4. kNdhghtr; Nrhjid
4. milTr; Nrhjid Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptJ ahJ?
1. ,J Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwapy; tpz;zg;gjhuupd; milTj; jpwid mstpLk; NrhjidahFk;.
2. fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; tof;fkhf elj;jg;gLk; Nju;Tfs; ,r;Nrhjid Kiwiar; rhu;e;jNj. ,jid
mwpTj; jpwd; Nrhjid vdTk; miof;fyhk;.
3. fw;wy; mDgtj;jpw;F Kd;Dk;> fw;wy; mDgtj;jpd; NghJk;> mjd; gpwFk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. gy;NtW tifahd Nrhjidfs; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; 5)
m) jpwd; Nrhjid:
,r;Nrhjid tpz;zg;gjhuupd; nghJ mwpTj; jpwd;> gpur;ridfis jPHf;Fk; jpwd;> Fwpg;gpl;l
Jiwapy; mtUf;Fs;s mwpT> gFj;jwpAk; jpwd;> Ez;zwpT Nghd;w jpwd;fis Nrhjpf;f
gad;gLfpwJ.
1. cstpay; / kNdhght Nju;T:
kNdhghtr; Nrhjid vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l gzpf;F tpz;zg;gjhuu; ve;j mstpw;F nghUj;jkhdtu;
vd;gij mstpl cjTfpwJ. ,r;Nrhjid gzpahsupd; gd;Kfj; jpwd;fis mstplTk;
gzpahsupd; vjpu;fhy nray;jpwid Kd;fzpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
1) vz;jpwd; Nju;T:
,r;Nrhjid gzpahsupd; vz; jpwd; kw;Wk; fzpj jpwid mstpl cjTfpwJ
2) tha;nkhop jpwd; Nju;T:
,r;Nrhjid vOj;Jg;G+u;t Mtzq;fis gbj;J gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; mjd;
mbg;gilapy;jPuk; hdq;fis vLg;gJ Nghd;w jpwd;fs; gzpahsuplk; cs;sjh vd jPu;khdpf;f
cjTk; NrhjidahFk;.
3) fhuzkwpjy; jpwd; Nju;T:
,r;Nrhjid rpf;fy;fSf;F jPu;T fhZk; jpwd; kw;Wk; ju;ff; uPjpahd gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; jpwid
mstpLk; cstpay; uPjpahd Nju;thFk;.
4) nghwpapay; jpwd; Nju;T:
,r;Nrhjid nghwpapay; Jiw gzpf;F tpz;zg;gpj;jtupd; nghwpapay; fUj;Jf;fis
eilKiwapy; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwid mstpl cjTfpwJ.
5) tpsf;f tiugl Nju;T:
,r;Nrhjid tpz;zg;gpj;jtupd; tiugl Gupjy;> tbtq;fspd; Gupjy; kw;Wk; tiuglq;fspy; ,Ue;J
jPu;khdq;fs; vLf;Fk; jpwd; Nghd;w Nrhjid njhlu;ghdJ.
6) czUk; jpwd; Nju;T:
,r;Nrhjid tpz;zg;gjhuupd; cUtq;fs;> epow;glq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw njhlu;GgLj;Jk;
Kiwfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw ifahSjy; kw;Wk; Qhgfg;gLj;jpg; ghu;j;jy; Nghd;w
jpwd;fis mstpLfpwJ.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 33

 7) R+o;epiyf;Nfw;w jPu;T fhZk; Nju;T:
,f;fl;lhd R+o;epiyfspy; kpfTk; tpUk;gj;jf;f KbntLf;Fk; jpwd; cs;sjh vd;W mwpa
,r;Nrhjid nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
8) kdf;fzpjj; jpwd; Ma;Tj; Nju;T:
$l;ly;> fopj;jy;> ngUf;fy;> tFj;jy; Nghd;w mbg;gil fzf;fPLfis mstpl elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
9) nrhy; mfuhjp Ma;Tj; Nju;T:
gzpahsupd; nkhopapay; jpwd;> Mq;fpyj;jpy; ruskhf NgRk; jpwd; cs;sjh vd;gjw;fhf
fz;lwptjw;fhf ,r;Nrhjid elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
10) vz; njhlu; Ma;Tj; Nju;T:
vz;njhlu;; Nghf;if gFj;jwpjy; kw;Wk; vz; njhlupy; ,ilNa tpLgl;l vz;iz mwptJNk ,r;
NrhjidahFk;.
2. rhjid Ma;Tj; Nju;T / milTj; Nju;T:
,J Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwapy; tpz;zg;gjhuupd; milTj; jpwid mstpLk; NrhjidahFk;. fy;tp
epWtdq;fspy; tof;fkhf elj;jg;gLk; Nju;Tfs; ,r;Nrhjid Kiwiar; rhu;e;jNj. ,jid
mwpTj; jpwd; Nrhjid vdTk; miof;fyhk;. fw;wy; mDgtj;jpw;F Kd;Dk;> fw;wy; mDgtj;jpd;
NghJk;> mjd; gpwFk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3. Ez;zwpTj; jpwd; Nju;T:
Ez;zwpTj; jpwd; Nrhjid vd;gJ xUtif cstpay; uPjpapyhd Nrhjid MFk;. ,J
%isapd; rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy;> kdj;jpwd;> Ez;zwpT Nghd;wtw;iw Nrhjpf;f gad;gLk;. Ez;zwpT
vz; vd;w mstPl;lhy; ,J mstplg;gLfpwJ. me;egupd; mwpthu;e;j jpwid Nrhjpg;gJ ,jd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
4. KbntLf;Fk; jpwd; Ma;Tj; Nju;T:
,r;Nrhjid tpz;zg;gjhuupd; R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g KbntLf;Fk; jpwd; kw;Wk; fhuzg;gLj;Jk; jpwd;
Nghd;wtw;iw Nrhjpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
M) MSik Ma;Tj; Nju;T:
,r;Nrhjidapy; tpz;zg;gjhuupd; mwpTj; jpwd; rhuhj gpw jpwd;fshd kNdhepiy> Mu;tk;>
czu;T uPjpahd gpujpgypg;G>czur;rpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;> cWjpj;jd;ik Nghd;w jpwd;fis
Nrhjpf;f gad;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; rupahd tpil> jtwhd tpil vd;W vJTkpy;iy.
1. Mu;t Ma;Tj; Nju;T:
,r;Nrhjid Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltupd; Mu;tk; vj;Jiwapy; kpFjpahf cs;sJ vd;gij mwpe;J
mj;Jiwapy; mtUf;F kpFe;j Mu;tKs;s gzpia mtUf;F xJf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. MSikj;jpwd; Ma;Tj; Nju;T:
kdpju;fis epu;tfpj;J MSk;jpwd;> mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk; jpwd;> jd;dk;gpf;if Nghd;w MSikj;
jpwd;fs; Njue;njLf;fg;gl;ltuplk; ve;j msTf;F cs;sJ vd;gij ,r;Nrhjid %yk;
fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.
3. nray;jpwd; Ma;Tj;Nju;T:
nrayhw;Wk; Ntfj;jpid mstpl ,r;Nrhjid gad;gLfpwJ.
4. cstpay; Ma;Tj;Nju;T:
,r;Nrhjid tpz;zg;gjhuuJ rf kdpju;fs;> R+o;epiyfs;> nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mit rhu;e;j
kdepiyia mstpLtjhFk;.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 34

2. gzpahsu;fis Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd Kf;fpakhd Neu;fhzypd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.(VNjDk; 5)
1. Muk;g Neu;fhzy;:
tpz;zg;gjhuupd; Fwpg;gpl;l gzpf;fhd nghUj;jg;ghl;il mwpa Muk;g Neu;fhzy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,J Njitaw;w tpz;zg;gjhuiu>mjhtJ gzpf;fhd mbg;igl jFjpfs; mw;w tpz;zg;gjhuiu
ePf;f elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J Neuk;> gzpr;Rik kw;Wk; nryit fl;Lg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.
2. tbtikf;fg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;:
,J Kd; $l;bNa jpl;lkpl;L elj;jg;gLfpwJ. Neu;fhzypy; Nfl;fg;gl Ntz;ba Nfs;tpfs;
Kd;$l;bNa jahupf;fg;gl;L mjd; mbg;gilapy; elj;jg;gLtJ.
3. tbtikf;fg;glhj Neu;fhzy;:
,J fl;likf;fg;gl;l Neu;fhzYf;F Neu;khwhdJ. Neu;fhzypy; mg;NghjpUf;Fk; R+oy;> kdepiy
Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Nfs;tpfs; mikAk;. Nfs;tpfs; Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkplg;gLtjpy;iy.
4. Mo;e;j Neu;fhzy;:
,jpy; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gLgtupd; Jiw njhlu;ghd Mokhd> gue;j mstpyhd mwpT Nrhjid
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.mtu; Jiwapy; mtu; ve;j msT epGzj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;shu; vd mwpa ,j;jifa
Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
5. cau;kl;l FO Neu;fhzy;:
tpz;zg;gjhuuplk; gyu; mlq;fpa xU FO Neu;fhzy; nra;jhy; mJ cau;kl;l FO Neu;fhzy;
MFk;. xt;nthUtUk; Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;ljw;fhd gjpy; ngw;W mjw;Fupa kjpg;ngz;fis
toq;Fthu;fs;.,Wjpahf midtUk; toq;fpa kjpg;ngz;fs; nkhj;jkplg;gl;L mk;nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;
mbg;gilapy; tpz;zg;gjhuu;fs; tupirg;gLj;jg;gLthu;fs;.
6. kd mOj;j Neu;fhzy;:
,t;tifahd Neu;fhzypy; tpz;zg;gjhuuplk; Ntz;Lk; vd;Nw kd mOj;jk; jUk; tifapyhd
Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;> czu;rr; pfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; kd mOj;jj;ij rkhspf;Fk;
jpwid Nrhjpf;f ,j;jifa Neu;fhzy; elj;jg;gLtijNa kd mOj;j Neu;fhzy;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. njhiyNgrp Neu;fhzy;:
,k;Kiwapy; tpz;zg;gjhuu; njhiyT fhuzkhf Neu;fhzy; elf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F Neupy; tu
,ayhj NghJ ,t;tifahd njhlf;f epiy Neu;fhzy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.tptuq;fis njhiyNgrp
topahfNt mwpag;gl;L Njitaw;wtu;fs; Muk;g epiyapNyNa ePf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
8. ,izatop Neu;fhzy;:
tiyjsj;jpd; %yk; Neu;fhzy; eilngWfpwJ. tpz;zg;gjhuu;fsplk; Neubahf fhnzhspf; fhl;rp
Neu;fhzy;> ciuahly; %yk; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; gzk;> Neuk;>
kpr;rg;gLfpwJ.
9. FO Neu;fhzy;:
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd; vz;zpf;if kpf mjpfkhf cs;s Neuj;jpy;> xNu rkaj;jpy; gyuplk; xNu
Nfs;tp Nfl;L mjpy; rupahf gjpy; mspg;gtiu Nju;e;njLf;Fk; eltbf;if FO Neu;fhzy;
MFk;.
10. fhnzhyp fye;Jiuahly; top Neu;fhzy;:
,J xU tifahd fhnzhspf; fhl;rp Neu;fhzy;> tpz;zg;gjhuu;fsplk; Neub fhnzhspf; fhl;rp
ciuahly; %yk; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

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3. Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwf;Fk; Nju;e;njLj;jYf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis tptup. (VNjDk; 5)
t. xg;gpLtjw;fhd
Ml;Nru;g;G Nju;e;njLj;jy;
vz; mbg;gil
gzpahsu;fisj; NjLk; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyf;F
mtu;fis Ntiyf;F nghUj;jkhd tpz;zg;gjhuiu
1 nghUs;
tpz;zg;gpf;fj; Jhz;Lk; Nju;e;njLj;J gzp toq;Fjy;
eltbf;ifNa Ml;Nru;g;G MFk;. gzpaku;j;jy; MFk;.
Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ Neu;kiwahd Nju;e;njLj;jy; vd;;gJ
2 mZFKiw
Xu; nray;Kiw vjpu;kiwahd xu; mZFKiw
fhypahf cs;s gjtpf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd
tpz;zg;gpg;gjw;F mjpf tpz;zg;gjhuiu Nju;e;njLg;gJ
3 Nehf;fk;
vz;zpf;ifapyhd kw;Wk; kPjKs;stu;fis ePf;FtJ.
tpz;zg;gjhuiu miog;gJ.
4 tupir Kjy;gb ,uz;lhk;gb
5 Kiw rpf;fdkhd Kiw nryT kpFjpahd Kiw
Ml;Nru;g;G nray;Kiwfs; Njue;njLj;jy; nray;Kiw kpfTk;
6 nray;Kiw
kpfTk; vspjhdJ. rpukk; kw;Wk; rpf;fyhdJ

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 myF 4 kdpj ts Nkyhz;ik
mj;jpahak; - 12 gzpahsu; gapw;rp Kiw
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. gzptopaw;w gapw;rp vq;F mspf;fg;gLfpwJ ?
m) tFg;giwapy; M) Ntiyapy;yh ehl;fspy;
,) njhopw;rhiyf;F ntspNa <) tpisahl;L ikjhdj;jpy;
2. rpwe;j Ntiy nray;jpwid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gzpahsu;fspd; jpwd; epiyfis
Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ ?
m) gapw;rp M) Nju;e;njLg;G ,) Ml;Nru;g;G <) nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL
3. gapw;rp ngWgtu; cau; mjpfhup my;yJ %j;j njhopyhsu;fs; %yk; kpfTk; gapw;rp ngWk; Kiw?
m) njhopw;rhiyf;Fs; gapw;rp Kiw M) GJg;gpf;Fk; gapw;rp
,) gq;Nfw;W ebj;jy; Kiw <) njhopw; gapw;rp Kiw
4. -------------- Copau;fspd; jpwik FiwghLfisj; jLf;f cjTfpwJ.
m) gapw;rp M) Ntiy gFg;gha;T ,) Nju;T <) Ml;Nru;g;G
5. gapw;rp Kiwfis ----------------- kw;Wk; -------------- gapw;rp vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
m) Ntiy Row;rp kw;Wk; Ntiy nrwpT+l;ly; M) gzptop kw;Wk; gzptopaw;w gapw;rp
,) Ntiy gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; Ntiy tbtikg;G <) cly; kw;Wk; kdk;
tpilfs;:
1 , 2 m 3 < 4 m 5 M
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. gapw;rp Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
gapw;rp vd;gJ Gjpa jpwikia mjpfupg;gJ> rpf;fiy jPu;g;gjw;fhd EZf;fj;ij mwptJ kw;Wk;
njhopy; El;g mwpT Mfpatw;iw Nkk;kgLj;Jk; nray; MFk;. gapw;rp vd;gJ mtu;fspd; elj;ij
topfhl;b tpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it jUfpwJ.
2. topfhl;Ljy; gapw;rp Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
topfhl;Ljy; gapw;rp Kiwapy; xU gzpahsu; jq;fspd; mwpT kw;Wk; mDgtj;ij gfpu;e;J
nfhs;Sk; nray;Kiw MFk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; epu;thf Copau;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
topfhl;Ljy; vg;NghJk; %j;j egu;fshy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ mJ xd;Wf;F xd;W njhlu;G cs;sJ.
3. gw;Nfw;W ebj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fs; ,e;j Kiwapy; gjtpapd; R+o;epiyia my;yJ gjtpapy; epakpf;fg;gl;l
ghj;jpuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. mtu;fs; ve;jtpj xj;jpifAk; ,y;yhky; xJf;fg;gLk; ghj;jpuq;fs;
nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.Kd; jahupf;fg;gl;l ciuahly;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy. vdNt mtu;fs; ve;j
tifapYk; gq;F tfpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. kpd;dZ fw;wy; Kiw gw;wp $Wf.
kpd;dZ fw;wy; Kiw vd;gJ ghuk;gupa gapw;rp tFg;giwapy; my;yJ mYtyfj;jpy; njhopy;El;g
nray;Kiwia gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. mYtyfk; kpd;dZ fw;wy; ngUk;ghYk; ,izatop fw;wy;
my;yJ tiy gf;f mbg;gilapyhd gapw;rpia Fwpf;fpwJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. njhopw;rhiyf;Fs; gapw;rp vd;why; vd;d?
1. gapw;rp Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nraw;ifahf cUthf;fg;gLk; cz;ikahd Ntiy R+oiyg; Nghy
Copau;fSf;F gapw;rpaspf;Fk; Kiw njhopw;rhiyf;Fs; gapw;rp Kiw vdg;gLfpwJ.
2. ,e;j tifahd gapw;rp mspg;gjd; %ykhf njhopw;rhiyapy; cs;s ,ae;jpuq;fSf;F ve;jtpj
NrjhuKk; ,og;Gk; Vw;glhky; jtpu;ff ; KbAk;.
3. cjhuzk;: Xl;Ldu;fs;>tpkhdpfs;> tpz;ntsp tpQ;Qhdpfs; Nghd;NwhUf;F ,g;gapw;rp
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

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2. gzptopg; gapw;rp gw;wp eP mwptJ ahJ?
1. gzptop gapw;rp vd;gJ gzp nra;Ak; ,lj;jpNyNa gzpahsu;fSf;F mq;Fs;s
Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fshy; (m) Kd; mDgtk; ngw;wtuhy; gzp rhu;e;j Nghjid mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. mjhtJ gzp rhu;e;j tptuq;fis gzpr;R+oy; %yk; fw;fpwhu;.
3. „nra;J fw;wy; kw;Wk; rk;ghjpf;Fk; NghJ fw;wy;‟ vd;w mbg;gil Nfhl;ghl;bid nfhz;lJ.
3. gapw;rp jpl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW gbfis vOJf.

4. gapw;rp mspg;gtu; kw;Wk; gapw;rp ngWgtu; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

gapw;rp mspg;gtu;:
gzpahsu;fSf;F jpwd;fis Nghjpj;J gzpia rpwg;ghf nra;a jahu; nra;Ak; xU egu;
gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; Mthu;. gapw;Wtpg;gtu; vd;gtu; gapw;rpahsu;> Mrpupau; topfhl;ly;> MNyhrfu;>
MNyhrfu; ifNaL> FU> Nkyhsu;> ifahSeu;> Mrpupau; kw;Wk; fy;tpahsu; Nghd;Nwhu;.
gapw;rp ngWgtu;;:
xU Ntiyapd; jpwid fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; egNu gapw;rp ngWgtu; Mthu;. gapw;rp ngWgtu; kdpj ts
Nkyhz;ikj;Jiw my;yJ Nkw;ghu;itahsupd; gupe;Jiwapd; mbg;g ; ilapYk; jd; Ra Mu;tj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; gapw;rpf;F Nju;T nra;ag;gLfpwhu;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. gapw;rpapd; gy;NtW Kiwfis tptup ? (VNjDk; 5)
vl;tpd; gpf; gpAg;Ngh $w;Wg;gb “gapw;rpf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyia nra;tjw;F Copaupd; mwpT
kw;Wk; jpwd;fis mjpfupg;gJ.” (my;yJ)
kjp]; kw;Wk; [hq;rd; $w;Wg;gb gapw;rp vd;gJ “fw;wy; eilKiw> ,J CopaUf;F jpwd;fs;>
fUj;Jf;fs;> kNdhghtq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffis mila cjTk; mwpT.”
m) gzptopgapw;rp/gzpapilg; gapw;rp:
gzptop gapw;rp vd;gJ gzp nra;Ak; ,lj;jpNyNa gzpahsu;fSf;F mq;Fs;s
Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fshy; (m) Kd; mDgtk; ngw;wtuhy; gzp rhu;e;j Nghjid mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. gapw;rpaspg;G gapw;rp:
gapw;rpaspg;G gapw;rp Kiwapy; Nkyjpfhupfs; (m) topfhl;bfs; Gjpa gzpahsu;fSf;F gzpf;Fj;
Njitahd mwpT kw;Wk; jpwid toq;Ffpd;wdu;. Nkyjpfhupfs; fw;gpg;gtu; Nghy nray;gLfpwhu;.
2. topfhl;ly; gapw;rp Kiw:
topfhl;Ljy; gapw;rp Kiwapy; xU gzpahsu; jq;fspd; mwpT kw;Wk; mDgtj;ij gfpu;e;J
nfhs;Sk; nray;Kiw MFk;.
3. gzp Row;rp my;yJ Ntiy Row;rp Kiw:
,k;Kiwapy; gapw;rp ngWk; xU gzpahsu; xNu Ntiyia nra;J nfhz;bUf;fhky; xU
Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; xU NtiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU Ntiyf;Nfh my;yJ xU
JiwapypUe;J kw;nwhU Jiwf;Nfh Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F gpwF khw;wg;gLthu;. ,jw;F gzp Row;rp
(m) Ntiy Row;rp vdg;gLk;.

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 4. gzp mwpTWj;jy; EZf;f Kiw:
,e;j Kiwapy; xU gapw;rpahsuhf gzpGupgtu; jdJ Ntiyia kw;Wk; mjd; Nehf;fj;ij
vt;thW nra;tJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J xU CopaUf;F rpy mwpTWj;jy;fis mspf;fpwhu;.
5. njhopy; goFeu; gapw;rp Kiw:
gapw;Wtpg;ghsu; my;yJ gapw;rpahsu; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fshfNth cau;e;j my;yJ %j;j
njhopyhspaplkpUe;J Ntiy mwpitAk;>jpwikiaAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;.
vfh. nkf;fhdpf;];> /gpl;lu;.
6. FO xJf;fPLKiw:
xU Fwpg;gpl;l tptfhuj;ij tprhupg;gjw;F Copau; xUtiu epakpf;fg;gLk; NghJ mtu;fs; kw;w
cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; FO cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; neUf;fkhf gzpahw;w KbAk; mtu;fs;
2. gzptop gapw;rpf;Fk;> gzptopaw;w gapw;rp Kiwf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit? (VNjDk; 5)
xg;gpL
t.
tjw;fhd gzptop gapw;rp gzptopaw;w gapw;rp
vz;
mbg;gil
gzpahsu; cz;ikahd Ntiy
gzpahsu; gzpr; R+oYf;F gapw;rpia
1 tpsf;fk; R+oypy; Ntiyia Gupe;J
ngWfpwhu;.
nfhs;fpwhu;.
nryT mjpfkhd Kiw mjhtJ
jdpj;jdpg; gapw;rp miwfs;
2. nryT nryT Fiwthd Kiw jdpj;jpwd; ngw;wtu;fs;> tsq;fs;>
kw;Wk; fhnzhsp Nghd;w tsq;fs;
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
Ntiy ,lj;jpNyNa gapw;rp Ntiy ,lj;jpw;F ntspNa gapw;rp
3 ,lk;
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. mspf;fg;gLfpwJ
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; mikg;GfSf;F
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; mikg;GfSf;F nghUj;jkw;w Kiw.,J Nkyhz;ik
4 nghUj;jk;
nghUj;jkhd Kiw nra;Ak; epWtdq;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd
Kiw
mZF
5 eilKiw mZFKiw Nfhl;ghL mZFKiw
Kiw
6 Nfhl;ghL epiwNtw;wy; %yk; fw;wy; mwpitg; ngWtjd; %yk; fw;wy;
7 fw;wy; mwpitg; ngWtjd; %yk; fw;wy; mDgtj;jpd; %yk; fw;wy;
3. gapw;rpapd; ed;ikfis tpsf;Ff? (jiyg;Gf;F ,uz;L tpsf;fk;)
m) epWkj;jpw;F fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs;:
1. ,J Copau;fspd; jpwikia mjpfupf;fpwJ kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp jpwd; kw;Wk; ,yhgj;ij
Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
2. ,J %yg;nghUs; Nrjj;jpidAk; kw;Wk; nrayw;w Neuj;jpidAk; Fiwf;fpwJ.
3. ,J Nkw;ghu;itf;fhd Neuj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ.
M) Copau;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs;:
1. gzpahsu;fspd; jdpj;jpwd; kw;Wk; mwpTj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
2. FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; gzpAau;T kw;Wk; gz Nkk;ghl;bw;F cjTfpwJ.
3. njhopyhsu;fspd; kdj;jpz;ikia> xOq;Fzu;Tjid Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
,) thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs;:
1. thbf;ifahsu;fs; rpwe;j jukhd nghUs;fs;> Nritapid ngw KbAk;.
2. thbf;ifahsu;fs; GJikahd my;yJ kjpg;G $l;lg;gl;l my;yJ rpwg;gpay;Gila
nghUs;fis ngWfpd;wdu;.

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 myF 5 re;ijapLifapd; mbg;gil $Wfs;
mj;jpahak; 13 re;ij kw;Wk; re;ijapLifahsu;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfis gzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; khw;wk; nra;gtu; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
m) tpw;gidahsu; M) re;ijapLifahsu; ,) thbf;ifahsu; <) Nkyhsu;
2. re;ijapLifapy; re;ijapLifahsu; Kjypy; njupe;J nfhs;s tpUk;GtJ
m) thbf;ifahsupd; jFjp M) nghUspd; juk;
,) thbf;ifahsupd; gpd;Gyk; <) thbf;ifahsupd; Njitfs;
3. cldb re;ij vjd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
m) nghUl;fs; M) guptu;j;jid ,) xOq;FKiw <) fhyk;
4. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ gq;Ffs; kw;Wk; gj;jpuq;fis thq;fp> tpw;Fk; eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ
m) gq;F re;ij M) jahupg;G nghUs; re;ij ,) cs;Su; re;ij <) FLk;g re;ij
5. gq;F guptu;j;jid re;ij ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ
m) fsr;re;ij M) cs;Su; re;ij ,) gj;jpuq;fspd; re;ij <) Njrpa re;ij
tpilfs;:
1 M 2 < 3 M 4 m 5 ,
II.,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
re;ij vd;w nrhy; “khu;fl;l];” vd;w yj;jPd; nrhy;ypypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. NkYk; re;ij vd;gJ
tzpfk; eilngWk; ,lj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ. mjhtJ re;ijapd; nghJthd gad;ghlhdJ nghUl;fis
thq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd xU ,lkhf jpfo;fpwJ.
2. re;ijapLifahsu; tiutpyf;fzk; jUf.
njhopy; mfuhjpapd; $w;Wg;gb “ahu; xUtu; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Efu;NthUf;fhd gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
gzpfspd; Njitfis mwpe;J G+u;j;jp nra;tNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; epWtdq;fs; rhu;ghf gz;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; gzpfis re;ijapLif nra;fpwhNuh mtNu re;ijapLifahsu; Mthu;”.
3. xOq;FKiw re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
murpd; rl;lk; kw;Wk; tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L re;ij eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,jd;
nray;ghLfs; midj;Jk; rl;lKiwg;gb fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. vfh. Kk;ig gq;Fr; re;ij
4. fsr; re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
nghUSf;fhd tpw;gid eltbf;if Kbtile;j mNj Neuj;jpy; mg;nghUs; tpepNahfk; nra;tJ
kl;Lkd;wp cld; cupik khw;wKk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
5. gz;lfr; re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
,j;jifa re;ijapy; cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs; my;yJ Efu;T nghUl;fs; Nghd;wit thq;Fjy; kw;Wk;
tpw;gid eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;;:
1. re;ijapy; vd;ndd;d nghUl;fis re;ijapl KbAk; vd;gij njuptpf;fTk;. VNjDk; 3)
1. gz;lq;fs; / nghUl;fs; 2. gzpfs; / Nritfs; 3. mDgtq;fs; 4. epfo;Tfs;
5. egu;fs; 6. ,lk; 7. clikfs; 8. mikg;G 9. jfty; 10. fUj;Jf;fs;

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2. re;ijapLifahsupd; gq;fspg;G vitNaDk; %d;wpid Fwpg;gpLf.
1. Jhz;Lgtu;:
re;ijapd; Nkk;ghL fUjp mt;tg;NghJ re;ijapLifapd; tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; re;ijapy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fis cd;dpg;ghf $u;e;J ftdpj;J mjw;F Vw;wthW re;ijapL fyitapy; khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jp xU Gjpa Nfhzj;ij re;ijapLifahsu; Vw;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
2. GJikGFj;Jeu;:
re;ijapLifahsu; jdJ gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfis re;ijapy; jdf;nfd xU ,lj;ij
Vw;gLj;jtjw;F eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J tUk; nghUl;fspd; ,ay;ig mjpfupj;jy;> kjpg;ig
$l;Ljy;> tpiyapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;> nghUs; nfhz;L Nru;f;Fk; Kiw> njhopy; Kiwapy;
khw;wk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp Kiwapy; khw;wk; Nghd;wtw;iw nra;J tUfpwhu;.
3. xUq;fpizg;ghsu;:
gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; gw;wp Efu;Nthu; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifahsupd; kj;jpapy; fUj;Jf;fis
ngw;Wk; mjd; mbg;gilapy; mikg;gpd; xUq;fpizg;G gzpapid Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu.;
4. nray;ghl;lhsu;:
mikg;gpd; gy;NtW gzpfspd; cjtpNahL nghUl;fis re;ijapLif nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis
Vw;gLj;Jk; khw;wq;fis cUthf;Ffpwhu;.
3. fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; re;ijapid vg;gb tifg;gLj;Jtha;?
1. kpf FWfpa fhy re;ij:
,t;tif re;ijapy; kpf FWfpa fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;j jf;f nghUl;fs; kl;LNk
ifahsg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ mOff;$ba jd;ik cila nghUl;fshd ghy;> Kl;il> fha; kw;Wk;
fdpfs; Nghd;witfs;.
2. FWfpa fhy re;ij:
,j;jifa re;ijapy; xU rpy nghUl;fs; ,r;re;ijapy; Njitia rkhspg;gjw;F mspg;gpd; msT
tup nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Njit mspg;ig tpl mjpfkhdJ. NkYk; ,t;tif re;ijahdJ thuj;jpw;F
xU KiwNah my;yJ khjj;jpw;F xU KiwNah nray;gLk;.
3. ePz;l fhy re;ij:
ePbj;J ciof;f $ba nghUl;fis ifahsj;jf;f tifapy; cs;s re;ijia ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
,j;jifa re;ijapy; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F gad;gLj;j VJthf cs;s Efu;T nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
Nritfs; kl;Lk; re;ijapLif nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. re;ij vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? tptup.
I. Gtpapay; mbg;gilapy;
a) FLk;g re;ij:
xU FLk;gj;jpy; my;yJ FLk;gj;jpd; neUq;fpa cWg;gpdu;fspilNa gz;lq;fisNah my;yJ
gzpfisNah gupkhwpf;nfhs;sg;gLk; tifapy; cs;s re;ijia FLk;g re;ij vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
b) cs;Su; re;ij:
cs;SupNyNa thq;FNthUk;> tpw;NghUk; gq;Nfw;Fk; tifapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUSf;fhf
cs;s xU re;ijia cs;Su; re;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
c) Njrpa re;ij:
,j;jifa re;ijapy; gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; xU ehl;bd; gy;NtW %iy KLf;FfspYk;
fpilf;fg;ngWk; tifapy; mikag; ngw;w re;ijia Njrpa re;ij vdyhk;.
d) gd;dhl;L re;ij my;yJ cyfshtpa re;ij:
gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfis gd;dhl;L mstpy; re;ijapLif nra;tjid gd;dhl;L re;ij
my;yJ cyfyhstpa re;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

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II. gz;lq;fspd; / nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
a) gz;lfr; re;ij:
1. cw;gj;jp nghUs; khw;W re;ij:
,j;jifa re;ijahdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l tsu;rr ; p mile;j njhopy; ikaj;jpNyh my;yJ
efuj;jpNyh Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUs; kl;LNk ,q;F re;ijapLif
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
2. jahupg;G nghUs; khw;W re;ij:
njhopw;rhiy rhu;e;j cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs; ,t;tif re;ijapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
vfh. Njhy;> ,ae;jpu rhjd nghUl;fs;
3. Jha cNyhfr; (nghd;) re;ij:
,j;jifa re;ijahdJ jq;fk; kw;Wk; nts;sp Nghd;w nghUl;fs; thq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;wy;
nra;tij Fwpf;fpwJ.
b) %yjd re;ij
1. gzr;re;ij:
,j;jifa re;ijapy; FWfpa fhyg;; gj;jpuq;fs; gupkhw;wg;gLfpwJ.
2. me;epa nryhtzp re;ij:
,J xU ru;tNjr re;ijahFk;. ,e;j tif re;ijfs; me;epa ehl;L ehzaq;fis thq;fy;
kw;Wk; tpw;wy; eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
3. gq;Fr; re;ij:
,t;tif re;ijapy;> gq;Ffs; kw;Wk; fld; gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw thq;fy; kw;Wk; tpw;wy;
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
III. nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
m) Kiwahd (nrk;ikahd) re;ij:
,t;tif re;ijapy; xNu ,ay;ghd jd;ikf;nfhz;l gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfis xNu
tpjkhd tpiyapd; mbg;gilapy; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
M) Kiwaw;w my;yJ nrk;ikaw;w re;ij:
,t;tif re;ij gq;NtW nghUl;fs; gy;NtW tpiyfs; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
IV. eltbf;iffspd; mbg;gilapy;
m) fsr;re;ij:
nghUSf;fhd tpw;gid eltbf;if Kbtile;j mNj Neuj;jpy; mg;nghUs; tpepNahfk;
nra;tJ kl;Lkd;wp cld; cupik khw;wKk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
M) vjpu;fhyr; re;ij:
,j;jifa re;ijapy; nghUl;fs; tpepNahfk; nra;j gpwF mjw;fhd njhif vjpu;fhyq;fspy;
toq;Ftjhf xg;ge;jk; Nkw;nfhz;L mjd; mbg;gilapy; eilngWk; re;ijia vjpu;fhy
re;ij vdyhk;.
V. xOq;FKiw mbg;gilapy;
m) xOq;FKiw re;ij:
murpd; rl;lk; kw;Wk; tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L re;ij eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. MkYk;
,jd; nray;ghLfs; midj;Jk; rl;lKiwg;gb fl;Lg;ggLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
cjhuzk;: Kk;ig gq;Fre;ij
M) xOq;FKiwaw;w re;ij:
,t;tif re;ijahdJ murpd; rl;l tpjpfshy; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ my;y
VI. fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
m) kpf FWfpa fhy re;ij:
,t;tif re;ijapy; kpf FWfpa fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;j jf;f nghUl;fs; kl;LNk
ifahsg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ mOff;$ba jd;ik cila nghUl;fshd ghy;> Kl;il> fha;
kw;Wk; fdpfs; Nghd;witfs;.
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 M) FWfpa fhy re;ij
,j;jifa re;ijapy; xU rpy nghUl;fs; ,r;re;ijapy; Njitia rkhspg;gjw;F mspg;gpd;
msT tup nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Njit mspg;ig tpl mjpfkhdJ. NkYk; ,t;tif re;ijahdJ
thuj;jpw;F xU KiwNah my;yJ khjj;jpw;F xU KiwNah nray;gLk;.
,) ePz;l fhy re;ij:
ePbj;J ciof;f $ba nghUl;fis ifahsj;jf;f tifapy; cs;s re;ijia ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
,j;jifa re;ijapy; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F gad;gLj;j VJthf cs;s Efu;T nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
Nritfs; kl;Lk; re;ijapLif nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
VII. njhopy; mstpd; mbg;gilapy;
m) nkhj;j tpw;gid re;ij:
,t;tif re;ijapy; cw;gj;jpahsuplkpUe;J Neubahf nghUl;fis nkhj;jkhf nfhs;Kjy;
nra;J rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsu;fSf;F nkhj;jkhf tpw;gid nra;tNj nkhj;j tpw;gid re;ij
vdg;gLk;.
M) rpy;yiw tpw;gid re;ij:
nkhj;j tpw;gidahsuplkpUe;J nkhj;jkhf nghUl;fis nfhs;Kjy; nra;J mtw;iw Efu;Nthu;>
kw;Wk; thbf;fiahsu;fSf;F Neubahf rpW rpW mstpy; Njitf;F Vw;g tpw;gid
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
VIII.. Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
m) Kjd;ik re;ij:
Ntshz; tpis nghUl;fs; kl;LNk ,j;jifa re;ijapy; thq;FtJ kw;Wk; tpw;gid
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
M) ,uz;lhk;epiy re;ij:
,t;tif re;ijapy; Kw;Wg; ngwhj jahupg;G nghUl;fs; kl;LNk re;ijapLif nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,jd; gpwNf mg;nghUl;fs; KbTw;w nghUl;fshf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
,) ,Wjp epiy re;ij:
,j;jifa re;ijapy; KbTw;w nghUl;fs; kl;LNk re;ijapLif nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
2. nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy; re;ijfs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
m) Kiwahd (nrk;ikahd) re;ij:
,t;tif re;ijapy; xNu ,ay;ghd jd;iknfhz;l gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfis xNu tpjkhd
tpiyapd; mbg;gilapy; ifahsg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j re;ij fPo;fhZk; epge;jidfis
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1. mjpf vz;zpf;if cs;s thq;FNthu; kw;Wk; tpw;Nghiu nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. nghUl;fspd; tpiy re;ij KOtJk; xNu rPuhf ,Uj;jy;.
3. thq;FNthu; kw;Wk; tpw;Nghu; re;ijiag; gw;wp njspthf mwpe;jpUj;jy;.
4. nghUl;fs; jq;F jilapd;wp xU ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F nry;tjw;F toptif
nra;fpwJ.
M) Kiwaw;w my;yJ nrk;ikaw;w re;ij:
,t;tif re;ij gy;tif nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW tpiyfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. xNu jd;ik
kw;Wk; tpiy nfhz;l nghUl;fs; ,r;re;ijapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ. fPo;fz;l
nray;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; ,j;jifa re;ij nray;gLfpwJ mtw;iw fhzyhk;.
1. nghUl;fs; xj;j jd;ik ,d;ik
2. tpiyapy; Vw;w jho;T
3. jfty; njhlu;gpy; FiwghL
4. xU ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F nghUl;fis nfhz;L nry;tjpy; cs;s jilfs;.

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 myF 5 re;ijapLifapd; mbg;gil $Wfs;
mj;jpahak; 14 re;ijapLif kw;Wk; re;ijapLifapd; fyit
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. re;ijapLif Kiwapd; Muk;g epiy -------------------
m) Kw;Wupik Kiw M) gzj;jpw;F khw;Wjy; ,) gz;lkhw;W Kiw <) jw;rhu;G cw;gj;jp
2. re;ijapy; cau; epiyapy; ,Ug;gtu; ahu;?
m) thbf;ifahsu; M) tpw;gidahsu; ,) nkhj;j tpw;gidahsu; <) rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsu;
3. fPo;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s $Wfspy; re;ijapLif fyitf;F njhlu;G ,y;yhj xU $W vJ?
m) ,lf; $W M) nghUs; $W ,) jpl;lf; $W <) tpiyf; $W
4. re;ijapLif fyit vd;gJ re;ijapLif jpl;lkply; %yk; epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; ---------
Njit kw;Wk; kd epiwT %yk; ,yhgk; ngWfpwJ.
m) nkhj;j tpw;gidahsu; M) rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsu; ,) Efu;Nthu; <) tpw;gidahsu;
5. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; fz;Zf;F Gyg;glhj nghUs; vJ?
m) fy;tp M) ifNgrp ,) Milfs; <) thfdq;fs;
tpilfs;:
1 , 2 m 3 , 4 , 5 m
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. re;ijapLjy; vd;why; vd;d?
re;ijapLif vd;gJ gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfis cw;gj;jpahsuplkpUe;J ,Wjp gad;ghl;L Efu;Nthu;
tiu nfhz;L Nru;f;Fk; eltbf;iffSf;F trjpia Vw;gLj;Jk; Xu; eltbf;if re;ijapLifahFk;.
2. re;ijapLif fyitapd; tiutpyf;fzk; jUf?
jpU. n[Nuhkp vk;rp fhu;Njh mtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb “re;ijapLif fyit ehd;F $Wfis
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mitahtd> nghUs; $Wfs;> tpiy $Wfs;> tpw;gid Nkk;ghl;L $Wfs; kw;Wk; ,l
$Wfs; MFk;”. vd;fpwhu;.
3. jug;gLj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d?
jug;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ nghUl;fis ,ay;ghd juj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpupj;J mikg;gJ MFk;.
nghUl;fs; jug;gLj;Jtjpy; gy fhuzpfs; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd. mjhtJ nghUspd; msT> tz;zk;>
Rit kw;Wk; mjd; Njhw;wk; Nghd;witahFk;.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. re;ijapLifapd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
1. etPd re;ijapLif nfhs;ifahdJ mwpT jpwj;ij gad;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.
2. re;ijapLif Jiwapy; Nkk;ghl;il Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
3. nfhs;if topfhl;ly; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; ey;ynjhU gaDs;s Kbtpid nray;gLj;JfpwJ.
4. re;ijapLif njhlu;Gs;s gpur;rpidfSf;F ey;y jPu;T fhz top tif nra;fpwJ.
2. re;ijapLifapd; fUj;Jf;fis tptupf;fTk;.
1. vd;d tpw;gid nra;a ,aYk;?
vd;d tpw;gid nra;a ,aYk; vd;gij KbT nra;> mdhy; vij eP cw;gj;jp nra;jhNah mij
tpw;gid nra;a Kaw;rpf;fhNj.
2. Kjypy; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;ayhkh?
,y;iy> Kjypy; thbf;ifahsiu cUthf;F>mjd; gpwF nghUl;fis cUthf;F.
3. vdJ nghUl;fs; kPJ md;G nrYj;jyhkh?
,y;iy> cdJ thbf;ifahwu; kPJ md;G nrYj;J Mdhy; nghUl;fs; kPJ my;y.
4. re;ijapy; ahu; Nkk;gl;ltu;?
Efu;NthNu Nkk;gl;ltu; mtu;fs; kd;du; Nghd;wtu;fs;.
5. ahu; vdJ Kbtpid tbtikg;gtu;?
thbf;ifahsupd; Kd;DupikNa cdJ Kbtpid tbtikf;Fk;.

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3. re;ijapLif fyit vd;gJ gw;wp ePtpu; mwptJ ahJ? VNjDk; ,uz;L $Wf.
re;ijapLif fyit %yk; epWtdk; jdJ Efu;Nthu;fis Fwpitj;J mjd; %yk; yhgk; <l;LtNj
MFk;. re;ijapLif fyit ehd;F tifg;gLk; mit:
1. nghUl;fyit 2. tpiyf; fyit 3. ,lf; fyit 4. Nkk;ghl;Lf; fyit Nghd;witahFk;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. re;ijapLifapd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp gw;wp tptup.(VNjDk; 5)
1. gz;lkhw;W Kiw:
gz;lq;fSf;F ,izahf gz;lq;fis kl;LNk khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;> NtW ve;jtpj
khw;Wf;fSk; ,jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;;gltpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf gzk; vd;w xd;W ,jpy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
2. cw;gj;jp rhu;e;J:
Efu;Nthupd; tpUg;gq;fSf;F khwhf yhg Nehf;fj;NjhL mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jpf;F kl;LNk
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F rpwpa mstpyhd Kf;fpaj;JtNk
,f; fhy fl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. tpw;gid rhu;e;J:
tpw;gidNa xU Kw;Nghf;F fhuzpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; Efu;Nthupd; Njitia
jpUg;jpgLj;Jk; tifapy; ve;j xU Kaw;rpAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
4. re;ijapLif rhu;e;J:
thbf;ifahsupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gl;lJ. Mdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis tpw;W
jPu;g;gjpy; kl;LNk mjpf Nghl;b ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
5. Efu;Nthu; rhu;e;J:
,e;j epiyapy; kl;LNk Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUl;fs; re;ijf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. NkYk;
mitfs; Efu;NthUf;F kdepiwT Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Rit> tpUg;gq;fs; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;
Nghd;witfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. Nkyhz;ik rhu;e;J:
,d;iwa Efu;Nthupd; gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfSf;fhd Njitia G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy;
jpl;lkply;> nghUs; Nkk;ghL nra;jy; kw;Wk; tpepNahfk; nra;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
2. re;ijapLif fyitapd; $Wfis Fwpg;gpLf.
1. nghUs;:
nghUs; re;ijapy; xU Kf;fpa $W MFk;. nghUs; ,y;iynadpy; ve;j xU re;ijAk; ,aq;f
,ayhJ vd;W $Wfpd;w mstpw;F nghUs; re;ijapLif fyitapy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
2. tpiy:
gpypg;Nfhl;yu; mtu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb “tpiy vd;gJ gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpapd; kjpg;G Mf
ngwg;gLk; xd;whFk;”.
3. ,lk;:
xU nghUs; vd;djhd; juk; tha;e;jitahfTk;> tpiyapy; rhjfj;jd;ik kw;Wk; rpwe;j Nkk;ghl;L
eltbf;iffs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> cw;gj;jp ,lj;jpypUe;J Efu;T ,lk; tiu nghUl;fis rupahd
Kiwapy; kw;Wk; rupahd Neuj;jpy; nfhz;L nry;ytpy;iy vdpy; midj;Jk; gad; mw;wjhFk;.
vdNt rupahd Neuj;jpy; rupahd ,lj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;tjw;F ,lk; xU Kf;fpag; gq;F
tfpf;fpwJ.
4. tpw;gid Nkk;ghL / tpsk;guk;:
re;ijapy; xU nghUs; vd;djhd; juKilajhf ,Ue;jhYk; NkYk; tpiyapy; rhjf epiy
,Ue;jhYk; Efu;Nthu; kj;jpapy; nghUspd; rpwg;G ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; gad;ghL Fwpj;J
njupag;gLj;jhj epiyapy; mg;nghUs; epu;zapj;j ntw;wpia xU NghJk; mila ,ayhJ. vdNt
Nkk;ghl;L eltbf;iffs; kpfTk; mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. Nkk;ghl;L eltbf;ifapy; tpsk;guk;
mjpf gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.

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 myF 5 re;ijapLifapd; mbg;gil $Wfs;
mj;jpahak; 15 re;ijapLjy; etPd Nghf;F
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. ,izak; %yk; nghUl;fs; (m) Nritfis tpw;gid nra;Ak; Kiwia -------------- vd;fpNwhk;.
m) gRik re;ijapLjy; M) kpd; re;ijapLjy;
,) r%f re;ijapLjy; <) nkl;lh re;ijapLjy;
2. ,izaj;jpw;F EioT thapy; vd;gJ
m) Nghu;ly; M) rpgpA ,) Nkhlk; <) ntg;euhq;
3. r%f re;ijgLj;Jjy; vd;gJ ------------- cld; njhlu;GilaJ.
m) r%fk; M) r%f tFg;G ,) r%f khw;wk; <) r%f jPik
4. r%f Clf re;ijgLj;Jjiy rpwg;ghf nray;gLj;JtJ ---------khw;W tpfpjj;ij mjpfupf;Fk;
m) thbf;ifahsupypUe;J thq;Fgtuhf M) rpy;yiw tpahghupapypUe;J thbf;ifahsuhf
,) thq;FgtupypUe;J kw;W xU thq;Fgtuhf <) re;ijahsUf;F Neub njhlu;G
5. Jha rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsu; ---------------- vd miof;fg;gLgtu;
m) re;ij cUthf;Feu;fs; M) eltbf;if jufu;fs; ,) tpahghupfs; <) Kftu;fs;
tpilfs;:
1 M 2 , 3 M 4 m 5 M
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. Nrit re;ijapLjy; vd;why; vd;d?
,J re;ijgLj;jypd; Xu; rpwg;G gpupT MFk;. ,J xU Nrit my;yJ gaid xUtu; kw;wtUf;F
mspg;gij Fwpf;Fk;. Nrit vd;gJ fz;Zf;F Gyg;glhj xd;whFk;. Nrit re;ijapLjy; vd;gJ
jfty; njhopy;El;gk;> tq;fpf; fhg;gPL> Rfhjhuk;> Rw;Wyh> Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghJfhg;G> gOJghu;g;G Nghd;w
Nritg; nghUs;fis guptu;j;jid nra;Jf; nfhs;Stij Fwpf;Fk;.
2. gRik re;ijapLjy; vd;why; vd;d?
Rw;Wr; R+oYf;F ve;jtpj jPq;F tpistpf;fhky; Rw;Wg;Gw RoYf;F ghJfhg;ghf re;ijgLj;Jtij
gRik re;ijgLj;jy; vdyhk;. Efu;Nthu;fspd; Njit kw;Wk; tpUg;gj;ij epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy;
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis cUthf;fp> Nkk;gLj;jp> jukhd> nray;jpwd; kpf;f nghUs;fis kypT
tpiyapy; nghUl;fis Rw;Wr; R+oYf;F ve;jtpj ghjpg;Gk; Vw;gLj;jhj tifapy; cw;gj;jp nra;J
re;ijgLj;Jtij gRik re;ij gLj;jy; vdyhk;.
3. kiwKf re;ijapLjy; vd;why; vd;d?
,k;Kiwapy; xU epfo;rr ; pf;F vt;tpj epjpAjtpAk; nra;ahky; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; kdjpy; gjpAk;
tifapy; tpsg;gujhuu;fSld; ,ize;J jq;fSila nghUSf;Fk; ,ufrpa topapy;
tpsk;gug;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; El;gj;ij mk;G\; (gJq;fpapUe;J) re;ijapLjy; vd;fpNwhk;.
4. r%f re;ijapLif vd;why; vd;d?
r%f eyid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; r%fj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;
Nehf;fq;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nghUl;fis re;ijg;gLj;Jk; KiwNa r%f
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vdyhk;.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. kpd; re;ijapLjypd; ed;ikis tptup.
kpd; re;ijapLjypd; ed;ikfs;:
1. midj;J Neuj;jpYk; re;ij:
kpd; re;ij thuj;jpd; 7 ehl;fspYk; 24 kzp Neuj;jpYk; (24X7) gadhspfSf;F re;ij trjpia
mspf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; Efu;Nthu; ve;j ,lj;jpypUe;Jk; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; nghUl;fisAk; /
NritfisAk; ngwTk; mspf;fTk; KbAk;.

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 2. Neub njhlu;G:
jahupg;ghsu;fSf;Fk; Efu;Nthu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Neub njhlu;G Vw;gLtjhy; nryTfs;
Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; kypthd tpiyapy; nghUl;fis ,iza re;ijapLifapd; thapyhf
Efu;Nthu;fs; thq;f ,aYfpwJ.
3. Njitia ngWjy;:
Efu;Nthu; jq;fSf;F Njitg;gLk; vj;jifa nghUs;fisAk; kw;Wk; NritfisAk; kpd;
re;ijapy; gy;NtW jsq;fs; / tiy gf;fq;fs; %yk; ngwyhk.;
2. kpd; re;ijapLjypd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit ? (VNjDk; 3)
kpd; re;ijapLjypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. re;ijapd;; gq;if NkYk; tpupthf;fk; nra;jy;.
2. toq;fPL kw;Wk; tpw;gid Nkk;ghl;L nryTfis Fiwj;jy;.
3. nghUs; Fwpj;j mjpf tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
4. jfty; jsj;ij gyg;gLj;Jjy;.
3. jdpaplr; re;ij gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
1. cz;ikapy; ,J xU re;ijNa my;y> Nghl;bahsu;fshy; milahsk; fhzg;glhj xU
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tFg;G / gpupT kf;fis milahsk; fz;L me;j thbf;ifahsupd; Njitfis
G+u;j;jp nra;a Njitahd midj;J re;ijapLjy; Kaw;rpfis nra;tNj jdpaplr;re;ij Fwpf;Fk;.
2. xU ngupa Fsj;jpy; xU rpwpa kPdhf ,Ug;gjw;F gjpyhf xU rpwpa Fsj;jpy; xU ngupa
kPdhf ,Ug;gJ Nghy> xU Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thbf;ifahsupd; Njitfis G+u;j;jp
nra;Ak; re;ijia ,t;thW miof;fpNwhk;.
3. midj;J trjpAld; $ba jpiuauq;Ffs; (,jd; bf;nfl; tpiy kw;w jpiuauq;if Nghy;
,y;yhky; 5 my;yJ 6 klq;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;).
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. ghuk;gupa re;ijapLif vt;thW kpd; re;ijapypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ – tpsf;Ff.
kpd; re;ijgLj;Jjy; ghuk;gupa re;ijgLj;Jjy;
nghUs;fs; / Nritfis kpf Fiwe;j ,k;Kiwapy; kpf jhkjkhfTk; mjpf nrytpYk;
nrytpy; Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;. kl;Lk; nghUs;> Nritia Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;.
cyf mstpy; kpf tpiutpy; kpf vspjhf ,k;Kiwapy; mt;tsT vspjhf cyfstpy;
nghUl;fis Nkk;gLj;jp re;ijapl KbAk;. nghUl;fis Nkk;gLj;j KbahJ fhyKk;
nryTk; mjpfkhFk;.
tzpf epWtdq;fs; kpf Fiwe;jsT kdpj ,k;Kiwapy; njhopiy tpupTg;gLj;j mjpf kdpj
tsj;Jld; njhopiy tpupTg;gLj;jyhk;. tsk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
,k;Kiwapy; Mz;L KOtJk; thu 7 ,k;Kiwapy; Mz;L KOtJk; thu 7
ehl;fs; 24 kzp NeuKk; Fiwe;j kdpj ehl;fspYk; 24 kzp NeuKk; re;ijapLtJ
rf;jpAld; re;ijapl KbAk;. ,ayhj fhupak;.
2. etPd re;ijapLjypy; VNjDk; ,uz;L Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.
1. kpd;dZ tu;j;jfk; (m) kpd; tu;j;jfk;:
gz;lfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs; guptu;j;jidapy; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth njhlu;Gila
midj;J eltbf;iffSk; kpd;dZ tiyj;jsj;jpd; topahf Nkw;nfhs;Stij kpd;dZ tzpfk;
my;yJ kpd; tu;j;jfk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. kpd; njhopy;:
tzpfj;ij ,izak;> kpd;tiyjsk;> kpd;dZ ,izak;> tiyjsk;>mf ,izak; my;yJ rpy
,izTfs; %ykhf tpahghuk; nra;tij kpd; tzpfk; vd;fpNwhk;.
3. kpd; re;ijapLif / kpd;dZ re;ijapLjy;:
kpd; ,izak;> kpd;dQ;ry;> tau;ny]; Clfk;> kpd;tiyaikg;G> kw;Wk; kpd;dZ thbf;ifahsu;
Nkyhz;ik Kiw Nghd;w b[pl;ly; njhopy; El;gq;fis gad;gLj;jp re;ijg;gLj;jypd;
Nehf;fq;fis miltij kpd; khu;f;nfl;bq; (m) kpd; re;ijgLj;Jjiy Fwpf;Fk;.

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 4. tiyj; jsr; re;ijaply;:
tiyj;js fil my;yJ nka;epfu; filapd; %yk; ,Wjp Efu;NthUf;F kpd; ,izak; topahf
nghUs; my;yJ Nritfis guhkupj;jy; nra;tijNa tiyj;jsf; fil vd;fpNwhk;.
5. gRik re;ijgLj;jy;:
Rw;Wr; R+oYf;F ve;jtpj jPq;F tpistpf;fhky; Rw;Wg;Gw RoYf;F ghJfhg;ghf re;ijgLj;Jtij
gRik re;ijgLj;jy; vdyhk;. Efu;Nthu;fspd; Njit kw;Wk; tpUg;gj;ij epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy;
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis cUthf;fp> Nkk;gLj;jp> jukhd> nray;jpwd; kpf;f nghUs;fis
kypT tpiyapy; nghUl;fis Rw;Wr; R+oYf;F ve;jtpj ghjpg;Gk; Vw;gLj;jhj tifapy; cw;gj;jp
nra;J re;ijgLj;Jtij gRik re;ij gLj;jy; vdyhk;.
6. r%f re;ijg;gLj;jy;:
r%f eyid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; r%fj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;
Nehf;fq;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nghUl;fis re;ijg;gLj;Jk; KiwNa r%f
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vdyhk;.
7. ituy; (guTk;) re;ijapLjy;:
re;ijapLjypd; kw;nwhU cf;jpjhd; ituy; (gug;G) re;ijapLjy;. ,k;Kiwapy; xU egu; re;ij
(m) nghUs; gw;wpa tptuq;fis kw;nwhU egUf;F mDg;Gthu;. mr;nra;jp njhw;Wf;fpUkp
guTtijg;Nghy; xUtuplkpUe;J gy egu;fSf;F kpf tpiuthf gutp xU nghUs; my;yJ
gpuhz;Lf;fhd tpw;gid mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy; re;ijapLk; KiwNa ituy; (gug;;G) re;ijapLjy;
vd;fpNwhk;.
8. gJq;fpapUe;J (kiwKf) (mk;G\;) re;ijapLjy;:
,k;Kiwapy; xU epfo;rr ; pf;F vt;tpj epjpAjtpAk; nra;ahky; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; kdjpy; gjpAk;
tifapy; tpsg;gujhuu;fSld; ,ize;J jq;fSila nghUSf;Fk; ,ufrpa topapy;
tpsk;gug;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; El;gj;ij mk;G\; (gJq;fpapUe;J) re;ijapLjy; vd;fpNwhk;.
9. nfhupy;yh re;ijapLjy;:
nghJkf;fs; mjpfkhf $Lk; ,lq;fshd re;ij> ngupa tpw;gid $lq;fs;> G+q;fh kw;Wk;
flw;fiu Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; jpBu; vd Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdj;jpd; milahsk; nfhz;l Milia
mzpe;Jf; nfhz;L Njhd;wp thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F Mr;rupaj;ij mspj;J gpukpf;f nra;J (m) xU
nghUspd; ju milahsj;ij mtu;fspd; kdjpy; gjpa nra;Ak; KiwNa nfhupy;yh re;ijapjy;
vdyhk;.
10. gy;Nehf;F msT (ky;l;bnyty;) re;ijapLjy;:
,k;Kiwapy; xU nkhj;j tpahghup my;yJ tpepNahf];jiu epWtdk; Kjypy; epu;zapf;Fk;
gpd;du; tpepNahf];ju;fs; mtu;fspd; fPo; gy tpepNahf];ju;fis epu;zapg;gu; ,t;thW xt;nthU
tpepNahf];ju;fSk; mtu;fspd; fPo; gy tpepNahf];ju;fis mku;j;jp tpw;gidia ngUf;Fk;
KiwiaNa gy;Nehf;fsT (ky;lb ; ) re;ijapLjy; vd;fpNwhk;.
11. gupe;Jiu re;ijapLjy;:
tof;fkhd nghUs;fis gw;wp tpsk;guk; nra;ahky; xU epWtdj;jpw;Fupa Vw;fdNt cs;s
thbf;ifahsu;fs; %yk; nghUs;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; rpwg;ig gw;wp kw;wtu;fSf;F gupe;Jiu
nra;a Jhz;b tpw;gid mjpfupf;Fk; Kiwia gupe;Jiu re;ijapLjy; vdyhk;.
12. cs;slf;f re;ijapLjy;:
,k;Kiwapy; nghUl;fs; (m) Nritfis tpw;gid nra;ahky; mjidg; gw;wpa nra;jp
jfty;fis Efu;NthUf;F njuptpf;Fk; fiyia cs;slf;f re;ijapLjy; vd;fpNwhk;. ,t;thW
nghUs; / Nrit gw;wpa jfty;fis mspf;Fk; epWtdj;ij FWf;fPLapy;yh re;ijapLjy; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

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 myF 6 - Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G
mj;jpahak; 16 - Efu;Nthupay;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. “Efu;Nthupay;” vDk; nrhy; Njhd;wpa Mz;L
m) 1960; M) 1957 ,) 1954 <) 1958
2. Efu;Nthu; ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij ahu;?
m) kfhj;kh fhe;jp M) [hd;.vg;. nfd;db ,) uhy;g; Nelu;; <) [t`u;yhy; NeU
3. nghUl;fs; tpw;gidr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L
m) 1962 M) 1972 ,) 1930 <) 1985
4. Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j ehs;
m) 01.01.1986 M) 01.04.1986 ,) 15.04.1987 <) 15.04.1990
6. Efu;Nthu; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; Fwpj;J tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gLj;j xt;nthU Mz;Lk;
----------- Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G jpdkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) Mf];l; 15 M) Vg;uy; 15 ,) khu;r; 15 <) nrg;lk;gu; 15
tpilfs;:
1 m 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ,
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Efu;Nthu; vd;gtu; ahu;?
cw;gj;jpahsuplkpUe;J my;yJ tpw;gidahsuplkpUe;J nghUl;fis thq;FNthu; my;yJ ,aw;if
tsq;fis nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;L (fhw;W> ePH kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;) my;yJ gpwuhy; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;L tpw;fg;gLk; nghUl;fis gad;gLj;JgtNu Efu;Nthu; Mthu;.
2. fyg;glj;jpw;F ,uz;L vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.
1. ghypd; mlu;jd;ik kw;Wk; ntspu; jd;ik mjpfupg;gjw;fhf Nrhg;G> Rz;zhk;G>A+upah kw;Wk;
fh];bf;Nrhlh Nruf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. czT jhdpaq;fspy; rpwpa fw;fy; Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
3. Njq;fha; vz;nzapy; ghkhapy; fyf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. Njdpd; msit mjpfupg;gjw;fhf jz;zPH kw;Wk; ru;f;fiu Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
5. muprp khT kw;Wk; NfhJik khTfspy; ];lhu;r; Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. fhgp nghbAld; Gsp tpijapd; nghb (Gspaq;nfhl;il) Nru;ff ; g;gLfpd;wJ.
7. kQ;rs; Jhs; Nghd;w krhyhf;fSld; nkj;jdhy; Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
8. fUg;G kpsFld; gg;ghsp tpij fyf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
9. kpsfha;g; nghbAld; nrq;fy; nghb fyf;;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
3. “thq;FNthu; [hf;fpuij” vd;why; vd;d?
nghUl;fis thq;fpatu; mg;nghUs; jdJ vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis <Lnra;atpy;iy vdpy; mjw;F
nghUl;fis tpw;wtu; ve;j tifapYk; nghWg;Ngw;f khl;lhu;> nghUl;fis thq;fpatu; mjw;F
epthuzk; Njl ,ayhJ vd Efu;Nthiu vr;rupf;if nra;Ak; jj;JtNk “thq;FNthu; [hf;fpuij
my;yJ tpopj;jpU” vDk; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
4. tpw;gidahsu; [hf;fpuij vd;whu; vd;d?
,d;iwa jpdj;jpy; tpw;gidahsu;fSf;F jhq;fs; tpw;gid nra;Ak; nghUl;fs; kPJ mjpf nghWg;G
cz;L. ,d;W mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd nghUl;fs; tpw;gidahsu;
vr;rupf;ifAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; nghUl;fs; tpw;gid
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. tpw;gidahsu;fs; jq;fsJ nghWg;gpypUe;J jg;gpf;f ,ayhJ. tpsk;guq;fspy;
“nghUl;fs; cs;sJ cs;sgb” vd;w mbg;ilapNyNa tpw;gidahsu; mg; nghUis tpw;gid nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.

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5. rpW Fwpg;G tiuf Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1986.
Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G FOf;fs; kw;Wk; Efu;Nthupd; njhlu; mOj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf ika muR
Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1986 vDk; tpupthd rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ. ,r;rl;lk;15.04.1987 md;W
mKYf;F te;jJ. ,r;rl;lk; 1993 y; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; RUf;fkhf Nfhg;uh (COPRA)
vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ. ,r; rl;lk;; Ruz;ly;fspypUe;J Efu;Nthiug; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. Efu;Nthupay; Fwpj;J ,aw;wg;gl;l Kf;fpar; rl;lq;fs; ahit? (VNjDk; 3)
1. ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk; 1872. ,r; rl;lk; kf;fs; xg;ge;jq;fSf;F fl;Lg;gl;L elg;gij cWjp
nra;fpwJ.
2. nghUl;fs; tpw;gid rl;lk; 1930. ,r;rl;lk; tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpy; ntspg;gilahd kw;Wk;
cl;fpilahd cj;;juthjq;fis tpw;gidahsu;fs; nray;gLj;j kWg;gjpypUe;J Efu;Nthiu
ghJfhf;fpwJ.
3. mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fs; rl;lk; 1955. ,r;rl;lk; nraw;ifahd tpiyNaw;wk; nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld;
gJf;fpitj;jy;> fs;sre;ijapy; mjpf tpiyf;F tpw;gid nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw jil nra;a
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. Ntshz; nghUl;fs; jug;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid rl;lk; 1937.,r;rl;lk; Ntshz;ik cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fis ey;y juj;Jld; toq;Ftij cWjp nra;fpwJ.
2. nraw;ifg; gw;whf;Fiw vd;why; vd;d?
1. rpy R+o;epiyfspy; tzpfu;fs; jq;fspd; tzpf epWtdq;fspd; ruf;Ffis ,Ug;G itf;Fk;
,lq;fspy; NghJkhd my;yJ Njitf;F mjpfkhd msT ruf;Ffis ,Ug;G itj;jpUe;jhYk;
$l jq;fs; filapd; Kfg;gpy; ,Ug;G ,y;iy vDk; ngau; gyifia itf;fpd;wdu;. ,jidNa
nraw;ifg; gw;whf;Fiw vd;fpNwhk;.
2. ,j;jifa R+o;epiyapy; Efu;Nthu;fs; jq;fspd; jtpu;ff ; ,ayhj Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; mjpf
tpiy nfhLj;J thq;f Ntz;ba epu;ge;jj;jpw;F Mshf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
3. ,jd; %yk; tzpfu;fs; Neu;ikaw;w Kiwapy; ngUyhgk; <l;Lfpd;wdu;.
3. Efu;Nthupaypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp vOJf. (VNjDk; 3)
1. Efu;Nthu;fsplk; tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gLj;jp mtu;fis xUq;fpizj;jy;.
2. epahakw;w tzpf eilKiwfis vjpu;j;jy;
3. Ruz;ly;fspypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;
4. r%f tpNuhj eltbf;iffis vjpu;j;jy;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. Efu;Nthu;fs; vt;thW Ruz;lg;gLfpwhu;fs;? (VNjDk; 5)
1. mjpf tpiyf;F tpw;wy;:
tpw;gidahsu;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis mspg;gtu;fs; jhq;fs; toq;Fk; nghUl;fs; kw;;Wk;
NritfSf;F mjd; juj;jpw;F <lhd tpiyiaf; fhl;bYk; $Ljyhd tpiyia mspg;gjw;F
gy;NtW jUzq;fspy; epu;ge;jpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
2. fyg;glk;:
fyg;glk; vd;gJ czTg; nghUl;fspy; tpUk;gj;jfhj gjpypg; nghUl;fisr; Nru;g;gjhFk;. fyg;gl
nghUl;fis thq;fpg; gad;gLj;Jk; Efu;NthUf;F cly;uPjpahfTk;> gz uPjpahfTk; fLikahd
,og;Gfs; Vw;gLfpwJ.
3. Nghypahd nghUl;fs;:
kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gpugykile;j tzpff; FwpAila nghUl;fSf;F mNj Nghd;W Nghypahd
nghUl;fs; rl;l tpNuhjkhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;L Nkhrbahf tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
4. nraw;ifahd gw;whf;Fiw:
tzpfu;fs; Njitf;F mjpfkhd msT ruf;Ffis ,Ug;G itj;jpUe;jhYk;$l jq;fs; filapd;
Kfg;gpy; ,Ug;G ,y;iy vDk; ngau; gyifia itf;fpd;wdu;. ,jidNa nraw;ifg; gw;whf;Fiw
vd;fpNwhk;.

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 5. juf;FiwT:
fl;Lkhdk; nra;J Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;l nfhs;fyd;fis jpwe;jhy; mjpy; milf;fg;gl;Ls;s
nghUl;fs; juk; Fiwe;jjhfTk; > nfl;Lg;NghdjhfTk; epfu vil nfhs;fydpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sij tpl Fiwthf ,Ug;gijAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
6. ngha;ahd tpsk;guq;fs;:
tpsk;guq;fs; nghUspd; juk;> tpiy> cs;slf;fk;> gad;ghL> cj;juthjk;> kw;Wk; nray;jpwd;
Fwpj;J jtwhd fUj;Jf;fs; gug;gg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tifahd ngha; tpsk;guq;fis ek;gp
nghUl;fis thq;Fk; Efu;Nthu;fs; Vkhw;wg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
2. Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;gpy; tzpfj;jpd; gq;fpid tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; 5)
Efu;Nthu; eyidg; ghJfhf;f tzpf epWtdq;fs; fPo;fz;ltw;iw nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
1. tpiy cau;it jtpu;j;jy;:
tzpf epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; tzpfj;jpy; nghUl;fspy; fLikahd gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLk; R+oypy; $l
nghUSf;fhd tpiyfis cau;j;Jtij jtpu;ff ; Ntz;Lk;.
2. gJf;fiy jtpu;j;jy;:
Efu;Nthu; ghjpf;fg;gLk; tifapy; gJf;fy; kw;Wk; fs;sr;re;ij eltbf;iffs; %yk; mjpf
,yhgk; <l;Lk; eltbf;ifs; jtpu;ff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. cau; juj;jpw;F cj;juthjk; mspj;jy;:
tzpf epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F ngha;ahd cj;juthjq;fis
mspf;ff;$lhJ. mitfs; jq;fsJ nghUl;fspd; cau; juj;jpid cWjpgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
4. tpsk;guq;fspy; cz;ik (Neu;ik):
tzpf epWtdq;fs; jq;fspd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F tpsk;guk; nra;Ak;NghJ
mt;tpsk;guq;fspy; ngha;ahd> cz;ikf;F Gwk;ghd>Nkhrbahd jfty;fis mspj;J
Efu;NthUf;F jtwhd topfhl;lf; $lhJ.
5. jPq;FfspypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;:
tzpf epWtdq;fs Mgj;jhd kw;Wk; jPq;F tpistpf;ff; $ba nghUl;fis re;ijg;gLj;jf;
$lhJ.
6. gzj;ij jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;Fk; cj;juthjk;:
tzpf epWtdq;fs; jq;fspd; cw;gj;jpf; nghUl;fspy; FiwghLfs; fhzg;gbd; mf;FiwghLila
nghUl;fis jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L Gjpa nghUl;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ mtw;wpw;Fupa
gzj;ij jpUg;gpj; ju Ntz;Lk;.
3. Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1986 d; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
1. Efu;Nthupd; capUf;Fk; clikf;Fk; CW tpistpf;Fk; nghUl;fis re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhf
Efu;Nthiu ghJfhj;jy;.
2. Efu;Nthu; thq;Fk; nghUl;fspd; juk; msT> Rj;jj;jd;ik> tpiy kw;Wk; juepiy Fwpj;J
cz;ikahd kw;Wk; KOikahd jfty;fis Efu;NthUf;F mspj;jy;.
3. tzpfu;fspd; epahakw;w tzpf eilKiwfspypUe;J Efu;Nthiug; ghJfhj;jy;.
4. Ruz;ly; eilKiwfSf;F vjpuhf jPHTfisj; Njl Efu;NthUf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;.
5. Efu;Nthupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfis mwpe;J nfhs;sr; nra;jy;.
6. ey;y jukhd nghUl;fis rupahd tpiyfspy; fpilf;r; nra;tjd; %yk; mtu;fspd; rpwe;j
tho;f;ifj;j juj;ij cWjpgLj;Jjy;.
7. Efu;Nthu; jq;fsJ cupikfis epiy ehl;l Efu;Nthu; FOf;fy; kw;Wk; gpw mjpfhu
mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

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 myF 6 Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G
mj;jpahak; 17 Efu;Nthupd; cupikfs;> flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. etPd re;ijapaypd; ,Wjpahd Nehf;fk; ------------------
m) mjpfkhd ,yhgk; M) Fiwthd ,yhgk; ,) Efu;Nthu; jpUg;jp <) rKjhaj;jpw;F Nrit
2. --------------- vd;gtu; etPd re;ijapaypd; kd;du; Mthu;
m) Efu;Nthu;; M) nkhj;j tpahghup ,) cw;gj;jpahsu; <) rpy;yiw tpahghup
3. Efu;Nthupd; cupikfs; mtu;fs; nfhz;Ls;s epiyapy; ------------- MFk;.
m) mstPLfs; M) tpw;gid mjpfg;gLj;Jjy; ,) nghWg;Gfs; <) flikfs;
4. [hd;.vg;.nfd;db mtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb gpd;tUgtw;wpy; Efu;Nthu; cupikapy; ,lk;
ngwhjit vJ?
m) ghJfhg;;G cupik M) Nju;e;njLf;Fk;; cupik
,) EfUk; cupik <) njuptpf;Fk; cupik
5. Efu;Nthupd; nghWg;G vd;gJ mtu; ngw;Ws;s ------------------- MtzNk nghUl;fis
thq;fpajw;fhd milahskhFk;.
m) nuhf;f ,urPJ M) cj;jputhj ml;;il ,) ,lhg;G <) Nkw;fhZk; midj;Jk;
tpilfs;:
1 , 2 m 3 , 4 , 5 m
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. jfty; ngWk; cupik (Right to be informed) gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
nghUl;fis thq;Fk;NghJ Efu;Nthu; mg;nghUl;fisg; gw;wpa midj;J tpjkhd jfty;fisAk;
Nfl;Lg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ nghUl;fspd; ngau;> mjd; fyit> gad;gLj;Jk; msT> cw;gj;jp
nra;j ehs;> fhyhtjpahFk; ehs;> jahupg;G gpupT vz;> vr;rupf;if Nghd;w tptuq;fis fz;bg;ghf
mjd; fl;Lkk; kPJ fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. [hd;.F.nfd;db $wpa Efu;Nthu; cupikfs; ahit?
Kd;dhy; mnkupf;f mjpgu; [hd;.F.nfd;db mtu;fs; mbg;gilahd Efu;Nthu; cupik vd;gJ>
1. ghJfhg;gpy; cupik 2. jfty; ngWk; cupik 3. Nju;e;njLf;Fk; cupik 4. Nfl;Fk; cupik vd;W
$Wfpwhu;.
3. tzpfj;jpd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
1. ,yhgk; <l;LtJ 2. thbf;ifahsu;fis cUthf;FtJ 3. re;ij epytuj;jpw;F Vw;g GJik
GFj;JtJ 4. jukhd nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis toq;FtJ. 5. epahakhd tu;j;jf
eilKiwfis gpd;gw;WtJ Nghd;witfs; tzpfj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; MFk;.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. epthuzj;jpw;fhd cupikfs; gw;wp ePtpu; mwpe;jJ vd;d?
1. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F cupa fhyj;jpy; ,og;gPL toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. Efu;Nthupd; Gfhu;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; Nfhupf;iffis cldbahf rupnra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3. Fiw jPHg;G nraypdhy; Efu;Nthu; ek;gpf;if mjpfupf;Fk; kw;Wk; thq;Fgtu;fSf;Fk; epahak;
fpilf;Fk;.
4. Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; cz;ikahd $w;WfSf;F epahakhd kw;Wk; cWjpahd jPHT
fpilf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

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2. MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd ghJfhg;G cupikfs; gw;wp ePtpu; mwptJ ahJ?
1. rpy jahupg;Gg; nghUl;fs; Efu;Nthupd; cly; eyk;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; tho;T Kiwapy;
mghaj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
2. mj;jahupg;Gfs; Efu;Nthupd; eyDf;F jPq;F tpistpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
cjhuzk;;: czT Nru;f;iffs;> epwkpfs;> czT ghJfhg;G ,urhadq;fs; Mfpait MFk;.
3. cly;eyf; NfhshWfs; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa mghaq;fs; vOk; tha;g;Gfs; Kw;wpYk; mopf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ Kw;wpYk; Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. czTfs;; kw;Wk; kUe;Jfs; Efu;Nthupd; capiuf; fhg;ghw;WtjhfTk; capUf;F ghJfhg;G
mspg;gjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. Efu;Nthupd; flikfis tpsf;Ff ? (VNjDk; 5)
1. jukhd nghUl;fis epahkhd tpiyapy; thq;Fjy;:
Efu;Nthu; xU nghUis thq;Ftjw;F Kd; mjd; tpiy> juk; gw;wp filfspYk; Kbe;jhy; muR
tpw;gidafq;fspYk; tprhupj;J jukhd nghUis epahkhd tpiyapy; thq;Ftij flikahf
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2. nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;F Kd; mjd; viliaAk; kw;Wk; msitAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;:
Efu;Nthu; vg;nghOJk; Kd; vr;rupf;ifahf nghUl;fis thq;Fk;nghOJ mjd; vil kw;Wk;
msit fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. tptu ml;ilia ftdkhf gbj;jy;:
nghUspd; kPJ xl;lg;gl;Ls;s tptu ml;ilia KOikahf gbf;f Ntz;baJ Efu;Nthupd;
flikahFk;.
4. jtwhd kw;Wk; ftu;r;rpfukhd tpsk;guq;fs; Fwpj;J vr;rupf;ifAld; ,Uj;jy;:
Nkhrb tpsk;guq;fshy; jtwhf Gupe;J nfhz;L Vkhwhky; ,Ug;gNj Efu;Nthupd; jiyaha
flikahFk;.
5. jtwhd jpl;lq;fs;:
,ytr nghUl;fs; kPjhd Nguhirahy; Njitapy;yhj nghUl;fis thq;fptpl tha;g;Gs;sJ.
6. nuhf;f urPij cWjp nra;jy;:
Efu;Nthu;fs; urPJ ,y;yhky; thq;fg;gl;l nghUl;fspy; VNjDk; Fiwfs; Vw;gl;lhy; Efu;Nthu;fs;
mf;Fiwfis fisa Efu;Nthu; ePjp kd;wj;ij mZf KbahJ. vdNt tpw;gidahsu;fsplk;
nuhf;f urPijf; Nfl;Lg; ngWtJ Efu;Nthupd; flikahFk;.
2. Efu;Nthupd; nghWg;Gfs; ahit? (VNjDk; 5)
1. tpw;gid xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs;gb nghUSf;fhd tpiyia
Efu;Nthu;fs; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
2. nghUl;fis Efu;Nthupd; ,Ug;gplj;jpy; toq;FkhW tpw;gidahsiu Nfl;Lf; nfhs;tJ mtupd;
nghWg;ghFk;.
3. Efu;Nthu; nghUl;fis ngw;Wf; nfhz;L jhkjkhf tpw;gidahsUf;F gzk; nrYj;jpdhNyh
my;yJ nghUl;fSf;F Nrjk; Vw;gLj;jpdhNyh mjw;fhd e\;l<L ju Ntz;baJ Efu;Nthupd;
flikahFk;.
4. Efu;Nthu; jq;fsplkpUf;Fk; nghUl;fis mjd; tpjp Kiwfspd;gb kw;Wk; Kd;ndr;rupf;ifAld;
mg;nghUl;fis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
5. Efu;Nthu; nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;F Kd;ghf fl;lhak; nghUl;fs; kPjhd tpiy> juk;> kw;Wk;
msT Mfpa jfty;fis KOikahf ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
6. Efu;Nthu; nghUl;fis thq;Fk;nghOJ tpw;gidahsuplkpUe;J nghUl;fSf;fhd urPij ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

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 myF 6 Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G
mj;jpahak; 18 Fiw jPu;g;G nray;Kiw
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. Njrpa Efu;Nthu; kWtho;Tf; FOtpd; jiytu; ahu;?
m) ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nrit my;yJ Xa;T ; ngw;w ePjpgjp M) gpujk ke;jpup
,) ,e;jpaj; jiytu; <) NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lit my;y
2. khepy Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G rigapd; jiytu; ahu;?
m) cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjp M) Kjyikr;ru;
,) epjp ke;jpup <) NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lit my;y
3. khtl;l kd;wj;jpd; jiytu; ahu;?
m) khtl;l ePjpgjp M) cau;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp
,) cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjp <) NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l vJTk; ,y;iy
4. nghUl;fspd; my;yJ Nritfspd; kjpg;G kw;Wk; ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif Mfpatw;wpw;F
mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; khepy Mizaj;jplk; Gfhu; njuptpf;fyhk;.
m) ₹ 2 ,yl;rj;jpw;;F kpifahf Mdhy; ₹ 5 ,yl;rj;jpw;;F kpfhky;
M) ₹ 20 ,yl;rj;jpw;;F kpifahf Mdhy; ₹ 1 Nfhbf;F kpfhky;
,) ₹ 3 ,yl;rj;jpw;;F kpifahf Mdhy; ₹ 5 ,yl;rj;jpw;;F kpfhky
<) ₹ 4 ,yl;rj;jpw;;F kpifahf Mdhy; ₹ 20 ,yl;rj;jpw;;F kpfhky;
5. Efu;Nthu; rq;fq;fspd; ru;tNjr mikg;G (IOCU) Kjd;Kjypy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
m) 1960 M) 1965 ,) 1967 <) 1987
tpilfs;:
1 m 2 m 3 m 4 M 5 m
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Fiw jPu;g;G Fwpg;G tiuf.
Efu;Nthu;fs; jtwhd tpsk;guq;fs;> juk; Fiwe;j nghUl;fs;> rpW (gpd;dk;) vilfs; kw;Wk; mstPL>
mjpfg;gbahd nryTfs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ngUk;ghYk; mtu;fs; Ruz;lg;gLfpd;wdu;. mt;thW
Efu;Nthu;fs; Ruz;lg;gLtjpypUe;J jPu;T fhz;gjw;fhd topKiwNa Fiw jPu;g;G vdg;gLfpwJ.
2. Njrpa Mizaj;jpidg; gw;wp tptup.
 ,t;tikg;G Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1986 d; fPo; xU gFjp ePjpkd;wkhf 1988 Mk; Mz;L
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,jd; jiyikafk; GJ nly;ypapy; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ,j;jPu;g;ghizak; cr;r ePjp
kd;wj;jpypUe;J Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjpiaj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L ,aq;fp tUfpwJ.
 ,t;tikg;G Njrpa jPu;g;ghizak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
 &gha; 1 Nfhbf;F vQ;rpa Gfhu; kDf;fis tprhupj;jy;.

3. khepy Mizak; vd;w gjj;ij tptupf;fTk;.

 ,e;j Mizak; khepy mstpy; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;j mikg;G Efu;Nthu; Fiwg;ghl;L
jPu;ghizak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ruf;F kw;Wk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghf vOk; Gfhu;fs; ,e;j jPu;g;ghizaj;jpd; nray; vy;iyf;Fs;
mlq;Fk;. tpw;fg;gl;l ruf;fpy; Vw;gLk; gOJfs; kw;Wk; juf;Fiwfs; kw;Wk; epahakw;w kw;Wk;
jil nra;Ak; tzpf eilKiw Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf tzpf Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G mikg;G Mizak;
vd;w ngaupy; Jtq;fg;gl;L ntw;wpfukhf nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
 ₹ 20 yl;rj;jpw;F kpifahf Mdhy; &gha; 1 Nfhbf;Fs;shf tpw;fg;gl;l ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nrit
njhlu;ghf vOk; Fiw kDf;fis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuk; khepy Mizaj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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4. khtl;l kd;wk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff?
 1986 - Mk; Mz;bd; Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; mjd; gpupT 9 Mfpatw;wpd;gb>
xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; xU khtl;l kd;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp mjd; %yk; khtl;lj;jpy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l Efu;Nthu; eyidg; ghJfhf;f vd;W xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; khtl;l kd;wk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ₹; 20 ,yl;rk; tiu tpw;fg;gl;l ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nrit njhlu;ghf vOk; Fiw kDf;fis
tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,e;j Mizaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. Njrpa Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; gw;wp tptup?
1. Njrpa Mizaj;jpy; 5 cWg;gpdu;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sdu;fs;.
2. mtu;fspy; xUtu; ePjpj; Jiwia rhu;e;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. Vida egu;fs; gpw Jiwfspy;> mwpT> Mw;wy;> mDgtk; ngw;wtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. ,t;tikg;gpy; ngz; cWg;gpdu; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. khepy Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ahu;?
1. cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpahf rk;ke;jg;gl;l khepy murhy; gjtp mku;j;jg;gl;l egu; me;j
Mizaj;jpd; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;glyhk;.
2. ePjp> Neu;ik> ehzak; nfhz;l kw;Wk; Nghjpa mwpT kw;Wk; mDgtk; nfhz;l egu;fisNah
my;yJ nghUshjhuk;> rl;lk;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopy; epu;thfk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; Vw;gLk;
rpf;fy;fisf; ifahSk; jpwid nfhz;ltu;fisAk; epakpf;fyhk;.
3. jd;dhu;t Eu;Nthu; mikg;G gw;wp tptupf;fTk;.
 jd;dhu;t Efu;Nthu; mikg;G vd;gJ Efu;Nthupd; cupik kw;Wk; eyid ghJfhj;jpl
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mikg;ig Fwpf;Fk;.
 jd;dhu;t Efu;Nthu; mikg;G Efu;Nthu; ey epjpapypUe;J nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; juj;ij
Ma;T nra;Ak; jpl;lq;fSf;F epjp cjtp nra;fpwJ.
 nghUl;fspd; ju Nrhjid Fwpj;J elj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis nghJ kf;fSf;F
ntspapl;L gyjug;gl;l nghUl;fs; Fwpj;J tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. Njrpa Mizaj;jpd; xl;L nkhj;j gzpfis tpsf;Ff.
,t;tikg;G Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1986 - d; fPo; xU gFjp ePjpkd;wkhf 1988 - Mk; Mz;L
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; jiyikafk; GJ nly;ypy; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ,j;jPu;g;ghizak; cr;r ePjp
kd;wj;jpypUe;J Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjpiaj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ,t;tikg;G Njrpa
jPu;g;ghizak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
cWg;gpdu;fs;:
1. Njrpa Mizaj;jpy; 5 cWg;gpdu;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sdu;fs;.
2. mtu;fspy; xUtu; ePjpj; Jiwia rhu;e;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. Vida egu;fs; gpw Jiwfspy;> mwpT> Mw;wy;> mDgtk; ngw;wtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. ,t;tikg;gpy; ngz; cWg;gpdu; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mjpfhu vy;iy:
Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1986 gpupT 21 d; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
1. &gha; 1 Nfhbf;F vQ;rpa Gfhu; kDf;fis tprhupj;jy;
2. Nky; KiwaPl;bd; kDtpid tprhupj;jy; kw;Wk; khepy jPu;g;ghizak; mwptpj;j jPu;g;ghizia
khw;Wjy;.
3. khtl;l kd;wk; kw;Wk; khepy jPu;g;ghizaj;jplkpUe;J Njitahd Mtzq;fis Nfl;Lg; ngw;W>
mjdbg;gilapy; cupa Mizfs; gpwg;gpj;jy;.

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 mjpfhuq;fs;:
1. Njrpa jPu;g;ghizak; Gfhu; kDf;fis tprhupf;Fk; Kiwfspy; xUkpj;j nray;Kiwfis
gpd;gw;w jdJ mjpfhuj;ij nrYj;Jjy;.
2. vjpu; fl;rpfSf;F xU fl;rpahy; jahupf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fspd; gbfis toq;Ftjpy; Kd;Dupik.
3. Njrpa Mizaj;jhy; tpiuthf Mtzg; gbfis toq;fpl Miz gpwg;gpj;jy;.
4. Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; rpwg;ghf nray;gLj;jg;gl jdJ mjpfhuq;fis
gad;gLj;Jjy; Mizak; kw;Wk; khtl;l kd;wq;fspd; nray;ghl;il mtu;fspd; jd;dpr;irahf
nray;gl mitfspd; mjpfhuj;jpy; jiyaplhJ ,Uj;jy;.
Nky;KiwaPl;L kd;wk;:
Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1986 gpupT 23 d; fPo; Njrpa jPu;g;ghizak; nfhLj;j jPu;g;gpid vjpu;j;J
ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu; jPu;g;ig ngw;w 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; KiwaPL nra;ayhk;.
2. khepy Mizaj;jpd; xl;L nkhj;j nray; jpwid tpsf;Ff.
,e;j Mizak; khepy mstpy; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;j mikg;G Efu;Nthu; Fiwg;ghl;L
jPu;ghizak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ruf;F kw;Wk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghf vOk; Gfhu;fs; ,e;j
jPu;g;ghizaj;jpd; nray; vy;iyf;Fs; mlq;Fk;. tpw;fg;gl;l ruf;fpy; Vw;gLk; gOJfs; kw;Wk;
juf;Fiwfs; kw;Wk; epahakw;w kw;Wk; jil nra;Ak; tzpf eilKiw Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf tzpf
Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G mikg;G Mizak; vd;w ngaupy; Jtq;fg;gl;L ntw;wpfukhf nray;gl;L
tUfpwJ.
cWg;gpdu;fs;:
1. cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpahf rk;ke;jg;gl;l khepy murhy; gjtp mku;j;jg;gl;l egu; me;j
Mizaj;jpd; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;glyhk;.
2. ePjp> Neu;ik> ehzak; nfhz;l kw;Wk; Nghjpa mwpT kw;Wk; mDgtk; nfhz;l egu;fisNah
my;yJ nghUshjhuk;> rl;lk;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopy; epu;thfk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; Vw;gLk;
rpf;fy;fisf; ifahSk; jpwid nfhz;ltu;fisAk; epakpf;fyhk;.
mjpfhu vy;iy:
1. ₹ 20 yl;rj;jpw;F kpifahf Mdhy; &gha; 1 Nfhbf;Fs;shf tpw;fg;gl;l ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nrit
njhlu;ghf vOk; Fiw kDf;fis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuk; khepy Mizaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. khepy kd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;GfSf;F vjpuhf Nky;KiwaPL nra;ag;gl;l kDf;fis tprhupj;J jPu;g;G
toq;;Fk; mjpfhuk; khepy Mizaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjpfhuk;:
1. khepy kd;wk; tprhupj;j Gfhu;fs; my;yJ jd;trk; tprhuizapy; cs;s Gfhu;fs; njhlu;ghd
Mtzq;fis Nfl;Lg; ngw;W Mo;e;j tprhuiz nra;J jPu;g;G toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
2. fzf;F VLfs; Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fis khepy Efu;Nthu; jPu;g;ghizak; jd;trk;
itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; my;yJ Nkw;$wpa ,e;j Mtzq;fis Fiw jPu;g;G Kfkj;jpy; gzpGupAk;
mYtyu;fs; ghu;itf;Nfh my;yJ Ma;Tf;Nfh toq;f mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
3. Nkw;$wpa Kfikapd; mjpfhupfSf;F rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Njitg;gLk; jfty;fis
toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
Nky;KiwaPl;L kd;wk;:
1. khepy Efu;Nthu; jPu;g;ghak; khtl;l kd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;Gfis khw;wpaikf;fNth my;yJ nfhLj;j
jPu;g;ig cWjp nra;aNth Mizia gpwg;gpf;f mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
2. khepy Efu;Nthu; jPu;ghizapy; mwptpj;j jPu;g;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj egu; Njrpa jPu;g;gizaj;jpy;
jPu;g;G mspf;fg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; Nky; KiwaPL nra;ayhk;.
3. jd;dhu;t Efu;Nthu; mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfis tpsf;Ff.
nghUl;fis thq;fp gad;gLj;Jk; xU jdpegNuh my;yJ xU FLk;gNkh Efu;Nthuhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
jd;dhu;t Efu;Nthu; mikg;G vd;gJ Efu;Nthupd; cupik kw;Wk; eyid ghJfhj;jpl
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mikg;ig Fwpf;Fk;.

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 Nehf;fq;fs;:
1. Efu;Nthu; tptfhuj;Jiw vd;w mikg;ig Efu;Nthu; eyepjpia Vw;gLj;jp mjid epu;tfpj;J
tUfpwJ.
2. ,e;j JiwADila jiyaha Nehf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Efu;Nthiu ghJfhf;f ,e;j Jiw
Efu;Nthu; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; gy;NtW mikg;Gfspd; cjtpAld;
ngWf;fp tUfpwJ.
3. Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eyid tYg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Efu;NthUf;F topfhl;LtJ kw;Wk;
MNyhrid toq;FtJ kw;Wk; Fiwfis jiyaPL nra;J jPu;g;gJ.
4. jd;dhu;t Efu;Nthu; mikg;G Efu;Nthu; ey epjpapypUe;J nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; juj;ij
Ma;T nra;Ak; jpl;lq;fSf;F epjp cjtp nra;fpwJ kw;Wk; nghUl;fspd; ju Nrhjid Fwpj;J
elj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis nghJ kf;fSf;F ntspapl;L gyjug;gl;l nghUl;fs;
Fwpj;J tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
5. jd;dhu;t Efu;Nthu; mikg;Gfs; jq;fspd; nray;ghLfis ntspg;gLj;j eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;. muR Fbkf;fsplk; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;gpid ,izajsk; %ykhf
ntspg;gilahf mwptpj;jy;.

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 myF 7 thzpgr; R+oy;
mj;jpahak; 19 Rw;Wr; R+oy; fhuzpfs;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. VUCA, ---------------- , -----------------, ----------------, ------------------ ,
m) kjpg;G> epr;rakpd;ik> rpf;fyhdJ> njsptpy;yhjJ
M) kjpg;G jtpu;ff ; ,ayhjJ epWk kw;Wk; mjpfhuk;
,) khw;wk; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ epWkk; Vyk;
<) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk;.
2. [p.v];.b. vd;gJ -----------> ------------> --------------
m) ruf;F kw;Wk; r%f tup M) ruf;F kw;Wk; Nrit tup
,) ruf;F kw;Wk; tpw;gid tup <) ruf;F kw;Wk; Cjpatup
3. xU epWtdj;jpw;Fs; cs;s fhuzpfs; ----------------- R+oy; MFk;.
m) mf rpe;jidahsu; M) Gw Nehf;fpahd; ,) rf kdpju;fs; <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk;
4. tzpfj;jpd; gue;j R+oy; xU -------------- fhuzpahFk;
m) fl;lg;gLj;j KbahJ M) fl;Lg;ghl;bUf;F cl;gl;lJ
,) rkhspf;f $baJ <) rkhspf;f KbahjJ
5. ,uz;L Kf;fpa thzpgr; R+oy;fs; -------------- kw;Wk; -------------- MFk;.
m) Neu;kiw kw;Wk; vjpu;kiw M) cl;Gwk; kw;Wk; ntspg;Gwk;
,) ey;yJ kw;Wk; nfl;lJ <) mDkjpf;fj;jf;fJ kw;Wk; mDkjpf;f KbahjJ
tpilfs;:
1 m 2 M 3 m 4 m 5 M
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. cl;Gwr; R+oy; vd;why; vd;d?
cl;Gw R+oy; vd;gJ epWtdj;jpd; cl;Gwj;NjhL njhlu;Gila fhuzpfshFk;. vdNt ,tw;iw
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;> khw;wp mikj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw epWtdq;fs; vspjpy; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fs;> epWtd fl;likg;G> Copau;fs;> epjp kw;Wk; tsq;fs;
Nghd;wit MFk;.
2. ngU epWtd epu;thfj;jpd; nghUs; vd;d?
ngUepWtd MSif vd;gJ xU epWtdj;ij epu;tfpf;Fk; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; MFk;. xU
epWtdj;ij epu;tfpj;J mjd; Fwpf;Nfhis miltjw;fhd xU tbtikg;ig ,J toq;FfpwJ.
ngUepWtd MSif vd;gJ gakpd;ik> ntspg;gilj; jd;ik> nghWg;G kw;Wk; nghWg;G Vw;G
Nghd;w ehd;F Jhz;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.
3. ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; tup (GST) vd;why; vd;d?
ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; tup vd;gJ ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nrit tup njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;
jPu;g;gJ njhlu;ghf kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;F gupe;Jiufis toq;Fk; xU murpayikg;G
MFk;. ,J ehL KOtJk; ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nritfspy; kiwKf tupahf ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nrit
tup tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. VUCA - tpupthf;fk; jUf.
VUCA - vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity vd;gjhFk;. tpiuthd
njhopy;El;g tsu;rr ; papd; fhuzkhf tzpfj;jpd; vjpu;fhy R+oiy RUf;fkhf Vw;w ,wf;fk;>
epr;rakw;w jd;ik> rpf;fyhdj; jd;ik kw;Wk; njsptw;wj; jd;ik vd;W $wyhk;.

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III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. murpay; R+o;epiy fhuzpfs; ahit? (VNjDk; 3)
1. xU tzpfj;ij elj;Jtjw;F Njitahd fl;likg;gpid murpay; kw;Wk; rl;lr; R+oyhy;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. xU tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wp vd;gJ murpay; kw;Wk; rl;l khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g khw;wpj; jf;f itj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd mjd; jpwdpy; cs;sJ.
3. rl;lk;> epu;thfk;> kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa %d;W fhuzpfSk; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;JtNjhL tzpfj;ij ghjpf;fTk; nra;fpd;wd.
2. tpahghuj;jpd; VNjDk; %d;W cl;GwR+oy;; fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.
1. kjpg;G mikg;G:
tzpfj;jpd; epWtdu; / cupikahsu;fs; kjpg;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ntsp egu;fspd;
kjpg;ig nghWj;Nj epWtdj;jpd; ntw;wp rhu;e;Js;sJ.
2. ghu;it kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;:
tzpfj;jpd; ghu;it kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; mjd; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Af;jp KbTfis
Nkw;nfhs;s topfhl;lfpd;wd.
3. Nkyhz;ik mikg;G kw;Wk; mjd; ,ay;G:
Nkyhz;ik / FO fl;likg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghl;L eilKiw> epu;thfj;jpd; njhopy;Kiw epiy>
FOtpd; mikg;G Nghd;w gy;NtW fhuzpfs; KbntLg;gjpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfshf
cs;sJ.
3. njhopy;El;g R+oiy tpsf;Ff.
1. jfty; njhopy; El;gk; kw;Wk; njhiyj; njhlu;gpd; tsu;r;rp cyfshtpa re;ijia
cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
2. Nghl;biaj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s njhopy; El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp Efu;Nthupd; rpwg;Gj;
Njitfis re;ij Muha;rr ; papd; %yk; fz;lwpa KbfpwJ.
3. thbf;ifahsu;fspd; kdepiwT tpahghuj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjhy;> GJikfis gilj;J
thbf;ifahsu;fis ftu;jy; %yk; tzpfj;jpd; tho;thjhuj;ij epiy ehl;bf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
4. b[pl;ly; kw;Wk; r%f Clfq;fis tpsk;guj;jpw;fhd xU jskhfTk; jahupg;Gfis
tpsk;gug;gLj;jTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. tpahghuj;jpd; gue;jr; R+oypd; gq;F gw;wp tptup.
tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wp gue;j R+oYf;F nghUe;jf;$ba jd;ikia rhu;e;J ,Uf;fpwJ. ,it fl;Lg;gLj;j
Kbahj fhuzpfs; MFk;. ,it tpahghuj;jpd; kfj;jhd tha;g;Gfis toq;Ffpd;wd. gue;j
R+oy;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. nghUshjhur; R+oy;:
xU ehl;by; tzpfk; vd;gJ nghUshjhu mikg;G Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; xUq;fpize;j
gFjpahFk; tzpf Row;rpfs; jtpu;ff ; Kbahjit. gue;j Rw;Wr;R+oypd; gy fhuzpfspilNa
njhlu;Gilait mit gpd;tUkhW:
1. xU Njrj;jpd; nghUshjhu nfhs;iffs;
2. nghUshjhu fl;likg;G
2. r%f – fyhr;rhur; R+oy;:
r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu R+oy; thzpfj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ.,J jdpegu;fspd; elj;ij> FLk;gj;jpd;
gq;F kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> r%f kjpg;Gfs;> kjk; kw;Wk; nkhopfs;>
newpKiw kjpg;Gfs;> fy;tp r%f–fyhr;rhur; Rw;W R+oy; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
1. r%f epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fs;
2. rKjhaj;jpy; gutyhd FLk;g fl;likg;G kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk;
r%f khpahijfs;.

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 3. murpay; kw;Wk; rl;l Roy;:
xU tzpfj;ij elj;Jtjw;F Njitahd fl;likg;gpid murpay; kw;Wk; rl;lr; R+oyhy;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. xU tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wp vd;gJ murpay; kw;Wk; rl;l khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g khw;wpj;
jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd mjd; jpwdpy; cs;sJ.
rl;lk; kw;Wk; murpay; Rw;Wr; R+oypd; Kf;fpa $Wfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. ehl;bd; murpayikg;G
2. Rq;ftup kw;Wk; ,ytr tu;j;jfk; Fwpj;j ehl;bd; ntspAwTf; nfhs;if Nghd;wit.
4. Gtpapay; rhu;e;jr; R+oy;:
,aw;if tsq;fs; kw;Wk; fdpk tsq;fs; Nghd;wit tzpfj;ij jhq;fp epw;fpd;wd. mit
gpd;tUkhW:
1. ,aw;if tsq;fs; mjhtJ fdpkk; kw;Wk; vz;nza; mikg;gjw;fhd %yg; nghUl;fshFk;.
2. thdpiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy> epiyikfspd; khw;wk;> ePu; kw;Wk; gpw ,aw;if tsq;fs;
fpilg;gJ tptrhaj;Jiwf;F mtrpakhFk;.
5. njhopy; El;gk; rhu;e;jr; R+oy;;:
jfty; njhopy; El;gk; kw;Wk; njhiyj; njhlu;gpd; tsu;r;rp cyfshtpa re;ijia
cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
vdNt Nghl;biaj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s njhopy; El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp Efu;Nthupd; rpwg;Gj;
Njitfis re;ij Muha;rr ; papd; %yk; fz;lwpa KbfpwJ.
,e;j khWk; Rw;Wr; R+ou; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
1. ehLfspy; fpilf;Fk; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; epiy
2. fhyhtjpahd njhopy; El;g Kiwfs;.
6. cyfshtpa R+oy;:
njhopy; El;gj;jpd; tpiuthd tsu;rr ; pAld; tu;j;jf vy;iyfs; Ntfkhf kiwe;J Gjpa
cyfshtpa re;ij tsu;e;J tUfpwJ. xU tu;j;jfj;ij ghjpf;Fk; ru;tNjr Rw;Wr;R+oypd;
fhuzpfs; gpd;tUkhW ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
1. nkhop kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;jpy; cs;s NtWghLfs;.
2. ehzaq;fspy; cs;s NtWghLfs;.
3. tpahghuj;jpd; Ez;zpa R+oy; fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.
tpahghuj;jpd; nray; jpwid cldbahf ghjpf;Fk; Rw;W R+oyhf ,Uf;Fk; fhuzpfis ,J
Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jpy; gpd;tUtd mlq;Fk;.
1. epjp mspg;gtu;fs;:
fldPl;Lg; gj;jpujhuu;fs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fs; tzpfk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; ,aq;f Kf;fpa
gq;fpid tfpf;fpwhu;fs;.
2. ruf;F tpw;gidahsu;fs;:
ve;jnthU mikg;gpYk; %yg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju cs;sPLfspd; toq;Feu;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpa
gq;F tfpf;fpwhu;fs;.
3. re;ijapLif ,ilepiyau;fs;:
cw;gj;jp nghUis tpw;gid nra;aTk; Efu;Nthuplk; nfhz;L Nru;g;gjw;Fk; tpepNahfpg;ghsu;fspd;
cjtp Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,tu;fs; epWtdj;ijAk; Efu;NthiuAk; ,izf;Fk; ghykhf
jpfo;fpd;wdu;.
4. nghJkf;fs;:
nghJ kf;fsplk; xU tpahghuj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; my;yJ mopg;gjw;Fkhd jpwik cs;sJ.
5. thbf;ifahsu;fs;:
thbf;ifahsNu tzpfj;jpd; kd;duhf fUjg;gLfpwhu; kw;Wk; mtu;fis Rw;wpNa tzpfk; cs;sJ.
6. Nghl;bahsu;fs;:
midj;J epWtdq;fSk; vy;yh epiyfspYk; Nghl;bia vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.

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 myF 7 thzpgr; R+oy;
mj;jpahak; 20 jhuhskakhf;fy;> jdpahu;kakhf;fy;> cyfkakhf;fy;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. --------- Gjpa njhopw;Jiwf; nfhs;ifapd; tpisthFk;> ,jdhy; cupkk; Kiw mfw;wg;gl;lJ.
m) cyfkakhf;fy; M) jdpahu;kakhf;fy;
,) jhuhskakhf;fy; <) ,tw;wpy; vJTNk ,y;iy
2. nghJj;Jiwf;F xJf;fg;gl;l njhopy;fis jdpahu; Jiwfs; Jtq;f mDkjpg;gJ ---------- MFk;.
mikg;gjw;F mDkjpg;gjhFk;.
m); jhuhskakhf;fy; M) jdpahu;kakhf;fy;
,) cyfkakhf;fy; <) nghJ epWtdk;
3. ----------- cupikfs; ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; tYthd m];jpthuj;jpd; fhuzkhf ijupakhd
Nkyhz;ik KbTfis vLf;fpd;wd.
m) jdpahu;; M) nghJ ,) fhu;g;gNu\d; <) MNC ,d;
4. ------------ nghUl;fs;> Nritfs;> %yjdk; kw;Wk; ciog;G Mfpatw;iw Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf
Njrpa nghUshjhuq;fSf;F ,ilapy; jilfis mfw;Wtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfshFk;.
m) jdpahu;kakhf;fy; M) jhuhskakhf;fy; ,) cyfkakhf;fy; <) ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfk;
5. Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if -------------- Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
m) 1980 M) 1991 ,) 2013 <) 2015
tpilfs;:
1 , 2 M 3 m 4 , 5 M
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;;
1. Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffspd; fpisfs; vOJf.
Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifapd; %d;W Nfhzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. jhuhskakhf;fy; 2. jdpahu;kakhf;fy; 3. cyfkakhf;fy;
2. jdpahu;kakhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d?
jdpahu;kakhf;fy; vd;gJ nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; cupikfis jdpahu; epWtdq;fSf;F khw;wpj;
jUk; epfo;T my;yJ nfhs;ifia Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. RUq;ff; $wpd; jdpahu;kakhf;fy; vd;gJ
nghJj;Jiwf;F xJf;fg;gl;l njhopy;fis jdpahu; Jiwf;F khw;w mDkjp mspg;gjhFk;.
3. jhuhskakhf;fypd; VNjDk; ,uz;L FiwghLfis Fwpg;gPLf.
1. Ntiyapd;ikia mjpfupj;jy; 2. cs;ehl;L njhopy; myFfspd; ,og;G
3. may;ehLfis rhu;e;jpUj;jiy ngUf;Fk; 4. rk epiyaw;w tsu;rr ; p
4. cyfkakhf;fypd; VNjDk; ,uz;L ed;ikfis vOJf.
1. ntspehl;L xj;Jiog;ig $l;Ljy; 2. re;ij tpupthf;fk;
3. njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp 4. fw;Nwhupd; Gyk; ngau;it Fiwj;jy;
III.%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. jhuhskakhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d?
 jhuhskakhf;fy; vd;gJ tzpf eilKiwapy; cs;s rl;l jpl;lq;fis my;yJ tpjpfis
nghUshjhuj;jpy;> re;ij ey;y epiyia mila murhq;fk; fl;Lg;ghLfis jsu;j;JtJ MFk;.
 murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;ifahd tuptjpg;G> Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp jPu;itfs;> khdpaq;fs; kw;Wk;
gpwf;fl;Lg;ghLfs;> ehLfSf;fpilNa cs;s rl;l jpl;lq;fis jsu;j;Jk; eltbf;if MFk;.
2. cyfkakhf;fypd; VNjDk; %d;W jhf;fq;fis vOJf.
1. Fiwe;j ,af;fk; nryTfspd; mlf;fk; kw;Wk; Gjpa %y nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; $Ljy; re;ij
mZfy; %yk; ngupa epWtdq;fs; Nghl;b jpwid ngWfpd;wd.
2. gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; nghUl;fis jahupf;f> thq;f kw;Wk; nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;a
KbfpwJ.
3. ntspehl;L epWtdq;fspd; tUif> cs;sgb nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpiaAk; kw;Wk;
Ntiytha;g;igAk; cUthf;fp top Nfhyyhk;.
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 4. cyfkakhf;fy; vd;gJ njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wk;> cau; cw;gj;jp El;gq;fs; kw;Wk; jilaw;w
njhopy; tpupthf;fk; Nghd;w gy ed;ikfis ey;fpl top tFf;fpwJ.
3. Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;G jUf.
1. ,e;jpah 1991- Mk; Mz;L> gd;dhl;L gz epjpak; (IMF) ru;t Njr kW rPuikg;G kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd ru;tNjr tq;fp (IBRD) - I mZfp jdpahu;Jiw kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfis ePf;Fjy;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; kw;w ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; tu;j;jf fl;Lg;ghl;il mfw;Wtjd; %yk;
nghUshjhuj;ij jhuhskakhf;fy; vd;gJ ,e;j epWtdq;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;G MFk;.
2. cyf tq;fp kw;Wk; ru;tNjr ehza epjpafj;jpd; epiyikfSf;F ,e;jpah cl;gl;L kw;Wk;
gy;NtW nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;l Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifia mwptpj;jJ.
3. nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; nghJthf vy;.gp.[p (LPG) my;yJ jhuhskakhf;fy;>jdpahu;kakhf;fy;>
kw;Wk; cyfkakhf;fy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. jhuhskakhf;fy; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; 5)
jhuhskakhf;fypd; ed;ikfs;;:
1. ntspehl;L KjyPLfs; mjpfupg;G:
xU ehL tzpfj;ij jhuhskakhf;Fjypd; %ykhf mjpf mstpy; ntspehLfspypUe;J
ftu;rr; pfukhd KjyPLfis ngw Kbfpd;wJ.
2. me;epa nryhtzp ,Ug;G mjpfupg;G:
ntspehl;L KjyPl;bw;F me;epa nryhtzpf;Fkhd fl;Lg;ghLfis jsu;j;jp %yjdj;ij vspjpy;
ngUf;Ftjw;F toptif nra;fpwJ.
3. Efu;T mjpfupg;G:
jhuhskakhf;fspdhy; xU ehl;by; gad;ghl;bw;F mjpf mstpyhd nghUl;fis fpilf;fTk;
mjpf cw;gj;jpf;Fk; toptif nra;fpwJ.
4. tpiyf;fl;Lg;ghL:
Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp jPu;itfis ePf;Ftjhy; Efu;NthUf;F Fiwe;j tpiyf;F nghUl;fs fpilf;f
tha;g;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. ntspehl;by; ngWk; fld;fis Fiwf;fpwJ:
jhuhskakhf;fspd; %yk; ntsp ehl;Lf; fld;fis <u;;gg ; jd; %yk; ntspehl;L tu;j;jff;
fld;fis thq;Fk; tha;g;G Fiwf;fpwJ.
jhuhskakhf;fypd; FiwghLfs;:
1. Ntiyapd;ikia mjpfupj;jy;:
tu;j;jf jhuhskakhf;fy; ngUk;ghYk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; rkepiyf;F toptFg;gjhy; rpW
njhopy;fspy; rpy tsu;e;Jk; rpy rpW njhopy;fspy; rupTk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; njhopw;rhiyfs;
%Lfpd;w epiyahy; Ntiyapy;yh epiy cUthfpwJ.
2. cs;ehl;L njhopy; myFfspd; ,og;G:
jhuhskakhf;fy; Nfhl;ghl;by; Fiwe;j EioTf; fl;Lg;ghLfSld; ntspehl;L njhopy;fs; gy
ehLfspy; CLUt rhj;jpak; mjpfk; cs;sJ. ,J cs;ehl;L njhopy;fSf;F mr;RWj;JtJld;
kw;Wk; Nghl;bia Njhw;Wtpj;J cs;ehl;L njhopy; mbNahL xopf;Fk; rjpahfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
3. may;ehLfis rhu;e;jpUj;jiy ngUf;Fk;:
tu;j;jf jhuhskakhf;fy; vd;gJ gyk; nghUe;jpa gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fspypUe;J mjpf
Nghl;bfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; mJ re;ijia jd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F fPo; nfhz;LtUk; epiyia
cUthf;f Neuplyhk;.
4. rkepiyaw;w tsu;r;rp:
tu;j;jf jhuhskakhf;fy; gy tsUk; ehLfspd; nghUshjhuj;Jf;F Nrjk; tpistpg;gjhf Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; tu;j;jf rkepiyaw;w tsu;rr ; p epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.

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2. vy;.gp.[p ( LPG ) apd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs; tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; 5)
jhuhskakhf;fy;> jdpahu;kakhf;fy;> kw;Wk; cyfkakhf;fy; vd;gJ gpd;tUk; rpwg;G $Wfis
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
1. Gjpa ntspehl;L tu;j;jf xg;ge;jq;fs; mwpKfk; nra;tJ.
2. ntspehl;L KjyPLfs; ( FDI &FII ) ftu;e;J ,Oj;J ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsu;rr ; pf;fhf
cjtpaJ
3. Kw;Wupik kw;Wk; tzpfj;jil El;gk; ( MRTP ) 1969 rl;lk; (jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ)
4. fl;Lg;ghLfs; mfw;Wjy;
5. gd;dhl;L tzpfj;ij Nkk;gLj;j cjtp tUtJ.
6. gztPf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topKiwfis ifahs cjtp tUtJ
7. tupfis kWrPuikg;G nra;jy;.
8. cupkk; toq;Fk; Kiwia mfw;wpl toptFj;J uj;J nra;jy;.

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 myF - 8 ruf;F tpw;gidr; rl;lk; 1930 kw;Wk; khw;WKiw Mtzr;rl;lk;-1881
mj;jpahak; 21 ruf;F tpw;gidr; rl;lk; 1930
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. ruf;F tpw;gidr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L
m) 1940 M) 1997 ,) 1930 <) 1960
2. ruf;F tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpw;F vJ Kf;fpa cWg;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ?
m) ,Ujug;gpdu; M) nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; ,) tpiy <) midj;Jk;
3. ruf;F tpw;gidr; rl;lj;jpy; vJ ruf;F vd;w nghUis cs;slq;fhjJ?
m) ruf;fpUg;G M) tuNtz;ba gq;fhjhak; ,) gapu; <) jz;zPu;
4. xg;ge;jj;jpy; ahUf;F tpw;gjw;F cupik cz;L?
m) thq;Fdu; M) tpw;gtu; ,) thliff;F vLg;gtu; <) mDg;gg; ngw;wtu;
5. nghUspd; kPjhd cupik vd;gJ
m) nghUspd; cilik M) nghUisg; ghJfhj;jy;
,) nghUspd; kPjhd mDgt ghj;jpak; itj;jpUg;gtu; <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy
tpilfs;:
1 , 2 < 3 M 4 M 5 ,
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. ruf;F tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?
ruf;F tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ ve;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; thapyhf nghUis tpw;gtu; thq;FeUf;F tpiy
vd;d kWgad; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L nghUspd; kPjhd cupikia khw;wpj; jUfpwhNuh mJNt ruf;F
tpw;gid xg;ge;jkhFk;.
2. ruf;F tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilf; $Wfisg; gl;baypLf.
1. ,Ujug;gpdu; 2. nghUspd; kPjhd cupik khw;wk;
3. ruf;F / nghUs; 4. tpiy 5. tpw;gid kw;Wk; tpw;gid cld;ghL
3. ruf;F vd;why; vd;d?
ruf;F vd;gJ midj;J mirAk; nrhj;Jf;fshd gq;Ffs;> gapu;fs;> kw;Wk; fz;Zf;Fg; Gydhfhj
,dq;fshd ew;ngau;> fhg;Gupik> gjpg;Gupik> tzpff;Fwpfs;> tpahghu R+j;jpuk;> Nghd;witfSk;
ruf;F vd;gjDs; mlq;Fk;.
4. epfo; ruf;F vd;why; vd;d?
,J xUtif vjpu;fhy ruf;F MFk;. ,J tpw;gtu; iftrk; nghUs; te;J Nru;tJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
elf;Fk; epfo;rr; pia nghWj;jJ. ,jpy; tpw;gid nra;gtu; jdf;F nghUs; Fwpg;gpl;l eguplkpUe;J
fpilf;fg;ngw;why; tpw;gid nra;fpNwd; vd;W $wp nghUis thq;FgtUld; xg;ge;jj;jpy; <Lgl;lhy;
mJ tUepfo;Trhu; ruf;F MFk;. ,jpy; nghUs; fpilf;fyhk; my;yJ fpilf;fhkYk; Nghfyhk;.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. jw;Nghija / ,Uf;fpd;w ruf;F vd;why; vd;d?
xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak; NghJ tpw;gidahsupd; iftrk; cs;s ruf;F ,Uf;fpd;w ruf;F> tpw;gid nra;a
Kftupd; trk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l ruf;Fk; my;yJ mlkhdk; ngw;wtu; tpw;Fk; mlkhd nrhj;Jk;
,Uf;fpd;w ruf;F vd;w nghUspy; cs;slf;fk; ngWk;.
2. nghUs; tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; cl;fpil epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; ek;GWjpfis tpthjpf;f.
tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; NghNj xg;ge;jjhuu;fshy; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gLk;; $w;Wfs; ntspg;gil
epge;jidfshfNth my;yJ ek;GWjpfshfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhfr; rl;lk;
fUJk; $w;Wfs; - cl;fpil epge;jid vd;Wk; cl;fpil ek;GWjpfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

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IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gil $Wfisf; $wp tpsf;Ff.
1. ,U jug;gpdu;:
ruf;F tpw;gidr; rl;lj;jpy; ,U jug;gpdu;fs; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;. mtu;fspy; xUtu; thq;Fdu;
,d;ndhUtu; tpw;gidahsu;. xU jdpegu; jdf;Nf nghUis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tij tpw;gid vd;w
nrhy; Fwpf;fhJ.
2. nghUspd; kPjhd cupik khw;wk;:
tpw;gid vd;W miof;f> tpw;gtu; nghUspd; kPjhd cupikia thq;FgtUf;F kWgad; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;L khw;wpj; ju Ntz;Lk;. nghUspd; cilikia khw;WtJ vd;w nray; tpw;gid MfhJ.
3. ruf;F / nghUs;:
ruf;F vd;gJ midj;J mirAk; nrhj;Jf;fshd gq;Ffs;> gapu;fs;> kw;Wk; fz;Zf;Fg;
Gydhfhj ,dq;fshd ew;ngau;> fhg;Gupik> gjpg;Gupik> tzpff;Fwpfs;> tpahghu R+j;jpuk;>
Nghd;witfSk; ruf;F vd;gjDs; mlq;Fk;.
4. tpiy:
nghUspd; tpw;gidf;F kWgaNd tpiy MFk;. nghUisg; nghUSf;F khw;whf gupkhw;wk;
nra;Jf; nfhs;tJ tpiyahfhJ. nghUisg; gFjpahf nghUSf;Fk; kPjg; gFjpahf tpiyf;FNk
khw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ tpiyf;F khw;wpa gFjp kl;Lk; tpw;gid eltbf;if MFk;.
5. tpw;gid kw;Wk; tpw;gid cld;ghL:
tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; vd;w nrhy;ypy; tpw;gidAk; kw;Wk; tpw;gid cld;ghLk; cs;slq;fpaJ.
nghUspd; cupikia clNd khw;wptplf; $ba eltbf;iffs; tpw;gid vd;Wk;> cupikia
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; khw;Wk; eltbf;iffSf;F tpw;gid cld;ghl;L eltbf;iffs; vdTk; nghUs;gLk;.
2. epge;jid kw;Wk; ek;GWjpfis NtWgLj;Jf.
t. NtWgLj;Jk;
epge;jidfs; ek;GWjpfs;
vz; $Wfs;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; fUg;nghUshfj; ek;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpw;F Jizahf
1 nghUs;
jpfo;tJ ,Uf;fpwJ.
xg;ge;jj;jpy; epge;jidia kPWtJ ek;GWjpia kPWtJ xg;ge;jj;jpid
2 Kf;fpaj;Jtk; xg;ge;jj;ij kPWtjhff; kPWtjw;F xg;ghfhJ.
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ
cupik epge;jid epiwNtw;whky; cupik ek;GWjpia epiwNtw;whky; cupik
3
khw;wk; khw;wk; epfo KbahJ. khw;wk; epfo KbAk;.
epge;jid kPWtjdhy; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ek;GWjpia kPWtjdhy; xg;ge;jj;jpy;
gupfhuk; / ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu; xg;ge;jj;ij ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; el;l <L Nfl;Fk;
4
jPu;T ePf;fpf; nfhs;tJld; el;l <L cupikia kl;LNk ngw;Ws;shu;.
NfhUk; cupikia ngWfpwhu;.

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 myF 8 ruf;F tpw;gidr; rl;lk; 1930 kw;Wk; khw;WKiw Mtzr;rl;lk; 1881
mj;jpahak; 22 khw;WKiw Mtzr;rl;lk;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. khw;WKiw Mtzr; rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ?
m) 1981 M) 1881 ,) 1994 <) 1818
2. khw;Wr;rPl;by; <Lgl;Ls;s jug;gpdu;fs; vj;jid Ngu;?
m) 2 M) 6 ,) 3 <) 4
3. khw;WKiw Mtzr;rl;lk; 1881 gpupT 6 vijg;gw;wp ,ak;GfpwJ?
m) flDWjpr; rPl;L M) khw;Wr;rPl;L ,) fhNrhiy <) Nkw;$wpa vJTkpy;iy
4. vJ nfhzu;gtu; gj;jpukhf ,Uf;f KbahJ?
m) fhNrhiy M) flDWjpr;rl P ;L ,) Nkw;$wpa VJk; my;y <) khw;Wr;rPl;L
5. vj;jid khjq;fSf;Fg; gpd; fhNrhiy fhyhtjpahfpwJ?
m) 3 khjq;fs; M) 5 khjq;fs;; ,) 4 khjq;fs; <) 1 khjq;fs;
tpilfs;:
1 M 2 , 3 , 4 M 5 m
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. khw;WKiw Mtzk; vd;why; vd;d?
khw;WKiw Mtzk; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;F Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia cupik toq;FtJk;
kw;Wk; NknyOJjy; my;yJ ifapy; nfhLg;gJ %yk; xU eguplkpUe;J kw;nwhU egUf;F mjd;
cupikia khw;w VJthd Mtzk; MFk;.
2. flDWjpr; rPl;bd; rpwg;G ,ay;Gfspy; ,uz;biz Fwpg;gpLf.
1. ,J vOjg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. tiugtu; ifnahg;gk; ,l;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba njhif Fwpg;gpl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. fhNrhiy vd;why; vd;d?
khw;WKiw Mtzr; rl;lk; 1881 - d; gpupT 6 d; gb ntspg;gilahf Nfl;lhyd;wp NtW vg;NghJk;
gzk; juf;$lhJ vd thbf;ifahsuhy; tq;fpapd; kPJ vOjg;gLk; khw;Wr; rPl;Nl fhNrhiy
vdg;gLk;.
III.%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. khw;WKiw kw;Wk; cupik khw;wk; ,itfis NtWgLj;Jf.
t.vz; NtWghLfs; khw;WKiwj; jd;ik cupik khw;wk;
Miz khw;WKiw Mtzj;ijg; cupik khw;wk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
nghWj;jtiu cupikia tiuaWf;fg;gl;l rlq;F Kiwg;gb
NknyOjpj; jUtjd; %ykhfNth cupik khw;w Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ
rl;lKiw
my;yJ nfhzu;gtu;; khw;Wr; rPl;il gjpT nra;jy;> Kj;jpiu xl;Ljy;>
1 cupik
nghWj;jtiu mjid NtW xU rhl;rp ifnahg;gk; ,ly;> vOj;J
khw;wk;
tifapy; xg;gilg;gjd; tbtk; ,Uj;jy; Nghd;w rl;l
%ykhfNth cupik khw;wk; nra;a rlq;Ffs; epiwNtw;wp cupik khw;wk;
KbAk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
fldhspaplkpUe;J gzj;ij fldhspaplkpUe;J fld; njhifia
2 mwptpg;G
nrYj;j Nfl;f Njitapy;iy. nrYj;j mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cupik khw;wij kWgad; nfhLj;J
ed; ek;gpf;ifAld; Mtzk; xd;iw cupik khw;wj;ij nghWj;jtiu
cupikapd; ngWgtupd; cupik mjid khw;WgtUf;F vt;tsT cupik
3
jd;ik jd;dplk; khw;wpnfhLj;j egupd; cs;sNjh mNj cupik
cupikia tpl rpwe;j cupikahf khw;wg;ngWgtUf;Fk; khWk;.
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
khw;WKiwj; jd;ikapy; kWgad; cupik khw;wk; ngw;wtu; kWgaid
4 kWgad;
,Ug;gjhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. nka;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

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2. khw;Wr;rPl;bd; rpwg;G ,ay;Gfis $Wf. (VNjDk; 3)
1. khw;Wr;rPl;L vOj;J tbtpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. khw;Wr; rPl;by; nfhLf;f vd;w fl;lis ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. fl;lis epge;jidaw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. khw;Wr; rPl;il tpLeu; my;yJ vOJgtu; ifnahg;gk; ,l Ntz;Lk;.
5. fhyr;rl P ;lhapd; mjid tplg; ngWgtu; Vw;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
6. khw;Wr; rPl;by; tplg;gLk; fl;lis> gzk; nfhLf;FkhW gzpf;fpd;w fl;lisahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mjhtJ gzk; jtpu NtW VjhtJ nghUisAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lis mjpy;
,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
7. njhif ,t;tsT jUf vd;gij jpl;ltl;lkhf njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8. gzk; ahUf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njspthf Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
9. Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s njhiff;F tUtha; tpy;iy xl;lg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10. khw;Wr; rPl;Lfs; kjpg;ig Nfl;lTld; nfhLf;FkhW vOjbKbAk;. ,jid Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpw;Fgpd; gzk; nrYj;JkhWk; tof;fkhf vOjg;gLfpwJ.
3. ,uz;L tif fPuy;fspd; tiuglj;ij tiuf.
1. nghJf; fPwyply;: 2. rpwg;Gf; fPwyply;:

IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. fhNrhiy kw;Wk; khw;Wr; rPl;bid NtWgLj;Jf. (VNjDk; 5)
t.vz; NtWghL khw;Wr; rPl;L fhNrhiy
khw;Wr;rPl;L tq;fp cl;gl xU xU Fwpg;gpl;l tq;fpau; kPJ
1 tiuag;gLtJ
Fwpg;gpl;l egu; kPJ tiuag;gLtJ tiuag;gLtJ.
khw;Wr; rPl;bw;F %d;W rYif fhNrhiyf;F gzk; ju tq;fpf;F
2 rYif ehs;
ehl;fs; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. rYif ehl;fs; jug;gLtjpy;iy.
me;epa khw;Wr; rPl;L %d;W gbfs; fhNrhiyf;F gzk; ngw gbfs;
3 gbfs;
jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vLf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy
fhNrhiyia tl;lk; nra;J gzk;
khw;Wr;rPl;il tl;lk; nra;J mjd;
jUtjpy;iy. Mdhy; tR+Yf;F
4 tl;lk; Kjpu;T ehSf;F Kd; gzk; ngw
nrYj;jg;gLk; fhNrhiyfis
KbAk;.
tl;lk; nra;J gzk; ngw KbAk;
khw;Wr;rPl;by; tUtha;jiy mjd; fhNrhiyapy; tUtha;jiy xl;l
5 tUtha;jiy
kjpg;gpw;F Vw;g xl;l Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;bajpy;iy.
6 fPwy; khw;Wr;rPl;bid fPwypl KbahJ. fhNrhiyia fPwypl KbAk;.

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2. fhNrhiyapd; ,ay;Gfs; $wp tpsf;Ff. ( VNjDk; 5)
1. fhNrhiy vOj;J tbtpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:
fhNrhiy vOj;J tbtpy; tiuag;gl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; rl;lNkh mJ ngd;rpyhy; $l
vOj jil tpjpf;ftpy;iy. vd;whYk; Nkhrb nra;Ak; tha;g;igf; fUjp tq;fpahsu;fs; jhq;fNs
fhNrhiyia mr;rpl;L jUfpwhu;fs;. mr;rpl;l fhNrhiyia jpUj;JtJ fbdk;. mt;thW
jpUj;jpdhYk; jpUj;Jgtiu vspikahf fz;Lgpbf;f KbAk;.
2. epge;jidaw;w Miz:
fhNrhiyapy; thbf;ifahsu; gzk; “nfhLf;f” vd fl;lis gpwg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jaT nra;J
vd;w thu;j;ij ,Ue;jhYk; fhNrhiy nry;Yk;. Mdhy; fl;lis epge;jidfs; mw;wjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
3. Fwpg;gpl;l tq;fpau; kPJ tiuag;gLjy;:
fhNrhiyia xU Fwpg;gpl;l tq;fpau; kPJ kl;LNk vOj KbAk;. mJTk; xU tq;fpapd; ve;jf;
fpisapy; thbf;ifahsu; gzk; itj;Js;shNuh rk;ke;jg;gl;l fpisapy; gzk; nfhLf;FkhW
vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. epr;rakhd xU njhif:
tq;fpaiu xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia nfhLf;Fk;gb Miz ,l Ntz;Lk;.
5. Nfl;lTld; jUkhW vOjg;gLtJ:
fhNrhiyia Nfl;lTld; jUkhW vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vg;NghJ ju Ntz;Lk; vd;w ehs;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gpd; Nfl;lTld; nfhLf;f vd;w fl;lis Njitaw;wJ.
6. vOJgtu; ifnahg;gk;:
vOJgtu; ifnahg;gk; ,l Ntz;Lk;. tiugtupd; ifnahg;gk; mtu; xt;nthU Kiw fhNrhiy
tplg;gLk; NghJk; tq;fpaUf;F Iak; Vw;gbd; mtu; fzf;F Muk;gpj;j NghJ nfhLj;jpUf;Fk;
khjpup ifnahg;gj;Jld; xg;gpl;L ghu;f;fg;gLk;.
3. nry;jF NknyOj;jpd; mbg;gilf; $Wfis $Wf. (VNjDk; 5)
1. Mtzj;jpd; Kfg;gpy; NknyOj Ntz;Lk;. ngd;rpyhy; vOjpdhy; mij vspjhf jpUj;j
VJthFk;. ,jdhy; Nkhrb eilngwyhk;.MfNt ikapy; vOJtNj ey;yJ.
2. NknyOJgtu; jhk; ,ay;ghf ifnahg;gk; ,LtJ Nghd;Nw NknyOj Ntz;Lk;.
3. NknyOj;jpy; ngau; vOjg;gl;lgbNajhd; ifnahg;gk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; ngau; jtwhf
vOjpapUg;gpd;> ifnaOj;Jk; mj;jtwhd vOj;Jf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. Mtzj;jpd; Kfg;gpw;Fk; NknyOjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gpd; xU gFjpf;F NknyOj;J
nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd; mJ nry;yhJ.
5. vOjg; gbf;fj; njupahjtu;fs; jkJ ,lf;if ngUtpuy; Fwp ,l;lhy; NghJkhdJ. mtu; ,l;l
ngUtpuy; Fwpia xUtu; rhd;W $wy; Ntz;Lk;. cWjp $Wgtu; KOKftupiaj; njuptpj;jy;
mtrpak;.
6. khw;WKiw Mtzj;jpy; NknyOj;jpl Nghjpa ,lk; ,y;iyahdhy;> xU rpW xl;lj;jhis
Mtzj;Jld; Nru;j;J mjpy; NknyOj;J ,lyhk;.
7. NknyOj;J Mtzj;jpy; cs;s tupirg;gb NknyOjg;gl;ljhf nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
8. ngupa vOj;jpy; ifnahg;gk; ,LtJ Kiwahd NknyOj;J MfhJ. (Signing in block letters)

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 myF 9 njhopy; KidT Nkk;ghL
mj;jpahak; 23 njhopy; KidTf;fhd mbg;gilf; $Wfs;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;litfspy; vJ cw;gj;jpf; fhuzp?
m) epyk; M) ciog;G ,) njhopy;KidT <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk;
2. njhopy; KidNthiu fPo; Fwpg;gpl;lgb vg;gb tifg;gLj;j KbahJ?
m) ,lu;jhq;fp M) GJikgilg;gtu; ,) Copau; <) mikg;ghsu;
3. fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ve;nje;j gz;Gfs; njhopy; KidNthu;f;F cupj;jhdit?
m) Jzpfu czu;T M) nespT RspT ,) jd;dk;gpf;if <) midj;Jk;
4. fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;litfspy; vJ Nkyhz;gzp my;y?
m) jpl;lkply; M) re;ijaply;; ,) mikg;ghw;wy; <) fl;Lg;ghL fhj;jy;
5. fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gzpfspy; vJ tzpfg; gzpiar; rhu;e;jJ?
m) fzf;fpay; gzp M) xUq;fpizg;;G ,) tha;g;ig fz;lwpjy; <) jpl;lkply;
tpilfs;:
1 < 2 , 3 < 4 M 5 m
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. njhopy; KidNthupd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ,uz;bid Fwpg;gpLf.
1. njhopy; Jzpfu czu;T 2. jd;dk;gpf;if 3. nefpo;T jd;ik 4. GJik GFj;Jjy;
5. tsj;ij jpul;Lgtu; 6. fbd ciog;G 7. jiyikaj;Jtk;
8. njhiy Nehf;Fg; ghu;it 9. gFg;gha;Tj; jpwd; 10. KbT vLf;Fk; jpwd;.
2. njhopy; KidNthupd; Nkyhz;ik gzpfis gl;baypLf.( VNjDk; 2)
1. jpl;lk; jPl;ly; 2. mikg;G gzp 3. fl;lis ,ly; 4. fl;Lg;ghL fhj;jy; 5. xUq;fpizg;G
3. njhopy; KidNthupd; Njhw;Wtpg;G gzpfis Fwpg;gpLf. (VNjDk; 2)
1. tha;g;Gfis fz;lwpjy; 2. njhopypd; Nehf;fj;ij jPu;khdpj;jy; 3. Mo;e;j gFg;gha;T
4. njhopy; epWkj;jpd; xj;Jiog;G 5. njhopy; Jtq;Fk; rlq;F Kiwfs;
6. njhopy; jpl;lk; jahupj;j nray; 7. epjp jpul;LtJ
8. fUtp fyd;fs; kw;Wk; fr;rh nghUl;fs; ngWjy;
4. kfspu; njhopy;KidNthu; re;jpf;Fk; rpf;fy;fis vOJf.
1. epjpg;gpur;rid 2. ,af;fj;jil 3. fy;tpawpT ,d;ik 4. MjuT ,d;ik
5. fLk; Nghl;b 6. czu;r;rp tag;gly; 7. Nghjpa tptukpd;ik 8. rhu;e;J thOk;; fyhr;rhuk;
III.%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. njhopy; KidNthu; kw;Wk; Nkyhsu; ,tu;fis NtWgLj;jp fhl;Lf. (VNjDk; 3)
mbg;gil njhopy;KidNthu; Nkyhsu;
xU mikg;gpid Nju;e;njLj;J Jtq;fpa tpidapy; nrt;tNd gzpahw;WtJ
Nehf;F
jd;Dila tpidia Jtq;FtJ ,tupd; Nehf;F.
njhopy; Kidgtu; jhd; Jtq;fpa
jFepiy Nkyhsu; Cjpak; ngWk; ciog;ghsp
mikg;gpd; cupikahsu;.
njhopy; Kidgtu; jhd; Jtq;fpa Nkyhsu; tpidapd; ,lupy; gq;F ngWtJ
,lu;
tpidapdhy; Vw;gLk; ,lu;fs; kw;Wk; ,y;iy. khwhf ,lu; Vw;gLk; NghJ NtW
Vw;wy;
epr;rakw;w jd;ikia jhq;Fgtu;. epWkj;jpw;F jhtp tpLk; gUtfhy ez;gu;fs;.
njhopy; Kidgtu; jd;Dila ,lu; Nkyhsu;fs; ,yhgj;jpy; gq;F ngWtJ
ntFkjp Vw;gpw;F ntFkjpahf ,yhgj;ij ,y;iy. Cjpak;>NkYhjpak;> gbfs;> Cf;f
ngWfpd;wdu;. Cjpak; ngWgtu;fs;.
njhopy; Kidgtu;fs; gilg;ghw;wy;>
Nkyhsu;fs; ey;y Nfhl;ghl;L mwpTk;> kdpj
cs;Szu;T kw;Wk; vijahtJ Gjpjhf
Mw;wy; cwT jpwDk; ngw;wtu;fshf ,Uf;f
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w ce;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
ngw;wtu;fs;.

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3. njhopy; KidNthupd; tzpfg; gzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. (VNjDk;3)
1. cw;gj;jp my;yJ jahupg;G gzp:
cw;gj;jp gzpia nghWj;jtiu njhopy; KidNthu; ve;j ,lj;jpy; njhopiy epWTtJ> njhopiy
epWtpa ,lj;jpd; cs; fl;likg;G vg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> ve;j msT cw;gj;jp nghUs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;> nghUspd; tbtk; vg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> Nghd;w cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd gzpfis KbT
nra;J nraypy; ,wq;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. re;ijapLif:
re;ijapLif gzpapy; njhopy;KidNthu; nra;a Ntz;ba gzpfshtd: nghUs; gw;wpa
thbf;ifahsupd; Rit kw;Wk; kd Xl;lj;ij mwpjy;> nghUis jpl;lkply;> nghUis
cUthf;Fjy;> nghUis cUthf;fp epiyg;gLj;jy;> tpiy itj;jy;> fl;Lkk; nra;jy;> gz;lff;
fhg;gpy; ,Ug;G itj;jy;> nghUis gfpu;jy;> tpw;gidia ngWf;f tpsk;guk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
Nghd;witahFk;.
3. fzf;fpay; gzp:
fzf;fpay; gzp vd;gJ fzf;F tof;F ghu;f;Fk; gzpahFk;. mjhtJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy
,ilntspapy; ,yhgk; te;Js;sjh my;yJ el;lk; te;Js;sjh vdTk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy;
Kide;j njhopypd; epjp epiy vg;gb cs;;sJ vd gy;NtW gzpia njhopy; KidNthu;
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4. epjprhu; gzp:
epjprhu; gzpia nghWj;jtiu njhopy; KidNthu; epjpA+l;Lk; Kiwia KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
%yjd Kbit fl;likg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
5. kdpjts gzpfs;:
njhopy;KidNthu; jhd; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s tpidia nray;gLj;j vt;tsT kdpj rf;jp
Njitg;gLk; vd jpl;lkpl;L jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. njhopy;KidNthupd; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; gzpfisf; $Wf. (VNjDk; 3)
1. tha;g;Gfis fz;lwpjy;:
ve;nje;j njhopypy; Eioe;jhy; vd;ndd;d tha;g;Gfs; fpl;Lk; vd vg;NghJk; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. njhopypd; Nehf;fj;jpid jPu;khdpj;jy;:
jhd; Eioe;j njhopypd; jd;ik> kw;Wk; njhopypd; tif mjhtJ cw;gj;jp nrayh my;yJ
tzpfr; nrayh vd;gij kdjpy; itj;J njhopy; epWkj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpid jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. Mo;e;j gFg;gha;T:
njhopy;Kidgtu; cw;gj;jp; nra;a my;yJ tpw;gid nra;a tpUk;Gk; nghUs; vq;F fpilf;Fk;>
mjd; tpiy vd;d vd Ma;T elj;jpl Ntz;Lk;.
4. njhopy; epWkj;jpd; mikg;G Kiwapid Nju;T nra;tJ:
njhopy; KidNthu; jhd; Jtq;f tpUk;Gk; njhopyikg;G Kiwia jdpahs; tzpfkhfNth>
$l;lhz;ikahfNth> my;yJ $l;LwT mikg;gh vd;gij KbT nra;jply; Ntz;Lk;.
5. njhopy; Jtq;Fk; rlq;F Kiwfs;:
nghUj;jkhd njhopy; mikg;G jdpahs; tzpfkhfNth> $l;lhz;ikahfNth> epWkkhfNth
Nju;e;njLj;j gpd;G me;j mikg;G Kiwia Vw;gLj;j rlq;F Kiwfs; Fwpj;j gzpia
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
6. njhopy; jpl;lk; jahupj;j nray;Kiw:
njhopy;Kidgtu; tpahghu jpl;lj;jpid jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; %yNk jhd;
Nkw;nfhs;s ,Uf;Fk; tpidapd; Nehf;fq;fis Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; va;j KbAk;.
7. epjp jpul;LtJ:
tpidia nrayhf;f Njitg;gLk; epiy epjp kw;Wk; eilKiw Kjy; epjpfspd; msit
jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt epiyKjy; kw;Wk; eilKiw Kjy; ngWk; %y Mjhuq;fis
milahsk; fhz Ntz;Lk;.

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 8. fUtpfyd;fs; kw;Wk; fr;rh nghUl;fs; ngWjy;:
nghUl;fis jahupf;f cjTk; fUtp fyd;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk; vq;F fpilf;Fk; vd
MaNtz;Lk;. mt;thNw nghUs; jahupf;fj; Njitg;gLk; cs;sPl;L nghUl;fs; ngWtJ Fwpj;J
jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. njhopy; KidNthupd; rpwg;G ,ay;Gfs; ahit?
1. njhopy; Jzpfu czu;T:
njhopy; Kidgtu; jhd; Nkw;nfhz;l njhopypy; Vw;gLk; ,lu;fis JzpTld; vjpu;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
2. jd;dk;gpf;if:
jd;dk;gpf;if xU kdpjDf;F moF Vw;gLfpwJ. vjpu;kiw czu;Tfshd mnrsfupaq;fs;>
Vkhw;wq;fs;> Njhy;tpfs; kw;Wk; njhy;iyfs; njhopy; KidgtuJ kd cWjpia Fiyf;ff;
$lhJ. vJ ele;jhYk; ,e;j tpidia iftpNld;> ntw;wp xd;Nw ,yf;F vd njhopy; Kidgtu;
njhopy; Kidtpy; ntw;wp fhz;gJ ,ayhj xd;whFk;.
3. nefpo;T jd;ik:
khWk; R+o;epiyfl;F Vw;g njhopy;Kidgtd; jd; Kbit my;yJ eltbf;iffis khw;wpf;
nfhs;Sk; nefpo;T jd;ikia filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. GJik GFj;Jjy;:
njhopy;Kidgtu; GJik gilg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jpl Ntz;Lk;. VNjDk; xU GJikiag; GFj;jp
re;ijapy; epue;jukhd ,lj;ij gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. tsj;ij jpul;Lgtu;:
jhd; Nkw;nfhz;l nraiy nrayhf;fpl njhopy; Kidgtu; Gydhff; $ba kw;Wk; Gydhfhj
cl;nghUl;fisAk; xd;wpizg;gtu; Mthu;. RUq;ff;$wpd; tsk; jpul;Leu; Mthu;.
6. fbd ciog;G:
njhopy;Kidgtu; jhd; Nkw;nfhz;l nraypd; Nehf;fj;ij mila mUk;ghL gl Ntz;Lk;.
jd;dk;gpf;if kw;Wk; Kaw;rp cilatuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vd;d ,ilA+W te;jhYk; mjid
Nghuhb nty;gtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. njhopy; KidNthu; kw;Wk; mfj; njhopy; KidNthu; NtWgLj;Jf. (VNjDk; 5)
t.vz; mbg;gil njhopy;KidNthu; mfj;njhopy; KidNthu;
njhopy; Kidgtu; xU mfj; njhopy;Kidgtu; jd;dpr;irahd
1 rpe;jid
jilaw;w rpe;jidthjp rpe;jidthjp>
2 rhu;Gepiy jd;dpr;irahd egu; njhopy; KidNthiu rhu;e;J ,Ug;gtu;
jd; nrhe;j Kaw;rpapy; ,tUf;F epjp jpul;Lk; nghWg;G ,y;iy.
epjp
3 njhopYf;F epjpia jpul;L Mdhy; jpul;ba epjpia ifahSk; nghWg;G
jpul;ly;
Ntz;Lk;. cs;sJ.
jq;fspd; ,lu; Vw;G gzpf;fhf ,yhgj;jpy; gq;F ,y;iy. Mdhy; Cjpak;>
4 ntFkjp ,yhgk; vd;w ntFkjpia Cf;f Cjpak; kw;Wk; Nkk;gbfs; ngw
ngWfpd;wdu;. tha;g;G cz;L.
njhopypd; ,liu Vw;f ,tu; njhopy; njhlu;ghf vOk; ,lu;ghl;by;
5 ,lu;Vw;wy;
Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gLfpwJ gq;F ngWtjpy;iy.
mfj;njhopy; KidNthu; Copau; jhd;
cupikahsu; vd;w jFepiy
6 jFepiy Nkw;nfhz;l nraYf;F jd;Dila Nky;
gilj;jtu;.
mjpfhupf;F gjpy; nrhy;yf; flikg;gl;ltu;.

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3. kfspu; njhopy; KidNthu; re;jpf;Fk; gpur;ridfis tptup (VNjDk; 5)
1. epjpg;gpur;rid:
kfspu; njhopy; KidNthu;fSf;F jq;fspd; njhopy; tpidapy; Vw;gLk; epjpg; gw;whf;Fiwia
rkhspg;gJ kpfg;ngupa rthyhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
2. ,af;fj;jil:
kfspu; njhopy;KidNthu; ekJ ehl;L fyhr;rhug;gb mtu;fs; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba R+oypy;
tPl;Lg; nghWg;GfisAk; Rkf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. njhopiy Jtq;fpagpd; gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf
kfspu; ntspapy; nry;y Kbtjpy;iy.
3. fy;tpawpT ,d;ik:
Vl;lwpT ,y;yh my;yJ Fiwthf gbj;Js;s kfspu; njhopy; KidNthu;fs; tpahghuk; my;yJ
njhopy; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis KKtjhf Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbahjtuhf cs;sdu;.
4. MjuT ,d;ik:
kfspu; njhopy;KidNthu; nrk;ikahf jd; tpidia nray;gLj;j gyjug;gl;l kf;fspd; fdpT>
gupT> kw;Wk; MjuT ,itfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. Mjutpd;ik kfspupd; njhopy; Jzpit kpfTk;
ghjpf;fpwJ.
5. fLk;Nghl;b:
jhuhskakhd Nghl;b cyfpy; kfspu; njhopy; KidNthu;fs; ngupa eLj;ju njhopy;fsplkpUe;J
fLikahd Nghl;bia vjpu; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
6. czu;r;rp tag;gly;:
kfspuhf ,Ug;gtu;fs; ,aw;ifahfNt czu;r;rp tag;glf; $batu;fs;. czu;r;rp nghq;fp
vOk;NghJ Nfhgg; glf;$batu;fs;. ,j;jifa R+oy;fs; kfspu; njhopy; KidNthupd;
nray;ghl;il ngupJk; ghjpf;fpd;wd.

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 myF 9 njhopy; KidT Nkk;ghL
mj;jpahak; 24 njhopy; KidNthu;fspd; tiffs;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. fPo;Fwpg;gpl;l ve;j nray; tpahghu njhopy;KidNthiu rhu;e;jJ.
m) cw;gj;jp M) re;ijapLif ,) nray;ghL <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk;
2. tzpf njhopy;KidNthiur; rhuhj gzpiaf; fz;lwp.
m) tpw;gid M) fopT ,) thq;fy;; <) jahupg;;G
3. $l;Lg;gq;F njhopy;KidNthupd; NtW ngau;.
m) mfj;njhopy;KidNthu; M) Njhw;Wtpg;ghsu; ,) Nkyhsu; <) gq;Feu;
4. fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;litapy; vJ njhopy; El;gj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ
m) etPd njhopy; KidT M) njhopy; Jtq;Fk; kw;Wk; tsu;f;Fk; njhopy; KidT
,) $l;LwT njhopy; KidT <) njhopw;rhiy njhopy; KidT
5. fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s vJ fhyk; jho;j;Jk; goik tpUk;gp njhopy; KidNthUf;Fg;
nghUe;jhJ.
m) goik NgZtJ M) ,lu; ntWg;gJ ,) Iag;gLtJ <) khw;wpf;nfhs;tJ
tpilfs;:
1 < 2 < 3 M 4 M 5 <
II.,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. tpahghu njhopy; KidNthupd; ,ju ngau;fs; vd;d?
1. cw;gj;jp njhopy; nra;Ak; njhopy; KidNthu; 2. jdpj; njhopy; KidNthu;
2. $l;Lg; gq;F njhopy; KidNthupd; kw;nwhU ngau; vd;d?
Njhw;wg;gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; njhopy; KidNthu;
3. Ntshz; njhopy; KidNthu; vd;gtu; ahu;?
Ntshz; njhopy; KidNthu; Ntshz; nghUl;fis tpistpj;J re;ijapLk; njhopiy
Kidfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; gy;NtW ,aw;if rhu;e;j cs;sPl;L nghUl;fshd cuk;> tpij> jz;zPu;>
G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs;> ciog;G Nghd;w ,L nghUl;fis nfhz;L czT nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wdu;.
4. njspthd njhopy; KidNthUf;F cjhuzk; jUf.
jpUthsu;fs; 1. jpUgha; mk;ghdp 2. [hk;nrl; lhlh 3. T.V. Re;juk; Iaq;fhu;
4. Nr\hj;jpup 5. gpu;yh 6. ehuhaz %u;j;jp 7. m]p]; gpNuk;[p
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. jdpj; cupikj; njhopy; KidNthu; vd;gtu; ahu;?
jdpahfNth my;yJ $l;lhfNth nrhe;j ,lupy; epjpia jpul;b njhopy; elj;j Kidgtu; jdp
cupik njhopy; KidNthu; vdg;gLfpwhu;.
2. khjpupiag; gpd;gw;Wk; njhopy; KidNthu; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
 khjpupia gpd;gw;Wk; njhopy; KidNthu;fs; jw;NghJ re;ijapy; fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fis
jq;fspd; mwpT> Mw;wy;> ty;yikia itj;Jf; nfhz;L NtWKiwapy; tbtikg;gtu;fs;.
 ,tu;fs; NkiyehLfspy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis jq;fspd; cs;Su; Njitf;F Vw;wgb
cUkhw;wp ntspapLgtu;fs;.
 cjhuzkhf NkiyehLfspy; Gj;jk; Gjpjhf fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gykpd;dZ nghUl;fis tsUk;
ehLfs; NtW Kiwapy; jahupj;J ntspapl;L tUfpd;wd.

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3. fhyk; flj;Jk; goikthj njhopy; KidNthu; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
 goik njhopy; KidNthu;fs; vijAk; Gjpjhf GFj;Jtjpy; jaf;fk; fhl;Lgtu;fs;. GjpJ
GFj;jpdhy; ,lu; te;JtpLk; vd mr;rk; nfhs;gtu;fs;.
 njhopy; R+o;epiyfs; khwp tUk;NghjpYk; khwhf ,tu;fs; khw;wj;ij NtW top ,y;yhj
epiyapy; Vw;f js;sg;gLgtu;fs;.
 khw;wj;ij cs;thq;ftpy;iy vdpy; njhopiy %l Ntz;ba R+o;epiy Vw;gLk; vd;why; kl;LNk
khw;wj;ij gpd;gw;Wthu;fs;.
 fhyk; fhykhf jq;fspd; %jhijau;fs; tFj;j goik Kiwfisg; gprfhky; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fs;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. tpahghu mbg;gilapyhd njhopy; KidT tifg;ghl;bid tptupj;J vOJf. (VNjDk; 5)
1. cw;gj;jp njhopy; nra;Ak; njhopy; KidNthu;:
tpahghu njhopy;KidNthu; jdp njhopy; KidNthu; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. ,t;tifahd
njhopy; KidNthu; ngupa my;yJ rpwpa mstpy; njhopiy Vw;gLj;jp jd; vz;zj;jpy; cjpj;j
nghUis (m) Nritg; nghUis jahupj;J re;ij ,Lgtu;.
2. tzpfj; njhopy; KidNthu;:
tpahghuj; njhopy; KidNthu; nghUis thq;fp tpw;Fk; nraypy; kl;Lk; jd;id cl;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;gtu;.
3. njhopw;rhiy njhopy; KidNthu;:
,tu;fs; thbf;ifahsupd; Njitf;Nfw;g FWe;njhopy; KidNthuhfNth> eLj;ju njhopy;
KidNthuhfNth my;yJ ngUk; njhopy; KidNthuhfNth cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUSf;F
gytpjj;jpy; kjpg;G Vw;wp my;yJ $l;b nghUis re;ij ,Lfpd;wdu;.
4. $l;Lg;gq;F njhopy; KidNthu;:
$l;Lg;gq;F njhopy; KidNthu; vd;gtu; epWkj;ij $l;Lg;gq;F tbtpy; njhopiy Jtq;f
Kidgtu; Mthu;. njhopiy $l;LW mbg;gilapy; Jtq;f Njhw;wg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;.
5. Ntshz; njhopy; KidNthu;:
Ntshz; njhopy; KidNthu; Ntshz; nghUl;fis tpistpj;J re;ijapLk; njhopiy
Kidfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; cuk;> tpij> jz;zPu;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs;> ciog;G Nghd;w ,L
nghUl;fis nfhz;L czT nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wdu;.
6. rpy;yiw njhopy; KidNthu;:
,t;tif njhopy; KidNthu; KbTw;w ,Wjpg; nghUl;fis Efu;Nthu; trk; nfhz;L Nru;f;Fk;
nraypy; Kidfpd;wdu;.
2. gzprhu; njhopy; KidNthupd; jd;ikia tptup
1. GJik gilf;Fk; njhopy; KidNthu;:
,tu; GJik GFj;jpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gtu;. ,tu;fs; vg;NghJk; tpahghur; R+oy;fis cd;dpg;ghff;
ftdpj;J re;ijapy; cs;s nghUis NtW tpjkhf khw;WtJ> Kw;wpYk; Gjpjhf nghUis
tbtikg;gJ Nghd;witfis epfo;j;Jk; njhopy; KidNthu;fs; Mtu;.
2. khjpupiag; gpd;gw;Wk; njhopy; KidNthu;:
khjpupia gpd;gw;Wk; njhopy; KidNthu;fs; jw;NghJ re;ijapy; fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fis
jq;fspd; mwpT> Mw;wy;> ty;yikia itj;Jf; nfhz;L NtWKiwapy; tbtikg;gtu;fs;.
3. fhyk; flj;Jk; goikthj njhopy; KidNthu;:
goik njhopy; KidNthu;fs; vijAk; Gjpjhf GFj;Jtjpy; jaf;fk; fhl;Lgtu;fs;. Fwpg;ghf
GjpJ GFj;jpdhy; ,lu; te;JtpLk; vd mr;rk; nfhs;gtu;fs;.
4. ke;jkhd njhopy; KidNthu; (m) Mz; Njdp njhopy; KidNthu;:
ke;jkhd njhopy; KidNthu;fSk; goikthj njhopy; KidNthUf;F epfuhd khWjy;fis Vw;f
tpUk;ghjtu;fs;. ,tu;fs; ahUk; Eioa tpUk;ghj my;yJ ngupa epWkq;fshy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l
xU rpwpa re;ijapy; nray;gLgtu;fs;. mjhtJ rpwpa Fl;ilapy; ngupa kPdhf murhs;gtu;fs;.

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 myF 9 njhopy; KidT Nkk;ghL
mj;jpahak; 25 njhopy; KidNthUf;fhd murpd; jpl;lq;fs;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. midj;J ,e;jpa murhq;fq;fSk; kpd;dZ Kiwapy; fpilf;fr; nra;a ,e;jpa
nghUshjhuj;ij etPdkakhf;f -------------------- Kd; Kaw;rp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
m) ];lhz;l; mg; ,e;jpah M) ];lhl;lg; ,e;jpah
,) b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah <) ,e;jpahtpy; jahupg;Nghk; jpl;lk;
2. ------------------- ,e;jpahit cyfshtpa tbtikg;G kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ikakhf khw;Wtjw;fhf
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah M) ,e;jpahtpy; jahupg;Nghk; jpl;lk;
,) ];lhl;lg; ,e;jpah <) tbtikg;G ,e;jpah
3. GjpJ Gidjy; kw;Wk; njhopy; KidNthu; fyhr;rhuj;ij Cf;Ftpf;f ,e;jpa muR --------
Kaw;rpf;fpwJ.
m) mly; GJik GFj;jy; jpl;lk; (AIM)
M) ngz;fSf;F gapw;rp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lj;jpw;fhd MjuT (STEP)
,) tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilapy; mjpfhukspj;jy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp (SEED)
<) mly; ,d;GNt\d; nrd;lu;]; (AIC)
4. --------------- epjp Mjhuq;fs;> njhopy;El;g mwpT> njhopyhsu; Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; %yg;nghUl;fs;>
re;ij jpwd; kw;Wk; ,yhgfj;jd;ik Mfpatw;iw Mjhuq;fshff; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
m) njhopy;El;g mwpf;if M) epjpmwpf;if ,) jpl;l mwpf;if <) tsu;rr ; p mwpf;if
5. --------------- jpl;l mwpf;ifapy; Jzpfuk; nra;tjw;fhd newpKiwia cs;slf;fpaJ.
m) tq;fpau; M) muR ,) fld; mspf;Fk; epWtdq;fs; <) njhopy; KidNthu;
tpilfs;:
1 , 2 M 3 m 4 , 5 <
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. VNjDk; ehd;F murpd; njhopy; KidNthu; jpl;lq;fspd; ngau;fis vOJf.
1. ];lhu;l; mg; ,e;jpah 2. ,e;jpahtpy; jahupg;G jpl;lk; 3. mly; GJik GFj;jy; jpl;lk;
4. ngz;fSf;F gapw;rp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lj;jpw;fhd MjuT 5. [d;jd; - Mjhu; - nkhigy;
6. ,yf;FKiw ,e;jpah (m) b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah 7. ];lhz;l; mg; ,e;jpah
8. tzpfk; rhu;e;j njhopy;Kiw cjtp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp jpl;lk;
9. gpujhd; ke;jpup F\hy; tpfh]; jpl;lk; 10. Njrpa jpwd; mgptpUj;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;.
2. b[pl;ly; ,e;jpahit gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; midj;J murpd; NritfSk; gadhspfSf;F kpd;dZ Kiwapy; toq;fg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; kpd;dZ nghUshjhukhf khwp tUfpwJ. cynfq;Fk;
fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfis kf;fs; kpd;dZ Kiwapy; ngw tif nra;jpLk; mwpTg;
nghUshjhukhf ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; khwp tUfpwJ vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
3. njhopy; KidNthUf;F Njitg;gLk; ,uz;L tpjkhd epjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
njhopy;; KidNthUf;F ,uz;L tpjkhd epjp Njitg;gLfpwJ.
1. ePz;lfhy epjp; 2. FWfpa fhy epjp
epiyahd nrhj;Jf;fis ngWtjw;F ePz;lfhy epjpAk;
eilKiw %yjdj;jpw;F FWfpa fhy epjpAk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

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III.%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. ];lhu;l; mg; ,e;jpah vd;why; vd;d?
 njhlf;f epiyapy; cs;s njhopy;fl;F MNyhrid toq;FtJ> tsu;g;gJ> MjuT mspg;;gJ
Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; %yk; mtw;iw tsu;f;Fk; jpl;lj;jpid 2016 k; Mz;L rdtupapy;
Jtq;fpaJ.
 Jtf;f fhyk; KjNy gy njhopy; KidNthu;fs; gyjug;gl;l njhopy; tpidfis Jtf;fp
ntw;wp fz;ldu;. epjpfspd; epjp (Fund of Fund) vd;w epjpapd; %yk; njhlf;f epiy njhopy;
tpidfSf;F epjp trjp nra;J jug;gl;L tUfpwJ.
2. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F tpupthf;fk; jUf.
1. STEP – Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women
ngz;fSf;F gapw;rp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lj;jpw;fhd MjuT
2. JAM – Jan-Dhan –Aadjar-Mobile - [d;jd; - Mjhu; - nkhigy;
3. SEED – Science for Equity Empowerment and Development
tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilapy; mjpfhukspj;jy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. VNjDk; Ie;J murpd; njhopy; KidNthu; Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lj;jpid tpsf;Ff.
1. ];lhu;l; mg; ,e;jpah: (Start up India)
njhlf;f epiyapy; cs;s njhopy;fl;F MNyhrid toq;FtJ> tsu;g;gJ> MjuT mspg;;gJ
Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; %yk; mtw;iw tsu;f;Fk; jpl;lj;jpid 2016 k; Mz;L rdtupapy;
Jtq;fpaJ.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; jahupg;G jpl;lk;: (Make in India)
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ,e;jpahit gd;dhl;L cw;gj;jp ikakhf khw;w cjtp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,j;jpl;lk; 2014 nrg;lk;gu; jpq;fspy; eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W ,e;jpahit
gd;dhl;L cw;gj;jp ikakhf khw;w md;dpa KjyPL> GJik GFj;jy;> jpwd; tsu;r;rp> mwpTrhu;
nrhj;J ghJfhg;G> cw;gj;jp fl;likg;G Nkk;ghL Nghd;w tsu;rr ; prhu; eltbf;iffs;
KLf;fptplg;gl;L KO tPr;rpy; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
3. mly; GJik GFj;jy; jpl;lk;: (Atal Innovation Mission)
gd;dhl;L juj;jpw;F ,zf;fkhd Kiwapy; GJikahd nghUl;fis tbtikg;gJ kw;Wk; njhopy;
Kidit KO tPr;rpy; Cf;Ftpg;gJ mij tsu;g;gJ vd;w Kjd;ikahd Nehf;Fld; mly;
jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,j;jpl;lq;fSf;Nf mjpf Kd;Dupik jug;gLfpwJ.
4. [d;jd; - Mjhu; - nkhigy;: (Jan-Dhan –Aadjar-Mobile)
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; gy muRj; jpl;lq;fspy; gad; ngw;W tUk; gadhspfSf;F Nru Ntz;ba
khdpaj;ij rk;ke;jg;gl;l Jiw Neuhf mtu;fSf;F toq;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpy; gadhspfis
fl;lhakhf tq;fpfspy; fzf;F Muk;gpf;f fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;L midtu; ngaupYk; tq;fp fzf;F
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
5. ,yf;F Kiw ,e;jpah (m) b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah: (Digital India)
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; midj;J murpd; NritfSk; gadhspfSf;F kpd;dZ Kiwapy;
toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. Mjdhy; ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; kpd;dZ nghUshjhukhf khwp tUfpwJ.
6. ];lhz;l; mg; ,e;jpah: (Stand up India)
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; goq;Fbapdu; kw;Wk; jho;j;jg;gl;l ,dj;ijr; rhu;e;j kfspUf;F epWkr; fld;
toq;fp> mtu;fSf;F tsu;e;J tUk; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpd; gyid ngw;W mDgtpf;f tif
nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;NjhL ,j;jpl;lk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.

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2. Gjpa njhopy; KidNthu; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd gbepiyfis tpsf;Ff.
1. nghUs; Nju;T vjpu;ghu;g;G:
jpwd;> cs;Nehf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; xU jahupg;G xd;iw Nju;e;njLf;fyhk;. mtu; /
mts; xU milahsf; FwpaPL> Gjpa jahupg;G xd;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;fyhk.;
2. cupikapd; tbtj;ij Nju;T nra;jy;:
FLk;gk;> cupik> $l;lhz;ik> jdpahu; tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l epWtdk; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd njhopy;Kiw
mikg;G epWtdj;ij Nju;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,lj;Nju;T:
njhopy;KidNthu; jdJ Kaw;rpiaj; jf;fitg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd njhopy; ,lj;ij
Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. %yjd fl;likg;ig jPu;khdpj;jy;
,e;j Jzpfu epjpf;F epjpaspg;gjw;fhd Mjhuj;ij njhopy; KidNthu; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. cw;gj;jpia ifafg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gij mwpjy;:
njhopy;Jiw Ma;T $lq;fs;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw Nkk;ghl;Lg; gpupTfs; kw;Wk;
jdpg;gl;l MNyhrfu;fsplkpUe;J cw;gj;jpia vt;thW nra;a KbAk; vd;gjid mwpayhk;.
6. jpl;l mwpf;if jahupj;jy;:
fhyf; fld; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspd;> fld; tpz;zg;gg; gbtpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l tbtikg;gpd;gb
jpl;l mwpf;iffs; jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
7. jw;fhypf gjpT rhd;wpjo;:
njhopy; KidNthu; xU tUl fhyj;jpw;F MWkhj fhyj;jpw;F GJg;gpf;Fk; mbg;gilapy;
jw;fhypf gjpT rhd;wpjo; ngw tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8. epue;ju gjpT rhd;wpjo;:
cw;gj;jpia Muk;gpj;jTld; my;yJ cw;gj;jpia njhlq;fj; jahuhfptpl;lhy; epue;ju gjpT
rhd;wpjio ngw jFjpAilatu;fs; Mthu;.
9. rl;lg;G+u;t cupkk;:
njhopy; KidNthu; rk;ke;jg;gl;l mjpfhupaplkpUe;J efuhl;rp cupkk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.gpwF njhopy;
KidNthu; cw;gj;jp myif kj;jpa kw;Wk; tpw;gid tupj;JiwAld; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. xU
myF njhopw;rhiy rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfSf;Fs; te;jhy;> mtu; / mts; mij njhopw;rhiy
fz;fhzpg;ghsuplk; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk; my;yJ me;j myF filfs; kw;Wk; ];jhgdr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
10. kpd; ,izg;G:
njhopy; KidNthu; kpd; ,izg;gpw;fhd tpz;zg;gj;ij ghJfhg;G itg;Gj; njhifia nrYj;jp
kw;Wk; mytyf Kiwikfis epiwNtw;wp khepy kpd;rhu thupaj;jpd; cjtp Nfhl;;l
nghwpahsuplk; tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
11. epjp Vw;ghL:
njhopy;; KidNthUf;F ,uz;L tpjkhd epjp Njitg;gLfpwJ.
1. ePz;lfhy epjp; 2. FWfpa fhy epjp
epiyahd nrhj;Jf;fis ngWtjw;F ePz;lfhy epjpAk;
eilKiw %yjdj;jpw;F FWfpa fhy epjpAk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 77

 myF 10 epWkr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nrayu; eilKiwfs;
mj;jpahak; 26 epWkr; rl;lk;> 2013
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. xU epWkk; jdJ gjpT mYtyfk; mike;Js;s ,lk; gw;wpa mwpf;ifia ------------------
ehl;fSf;Fs; epWkg; gjpthsUf;F njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
m) 14 ehl;fs; M) 21 ehl;fs; ,) 30 ehl;fs; <) 60 ehl;fs;
2. xU egupd; fUj;J kw;Wk; vz;zq;fspd; ntspg;ghl;bd; %yk; epWkj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jhy;
mtu; ----------------------
m) ,af;Fgtu; M) epWk nrayhsu; ,) gjpthsu; <) Njhw;Wtpg;ghsu;
3. fPo;fz;l gq;Ffspy; vJ Ke;ija gq;Fjhuu;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L jdJ epWkj;jpd;
Kjiy cau;j;j ntspapLk; gq;F -------------------
m) rhjhuzg; gq;Ffs; M) cupikg; gq;Ffs;
,) Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs; <) Cf;fg; gq;Ffs;
4. Ke;ija gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F ve;jtpj fl;lzKk; ,y;yhky; ntspapLk; gq;Ffs; -----------------
m) Cf;fg; gq;Ffs; M) rhjhuzg; gq;Ffs; ,) cupikg; gq;Ffs; <) Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs;
5. Ke;ija gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F gq;Ffspd; tpiyia Fiwj;J mtu;fSf;F rhjfkhf
toq;FtJ -----------------
m) Cf;fg; gq;Ffs; M) rhjhuzg; gq;Ffs; ,) cupikg; gq;Ffs; <) Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs;
tpilfs;:
1 , 2 < 3 M 4 m 5 ,
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. epWkk; cUthf;fj;jpy; cs;s ehd;F epiyfs; ahit?
1. epu;thfk; 2. gjpT nra;jy; 3. Kjy; NghLjy; 4. tpahghuj;ij njhlq;Fjy;
2. Cf;fg; gq;Ffs; vd;why; vd;d?
xU epWkkhdJ Ke;ija gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F ve;jtpjkhd kWgad; vjpu;ghu;f;fhky; ntspaplg;gLk;
gq;Ffs; Cf;fg; gq;Ffs; MFk;.
3. cupikg; gq;Ffs; vd;why; vd;d?
xU epWkkhdJ Ke;ija gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F gq;Ffspd; tpiyia Fiwj;J mtu;fSf;F rhjfkhf
toq;FtJ cupikg; gq;Ffs; MFk;.
4. fld; gj;jpuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
epWkr; rl;lk; 2013> gpupT 2(30) d; gb fld; gj;jpuk; vd;gJ epWkj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fspd; kPJ gw;Wg;
nghWg;G Vw;gLj;jpNah (m) Vw;gLj;jhkNyh epWkk; ntspapLk; gpizakhFk;. fld; gj;jpuj; njhFjp>
ghz;L Kjyhd gpizaq;fSk; fld; gj;jpuk; vd;gjpy; mlq;Fk;.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. gq;Ffis Kidkj;jpy; ntspaply; vd;gJ Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptJ ahJ?
xU epWkk; mjd; gq;Ffis Kfkjpg;igf; fhl;bYk; $Ljyhd tpiyf;F
ntspapLNkahdhy; me;j gq;Ffs; Kidkj;jpy; ntspapl;ljhf $wg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU epWkk; ₹.10 Kf kjpg;gpyhd gq;fpid ₹. 12 ntspapLNkyahdhy; mJ
Kidkj;jpy; ntspapl;ljhFk;.
2. gy;NtW tifahd Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffis RUf;fkhf $Wf. (VNjDk; 3)
1. FtpT Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs;:
midj;J gq;fhjha eltbf;iffs; xU rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; nrYj;jp ,Wjp tiuapYk; Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyk; KbAk; tiu gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2. Ftpah Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs;:
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l Kd;Dupik gq;FfSf;F vjpuhf ,Ug;gJ xUq;fpizf;fg;glhj Kd;Dupik
gq;F MFk;. ,jpy; gq;fhjhak; vd;gJ xt;nthU Mz;bd; ,yhgk; fzf;fplg;gLk; NghJ
toq;fg;gl;L tpLk;.
,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 78
 3. kPs;jF Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs;:
xU epiyahd fhyk; (m) jtiz ehs; Kbe;J ngwf; $ba gq;Ffs; MFk;.
4. kPs;jfh Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs;:
epWkj;ij fiyf;Fk; NghJ (m) nrhj;Jf;fis tpw;W ePu;ikj; jd;ik Mf;Fk;NghJ ngwf; $ba
gq;Ffs; MFk;.
5. khw;wf; $ba Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs;:
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; rhjhuz gq;Ffshf khw;wf;$ba jd;ik nfhz;l gq;Ffs; MFk;.
6. khw;w Kbahj Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs;:
ve;j xU R+o;epiyapYk; rhjhuz gq;Ffshf khw;w ,ayhj jd;ik nfhz;l gq;Ffs; MFk;.
7. gq;FngWk; Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs;:
$Ljy; ,yhgk; fpilf;Fk; NghJ rhjhuzg; gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; gq;F ngWk; cupik
MFk;.
8. gq;Fngwh Kd;Dupkg; gq;Ffs;: $Ljy; ,yhgk; fpilf;Fk; NghJ (m) epWk fiyg;gpd; NghJ
rhjhuzg; gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F mspf;fg;glhj gq;F cupik MFk;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. gq;FfSf;Fk;> fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit? (VNjDk; 5)
t.vz; gq;Ffs; fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs;
1 ,J epWkj;jpd; Kjypy; xU gq;F MFk; ,J rl;lg;gb xU fld; MFk;
gq;Fjhuu;fs; epWkj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; / fld; gj;jpujhuu;fs; epWkj;jpd;
2
cupikahsu;fs; Mtu; fldPe;Njhu;fs; Mtu;
gq;Fjhuu;fs; khWgLk; tpiyapy; fld; gj;jpujhuu;fs; epiyahd tPjj;jpy;
3
gq;fhjhak; ngWfpd;wdu;. tl;b ngWtu;.
gq;Ffs; js;Sgbapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fld; gj;jpuq;fis js;Sgbapy; ntspapl
4 epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;L kl;LNk
ve;j newpKiwfSk;> jilfSk; ,y;iy.
ntspapl KbAk;.
,af;Feu; mitapd; Kbtpd;
5 mbg;ilapYk;> ,yhgj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk; fld; gj;jpuq;fspd; tl;b tPjk; epiyahdJ.
gq;fhjha tPjk; khWk;.
6 thf;fspf;Fk; cupik cz;L. thf;fspf;Fk; cupik ,y;iy.
2. fld; gj;jpuq;fspd; tiffs; ahit? (VNjDk; 5)
fld; gj;jpuq;fs; ntspapLk; Kiw> mtw;wpd; ntspaPl;L epge;jidfs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
gy tpjq;fshf gpupf;fyhk;.
1. khw;Wjy; mbg;gil
2. gpizaq;fs; (m) <l;bd; mbg;gil
3. kPl;G mbg;gil
4. gjpT nra;jy; mbg;gil
1. khw;W mbg;gil:
khw;Wjy; mbg;gilapy; fld; gj;jpuq;fis ehd;F tifahf gpupf;fyhk;. mit
m) khw;w ,ayhj fld; gj;jpuq;fs;:
khw;w ,ayhj fld; gj;jpuq;fs; mtw;wpd; fld; ,ay;ig jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd kw;Wk;
rhjhuz gq;Ffshf khw;wg;gl KbahJ.
M) gFjp khw;wj;jf;f fld; gj;jpuq;fs;:
gFjp khw;wj;jf;f fld; gj;jpuq;fspd; epiyapy; mitfspd; xU gFjp ntspapLgtu;
mwptpf;Fk; rkak; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; rhjhuzg; gq;Ffshf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
,) Kw;wpYk; khw;wj;jf;f fld; gj;jpuq;fs;:
,it ntspaPll ; hsu; mwptpf;Fk; rkak; Kw;wpYkhf rhjhuz gq;Ffshf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 79

 <) Nju;tpd;gb khw;wj;jf;f fld; gj;jpuq;fs;:
Nju;tpd;gb khw;wj;jf;f fld; gj;jpuq;fspd; epiyapy; ,g;gq;Ffis ntspaPl;lhsu; KbT
nra;Ak; tpiyapNyh (m) ntspaPlb ; d; rkak; cld;gl;l tpiyapNyh khw;wpg; ngWk; Nju;T
cs;sJ.
2. gpizaq;fs; (m) <l;bd; mbg;gilapy;:
m) gpizaq;fs; jug;gl;l fld; gj;jpuq;fs;:
epWkj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fs; kPJ gw;Wg; nghWg;G Vw;gLj;jp ntspaplg;gLk; gj;jpuq;fs; gpizak;
jug;gl;l fld; gj;jpuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
M) gpizak; jug;glhj fld; gj;jpuq;fs;:
epWkj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fs; kPJ ve;jtpj gw;Wg; nghWg;Gk; Vw;gLj;jhky; ntspaplg;gLk;
gj;jpuq;fs; gpizak; jug;glhj fld; gj;jpuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
3. kPl;G mbg;gil:
m) kPl;ff; $ba fld; gj;jpuq;fs;:
xU Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpapy; (m) Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf; nfLTf;F gpwF kPl;ff; $ba fld; gj;jpuq;fs;
,t;tiffs; MFk;.
M) kPl;f ,ayhj fld; gj;jpuq;fs;:
epWkk; fiyf;fg;gl;lhy; jtpu kw;wg;gb epWkj;jpd; MAs; fhyj;jpy; kPl;f Njitapy;yhj
fld; gj;jpuq;fs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
4. gjpT nra;jy; mbg;gil:
m) gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fld; gj;jpuq;fs;:
fld; gj;jpuq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l egu;fspd; ngaupy; epWkk; jdJ gjpNtLfspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;L
,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwg; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fld; gj;jpuq;fs; vd;W $Wfpd;Nwhk;.
M) nfhzu;gtu; fld; gj;jpuq;fs;:
,t;tifg; gj;jpuq;fis ahu; itj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fNsh mtu;fSf;F mg;gj;jpuq;fs; kPjhd
cupik cz;L. vdNt ,tw;iw gjpT nra;ag;glhj fld; gj;jpuq;fs; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdu;.

,y.gd;duP ;nry;tk;>M.Com.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SET., muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp neLq;fy;>fpU\;zfpup khtl;lk;.8778305728 80

 myF 10 epWkr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nrayu; eilKiwfs;
mj;jpahak; 27 epWk Nkyhz;ik
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. epWkr; rl;lk; 2013-d;gb xU egu; ,af;Fduhf ------------- epWkq;fSf;F Nky; gjtp tfpf;f $lhJ.
m) 5 fk;ngdpfs; M) 10 fk;ngdpfs;; ,) 20 fk;ngdpfs; <) 15 fk;ngdpfs;
2. xU jdpahu; epWkk; Fiwe;jJ ---------- ,af;Fdu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
m) VO M) Ie;J ,) %d;W <) ,uz;L
3. xU nghJ epWkj;jpy; nrYj;jg;gl;l %yjdk; &gha; ---------- my;yJ mjw;F Nky;
,Uf;Fk; nghOJ rpwpa gq;Fjhuu;fshy; ,af;Fdu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;.
m) 1 Nfhb &gha; M) 3 Nfhb &gha; ,) 5 Nfhb &gha;; <) 7 Nfhb &gha;
4. ,af;Fdu;fs; epWkj;jpd; gzj;jpw;F ----------- Mfpwhu;fs;.
m) tq;fpahsu; M) gq;;Fjhuu;fs; ,) Kftu; <) nghUg;ghz;ikau;fs;
5. epWkr; rl;lg;gb ,af;Fdu;fs; -------- %yk; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
m) kj;jpa muR M) epWkr;rl;l thupak;;
,) epWkj;jpd; Mz;L nghJf;$l;lk; <) ,af;Feu;fs; FO
tpilfs;:
1 , 2 < 3 , 4 < 5 ,

II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. Nkyhz;ikapy; Kf;fpa egu;fis vt;tpjkhd epWkq;fs; epakdk; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;?
1. xt;nthU gl;bayplg;gl;l epWkKk;.
2. xt;nthU nghJ epWkKk; ₹.10 Nfhbf;F kw;Wk; mjw;F kpifahf gq;F Kjiy nfhz;l epWkk;.
2. KO Neu ,af;Feu; vd;gtu; ahu;?
epWkj;jpd; ,af;Feuhf gzpGupAk; xUtu; jdJ Ntiy Neuk; KOtijAk; epWkj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf
gad;gLj;JtJk; NkYk; ,jd; %ykhf epWkj;jpw;F tUkhdk; Vw;gLk; tifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Neub
Mu;tj;ijf; fhl;lgtUk; KONeu ,af;Feu; Mthu;.
3. Nkyhz;ik ,af;Feu; vd;W ahiu miof;fpd;Nwhk;?
,af;Feuhf epWkj;jpy; gzp GupAk; xUtu; mjpfgl;rkhd mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;ltUkhd epWkj;jpd;
epu;thfj;jpy; mjpf Mu;tk; mjpfgl;rkhd Rje;jpuKk; cilatu; epWkj;ij top elj;Jtjw;Fk;
,af;Feu;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; cupikAk; ,tUf;F cz;L.
4. ve;j ,af;Feu; nray; ,af;Feuhf nray;gl KbAk;?
,tu; epWkj;jpd; Kjd;ik jiyik mjpfhup vd;w nghWg;ig tfpf;fpwhu;. ,tu; epWkj;jpd; Nehf;f
epiyia milAk; nghUl;L Njitahd midj;J KbTfisAk; vLf;Fk; nghWg;ig tfpf;fpwhu;.
NkYk; epWk ntw;wpf;F ,tu; gq;F Kf;fpakhfpwJ. ,d;iwa cyfshtpa tu;j;jfj;jpy; jiytu;
my;yJ jiyik nray; mYtyu; my;yJ Nkyhz;ik ,af;Feu; my;yJ CEO vd;w thu;j;ijfs;
xNu nghUs; juf;$ba ,izr; nrhw;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. vg;nghOJ khw;W ,af;Feu;fis epakpf;fyhk;?
1. xU ,af;Feu; ,e;jpahtpy; Fiwe;jJ %d;W khjj;jpw;F Nky; ,y;iynad;why; mtUf;F gjpyhf
$Ljy; ,af;Feu;fis ,af;Feu; FO epakpf;fyhk;.
2. ,t;thW epakpg;gjw;F epWkj;jpd; nray;Kiw Vl;by; mq;fPfhuk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; xU jPu;khdk; ,aw;wp mjd; thapyhf epakpf;yhk;.
3. ,e;j khw;W ,af;Feu; cz;ikahd ,af;FeUf;F Kftuhf my;yJ gjpyhf fUjg;glkhl;lhu;.
2. epoy; ,af;Feu; vd;W ahiu miof;fpd;Nwhk;?
,af;Feu; FOtpy; ,lk; ngwhj xUtu; Mdhy; epWkj;ij top elj;j mjpfhuk; cs;stu; epoy;
,af;Feu; vdg;gLthu;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; tpUg;gg;gl;lhy; ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;glyhk;.

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3. xU jdpahu; epWkj;jpy; Fiwe;jsT vj;jid ,af;Feu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Fwpg;gpLf.
epWkr; rl;lk; 2013 gpupT 149 (1) xt;nthU epWkKk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; / mjpf gl;rk; vt;tsT
,af;Feu;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tiuaWj;Js;sJ. mjd;gb
1. xU egu; epWkk; xU ,af;Feiu nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. gpw epWkq;fs; ,uz;L ,af;Feu;fis nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. epu;thfj;jpy; Kf;fpa epu;thf mjpfhupfs; (Key Managerial Persons) vd;gtu; ahu;?
epWkr; rl;lk; 2013 gy Gjpa fUj;Jfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ mtw;wpy; xd;W xU epWkj;jpy;
Kf;fpa mjpfhuk; cs;s egu;fs; (Key Managerial Persons). ,J epu;thf ,af;Feu; kw;Wk; KO
Neu ,af;Feupd; tof;fkhd jiyikg; gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpaJ kl;Lky;yhky; jiyik epjp
mjpfhup> jiyik epu;thf mjpfhup kw;Wk; epWkj;jpd; nrayu; Nghd;w rpy nray;ghl;L egu;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ.
2013 Mk; Mz;bd; epWk rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2(51) ,y; epWkj;jpy; Kf;fpa mjpfhuk; cs;s egu;fs;
ahu; vd;gjw;fhd tiuaiu cs;sJ.
1. Kjd;ik / gpujhd mjpfhup
2. epu;thf ,af;Feu; my;yJ Nkyhsu;
3. epWkj;jpd; nrayu;
4. KO Neu ,af;Feu;
5. Kjd;ik / gpujhd epjp mYtyu; kw;Wk;
6. mj;jifa kw;w mYty;fs; gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;.
2. ,af;Feupd; gy;NtW tiffis RUf;fkhf tptup (VNjDk; 5)
1. ,e;jpa FbapUg;G ,af;Feu;:
,e;jpa epWkr; rl;lk; 2013 gpupT 149(3) d; gb xU epWkj;jpd; ,af;Feu; fle;j ehl;fhl;b Mz;by;
xj;j fhyj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 182 ehl;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; mt;thW cs;stiuNa
,e;jpa FbapUg;G ,af;Feu; vdg;gLfpwhu;.
2. rpW gq;Fjhuu;fspd; ,af;Feu;:
xU gl;bayplg;gl;l epWkk; xU ,af;Feiu ,tu;fs; rhu;ghf epakpf;fyhk; mt;thW epakdk;
nra;a Fiwe;jgl;rk; 1>000 my;yJ gj;jpy; xU gq;F gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F ,J njhlu;ghd vOj;J
%ykhd mwptpg;G nra;jpia toq;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. ngz; ,af;Feu;:
gpupT 149(1)(a) d; gb xU ,af;Feu; FOtpy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; xU ngz; cWg;gpdu; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
4. $Ljy; ,af;Feu;fs;:
epWkk; xU jdpkdpjid Njitg;gl;lhy; $Ljy; ,af;Feiu epakpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
5. khw;W ,af;Feu;fs;:
xU ,af;Feu; ,e;jpahtpy; Fiwe;jJ %d;W khjj;jpw;F Nky; ,y;iynad;why; mtUf;F gjpyhf
$Ljy; ,af;Feu;fis ,af;Feu; FO epakpf;Fk; egUf;F khw;W ,af;Feu;fs; vd;W ngau;.
6. epoy; ,af;Feu;:
,af;Feu; FOtpy; ,lk; ngwhj xUtu; Mdhy; epWkj;ij top elj;j mjpfhuk; cs;stu; epoy;
,af;Feu; vdg;gLthu;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; tpUg;gg;gl;lhy; ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;glyhk;.

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3. ,af;Fdupd; jFjpfs; gw;wp $Wf.
1. xU ,af;Feu;> epjp> rl;lk;> Nkyhz;ik> tpw;gid> re;ijgLj;jy;> epu;thfk;> Muha;rr
; p>
ngUepWk MSik> njhopy;El;g nray;ghLfs; my;yJ epWkj;jpd; tzpf njhlu;ghd gpw
Jiwfspy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Jiwfspy; nghUj;jkhd jpwd;fs;> mDgtk; kw;Wk;
mwpitf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. xU ,af;Feu; rupahd kdepiy cila eguhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. xU ,af;Feu; epWkr; nray;Kiw Gj;jfj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s jFjp gq;Ffs; itj;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
4. xU ,af;Feu; jdpeguhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. ey;y epjpepiy cilatuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ve;jtpjkhd Fw;wj;jpw;fhfTk; Fw;wthsp vd mwptpf;fg;glhky;/jz;bf;fg;glhky;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

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 myF 10 epWkr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nrayupd; eilKiwfs;
mj;jpahak; 28 epWkr; nrayu;
I. rupahd tpilia Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. epWkj;jpd; nrayu; me;j epWkj;jpd; Xu; ---------- Mthu;.
m) cWg;gpdu; M) ,af;Fdu; ,) jd;dpr;irahd xg;ge;jjhuu; <) Copau;
2. ahu; xUtu; epWkj;jpd; nrayhsuhf KbAk;
m) jdpegu; M) $l;lhz;ik epWtdk; ,) $l;LwT rq;fk;; <) njhopw;rq;fk;
3. ------------- $l;lk; epWkj;jpd; tho;ehspy; xU Kiw kl;LNk $l;lg;gLk;
m) rl;lKiw M) Mz;Lg; nghJf; ,) rpwg;G <) tFg;G
4. epWkj;jpd; Mz;Lg; nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; ----------- f;F Ngr cupik ,y;iy.
m) jzpf;ifahsu; M) gq;Feu; ,) gfuhs; <) ,af;Fdu;
5. epWkk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l ehspypUe;J -------- khjj;jpw;Fs; Kjy; Mz;Lg; nghJf;
$l;lj;ij $l;l Ntz;Lk;.
m) 12 M) 15 ,) 18 <) 21
tpilfs;:
1 < 2 m 3 m 4 , 5 ,
II. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. nrayu; vd;gtu; ahu;?
nrayu; vd;w nrhy; “rPf;nul;upa];” vd;w ,yj;jPd; thu;j;ijapypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. ,jd; nghUs;
“,ufrpak;” MFk;. epWkj;jpd; epu;thfk; kw;Wk; epjprhu;e;j midj;J nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J ntspapl
Kbahj rpy ,ufrpa jd;ikAila nray;ghLfis ,ufrpakhf nra;J Kbf;f gzpaku;j;jg;gLk;
egiu epWkr; nrayu; vd miof;fyhk;.
2. “$l;lk;” vd;why; vd;d?
xU epWkj;jpd; $l;lk; vd;gJ gy tifahd rl;ltpjpf; $WfSf;F cl;gl;L Kiwahd tifapy;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gLk; egu;fspd; FOit $l;lk; vdyhk;.
3. “gfuhs;” rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
epWkj;jpd; nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;tjw;fhf gq;Feu; xUthu; rhu;ghf epakpf;fg;gLk; egu;
gfuhs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
4. “thf;nfLg;G” vd;why; vd;d?
thf;nfLg;G vd;w thu;j;ij ,yj;jPd; thu;j;ijahd “thf;fk;” vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. xU
Kd;nkhopTf;F MjuthfNth> my;yJ vjpuhfNth xUtu; jdJ tpUg;gj;ij cupa Kiwapy; gjpT
nra;tij thf;nfLg;G Fwpf;fpwJ.
III. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. rpwg;G jPu;khdk; vd;why; vd;d?
xU Kbit epiwNtw;w $l;lj;jpw;F tUif Gupe;Js;s gq;Fjhuu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; 75 rjtPj
egu;fs; KbTf;F rhjfkhf thf;fspj;jhy; mJ rpwg;G jPu;khdk; MFk;. mjhtJ KbTf;F vjpuhf
thf;fspj;jtu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Nghy %d;W klq;F mjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; KbT rhjfkhf
thf;fspj;J Kbit epiwNtw;wpdhy; mJ rpwg;G jPu;khdk; MFk;.
2. rl;lKiwf; $l;lk; vd;why; vd;d?
epWkr; rl;lg;gb xt;nthU nghJ epWkKk; njhopy; njhlq;fpa 1 khjj;jpypUe;J 6 khjj;jpw;Fs;
gq;Feu;fs; $l;lj;ij $l;l Ntz;Lk;. ,jid rl;lKiw $l;lk; vd miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
xU nghJ epWkj;jpd; tho;ehspy; xU Kiw kl;LNk $l;lg;gLk; $l;lk; rl;lKiw $l;lk; MFk;.

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3. rhjhuz jPu;khdk; Njitg;gLk; VNjDk; %d;W nray;ghLfis jUf.
1. epWkg; ngaiuj; jpUj;j
2. epWk gq;F Kjiy khw;wpaikf;f
3. fldPl;L gj;jpuq;fis kPl;f
4. gq;fhjhak; mwptpf;f
5. Mz;L ,Ug;Gepiyf; Fwpg;ig xg;Gjy; toq;f
6. ,af;Feu;fis gzpaku;j;j
7. ,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;f my;yJ Fiwf;f
8. xU ,af;Feiu gzpePf;fk; nra;J tpl;L mt;tplj;jpy; Gjpa ,af;Feiu gzpaku;j;j
9. tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;L epWkj;jpd; epjpia KjyPL nra;a
10. epWk fzf;fhsiu gzp epakdk; nra;a
IV. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;;
1. gytifahd epWk $l;lq;fis tpsf;Ff.
epWkr; rl;lk; 2013 d; gb epWkj;jpy; $l;lg;gLk; $l;lq;fis fPo;fhZk; Kiwapy; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1. gq;Feu;fs; $l;lq;fs;; 2. ,af;Feuit $l;lq;fs;; 3. rpwg;G $l;lq;fs;
m. rl;lKiw $l;lk; m. mitf; $l;lk; m. tFg;G $l;lk;
M. Mz;Lg; nghJf; $l;lk; M. FOf; $l;lk; M. fldPe;Njhu; (m) fldPl;Lg;
,. rpwg;G (m) mrhjhuz nghJf;$l;lk; gj;jpujhuu;fs; $l;lk;
1. gq;Feu;fs; $l;lq;fs;;:
epWk gq;Fdu;fshy; elj;jg;gLk; $l;lq;fs; gq;Feu;fs; $l;lk vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. epWk
gq;Feu;fspd; $l;lq;fis %d;W tifahf gpupf;fyhk;.
m. rl;lKiw $l;lk;;:
epWkr; rl;lg;gb xt;nthU nghJ epWkKk; njhopy; njhlq;fpa NjjpapypUe;J 1
khjj;jpypUe;J 6 khjj;jpw;Fs; gq;Feu;fs; $l;lj;ij $l;l Ntz;Lk;. ,jid rl;lKiw
$l;lk; vd miof;fpd;Nwhk;. xU nghJ epWkj;jpd; tho;ehspy; xU Kiw kl;LNk $l;lg;gLk;
$l;lk; rl;lKiw $l;lk; MFk;.
M. Mz;Lg; nghJf; $l;lk;:
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; epWkj;jpy; ,ay;ghd eltbf;if Fwpj;J MNyhrpf;f $l;lg;gLk; $l;lk;
Mz;L nghJf; $l;lk; MFk;. ,f;$l;lk; epWkk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l NjjpapypUe;J 18
khjj;jpw;Fs; Kjy; Mz;L nghJf; $l;lj;ij $l;l Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L Mz;Lg; nghJf;
$l;lj;jpw;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; 15 khjj;jpw;F kpifahff; $lhJ.
,. rpwg;G (m) mrhjhuz nghJf;$l;lk;:
rpy mtru tpahghu KbTfis vLf;f ,U Mz;L nghJf;$l;lq;fSf;fpilNa $l;lg;gLk;
,ju $l;lq;fs; midj;Jk; rpwg;Gf; $l;lq;fshFk;.
2. ,af;Feuit $l;lq;fs;:
m. mitf; $l;lk;:
epWkj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J ,ay;ghd KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhf ,af;Feu;fshy;
$l;lg;gLk; $l;lq;fs; ,af;Feuitf; $l;lk; MFk;. ,f;$l;lk; epWkk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
ehspypUe;J 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; $l;lg;gl Ntz;baJ.
M. thupaf; FOf; $l;lk;:
gl;bayplg;gl;l epWkKk;> ₹.10 Nfhb my;yJ mjw;F Nky; gq;F KjYila xt;nthU nghJ
epWkk; jzpf;if FO $l;lj;ij $l;l Ntz;Lk;.v,f;$l;lk; Mz;Lf;F Fiwe;jJ ehd;F
Kiw $l;l Ntz;Lk;. ₹.10 Nfhbf;F Fiwthf gq;F KjYila epWkj;jpy; ,af;Feuitahy;
jzpf;if FOtpd; nray;ghLfis nra;a xU ,af;Feu; gzp mku;j;jg;gLtu;.

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 3. rpwg;G $l;lq;fs;:
m. tFg;G $l;lk;:
xU Fwpg;gpl;l tifahd gq;Ffs; my;yJ fldPl;Lg; gj;jpujhuu;fshy; $l;lg;gLk; $l;lk;
tFg;G $l;lk; MFk;. cjhuzkhf Kd;Dupikg; gq;Fjhuu;fshy; $l;lg;gLk; $l;lj;ij
$wyhk;.
M. fldPe;Njhu; (m) fldPl;Lg; gj;jpujhuu;fs; $l;lk;:
epWkf; $l;lq;fis Nghy ,J xU epWk $l;lk; my;y ,Ug;gpDk;> ,J xU nfhs;ifia
mwpKfk; nra;Ak; NghJ my;yJ fldPe;Njhu;fs; njhlu;ghd rpy tof;Ffis Ngrp KbT
$l;lg;gLfpwJ.
2. gytifahd jpwe;j kw;Wk; ,ufrpa tifapy; nra;ag;gLk; thf;nfLg;G Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.
thf;nfLg;gpy; ,uz;L NtWgl;l eilKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
1. jpwe;j eilKiw
m. Fuy; thf;nfLg;G
M. iffis cau;j;Jtjd; %yk; thf;nfLg;G
2. ,ufrpa eilKiw
m. thf;Fr;rPl;L Kiw
M. mQ;ry; thf;F
1. jpwe;j eilKiw:
,k;Kiwapy; midj;J cWg;gpdu;fSk; $bapUf;Fk; $l;lj;jpy; xU cWg;gpdu; ahUf;F
thf;fspf;fpwhu; vd kw;wtUf;F njupAk; tifapy; thf;nfLg;G elj;jg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; vt;tpj
xspT kiwTk; ,Uf;fhJ ,k;Kiw thf;nfLg;gpy; gpd;tUk; Kiwfs; cs;slq;Fk;.
m. Fuy; thf;nfLg;G:
,k;Kiw thf;nfLg;G xU gpugykhd KiwahFk;. ,j;jifa thf;nfLg;G Kiwia kpfTk;
rpf;fyhd my;yJ Kuz;ghLila tp\aq;fSf;F KbT vLf;f gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. jiytu;
xU Kbit Kd;nkhope;J mjw;F Mjuthf cs;stu;fs; “Mk;” vd;W Fuiy cau;j;jp $w
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; mk;Kbtpw;F kWg;gtu;fs; “,y;iy” vd Fuiy cau;j;jp $w Ntz;Lk;.
jiytu; $u;e;J ftdpj;J jdJ Kbit njuptpg;ghu;.
M. iffis cau;j;Jtjd; %yk; thf;nfLg;G:
epWkr; rl;lk; gpupT 177 d; gb kiwKf thf;nfLg;G eilKiw gpd;gw;w Njitapy;yhj
tp\aq;fSf;F jiytu; cWg;gpdu;fis mioj;J xU Kd;nkhopTf;F Mjuthf cs;stu;fs;
ifia cau;j;j nrhy;yp rpy cWg;gpdu;fs; cjtpAld; vz;zpf;nfhz;L gpd;du; vjpuhf
cs;stu;fis ifia cau;j;j nrhy;yp vz;zpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; Kbit
vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jiytu; ntspapLthu;.
2. ,ufrpa eilKiw:
xU cWg;gpdu; mspf;Fk; thf;F kw;w cWg;gpdu;fshy; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbahj tifapy;
,ufrpakhf thf;nfLg;G elj;jg;gLtij ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;G Kiw vd;fpNwhk;. xU cWg;gpdu;
mspf;Fk; thf;F kpfTk; ,ufrpakhf ghJfhf;fg;gLtjhy; ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;G Kiw kpfTk;
gpugykhd KiwahFk;.
m. thf;Fr;rPl;L Kiw:
,k;Kiwapy; tupir vz; ,lg;gl;l thf;F rPl;L xt;nthU cWg;gpdUf;Fk; jug;gLk;. mjpy;
cWg;gpdu; xU ,ufrpa miwapy; jdJ tpUg;gj;ij X my;yJ Fwpapl;L itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
ngl;bapy; Nghl Ntz;Lk;. Xl;L vz;Zgtu;fs; my;yJ Ntl;ghsu;fspd; Kftu;fspd;
Kd;dpiyapy; mg;ngl;bia jpwe;J thf;Ffs; vz;zg;gLk;. ,jpy; jtwhd Kiwapy;
mspf;fg;gl;l thf;F rPl;Lfis epuhfupj;j gpwF kPjKs;s rPl;Lfis vz;zp KbTfs;
mwptpf;fg;gLk;.

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rhjid gilf;f vq;fsJ cs;sk; epiwe;j
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Kd;Ndw;wjpw;fhf jahupj;J ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; VNjDk; gpiofs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfs;
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nfhs;fpNwhk;. ed;wp tzf;fk;…

“gapw;rpAk; tplh Kaw;rpAk; kl;LNk ntw;wpf;F toptFf;Fk;”

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