Process Management and Scientific Developments

1st Edition None download

https://textbookfull.com/product/process-management-and-
scientific-developments-1st-edition-none/

Download more ebook instantly today - get yours now at textbookfull.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit textbookfull.com
to discover even more!

Scientific Process and Social Issues in Biology

Education 1st Edition Garland E. Allen

https://textbookfull.com/product/scientific-process-and-social-
issues-in-biology-education-1st-edition-garland-e-allen/

Energy Saving Coating Materials: Design, Process,

Implementation and Recent Developments 1st Edition
Goutam Kumar Dalapati

https://textbookfull.com/product/energy-saving-coating-materials-
design-process-implementation-and-recent-developments-1st-
edition-goutam-kumar-dalapati/

Process Modeling and Management for Healthcare 1st

Edition Carlo Combi

https://textbookfull.com/product/process-modeling-and-management-
for-healthcare-1st-edition-carlo-combi/

Microbial Biomass Process Technologies and Management

1st Edition Basanta Kumara Behera

https://textbookfull.com/product/microbial-biomass-process-
technologies-and-management-1st-edition-basanta-kumara-behera/
Quality Management in Scientific Research Antonella
Lanati

https://textbookfull.com/product/quality-management-in-
scientific-research-antonella-lanati/

Current Developments in Biotechnology and

Bioengineering. Solid Waste Management 1st Edition
Jonathan W-C Wong

https://textbookfull.com/product/current-developments-in-
biotechnology-and-bioengineering-solid-waste-management-1st-
edition-jonathan-w-c-wong/

Guidelines for Integrating Management Systems and

Metrics to Improve Process Safety Performance 1st
Edition Ccps (Center For Chemical Process Safety)

https://textbookfull.com/product/guidelines-for-integrating-
management-systems-and-metrics-to-improve-process-safety-
performance-1st-edition-ccps-center-for-chemical-process-safety/

Fundamentals of Business Process Management Marlon

Dumas

https://textbookfull.com/product/fundamentals-of-business-
process-management-marlon-dumas/

Acute Pain Management Scientific Evidence 5th Edition

Stephan A Schug

https://textbookfull.com/product/acute-pain-management-
scientific-evidence-5th-edition-stephan-a-schug/
 International Conference
“Process Management and
Scientific Developments”

Birmingham, United Kingdom

(Novotel Birmingham Centre, March 5, 2020)
 Materials of the International Conference
“Process Management and Scientific Developments”
(Birmingham, United Kingdom, March 5, 2020)
М67
ISBN 978-5-905695-87-2
These Conference Proceedings combine materials of the conference –
research papers and thesis reports of scientific workers. They examines tecnical
and sociological issues of research issues. Some articles deal with theoretical and
methodological approaches and principles of research questions of personality
professionalization.
Authors are responsible for the accuracy of cited publications, facts, figures,
quotations, statistics, proper names and other information.

UDC 330

ISBN 978-5-905695-87-2 ©Scientific publishing house Infinity, 2020

©Group of authors, 2020
 CONTENTS

ECONOMICS
Functioning and main components of the structure of the social and economic system
of the Russian public sector
Gersonskaya Irina Valeryevna.....................................................................................................................8
Marketing tools and methods in the education industry
Oshchepkova Natalia Gennadyevna........................................................................................................15
Features of functioning of corporate structures in modern conditions: management of
innovations as a driver of their development
Ayad Fadhil Thabit Aldawoodi....................................................................................................................20

JURISPRUDENCE
The main stages of the development of constitutional regulation of the institute of
information support for elections in the Russian Federation
Khizhnyak Veronika Sergeevna................................................................................................................30

PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
Methodological and practical recommendations for the use of musical and motor
means in adaptive physical education of children with down syndrome
Maksimova Svetlana Yuryevna, Gubareva Daria Sergeevna..........................................................34
Interdisciplinary connections in Higher Maritime Educational Institutions if forming
ecological competence
Dulia Alona Valentinovna............................................................................................................................38
Organization of independent work of students (cadets) using a metacognitive approach
Matytsin Oleg Vladimirovich, Shvets Natalya Alekseevna.............................................................44
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Organization of work on correction of professional burnout of preschool educators
Pleshkova Elena Vladislavovna, Tatarintseva Albina Yuryevna....................................................50

MEDICAL SCIENCES
The species composition of the gram-negative microbiota of nosocomial pathogens in
a surgical hospital
Omarova Salidat Magomedovna, Saidova Patimat Satrudinovna,
Isaeva Roza Izidinovna.................................................................................................................................54
Nutrition detoxification in accompanying support programs for cancer patients with
colorectal and pancreatic cancer
Kostyuchenko Lyudmila Nikolaevna, Lychkova Alla Eduardovna,
Vasina Tatyuana Afanasievna...................................................................................................................61

GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES
Regional features of climomorphogenesis Russia's Far East
Skrylnik Gennady Petrovich......................................................................................................................73
EARTH SCIENCES
Soil cover of the planet as a basis for environmental well-being
Sabodina Evgenia Petrovna, Melnikov Yuri Sergeevich..................................................................86

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Biotechnology for the production of functional meat-based products enriched with
jerusalem artichoke tubers juice
Fatkhullaev Abdunabi, Vakilova Sitora Tillaboy kizi,
Ibrahimova Zahro Olovuddin kizi..............................................................................................................92
Changes in the exterior of young rabbits during the industrial and cross-hybridization
of breeds White Giant, Silver and Soviet Chinchilla
Kulkova Olga Evgenievna, Shumilina N.N...........................................................................................97
A collection of wild species of genus HORDEUM L. - original material for use in the
selection
Kushanova Rystay Zharmagalievna......................................................................................................104
TECHNICAL SCIENCE
Determination of dependences of cutting of stalks of soy and development of the
grinder of soy straw
Prisyazhnaya Irina Mikhaelovna, Prisyazhnaya Serafima Pavlovna..............................................109
PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
Solar System Features
Ikhlov Boris Lazarevitch...........................................................................................................................114
On the interrelation of mathematics, physics and philosophy
Ikhlov Boris Lazarevitch............................................................................................................................124
Process Management and Scientific Developments

FUNCTIONING AND MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE STRUCTURE OF

THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN PUBLIC
SECTOR

Gersonskaya Irina Valeryevna

Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor
The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administra-
tion, Lipetsk branch, Russia

Abstract. This article discusses the socio-economic system of the pub-

lic sector of the econ-omy. The importance of the public sector of the na-
tional economy is substantiated. The purpose and objectives of the func-
tioning of the public sector are determined. The issues of state regulation
of the economy are considered. The structure of the state sector of the
Russian economy is given. The directions of the functioning of the public
sector of the economy in the context of the main elements are considered.
Keywords: socio-economic system, national economy, public sector of
the economy, form of ownership, state-owned enterprises, social sector of
the state, state administration, state regula-tion

Under the modern conditions of development, the national economy of

almost all states of the world community without exception is a predomi-
nantly mixed, that is, a hybrid socio-economic system. Such a system of
the national economy is characterized by symbiosis, and above all, close
relationships, mutually beneficial socio-economic relations and interde-
pendencies between all ele-ments of the system in the process of its func-
tioning. At the same time, the main elements of the system of the national
economy are households, the state and business sectors.
Currently, the public sector is a necessary element of the national
economy, and the need for its functioning is due to the fact that there are
areas of economic activity that are not very attractive from a financial point
of view for private business. Such areas include education, health care,
social protection of the population, environmental safety, development of
transport and territorial infra-structure, and a number of others aimed at
the production of public goods. The public sector also contributes to the
implementation of fundamental scientific research, the implementation of

8
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

projects to ensure the country's defense and information security. In addi-

tion, there are strategic sectors for the state’s economy, where business
interference is simply unacceptable, namely the gas and oil in-dustries,
electric power, rail transport, the postal service, etc. It is in these areas
that the public sector dominates. The analysis shows that in almost all
countries the public sector is a heterogeneous pro-duction unit [7, p. 139].
The entrepreneurial sector carries out business processes and builds
its business activities on the use of private ownership of the means of pro-
duction and the application of market mechanisms aimed mainly at maxi-
mizing the profit. The public sector of the economy, in contrast to the busi-
ness sector, operates on the basis of state ownership, is managed by state
institutions, is fully controlled by state authorities or local governments.
Such a sector of the national economy produces the public goods and ser-
vices needed by the population, which for various reasons does not want
to take on the business sector, and above all, because of their unprofitabil-
ity or very low profitability. Public goods and services provided by the pub-
lic sector to the population include education, medical care, various forms
of social services, the development of human capital, environmental and
other types of public safety, the formation of a developed public infrastruc-
ture, a comfortable living environ-ment for people, etc. In the process of
its functioning, the public sector manages and uses all finan-cial and eco-
nomic resources that the state owns to increase the level of public welfare,
and above all, such resources as the state budget and extra-budgetary
funds, state lands, strategic state corpora-tions and enterprises, budgetary
institutions and social organizations.
In a broad sense, the public sector of the economy can be defined as the
totality of enterpris-es, organizations, institutions owned by the state and
managed by state bodies or persons appointed by them, including state
bodies themselves and individuals employed in these entities [6, p. 68].
The main objective of the functioning of the public sector of the economy is
to preserve and increase the country's national wealth, as well as provid-
ing prerequisites aimed at sustainable socially-oriented economic growth.
Particularly important is the role of the state during the development of
crisis phenomena in the economy, when it guarantees the fulfillment of
social obligations to citizens and supports the business sector. Based on
the factors of the impact on individual socio-economic pro-cesses, in the
system of the national economy, the public sector faces a number of tasks,
the main of which are:
1. Ensuring and strengthening state control over the most important
socio-economic process-es taking place in society.

9
Process Management and Scientific Developments

2. Sustainable economic growth, as well as stabilization and the

achievement of a balanced increase in socio-economic indicators.
3. Support and stimulation of the business sector of the national econ-
omy, as well as the pro-vision of social transfers.
4. The solution of important socio-economic problems, including those
related to employ-ment and reducing social tension.
5. Ensuring foreign economic equilibrium and enhancing the competi-
tiveness of the state in the international arena.
Such tasks reflect the interests of not only the business sector, but also
affect the interests of the national economy as a whole. For a more ef-
ficient implementation of the tasks assigned to the public sector, it has its
own specific structure, which includes state authorities of various levels
to-gether with their subordinate institutions and institutional units.
The public sector also regulates all processes taking place in the so-
cio-economic system of the national economy, by conducting a fiscal and
monetary policy, restricting the activity of monopo-lies, controlling the level
of prices for goods and services, slowing down inflationary processes,
and financial support for small and medium-sized businesses, reducing
unemployment in the country, etc. Through the structures that make up
the public sector, there is a fair distribution and redistribu-tion of national
income, as well as state regulation of the national economy. The main role
of the public sector in the socio-economic system of the national economy
is twofold. On the one hand, the state can act as a subject of economic
regulation, and on the other, as the owner of various types of property,
financial resources and funds. The state ownership also includes compa-
nies operating in various sectors of the national economy.
In Russia, the public sector is a subsystem of the national economy,
which is represented by a set of enterprises, institutions and organizations
of various industries that are fully or partially owned by the state, and are
also managed by state authorities. Such a sector of the economy in-cludes
all state corporations, companies and enterprises, as well as budgetary
institutions and various state organizations whose property is federal prop-
erty, property of constituent entities of the Rus-sian Federation and munici-
palities. Moreover, in modern conditions, the Russian Federation through
the public sector is an entrepreneur, a major investor, consumer and orga-
nizer of the directions of socio-economic development [4, p. 237].
The state sector of the national economy covers all possible means
of production, financial, economic, budgetary, natural and production re-
sources that are owned by the state and which it has the legal right to
dispose of, as well as use for the purpose of sustainable socio-economic

10
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

develop-ment of a particular territory of Russia. Moreover, the state is not

only the owner of the property, but also the subject of management and
regulation of the financial and economic activities of all ob-jects within
the state sector of the economy. Management of the public sector of the
economy oc-curs both at the federal level and at the regional level. The
federal government covers the defense industry, space development, air-
craft, shipbuilding and automotive, mining and processing of stra-tegic
raw materials, nuclear energy, transport, communications and telecom-
munications. Therefore, the government sector of the economy includes
various authorities, both at the federal level and at the level of constituent
entities of the Russian Federation. Distinctive characteristics of the public
sector in Russia are, firstly, the “blurring” of its borders, and secondly, the
lack of a clear govern-ment policy aimed at its formation [1, p. 96]. The
existing structure of the public sector of the na-tional economy is shown
in Figure 1.

The public sector of the

Russian economy

Public Budget (social) sector State-owned companies

administration sector of the state (entrepreneurship)

Bodies of state power

and management at all Financial Non-financial
Non-profit organizations funded government
levels of the Russian and controlled by the state government
Federation companies companies

Federal level Schools,

State monetary Other state State-owned
Regional level hospitals, social
security
organizations, financial commercial
Local government including Central bank organizations corporations
bodies agencies, etc.

Figure 1 - Elements of the structure of the public sector

of the national economy
(compiled by the author according to sources of economic literature)

Based on the data presented in Figure 1, it can be seen that the public
sector consists of a subsector of public administrations, the social sector of
the state, as well as a subsector of state-owned companies and organiza-
tions operating in various fields. Each subsector of the above struc-ture of
the public sector of the Russian economy includes institutional units:

11
Process Management and Scientific Developments

- bodies of state power and administration at all levels of the Russian

Federation (federal, regional and local) include line ministries, services,
departments, agencies and other administrative and official institutions;
- non-market (social) non-profit organizations, financed and controlled
by the state, include educational, medical, social, environmental and cul-
tural-leisure organizations, as well as art and folk crafts.
- state-owned companies in the financial sector include institutions and
organizations whose operation is based on the provision of financial inter-
mediary services, including monetary. These in-clude the Central (govern-
ment) Bank, commercial banks, pension funds, insurance companies, etc.
- non-financial state-owned companies (the state's business sector)
include enterprises of var-ious organizational and legal forms that carry
out their financial and economic activities in priority sectors of the national
economy with the aim of making a profit and gaining additional revenue to
the state budget.
The state is called upon to actively invest in the functioning and de-
velopment of infrastruc-ture facilities (transport infrastructure, construction
projects) and stimulate the development of in-novations [3, p. 11]. There-
fore, one of the components of the public sector of the economy in Russia
are various state and municipal enterprises that carry out their activities,
primarily in the field of pub-lic goods production. Such enterprises include
public road transport, land improvement and urban infrastructure develop-
ment companies, housing and communal services, and a number of oth-
ers. Al-so included are state corporations operating in strategic sectors of
the national economy. The proper-ty of the state entrepreneurial sector of
the economy is fully or partially owned by the state and is controlled by the
authorized government body.
The next element of the public sector of the Russian economy are state
corporations. State-owned corporations in Russia have the strongest posi-
tions in the defense industry, extraction and processing of raw materials,
energy, shipbuilding and engineering, as well as transport infrastructure.
Thus, in Russia priority is given to the development of strategic sectors of
the national economy. In modern conditions, the innovative development
of the economy in Russia is of considerable assis-tance to organizations
carrying out research and scientific development, which are also part of
the public sector. These organizations carry out fundamental scientific re-
search that provides innovative and technical and technological develop-
ment of the most important sectors and contributes to sus-tainable eco-
nomic growth. For state enterprises, the role of planning, budget financing,
and regula-tory activity is more significant [2, p. 160].

12
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

Another important element of the public sector of the economy in Rus-

sia are research organi-zations, as well as various research institutes and
higher education organizations with scientific po-tential. Therefore, in mod-
ern conditions, enterprises of the public sector of the Russian economy
have the authority and ample opportunity to formulate an investment and
production strategy for the long-term development perspective.
The public sector of the economy also includes objects of the social
sphere, the functioning of which is designed to ensure the satisfaction of
public needs. They fulfill state social and econom-ic guarantees to society
and produce vital public goods. The performance of public functions direct-
ly depends on the political, social and economic conditions prevailing in
the country [5, p. 1954]. The activities of such state facilities lead to an
increase in the quality of life of the population, an increase in the level of
well-being and a decrease in unemployment, as well as an increase in life
ex-pectancy. Such objects, first of all, include educational organizations
and medical institutions, as well as various social services, cultural and art
institutions, and environmental organizations.
The public sector, acting as the main regulator of the socio-economic
system, characterizes it-self not only as the owner and major investor, but
also as a producer of public goods and a consumer of final goods, works
and services. Despite the fact that the state acts both as a producer and as
a consumer, it has certain instruments of influence on the economy, that is,
methods of state regula-tion of the economy. These tools include:
- macroeconomic regulation of socio-economic processes taking place
in the country's nation-al economy;
- regulation of interest rates on bank loans and deposits due to changes
in discount rates, tax rates, provision of benefits;
- establishment of the state and the change in the size of minimum re-
serves, maintaining the liquidity of various financial institutions, etc.;
- state regulation of the national currency, foreign trade operations, as
well as the volume and circulation of money supply in the country;
- operations of state enterprises, organizations, institutions in the secu-
rities market (issue of shares, purchase and sale of securities, etc.);
- establishing a minimum wage, paying social transfers to the popula-
tion, maintaining em-ployment levels, etc.;
- regulation of foreign economic activity, import and export, ensuring a
positive balance of foreign trade operations, etc.
State regulation is the main of the main functions of the public sector
of the Russian econo-my. It is carried out by the public sector through the
development and implementation of state so-cio-economic policies.

13
Process Management and Scientific Developments

Thus, based on the results of the study, we can conclude that the public
sector is a necessary and important element of the national economy. It
carries out state regulation of socio-economic processes and contributes
to the growth of the country's national wealth. To ensure the sustainability
of the socio-economic system, the state forms a more appropriate infra-
structure of the national economy, maintains a balance of macroeconomic
proportions. The structures of the public sector of the economy implement
the socio-economic policy developed by the Government of the Russian
Federation, carry out macroeconomic forecasting, organize state control in
the system of the national economy, support economic entities during the
economic crisis, help slow down inflation and in-crease of unemployment,
fulfill state guarantees to the population and promote increase public wel-
fare. For these purposes, the Russian public sector uses the entire arsenal
of the economic mecha-nism of state influence on the national economy.

References
1. Alekhin E.V., Atyashkin I.A. The public sector of the Russian Fed-
eration as a special institu-tion of economic activity / E.V. Alekhine, I.A.
Atyashkin // Theory and practice of social development. – 2017. – № 1. P.
96-98.
2. Ealingin A.I. The specifics of the economic mechanism in the pub-
lic sector of the economy / A.I. Ealingin // Bulletin of OrelGIET. – 2012. – №
2(20). – P. 159-164.
3. Kurbatova M.V., Kagan E.S., Vshivkova A.A. Evaluation of the
scale of the public sector of the regions of the Russian Federation and their
relationship with the level of economic de-velopment // Issues of regulation
of the economy. – 2016. – Volume 7, № 3. – P. 6-19.
4. Pridyba O.V. Structural and functional characteristics of the public
sector in the Russian Fed-eration // Scientific notes of NCAPA. – 2017. –
№ 2. –P. 234-238.
5. Samorodova E.M., Marchenkova L.M., Kuznetsova LM Features
of the management of en-terprises in the public sector of the economy:
improving the organizational and economic mechanism // Russian Journal
of Entrepreneurship. – 2017. – Volume 18, № 12. – P. 1949-1963.
6. Slezko L.V. Problems of optimization of the public sector of the
economy / L.V. Slezko // Bulletin of the University (State University of Man-
agement). – 2014. – № 16. – P. 68-73.
7. Chernopyatov A.M., Akhmetov L.A., Dzhuraev D.M. The public sec-
tor in the economy of the Russian Federation / A.M. Chernopyatov, L.A. Akh-
metov, D.M. Juraev // Fundamental research. – 2018. – № 4. – P. 138-145

14
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

MARKETING TOOLS AND METHODS IN THE EDUCATION INDUSTRY

Oshchepkova Natalia Gennadyevna

Candidate of Pedagogic Sciences, Associate Professor
The Shukshin Altai State Humanities Pedagogical University

Abstract. In this article we analyze the need to apply marketing tools

to the non-profit sphere - the education sector, defin the essence of the
marketing mechanism in education. The basic elements of the marketing
environment of a state university are considered.
Keywords: marketing, educations, marketing of educational services,
marketing environment of an educational organization, marketing tools.

The sphere of education is a strategic priority for the development of

any society and the state, this sphere provides opportunities for the devel-
opment of culture, science, technology, social and personal well-being of
citizens and the state of the country, the qualitative and quantitative incre-
ment of human capital and, as a result, being the industry of the social
sphere, occupies the most important place in the system of social pro-
duction. Today, educational organizations and, above all, higher education
institutions, are entering into full-fledged production relations in the educa-
tional services market, which requires them to increasingly turn to market
tools and methods in their activities. Marketing tools are among the most
effective in the competitive market.
Marketing activity and its individual elements in modern conditions are
present in schools, higher and secondary educational institutions and oth-
er educational organizations. Undoubtedly, with the formation of the edu-
cation market - the market of educational services, education managers
(managers of educational organizations) are primarily focused on the use
of tools to promote educational services and maintain competitive posi-
tions, for this, in turn, market research is conducted, its segmentation, and
positioning of services on promising segments, marketing strategies are
developed and improved, marketing plans are built, etc., and, as a result,
A search is underway for the most effective educational organization man-
agement system. R.B. Galeeva identifies three levels of using the concept
of marketing in the management system of an educational organization,
depending on the degree of its involvement in marketing: Level I - individu-

15
Process Management and Scientific Developments

al elements of marketing (advertising, pricing based on demand, etc.); Lev-

el II - individual types (sets of interrelated methods and tools) of marketing
activities (development and production of educational services oriented to
market needs (based on the results of a study of demand, market condi-
tions, etc.), etc.); III level - a comprehensive reorientation to marketing as
a concept of market management (creating a service (unit, department,
system) of marketing, changing the entire management philosophy) [1, p.
51]. The last level of using the concept of marketing in the management
system of an educational organization allows us to talk about applying a
marketing approach to managing organizations.
The marketing mechanism itself is an integral set of marketing tools,
which is aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the functioning of the
business entity, its market stability and the maximum satisfaction of the
needs of individual consumers and society as a whole.
In recent decades, higher education institutions, in a highly competitive
struggle in the education market, increasingly resort to marketing educa-
tional services. By marketing educational services, we mean scientifically
grounded and focused activities in the management structure, focused on
external needs (consumers, employers, etc.), aimed at improving the ef-
ficiency of the educational organization in the educational services market.
Thus, the marketing of educational services of an educational organi-
zation, in particular a state pedagogical university, is a scientifically based
system for managing various types of activities in an educational organiza-
tion, namely, educational, scientific, educational-industrial, and marketing.
This activity: aims to study the market for educational services; provides
identification of consumer needs and development of services appropri-
ate to these needs; promotion (implementation) of educational services in
the form of educational programs to consumers; getting a positive (ideally
- maximum) effect; commercialization of the activities of the educational
organization in order to make a profit, increase financial resources in the
face of a decrease in budget financing in the field of education.
When applying the marketing approach in the management system of
a higher educational institution, a significant issue is the definition of mar-
keting functions in the general management system, which include analyti-
cal, organizational, sales, formative functions, as well as the control and
management function. So, the analytical function allows you to obtain in-
formation for further development and decision-making in the field of man-
agement, includes studying the marketing environment of the university,
the market for educational services, potential consumers and their needs,
competitors, analyzing the structure of the institution and its educational

16
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

services, etc. Directly, the organizational function is aimed at organizing

the development and implementation of new and/or improving existing ed-
ucational services, providing them with the necessary material and techni-
cal resources, monitoring the quality of education (managing the quality of
educational services, competitiveness of an educational institution), etc. In
the field of education, the marketing function helps to resolve issues the
most effective implementation of educational services, includes pricing,
distribution channels (organization of topics of promoting services to con-
sumers), the search for intermediaries, partners, etc. A formative function
is aimed at developing an educational institution in the educational servic-
es market, which focuses on: generating demand for educational services,
developing and implementing communications (advertising, personal con-
tacts, public relations and etc.), branding, etc. Effective achievement of the
goals of the educational organization and timely adoption of measures in
case of deviation from them is facilitated by the control and management
function. It includes: the organization of strategic and operational planning,
information support for marketing management, feedback formation, situ-
ational analysis, monitoring the implementation of the marketing activities
of the educational institution, etc. Thus, the implementation of these func-
tions allows the educational organization to maximize the adaptation of all
levels of management to the needs of the educational services market in
competition.
The structure of the marketing of educational services differs from pro-
duction marketing, which is associated with the specifics of the education
sector - the most important social sphere of life, the non-profit sphere,
which determines the intellectual and cultural condition of society, aimed,
from an economic point of view, to increase human capital, which is one
of the central conditions and factors of economic growth and development
of the country.
The marketing environment of any enterprise is represented by an
external macro and microenvironment, as well as the internal environ-
ment of an organization. The marketing environment of an educational
organization also has a similar division, however, its characteristics take
into account the social nature of the education sector and the impact on
the educational organization of external at various levels of government
(world, Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation,
municipality). Consider the generalized marketing environment of an edu-
cational organization using the example of a state higher education insti-
tution. From the point of view of the external macroenvironment, a state
university is influenced by all factors and measures that arise at the global

17
Process Management and Scientific Developments

level (for example, world politics in the field of higher education), the level
of the Russian Federation (for example, changes in the legislative frame-
work), and the regional level. The external microenvironment of a state
university is represented by classical market entities with which an educa-
tional organization interacts through the markets of educational services,
labor, scientific and technical products and services. These entities include
consumers, competitors, suppliers, intermediaries, partners, contact audi-
ences. The internal environment reflects the potential of the educational
institution, contributing to the implementation of the marketing strategy of
the university. More details about the characteristics of the marketing en-
vironment of a state higher education institution can be found in the article
[2, p. 28-35].
Today in literature and practice, in addition to the marketing concept of
educational organizations, marketing of educational services, the concept
of "intelligent marketing" is increasingly found. So, A.A. Khayrets gives the
following definition: “intelligent marketing is a marketing management sys-
tem of a higher educational institution functioning in the modern conditions
of the development of the global knowledge economy, oriented towards a
comprehensive increase in the competitiveness of a university as the main
institution for the formation of the country's intelligentsia” [3, p. 12]. Thus,
a feature of intelligent marketing is its use in higher education. However,
in the opinion of a number of scientists and researchers, the disadvantage
of this direction of the university’s marketing is its narrow focus – orienta-
tion on the final result of the educational organization’s activities, other-
wise, getting a ready-made specialist with his professional competencies,
without taking into account a number of characteristics, conditions, ap-
proaches and provisions that determine the country's economic develop-
ment trends.
So, the use of marketing tools and methods in the field of education is
not only possible, but also desirable and even necessary to increase the
efficiency of the educational institution, especially a state university in the
conditions of high competition and low contingent of potential consumers
today, increasing competitiveness in the educational sphere because of
overproduction "of universities in Russia per capita, etc. Thus, the use of
a marketing approach in the management of a state pedagogical univer-
sity, the use of a set of marketing tools in the educational services market
allows us to talk about increasing the social effect of an educational in-
stitution. Proper application of the methodology of marketing tools allows
you to distinguish an educational institution from competitors, attract the
required number of students and earn income.

18
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

References

1. Galeeva R.B. Marketing in education // Kazan Pedagogical Journal.

– № 5. – 2005. – P. 51-55
2. Oshchepkova N.G. Definitions of educational marketing: from
complex to simple // Economics of Education. - №5. – 2016. – P. 28-35.
3. Hayrets A.A. Intelligent marketing as a tool to improve the
competitiveness of a university: abstract of diss. ... cand. econ. sciences:
08.00.05. – Volgograd, 2008. – 27 P.

19
Process Management and Scientific Developments

FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING OF CORPORATE STRUCTURES

IN MODERN CONDITIONS: MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATIONS
AS A DRIVER OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT

Ayad Fadhil Thabit Aldawoodi

PhD, Senior Lecturer
College of Administration and Economics
University of Babylon
The Respublic of Irag

An important role in the socio-economic development of any country

and in ensuring its new quality is played by corporate structures.
Corporation (from the Latin "corporatio" - association) is the most
common form of association of legal entities in order to protect and ob-
tain certain financial benefits. It can be a union of both individual entre-
preneurs and entire companies, whose activities are global. Currently,
corporate structures constitute the economic basis of all developed coun-
tries [5].
The foundations of their functioning were first laid in ancient Rome, and
in the United States received the deepest legal study. In the early 19th
century, the US Supreme Court defined corporations as an artificial entity,
invisible, intangible, and existing only from the point of view of law [21].
The very first corporation is considered the Stora Kopparberget copper
mine (Falun, Sweden). The prototypes of modern corporations include the
Dutch East India Company and the Hudson's Bay Company [4].
Samuelson P. and Nordhaus V. understand a corporation as “a legal
entity that can independently sell and buy, borrow money, produce goods
and services and enter into contractual relations; has the right of limited
liability, according to which the investment of each of the owners of the
corporation is limited to a strictly defined size ”[18].
In accordance with Russian law - paragraph 1 of Art. 65.1 of the Civil
Code of the Russian Federation - corporate legal entities (corporations)
are "legal entities, the founders (participants) of which have the right to
participate (membership) in them and form their supreme body" [6].
Tatarkin A.I. with colleagues in the work “Dynamics of Corporate Devel-
opment” [10] justifies five approaches the definition of “corporation”:

20
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

1) corporation as a legal entity: representatives - J. Winslav, W. Butler

- focus on independent legal status, the presence of their own interests
among the members of the association, the concentration of managerial
functions in the hands of professional managers;
2) corporation as a synonym for a joint stock company; form of business
organization: representatives - R. Klarko, Yu. Vinslav, I. Khrabrova - oper-
ate with the predominant distribution of this particular legal form among
corporations;
3) corporation as an artificial entity, singled out according to the results
of research by N. Platonova;
4) corporation on the basis of contract theory: representative - D.
Rosenberg - emphasize the formation of relations between participants in
such associations on a voluntary basis;
5) corporation, on the basis of a broad approach to the goals of a
business organization: representatives - L. Solomon, A. Palmiter - rec-
ognize the priority of the target principle and actions for the benefit of
society.
In the framework of the study, we will adhere to the definition of a cor-
poration given in the Investor’s Encyclopedia - it is “the union of produc-
tion, design, trade and marketing, financial enterprises and organizations
for joint economic activities, reducing the possible risk in the implemen-
tation of capital-intensive areas of industrial and commercial activity due
to concentration of capital, centralization functions of providing resources,
marketing products, mastering new markets, implementing more economi-
cally feasible Second strategy and development within the corporation
economic units. "
Corporate structures, due to their complexity and versatility of the eco-
nomic organization, are widely typified, and at the moment, several of their
varieties accepted in most countries of the world can be distinguished:
open joint stock company; limited liability company; syndicate; cartel; trust;
pool; concern; holding company; financial and industrial groups; transna-
tional corporations.
Corporate associations can be built according to the type of vertically
integrated structures (with integration “forward” or “back”), horizontally in-
tegrated and mixed integrated structures (conglomerates). Aniskin Yu.P.
singles out production, financial, investment and marketing [1] as the main
motives for the integration of economic entities.
Summarizing the results of studies of the essence of corporate associa-
tions of Russian and foreign authors [7], we highlight the following charac-
teristics:

21
Process Management and Scientific Developments

1) the unity of the goals of the participants in the association, in which

their own target interests and business strategies of individual actors
should not contradict corporate goals;
2) the presence of owners (shareholders) remote from management,
all important decisions are made by the board of directors, which is why it
is impossible to make decisions individually, only in a group by balancing
opinions, this leads to a multi-personality influence;
3) delegation of authority is widespread, creating several "nodes" of
decision-making and leading to multi-level;
4) the desire to occupy a leading position in the market through diversifica-
tion, i.e. access to the most promising areas of activity for the corporate structure;
as a result, the development of a corporation is characterized by multi-scenario;
5) the ability to invest in large long-term, science- and capital-intensive
projects through the accumulation of own and borrowed funds;
6) conscious organization, constant support, and sometimes the arti-
ficial creation of internal corporate competition, including in the areas of
intensification of innovative activity of participants;
7) the structure includes, as a rule, several enterprises of various types of
business activity, which results in the distribution of risks through diversifica-
tion in various areas of activity and a significant reduction in the degree of
their impact through the use of large-scale information resources, an internal
corporate reserve fund system, and highly qualified managerial personnel;
8) the number of employees can reach several thousand people, which
complicates the process of managing them, requires a clear monitoring
system, feedback and quality control.
The indicated features of corporations testify to the effectiveness of this
form of management in modern market conditions for achieving competi-
tiveness and resolving internal problems.
The largest scale of activity and influence is possessed by transnational
corporations (TNC), which have business units in different countries of the
world. Their number in 1970 in the world was 7.3 thousand TNC, and the
turnover was about 626 billion US dollars. In the early 90s, an increase in
the number of TNCs to 37 thousand with a turnover of 7 billion US dollars
was noted, and in 2012 there were already about 82 thousand TNCs, the
turnover of which amounted to more than 30 trillion US dollars. TNC's
activities are concentrated in trade, the oil and gas industry, energy, elec-
tronics, engineering, and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, in world trade they
provide more than 70% of the turnover, industrial production - about 50%,
and also generate about 80% of all patents and licenses for the latest
equipment, technology and know-how [17].

22
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

It is large corporations, primarily transnational ones, that have a huge

influence in the political and economic spheres, and to a certain extent,
form the modern landscape of the world community. Annually, Forbes
magazine evaluates the largest companies in the world in terms of rev-
enue, net income, assets over the past year, and market capitalization
of corporations, making a Forbes Global 2000 rating. The top ten largest
corporations in the world are presented in accordance with table 1.1.
According to Forbes magazine, at the beginning of 2016, the first hun-
dred of the most expensive companies in the world include organizations
engaged in various fields of activity: banking, IT development, automotive,
mobile communications, mining, etc.
The leader for the fourth year in a row is ICBC Chinese Bank. The top
three also again included two more banks from China - China Costruction
Bank and Agricultural Bank of China. They are followed by another Chinese
bank - Bank of China. The top 10 included American Berkshire Hathaway
Warren Buffett, JP Morgan Chase and oil and gas corporation ExxonMobil,
Chinese PetroChina and American General Electric. The combined figures
of the 2000 largest companies in 2016 are 35 trillion US dollars in revenue,
2.4 trillion US dollars.

Table 1.1 – Rating Forbes Global 2000 – “10 largest corporations

in the world” in 2016 *
Market
Revenue,
Profit, Assets, price,
billion
№ Company Country Activities billion USA billion USA billion
USA
dollars dollars USA
dollars
dollars
1 ICBC China Banking 166.8 44.8 3,322 278.3
China
2 Construction China Banking 130.5 37 2,698.9 212.9
Bank
Agricultural
3 Bank of China Banking 129.2 29.1 2,574.8 189.9
China
Bank of
4 China Banking 120.3 27.5 2,458.3 199.1
China
Holding
company:
Berkshire
5 USA investments, 194.7 19.9 534.6 354.8
Hathaway
insurance and
reinsurance

23
Process Management and Scientific Developments

Financial
conglomerate:
consumer and
public banking,
JPMorgan corporate and
6 USA 97.8 21.2 2,593.6 225.5
Chase investment
banking,
commercial
banking, asset
management
Oil and gas
7 Exxon Mobil USA production and 376.2 32.5 349.5 357.1
processing
Oil and gas
8 PetroChina China production and 333.4 17.4 387.7 334.6
processing
General Diversified
9 USA 148.5 15.2 648.3 253.5
Electric company
Financing,
10 Wells Fargo USA 90.4 23.1 1,701.4 278.3
insurance
* Source: compiled by the author according to the official website of
Forbes magazine [20].
They manage assets of 163 trillion US dollars, and have a market capi-
talization of 44 trillion US dollars.
The geography of the list in 2018 covers 63 countries. In the ranking,
the most companies are from the USA are 587, Japan - 219 and China -
200. From Russia, 25 companies are on the list. The Russian oil company
Gazprom is located at 27th place (revenue of 159 billion US dollars). On
the 59th place - Rosneft with revenue of 129 billion US dollars. The Apple
brand ranks 12th (199 billion US dollars), Samsung - 18 (195.9 billion US
dollars), Microsoft - 25th place (93 billion US dollars), and Google 39th line
with a turnover of 66 billion US dollars.
Based on the goal, the work explores modern areas of corporate de-
velopment.
Foreign experience in the formation and functioning of corporations is
reflected in the works of I. Ansoff, A. Thompson, T. Kono, R. Akoff and other
scientists. An analysis of the work of these researchers gives reason to ar-
gue that the main areas of development of modern corporations include [2]:
1. The enlargement of corporations, the increase in their role in scientific
and technological progress and the global economy. This is a reflection of the
general trend of economic integration. The “corporate boom” is explained by
the fact that a corporation has undoubted advantages over small and me-

24
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

dium-sized businesses, in particular, the opportunity to save on production

volumes, access to cheap credit resources, the widest and most diversified
sales markets, the ability to attract the best specialists and maintain research
and research and development units, reserves for risky and breakthrough op-
erations. At the same time, it is impossible not to notice the weaknesses of
the excessive enlargement of corporations: the possibility of losing a flexible
reaction to market needs, as well as reducing the level of manageability and
the growth of contradictions between the parent company and subsidiaries.
2. The complication of the structure of corporate property, concentra-
tion, overflows and the interpenetration of capital. This trend is developing
in two forms:
– the concentration of capital through accumulation (internal organic
growth);
– mergers and acquisitions of companies.
Both directions are used in modern development and form its organiza-
tional basis. The processes of mergers and acquisitions lead to the forma-
tion of supercorporations, which are comparable in economic terms with
the GDP of the whole state [16].
In management practice, the following types of merger are distinguished
depending on integration:
– horizontal – association of organizations of one industry;
– vertical – association of organizations of various industries related to
the finished product manufacturing process;
– occupational – association of organizations producing interconnected
goods;
– conglomerate – association of organizations of different industries
without a production community.
3. Application of high-speed information and communication technolo-
gies as satellites of effectively developing corporations. Since the 1980s,
mankind has begun a new stage of development - the stage of building the
information society, in connection with which the isolation of a corporation
has been destroyed, and the rapid spread of new ideas and intellectual
know-how has become a consequence. Tighter competition called on the
corporation to form its own information space, where all external needs
and development potential are fixed.
Currently, more than 50% of European corporations use high-speed
information technology and complex intellectual work [11].
At present, information systems create and accumulate information
about customers, about employees, about suppliers and production, finan-
cial results of work, and, most importantly, about the latest business ideas,

25
Process Management and Scientific Developments

new technologies, achievements of science and technology in the field

of computer science. Cell phones, electronic storage media, e-mail allow
companies to respond on time and strategically to changes in the environ-
ment and work most efficiently in space and time. The advent of the global
Internet information network has made it possible to transfer many man-
agement operations to on-line mode [3].
4. Accelerating the internal organizational development of corporations,
increasing the relationship of business growth with management quality,
increasing the role of personnel and fixed assets. This is due to ensuring
survival in the face of increased competition. According to Stephen McClel-
lan, companies that are not developing actually expect bankruptcy. Every
corporation that does not have time to adapt to the constant changes that
occur in the industry does not withstand competition [12]. As Gerber said
correctly, "the process of business development must be constant because
the world with its characteristic movement will not put up with a stationary
object." The logical understanding of the processes was a theorem ofout-
standing cybernetics expert U.R. Ashby on the need for a variety of gover-
nance: “In order to withstand the environment, the complexity and speed
of decision-making in a company must match the complexity and speed of
the changes that occur in the environment” [19].
Many modern corporations, both Western and Russian, are energeti-
cally looking for the latest forms of organizational and corporate gover-
nance [8]. They adopt codes of corporate behavior, form horizontal, matrix
and design organizational and functional structures of the business.
Most corporations introduce directors to their boards (including in order
to protect the interests of small shareholders), attract partner international
consulting and audit companies, and conduct active restructuring, freeing
themselves from non-core and low-performing assets (“cleaning up” the
corporation). All this in general is necessary to improve the quality of cor-
porate governance, to increase the role of human capital [13].
5. Regionalization, in particular, transnationalization of corporations.
This trend is aimed at the geographical development of corporate orga-
nizations, their introduction into the markets of other regions, which may
differ in the complexity and solvency of customers, local political and social
risks, and the diversity of resource potential. Regionalization allows com-
panies to increase their stability and dramatically increase the volume of
work, which makes the latest organizational formations even more power-
ful. In this process, corporations such as Intel, Siemens, IBM, Johnson
& Johnson, Motorola, British Petroleum, British Telecom, Xerox, Hewlett-
Packard and others became world leaders.

26
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

6. Formation of new external alliances and strategic partnerships. This

enables corporations to become open systems and thereby rapidly capital-
ize their assets (closed systems, on the contrary, sooner or later come to
disintegration, disorganization and decline, negative centrifugal directions
develop in them). The creation of alliances by companies has a rich his-
tory, because earlier corporations of industrialized countries used them
to export and introduce the least developed countries to local markets. In
modern conditions, strategic alliances are a tool for general promotion and
even greater involvement in activities in the global market. For Russian
corporations, this concept of alliances becomes very relevant, because it
allows the combined companies to direct their efforts against a common
rival.
The creation of alliances is largely influenced by technological and mar-
ket factors, which are formed both horizontally and vertically. The main
arguments in the formation of strategic alliances in modern conditions are:
– protection (access to markets);
– imitation (strengthening competitive position);
– retention of position (obtaining maximum benefits);
– reorganization (ensuring the potential for independent work separate-
ly from the parent company).
Globalization of business, development of information networks, stra-
tegic alliances, development of value-added chains - these organizational
innovations allow creating the “best in all respects” company in which any
function and process is implemented on a global level. As a result, they
achieve higher production efficiency, increase the capitalization and in-
vestment attractiveness of the company, and increase the possibility of
innovative development [9].
7. Innovation of corporate organizations. Most large corporations form
special departments of innovative development (innovation services, sci-
entific and technical centers), forecasting and analytical departments,
R&D units (laboratories and workshops) and “offices of the future”, create
knowledge management systems based on innovation marketing bureaus,
technology parks and agencies on technology transfers, etc. Individual
companies “begin to directly specialize in innovative projects and their
commercialization (technology companies, venture capital firms)” [15].
An analysis of the activities of the world's leading corporations shows
that the 21st century is characterized by a transition to moving models of
innovative development, which are characterized by an open approach
to international innovative ideas [22]. Moreover, Russian scientists B.N.
Kuzyk and Yu.V. Yakovets [14] believe that it is corporate forms of entre-

27
Process Management and Scientific Developments

preneurship within the fifth and sixth technological structures that will be
able to create the necessary conditions for the development and produc-
tion of revolutionary, basic innovations due to their ability and ability to ac-
cumulate significant amounts of intellectual, technical, financial potentials,
reaching the international level competition.
Studies conducted in this industry have proven that part of innovation
accounts for an increasing share of economic growth, and, therefore, com-
panies that focus on innovation are much more successful in competing
with other organizations.

References

1. Aniskin Yu.P. Corporate governance of innovative development: a

monograph. M.: Publishing house "Omega-L", 2007. 86..P
2. Ansoff I. New Corporate Strategy: Trans. from Engl. SPb.: Peter,
1999. 416 P.
3. Avdulov A.N., Kulkin A.M. The structure and dynamics of the scien-
tific and technical potential of Russia. M.: EditorialUrs, 1996. 320 P.
4. Wikipedia. Corporation. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Корпорация.
5. Vinslav Yu. Development of integrated corporate structures in Russia
// REZ. 1998. №11-12.P. 27-42.
6. Civil Code of the Russian Federation: [fed. law: adopted by the State
Duma on 21. 10. 2004. № 51-FL]. M.: Gross Media,2013. 560 P
7. Halperin S.B., Kenevich E.S. Organization of innovation development
management in the corporate structure. M.: OJSC "Institute of Microeco-
nomics", 2007. 90 P.; Bandurin A.V. Corporate activities. M.: BUKVITSA,
1999. 600 P.; Dubrovsky V.Zh., Romanova O.A., Tatarkin A.I., Tkachenko
I.N. The dynamics of corporate development. M.: Science, 2004.504 P.;
Zabelin P.V. Fundamentals of corporate concern management. M.: Prior,
1998.176 P.
8. Goncharov V.V. In search of management excellence: guide for se-
nior management personnel in 2 V. M.: MNIIPU, 1997. V.1. 768 P.; Men-
shikov S.M., Klimenko L.A. Long waves in the economy. When society
changes skin. M.: Intern. Relations, 1989. 462 P.
9. Dickson P. Business Trends: Strategic Modeling of the Future. M.:
EKSMO Publishing House, 2005.480 P.; Mintsperg G., Alstrend B., Lam-
pell J. School of Strategy. SPb.: Peter, 2001.336 P.

28
 Process Management and Scientific Developments

10. Dubrovsky V.Zh., Romanova O.A., Tatarkin A.I., Tkachenko I.N. The
dynamics of corporate development. M.: Science, 2004. P. 30.
11. Zavlina P.N., Kazantseva A.K. Innovation Management / Ed. P.N.
Zavlina, A.K. Kazantseva. M.: CISN, 1998. 568 P.
12. Clayton K.M., Raynor M.E. Solving the problem of innovation in
business. How to create a growing business and successfully support its
growth. M.: Alpita Business Books, 2004. 290 P.
13. Collins J.S., Porras J.I. Built to last: the success of visionary com-
panies; trans. from Eng. SPb.: Stockholm School of Economics in St. Pe-
tersburg, 2001. 302 P.
14. Kuzyk B.N., Yakovets Yu.V. Russia-2050: innovative breakthrough
strategy. M.: Economics, 2004.621 P.; Yakovets Yu.V. Innovation: theory,
mechanism, government regulation. M.: Publishing House of the RAGS,
2000. 288 P.
15. Makarov V. L. The contours of the knowledge economy // Econ-
omist. 2003. №3. P. 3−15; Melnikov S.B. Formation of corporate gover-
nance. M.: RINA, 1996. 360 P.
16. Nordstrom K., Ridderstrale J. Funky business forever: capitalism in
pleasure; trans. from eng. M.: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2013. 288 P.
17. Pototskaya T.I. The study of transnational activities of companies
as an element of industry analysis (for example, the diamond complex) //
Management in Russia and abroad. 2006. № 6. URL: http://www.mevriz.
ru/articles/2006/6/4242.html; Kaderova N.N. Corporate finance. Almaty:
Economics, 2008. 376 P.
18. Samuelson P., Nordhaus V. Economics / trans. from English M.:
Business, 1997. 144 P.
19. Ashby U.R. Introduction to cybernetics. M.: Foreign literature,1959.
432 P.32. Schumpeter J. Theory of Economic Development. M.: Progress,
1982. 176 P.
20. Rating Forbes Global 2000 – "10 largest corporations in the world"
in 2016 URL: http://www.forbes.ru/rating-photogallery/321313-reiting-
krupneishikh-publichnykh-kompanii-mira-forbes.
21. Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.)
518, 4 L. Ed. 629 (1819).
22. URL: http://lawhigheredu.com/133-trustees-of-dartmouth-college-
v-woodward.html.

29
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
The text on this page is estimated to be only 11.75%
accurate

56 BIE Bêtise, >."v_âLç.^- Ii'amaqa. Betteraves, s^^^

hanjar. Beurre (frais), à->o; sehda. \\ (salé), ^.^-t^ smen, — ^Aa>
cl a h an. Bévue, .\kli r'alt'a, pi. ^^\ at. Bey, ^b bcy, pi. l" A:>b
bayât. Beylick, jX-i->b baylek (appartenant au beyl. Ce mot signifie
État, Domaine, Administration. Biais idel, ^>-a.^ maâouej, f. "s a,
pi. ^ ?/j. Bible la), '»K_^-^\ ettourat. Bibliothécaire, ."w3\^ii.\ J,_^
moul cU^haiana. Bibliothèque, 'X^^XyL. hha^ana, pi. ^^> \ ,• -L
/i/ia;aiH, — , -.JC_^\ J-L3\ ;_à- Lliasanet ol/.toub, pi. ^^_;4_1^\
^_ji\;_&. /,/ia;aïn elktoub. Bidon, ^_^).i bêlioun, pi. ^.^'^.j blain,—
'.\1^;^' zemsmiya. Bien (le), ^->^:^ /.At-z/-. Le bien et le mal, _-
^s.\ ''y.JL3\^ clk/icir ou cchrlicn-. \\ (propriété), jXi>» mc'lh, pi.
^liL^gl amlak, — ^Us />î«/, pi. ^\^^\ ariLùual, — pl- ^^] -^ '<0'J-
Il (sclj.), ^-.^«i-^ jiili/i', f. sa, pi. ^\i.>c inln/i', — ^^..--^L l'ayyeb,
f. S a, pi. ^^_j in. \\ (adv.j, \^^^ \j-wo 80ua soua, — ^^x> rnli/i',
— ^^? bklieir (usité dans ^'e ijae.s 6/en, ïu tas ^i'e//, etc.) : \'ous
allez bien? ^-^sr^ ^\. rak bkheir.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 13.83%
accurate

BIS 57 Bienfaisance, ^j^^U^^l ih'mn, — ^\j.^ keram. Il

(bureau de), J-viA-oJl ^\> dar eçcadaqa. Bienfaisant (généreux),
^^_^^ sahid, pi. j^.^'^\ asJàdya. \\ (utile), ç_â' — S nafâ. Bienfait,
^_^Lu.o maârouf. Bienfaiteur, j^^^-u^sf* monh'sin, pi. ^i in.
Bientôt, rà qi^ib, — i ^i ►s ^^^vc â/( qiib. Bienveillance,
JÀ.Jii>N)uo molat'efa, — jvs\ Jà d'iux/a. Bienveillant, ^a^I^J lot'if,
— ^_ja_>^ c/'/tY'. Bienvenu. Soyez le bienvenu ! ,*X-_^ L-o*.^
marnh'ba hik, — ^j \La\ «///« 6?/., — :^5'^.>J\ \j:S \j zarfîna
olbaro/,a. Bière (cercueil), 0>^'^ tahord, pi. CUjI^j touabet. Il
/boisson), k»_-v_> />?/y; (de l'ital.). Bigame, ^ >Si:i^^;^> d'où
soujtein, fém. CLi\> ^.^iji.. d'ot rajk'ïn. Bijou, bijouterie, C^-àl^^^
dav'n. Bijoutier, ^-A^ C'^''/ ', pi- P^y^ riyar'. Bile, .U>o ynrar, —
j:\,jiyo ref'ara. Bille (à jouer), à^^^jS Lerkouba, — ^^_^-v^ n?7j/î.
Billet (missive), jvslk^ beVaqa, pi. c_i»-Ak> bel'aïq. 11 (de banque),
J\_5l^\ kil^ /.az-'e/ dbanka. Bisaïeul, ^-^J\ ^L\ eljedd cl/.ebir.
Biskra (ville), s^JL^^ beski-a.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 13.70%
accurate

68 BLE Bissextile l'annéel, ^vws_^_^ ^U âm /.ehi.'*.

Bivouac, ."v_i_ai.. rali'la, — Jvksr^ nieh'atta. Blague (à tabac), li.KiJ
chl.ara, pl.^lC^ chiadr. Blâme, ^'^ «5 Tiilo.m. Blâmer. ^"^ lani. aor.
^^o ilomn (av. ^^ a/«, sur). Blanc, Ja-o\ nhind', f. i^^xia^-^
hni'(/'i(. pi. Jo-O />/'/'. Blanchâtre, ^.^i^-l achlmb, f. ^'-^^ rh,thba,
pi. v..^M3-^ rAof//,/;. Blancheur, ."._-^cv_.^— ^ hininVa. Blanchir
à la chaux . Je blanchis, rthiu/c/rd' : j'ai blanchi, bci/i/ctt : il a
l)lanclii, Ja_l_-^ hryijt'ir. \\ (le linge). Je ])lanchis, nor'sol; j'ai
blanchi, /■ >"c'/? ; il a blanchi, ^J-w^i /•'.*io ichib. Blanchissage, J^
— y^ r'sil. Blanchisseuse, .lOL^Li rassala, pi. 0\ «^. Blé, ^^ qarii/i'.
\\ {\tTl),jJAsr*^ qamlia^ Blême, y^\ «é;/tv, f. *\;-s^^ s'afra, pi.
^a^ Blessé, _a_sr^ mejrouli, pi. .o m ou o .1^^ in>-joj-ih' . 11 Être
blessé, ^ r^i enjera/i' , aor. ^ r2Ç^. iciiJC/'a/l'. Blesser. Je blesse,
nejra/i' ; ]' ai blessé, ;/'(A*f ; il
The text on this page is estimated to be only 16.94%
accurate

BOE 59 a blessé, ^^jrah\ \\ (au fig.),^r-^ l'c^/y^'i'- Il (se).

Je me suis blessé, ^^^s^^. Cl.,^.^s^j.s>^ Ji'a/t't i-ouh i ; tu t'es
blessé, v*X-i*.^v d-^yst^j.-^ Jra/t't /'uuh'e/i\ etc. Blessure, -
j^Jorh', pi. ^\j^\ ajraJC et Cj^^;^ Blète (plante potagère). uiL-L-
^co seify. Bleu, ^;j\ o:/a(j, f. -cLs^j sarqa., pl.'^^j zorq. Il (de ciel),
^^.^ J'ad'd'i^ — ^^^L^a*; smaoui. Bleuir, ^^^j ^fcrag. Bloc,
y'wA.k-à qeVâa, pi. ç_k_i ^ef'«. || En bloc, yA_l-^:i.b bcljcmla.
Blond, vfij\ asaâr, f. aI^a; saura, pi. ^: 5oôr. Bloquer (boucher). Je
bloque, nscdd ; j'ai bloqué, scddit ; il a bloqué, .>^-t*; scyW. 1|
(cerner), ^-o^Blottir (se), *wàj^ tedcrreq, — ^__j^iHÎX!>
tekcmmoc/i. Blouse, iA_fi\..> dourrad, — i;L.s-_fi dba. Bluter (du
grain), J->j.ft r'crbel. Blutoir, J^j^ r'crbal, pi. ^\;i r'erabel. Bobine,
Jvj*.-^^_5 ouchiâa. pi. ^-^Liô^ ouchaid. Bobo, IxsL.'^s^^ oujlâa,
pi. Çt'.^s»-^ oujaid. Bocal, J^jP bouqal (du franc.). Bœuf, >y.i ft'i-d,
pi. .)\,_s\ efrad,— .«^Ji t/iour.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 10.17%
accurate

60 BON pi. .\y\ athouar, — x_^-> beggour, pi. ^^ befjuer

Il (paire de), j^ss?-^ : zouija, — is\x^U*. jabda, pi. X—Ji\^:^
Jouabed . \\ (viande de), ^ ^i^ _^pJ~ Ui.h'am begrl. Boghar (ville),
jU_^ bou r'ar. Boire. Je bois, nechreb ; j'ai bu, cJn-robt ; il a bu, (^
j,^ fliveb. Buvez, i,. >,-^\ t'c/u-i'b. Boire (faire), v s"^-^ clierirb, —
f^_ySL^ ?q" , aor. ^^_i..*«^3 ifsqi. Il iles bêtes), >^ o, ouci-ii-d.
Boire, boisson, (, 5^« rli,-ib^ — ^_i\^^ r/n-nb. Bois (en planches),
^_^ /o?///. Ij (à brûler), ,»^=»h'ntcb. Il (de construction),
^L^^_-/l^\ ^....^^sal.harln-b t'ibi-uian OU simplement ^^J /oî/A'.
|| (forêt), JoU l'abd, pi. (.«^'^-^ /■'«>/>. Boîte, v^ay.^v^'Lo sa?
ii/oucj. pi. v-à-^^-^^-^ .^nar/cq. — .''._i_Si. h'oqqn.. pi.
»^Ji_À_r>i. //'oqaq. Boiter. Je boite, lunVlnâ ou nt'obcl ; j'ai boité,
rrY.>.-.>77, pi. ^\ r/?. Bombe, Sv^ /.oî//a. pi. C1j\ o?, — .'-^.^ê
qonbar, pi. ^.^U_s (jî^abrr. Il Bombé, >3-^ m/.aoïwr. Bon ladj. et
adv.', ^.-J.-* uilili'., t. s a, pi. ^"^ mlah".
The text on this page is estimated to be only 18.63%
accurate

BOR 61 Bonbon, ïo,')h>- Italaoua, pi . 0\ U.c ânnaba, —

^a_33-> boana. Bonheur, J''juui sàad, — k">ljL**j sâada. Bonjour, j
^jL\ J^^ shah' elkheir. Bon marché, .jo-oL. vkhice, f. 0Lo>^, rkh
^jP^*s^. rniuce, i. vA-o^^r*-. iwa, pi. ^_olà*v rkhace. Bonne
(servante), Jv_^ArL khedima, pi. C^\ ut. Bonne heure, ^v_5L^
hekri. Il est de bonne heure, ^j^^^ \^^\ ellial bekri ou i^ v^-> J^j
^ nia :sal bekri. Bon sens, ^J-â^ dqel. Un homme de bon sens, ,J-ifi
^J,_^ ^a». . ra/VZ moula dqel. Une femme de bon sens, ^J-i-c iJV^
ii\r-«9 wra moulât dqel. Bonsoir, j--vJL\ ^Lw_-s msalkheir. Bonté,
Àji-":i)oo mluh'a, — ^yjaâfad'l. Bord, i^r^»- li'oirf, — ^J-si^.'^^
sah'el, — kiô ekaVl' . Border (un vêtement), ^^^_^_:i- h'achcka,
aor. j^^^ioST?- ih'achchi. Bordj-bou-Arréridj (ville), _^^_j> ,._fi
j^_> r^— ^ /;oa/y ^o« dririj. Bordure, ùî-^^ls*. h'achia, pi.
j^^^l^^. Ji'ouar/d: Boréal, ,^y:^j'ouJi, — ^^\j.(^ d'ahraoui.
Borgne, .^£.\ douer, f. Ay,«,s. doura, pi. ^^ dour.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 13.39%
accurate

62 BOU Borne (limite), «>.^ h'add, pi. >jJ.^. h'edoud.

Borner, >jLi^ h'add éd. \\ Bornage, Jo-J^ ia/idid. Bosquet. ,jA:. ^
ârich, pi. ^^j^\^ draich. Bosse, C\_^s> ^ h'adha. \\ (du chameau),
^i^^> d'eroua. Bossu, (^ >wX.afc.\ ah'deb, f. aL^vX-ô. h'adha, pi.
V jj^^». h'oudb. Botanique, 0'«J^-^\ /J^fi eul/n ennehatat. Botte
ipaquet), «^1»^ v rebt'a, pi. O^ «^• Bottes (chaussures), ^jJi
tesnia, pi. _je;_j it'jf//?, — >", a;_^ jesma, pi. _^ ;_sw ye^em . 1|
(rouges, sans semelles), C---***.>« me^^, — ^Ja-îÎ- kheff. Bou
(père), _^ 6oa (pour_v->\ aboti). Bouc, ^^_jj-X£ àtrous, pi. ^,lXfi
âtares, — ^^^^J r/. ,.9 Querba, l'I. ^ji" ijuoi-eb. Bouche, ^/oumm,
pi. ^U^l /ormm. Bouché, .>«J>wvw^>* mcsdoud, f. ii a, pi. ^»i ;/t.
Bouchée (un"i, A^iJ loqma, pi. Cj'»^âJ loqiiuU. Boucher aim, ,\3_ïw
je<: pi.=""> ^\ ;-=*. jezsarin, — J'J!^> di-hbah', pi. ^v> '/'.
Boucher. Je bouche, //.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 20.83%
accurate

BOU 63 Bouchon, 1s_2Uà^ inor'luq, — 6>\j^a^ sdada.

Boucle (de cheveux), ;^Jl^ .sa/t/, pi. (^Jl_^*u soualcf. Il
(d'oreilles), ^_^La_>Lc inengach, pi. ^_yX_9Li.>o mnaguech.
Bouclier, iA-iv> derqa, — ^^ ters. Bouder. Je boude, nai-'clcb ; j'ai
boudé, i-'edebi ; il a boudé, (_x^-4ai redeb. Boue, 'J^Jijt r'arqa, —
^J;-^ t'iti. Boufarik (ville), e^>j.^ ^i bou farlk. Bouffir, ^-A_3
riaffakJi. \\ Bouiïi, ^-kX^ menaffakh. Bouffissure (gonflement), ^-O
nefkh. Bouffon, (^y^i^lac* âjajbi, pi. ^^..^\^ djajbiyrx. Bougeoir,
C-LX-ccos^. h'aska, pi. C-s\ a^. Bouger (remuer), ^J -^ h'arrek.
Bouger (se), ^J-sr taliarrek. Bougie (cire), ùi-*— ^-^ chemâa, pi.
Cl)\ cti, coll. ^^^ chemaâ. Bougonner. 11 bougonne, yJij-A.i
iguernes ; il a bougonné^ j-^J^ guernes. Bouillir, ^Lc r'Ia, aor. ^J—
à_> tarVi. L'eau bout, j^Ài j:L»J\ elma iarli; l'eau a bouilli, ^L^l "^i-i
r'ia Ima ; il a bouilli, U-i /''^«. || (faire), ^j-i /■'alla, aor. ,^J-_à-^^
ir'alli. Faites bouillir, A-à
The text on this page is estimated to be only 12.36%
accurate

64' BOU Bouilloire, «^'>~-f>.Ui r'ulluw, pK O^ '-'.t.

Bouillon, i'^^ nierqa. Bouillonner, Jt^ faoaar. Boulanger, ;'-^
hhabb":-, pi. ^v^^ //', — ^^-^ ko.ouo.ch, pi. -o in. Boulangerie, J\-
^^ koucha, — ;-^ ^,\ ^\> f/ar elkhobs. Boule, boulet, i^^ Loui-o,
pi. C1j\ o.t. Bouledogue, ^^y^t'arous, pi. ^^^ ,y» i'o?m/v.?.
Boulette ide viande), 'JSS kcbba, pi. t*^"-^ A6«6. Bouleversement.
^ ))^ — à_J\ enqilab, — i^ >\_à* A/îe/'c/ô. Bouleverser, ^_^Ji
^e/e6, — i jT-^Î- kharrcb. Bouquet, ^^—♦— ^ix.-» merhmoum , pi.
Cj\ f'^ et «_^'.-»ix--a /ic-kanie/n. \\ (arouie\ .-.-srr.^, r-i/i'o .
Bouquetier, ^^y^ Jj!!i naouarji, f. » «. Bouquin de pipe», s^^\
unarna, pi. 0\ '-^\ .-nUvJ Isan eththour.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 19.15%
accurate

BOU 65 Bourrasque, àL5L^\l_> berrachka (de l'ital.).

Bourre (d'une arme à feu), k\^Luxj bachaoura. Bourreau, »^lJL-co
sey y af [mot à mot: sabreur], pi. ^. m. Bourrelier, ^\^-«^ serrqj,
pi. ^o m, — ^^^_-£>\^ hraddï, pi. à\>.cJ>\^ bradâïa. Bourrer
(d'aliments), ç.-;;^ c/œbbâ. \\ (une pipe), ^J^ âmmer. \\ (un fusil),
^^;» c/(?A7i. Bourrique, k'U-s^ h'amara, pi. C_)\ «i. Boarriquet,
^^^.-Xsr^' /a/i'c7i, pi. ^J^^sr^ jeh'ouch. Bourse, >a_cv^-^ kissa
ou ^jf-^ /^i^, pi- O^— «-i"-^ kissat et ^jj-^v—^ kiyes. Boussaàda
(ville), à;»lsi.^ 3-> bou sâada. Bout, ,__j-o\. ras, pi. j_yo_5. rous et
^_^L-«wO. rissan, — L-S^i» ï'a'/, pi. (^\4i\ at'raf. \\ (limite), Ôa.
Jiadd, pi. ;>^uX.2w Kodoud. Jusqu'au bout, ^^_5_X_2w cX_sr\
h'atta elh'add ou '2i.>l>A_s:\ ^^X_i»- h'atta clli'adada. Au bout d'un
moment, J-i — sL-o v^«o haàd saà, — ,-v..- j^jl^ badd Ii'in. Au bout
d'un certain temps^ àJ^vo uXaj» 6ack/ nioudda. Bouteille, Jv^j-s
garda, pi. 0\ «^ coll. ^ ^à çraâ. Boutique, Cj^Ls». Jianout, pi. C-
^i\^2»- h'ouanet, — ^j_;§> doukkan, pi. ^^^.> dkaken. Bouton
(d'habit), JUIas go/Za, pi. OUs-à qojlat.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 14.02%
accurate

66 BRA coll. ^\— fi_s qfol. Il (à la peauK .^-^sw h'abha,

Di. CjI^^ h'abbat, coll. J!!-s.^ h'nhb. \\ (de fleur), C-Jd^o bellouta,
coll. Wb bellout. Bouture. i-^-J-À-i naqia, pi. Cl>\ o.t. Boyau,
^,\,.^â>o mesran, pi. ^v,'l-o>o msaren. Bracelet, w'ww.--^,«-^>o
msiça ou w-.-wc'^.-yw^--j messiaça^ pi. ^^j-^^'.-..^*->o 7>i8rti's.
li (de pied), (^_>>s /w/i/» pi. ^A_^b, redaïf, — Jl_si:L khalklial, pi.
J^Vi^ khalakhel. Braconnier, ."^^-'JL>o çarjyad besserqa. Braiment,
i^ji-^s^yj rif/dq, — >^^}uyi^^ chchiq. Braire, t^Ju^ nchaq^ —
i^Ji-^^-^ cht-haq. Braise, ïr-^..^ jemru. Brancard, ,_x'^^ nâch, pi.
J^'^ ndach. Branche, \^ ^ ô//, pi. (^\^\ aàraf. Bras, p\^3 d'raâ, pi.
^ « v3 d'rod, duel ^^^>_-s_c\,> d'eraâïn. \\ (avaat-brasi, kjô ;
sonda. Brasero, ^\>-a-^ mengiiel, pi. ^Ls'w^ mnaguel. Brave,
^^^"^^ chojïd, — s_'S^\ ar/ijaâ, — ^Is^ r/irjad, — ..^,^_i-àj\ (J.
c uiordelqalb (homme de cœur). Il (honnête I, ^^^w^ J-^>
^'^J'^^ mlili\ pi. ^"iUs j^^U na? mla/t'. Bravo, CU-:^:^ sahliit, pi.
U^^-;^^:^ sah'h'itou, — [\ sr^\ viX— Jajo i«ï'i/t essah'Iia, pi.
«__5LJajo
The text on this page is estimated to be only 18.79%
accurate

BRI 67 ÙT._sr"'^\ idt'ikouni essah'h'a^ — ^\ â_£ àffaq^ pi.

*-Jl_â_fi djjlakovm. Bravoure, ^{^"^ chejad, — ^^^sr^ J'eh'oula.
Brebis, J-î-sr*^ ml/a, pi. C^L-^r^ nàjat et ^l-sô vàj^ — sliô chat,
pi. 24 L--^ ehiah. Brèche (fêlure), '^io cherb. Brevet, 2S-Uw\ ijasa,
— 'i^ba-^ chehada. Bride, ^'w^. Ijain, pi. O'»-^^*- IJutuat. \\ (de
mulet), ji^ »^.j-^ srima, pi. x>__^\,--o sraim, — J\_^..^^5L>^
chkima, pi. f^}^^ chkaïm. Brider. Je bride, nelejeni; j'ai bridé,
lejemt ; il a bridé, *jL lejem. \\ (un mulet). Je bride, iicerrem; j'ai
bridé, cerremt ; il a bridé, fj—o cerrem ou «X^ chekem. Briller. Il
brille, ^■e6^oç ; il a brillé, ^^ braq. Brique, 2is_^^'«:>. iajoura, pi.
Cj\ «2^, coll. j_^^. iajour. (On dit aussi : k._5.=>.V lajoura, pi, Cj\
ctf, coll. ^>^V Iajour.) Briquet, .>13; znad, — C^J^j-co seriya.
Brise, >!'"m»_^ ncsnia, — *.^^w*ô nsini.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 21.60%
accurate

63 BRO Briser. Je brise, nkesser ; j'ai brisé, kessert ; il a

brisé, ^JL^ kesser. \\ (se), r-ZSj tkesser. Brocanteur, ^\^> daouas,
p\.i'^.^^\^> douaoussa. Broche, ;>j^Â-c*j seffoud, pi. ^'jcco
sfafed. Brodequin, v^irî- kheff, pi. ^La-à- khefaf. Broder. Je brode,
nt'ros; j'ai brodé, t'rast; il a brodé, ; 4» t'ras ; elle a brodé, ^ZjI 4>
t'arzèt. Broderie, ;_^ Js ?'/7'j, — ;\ J» Vraz. Brodeur, ;\Z-is t'arra:, pi.
^> ;\1J3 t'arrazin, — ^_js^''^>.s>^ h'alatji, pi. J-Jç^^li*.
h'alat'Jiya. Brosse, JUC^-^ cAtîa^ pi. O^-^^-^ chitat. Brosser. Je
brosse, ncheyyet ; j'ai brossé, cheyyett ; il a brossé, ^S^*,."^^
cheyyet. Brossez mon pantalon, ^^^ "^^ ^^ C-J^- cheyyet II
serouali. Brouillard, s -'^>^ d'bah. Il fait du brouillard aujourd'hui,
^c nesâa. Brouiller. Je brouille, nkhallet' ; j'ai brouillé, hhalh-t't' ; il a
brouillé, k-LiL khallet' . Brouillon (agitateur), l»NL_à- khallat\ pi. ^^
in^ — J>"v_-vio chyat'in. \\ (d'une lettre), ^-ço^ oussakh.
Broussaille, J-^^'^ r'aba, pi. t^-^U r'ieb.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 23.42%
accurate

BKU 69 Brouter. Il a brouté, j. c. r'ass ; j'ai brouté, 1,11x0

jL^ r (xzzit , Broyer. Je broie, ndegdeg ou nesh'aq ; j'ai broyé,
degdeçjt ou sh'aqt ; il a broyé, ^"-^ -^ degdeg ou i^Jijsr**' sh'ag.
Bru, Jl>s-s.-t*o nsiba, — crî"^ 'i\j^ rnart lebn (la femme du fils).
Bruit, ,y'^^^>- h'ass, — 0>^ çaout (voix). Brûlé, ^-'^_^â-
khomriya, pi. O^ «"(^^ — j:l^j-
The text on this page is estimated to be only 15.91%
accurate

70 BUT Brut (non façonné), ^^iX:L. khcdqi, f. ï a. 1| Sucre

brut, ^li- ,X^ sokkor kliam. Brutal, ^-^-ux^ khecldn, pi. ^_jLuxrL
k/iechan. Brutaliser (mépriser). Je brutalise, na/i'qer ; j'ai brutalisé,
liaqert ; il a brutalisé, »_â.2w liaqer, \\ (maltraiter), ^Jj^^j-î belidel.
Brutalité, J'Lil-uxrL khechana, — .",^a^'^ qehah'a. Bruyant, Jj in.
Buanderie, L^,w_sJ\ d,..v_x_> heit t'Ir'sH. Bûche, ."^---UU^
/Jtcc/iba, pi. < v>»ivrL klœcheb. — 'i^J-...:^^ Je'h-a^ pi. ^
e^J^:^ Jf^oui'. Bûcheron, s :Lî:ic>. h'at't'nb, pi. ^^ in. Buis, ^j;'-
"^, bays. Bulle (d'air), ^^\Z-i r'orran. \\ (d'eau), J\_:^Lâ_J
nep'ak/ia. Bulletin, 'i^SJS tcd'kra ou "5,_X_wJ trshra, pi. J\X: td'aker
ou ,5\.owO tsa/icr. Bureau, ^^.-JCiL-a mckteb, pi. » olSLo ni chat fb,
— ^ ^^ makJizcn, pi. ^ \_£ a r-^^—> birou àrab. Burette, ;_^
kous, pi. x\o^\ ekouas. Burnous, ^a^^ù bernons^ pi. ^^^\»j
branes. But (Cible), ^_j',_ux-o nichan. \\ (intention), .>L_^ mou-
vad, — >y
The text on this page is estimated to be only 22.60%
accurate

CAB 71 Butin (fait en guerre), ^,^.3^ r'asia, — (^_yS«-**J

saai. Butiner (faire un butin). Je butine, nessaâ ; j'ai butiné, sadit ; il
a butiné, t^st.^^^ saâ. Butte (monticule), i^^J^ koudia, pi, CLi\
cit. Butter. Il butte, »-À-sîJ iaâther ; elle butte, »->ji.!> taâthcr ; j'ai
butté, Cj^-^^ âtJiert. Buveur, ^\!Liô cherrab, f. à a, pi. ^ in. Ça
(c'est), ^\jXst) hakdak. Caban, ^Ua^i qaft'an, pi. ^^^JaUi qfat'en.
Cabane, ^^_5-> r^ gourbi, pi. (^_5-4M graba. Cabaret, l\Jij^
tebema, pi. ^jto tebaren. Cabaretier, ^^y^li^" tebernaji, pi. ï a.
Cabas (panier), >A_â_3 ^q^a, pi. (^_a_a_3 ço/e/. Cabestan,
j^y^3-> bouji. Cabinet, i\-:^y> bouita. Il (d'aisances), C'^«- />tf
clnm. Il (de travail), ÙL.;._>j;5j\ Owv_> 6ti elkctiba. Câble, (^^"^^
h'ébel, — Jl_>L^9 goumna. Cabrer (se). Il se cabre, ijelleb ; il s'est
cabré, ^.^■^S^:^ jelleb.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 19.48%
accurate

72 CAD Cabri, ^^Xs^Jedi, pi, ^^\^JK^ Jedian, Cabriole,

is;-JLJ negsa, — iA_la_i nat't'a. Cacao, ^\^_5^ kaoukaou (du
franc.). Cacher. Je cache, nkhabbi ou nderreg ; j'ai caché, khabbit ou
derregt ; il a caché, '■ - -^ hhabba ou v_ir.> derreg. Cacher (se\
ULsr^ tkhabha ou (^7-^" tderreg. Je me suis caché, vll-v^_l_a='
t/.habbit. Cachet, ji^iUs Vabaâ, pi. îi.>\.JSy»A Jœdiya, pi. Cj^ «^.
Cadenas, ^j-ai qefel, pi. Jl_S!_s\ çe/aZ, — C\_3lxi. remmana, pi. -
w^oLc^ rmamen, — .S} ^ dterliya, pi. Cli^ uiCadet, ,-^À.^ cer'ir, f.
"s a, pi. .Ls^o cer'ar.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 19.27%
accurate

CAI Cadi, j^_5— ôU qad'i, pi qod'ia. Cadran (solaire),

^^j,^'-^-> bqarej. Cage (pour oiseau), ^^afii qaj'ce, pi. ^oUi\
qface^ Il (à poulets), J'-wlis*^ sejna. Cahier, ^».^\^ hourras, pi.
^^^l,-^ krarcs. Cahot, ^'w^^ /-e/ya, pi. ^_^ /-tyo/'. Caïd, ->^—
>l-â g'aïf^, pi. .>UL3 qiyad. Caille, ^'l_>'>.o-«-o semmana, pi.
^_2_jLÏ,-4^ semman. Caillé (lait), ^^^ Iben,— «.^-^^.Is
^^^.^Iri- A'a^t6 /-«rô. Cailler (le sang), js ^^^ z>. jcmmed. \\ (le
lait)^ i^j, . raoueb. Caillot (de sang), ^«.> ii^^ h'ajra demrn (mot à
mot : pierre de sang). Caillou, iîLo-sw h'aça, pi. Cj^-^-
The text on this page is estimated to be only 20.36%
accurate

74 CAL Caire le), ►-•o^o mas'r, — k^liJl elqahira. Caisse,

^_jJ^-Lo sandoug, pi. v_i^U-^ snadeq. \\ (d'un payeur), Ù-Lj ;_rL.
khasna. Caissier, ,^...-a,'— ScrL khasnaji, pi. i a. Cajoler. Je cajole,
nqczzeb ; j'ai cajolé, qesseht; il a cajolé, (^ sZ-i qezscb. Calamité, ^-
^^n-^^vo^j mouciba, pi. ^ oUâ>o mçaib. Calcul, . !'_^^ lifrab. pi.
Cj\ o.t. Il (pierre dans la vessie:, sL^o.a» Il ara, pi. C-J^-^-^a-^»-
h'aciat. Calculer. Je calcule, neliceb ; j'ai calculé, liecebt; il a calculé,
,._..^_.w.i»- /l'cceb. Calebasse, ^"~^_s garda, pi. tj-à gorâ.
Caleçon, ^'Jisr ^U ,-**j seroual tah'tani. Calendrier, --^ — j— i;«s
roianama. Calepin, jt-^; ^omii/em. Calicot, ;— ^é,.^..^ ûnberguiz.
Calife, J'«JJ-.J^ hhalifa, pi. O^^f-!^ khoul/aouat et ^'wJi.3vrL
l.houlafa. Calme, Os._5'L-*o mehedden, pi. .^_ in. Calmer (se). Je
me suis calmé, teheddent ; il s'est calmé, jj^jJ^yj teheddcn.
Calmez-vous, teheddcn. Le monde est calme, J\_J->^_^3.>c l Ô3J\
eddenia meheddena.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 18.62%
accurate

CAN 75 Calomniateur. ^^alÀs qccldaf^ — ^L^i ncmmam.

Calomnie, ■^X^ Q'''{l\ — J-^^^-v^ ne mima. Calomnier, ^s ^JS3
tekellem fi. \\ Voir Médire. Calotte, J'v-s-^Uo cliacida, pi. ^^.J,^\^^
chouadii. Il (en toile, sous la chachia), ùds\^ âraguiya. Il (gifle,,
Cji~^ l<: pi.="" kefouf.="" calquer="" jy="" negqel.="" calqu=""
mriegqel.="" camarade="" s="" jlsr="" a="" cam="" j="" tata.=""
camomille="" w=""> r^aima, — ^3^'o hahounj. Camp, ."._Lsr^
mcli'ella, pi. JlsT^l me/i'all. Campagnard, .^\\3 fella/i\ pi. ^ in.
Campagne, ^x^->^-:=*. Jcnan, pi. ^^U.^ jenain. \\ (champs,
broussailles), £\i.rL khcla, — J-uU r'aba. Il lexpéJition), J-._^_ ;U
r'asia, pi. ^ ;\^i r'ouasi. Camphre, ^ ^-«-0 soickor nebat. Canif,
^ro^vo mous, pi. ^__jx>i_^\ mouas. Canne, ù'.ôl, ;-o>- IJdsrana,
pi. O^ «^- 11 fà sucre), ^jJ^Sb i ^-
The text on this page is estimated to be only 14.71%
accurate

76 CAP Cannelle ^robinet^, qorj'a. Canon, îî_s>-X-^

medfaâ. pi. ?î_5\>a>c mdafaâ. \\ (de fusil!, I'^sl:^ jdba, pi.
;^'vjî.s»-yda6. Un fusil à deux coups, i, >l , .g- ?w ^_o) .•_>
l'^J^sT^ mouhah'la bzouj jàab. \\ (règle, loii, ^xs gonanin.
Canonnier, ,^^-:jJ> t'ob/i, pi. J-^-snjJ» t'objiya, — ^^as\a>o
mdafâï, pi. J'JLsis\jwc mdaj'âiya. Canot. 'J^J^Jlnu/,a. pi. ^\).èjlaik.
Canotier. ,^_^ ^ Jloukaji. pi. ka. Cantharides. -^-UJ\ .•\J>'>
d'ebban elhend. Cantonnier. ^Jai\ i»\Jxâ- kheddam eft'roq.
Caoutchouc. jX^v^^V lo.siih (du frauç.). Cap, ^\^ ras. pi. ^- « ,
rous. Capable, ^>l^ qader, — « ï».U na/em. — »-'s^iiic/cm (il peut),
[j (habile', Js'w^ citat'ci\ pi. J>k«.\ r-Aor'r'rtr. Capitaine, .,l_k>J
qobl'an. pi. ^^'-^ qbat'en. \\ de vaisseau), ^_-^.\x /'«i^, pi. j^Uoa
x roussa. Capital argent), JU-i\ ^v-jU '"«5 elmal. Capitale i ville',
^\jkJ>^1\ ^\, ras elbeldan, — ."v5J>-^\ ^^^-^ ,^ koursi
InwndcLa. — ij^^.^ qdida. Capitulation, 4,-J>_«ô" teslim. \\ Ils ont
capitulé,
The text on this page is estimated to be only 21.08%
accurate

CAR 77 ^LcVv \yy^\s t'albou laman (mot à mot : ils ont

demandé le pardon). Capote, W^ kehbout', pi. k^^^ kbahet\
Câpres, \-^ kehbar. Capsule (fulminante), Jl-âU» J» Vert'aqa, Captif,
j'y^\ ac.il-, pi. ^X*^\ oçara. Captivité, ^*^=f^ sejen, — ^^^s
rbat\ — ^**.^2>,. hcbs. Capture (butin), Jv.^..^v--L^ r'ninia, pi.
*^.U_fi r'naïm. Capuchon, JLS^^s guehnouna, pi, ^^wo'^s
glamen, — s;_^_l_3 guellousa, pi. cJ"^s glales. Capucines, Uôb
j^..*^-^ chabir bâcha. Car, ^J»'^ ^^ âla kJiat'er, — 3^ li-enn.
Caractère, 'J^ «-^-:^ t'biâ, pi. ç__j^U.k t'batâ. \\ (d'écriture),
._JL_9li qajla ou ga^fla, pi. J^^ô^^à qouafel ou gouafel et qfoul.
Carcasse, |^_^-^l9 gachotich. Carde, ^\->;i qerdach, pi. ^^L»
qradecli. Cardé, |^^,.i--o mqerdeck. Carder. Il a cardé, ^>j^
qerdech. Cardon, ,^i^js^ kho relief.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 18.43%
accurate

78 CAR Carême, -A-ô^^ ramd'an. Caresse, J'^aJ»"^

moulat'efa, pi. 0\ et. Caresser, ^^^^ lat'ef. \\ (se). Ils se sont
caressés, laJ!Js\L> tlat'erou. Cargaison, v_-à-coj, oiusq. Carnaval,
^L_ib,g-J\ J^^ aid elmehabel (mot à mot : la J'iHc dcsj'ousj. Carnet,
*-^^\ snùijem. Carnier, ."_^^_-yfc hiba. pi. ,_^^_N_ifc hieb.
Carotte, -'—:>=< -. ; sroudiya, — J'^ Jv-L^^o sennariija. Caroube,
caroubier, ^ jj, Z_^ kharroub, pi. ,_>,\.r^ l,ln:rnrrh. Carré adj. , ^„^
,^ merabbâ, pi. ^^ in. Carreau (vitre), J-.i^l-w; sejaja, pi. ^'^s».;
scjaj ou Carreaux (de terre', ^ 1^\ _xi> qirat'i. \\ (de faïence), w'.js-
r.V; zeUo.i/a, coll. ^— .^^ ; sellaïj. Carreler, k_^ bellat'. Carrière ide
pierre, ^Ja_à.x) moqt'd, pi. ç_l3'.Â>*. mqat'd . Carrosse. ."v>vo
The text on this page is estimated to be only 19.33%
accurate

CAU 79 Cas (événement), Cj^I aw îiadeth, pi. Cj->^

seqout' clma. Case, Ci-^-> bit, — -^-^.>? bouita, — .\^ dar.
Cassation (cour de), ^j—^^-^iL-X J \ ^_wv dcqmaq. Casser. Je
casse, nkcsser ; j'ai cassé, kessert ; il a cassé, ^-**^ kesser. \\
(annuler), ^l-îa^ bat't'cL Casserole, k,.2jrv.i> t'enjra, pi. ,j:».UJ3
Venajer. Cassette, J'LâuX.^yLo snidqa, pi. o\ w^Cassie (fleur), ^^\
> 6an. Cassonade, ,r—s>--^\ _^-wo sokkor as' fer. Castagnette,
^.^.-o sou?ij\ pi. ^juX-v» scnouj. \\ (en fer, des nègres), Ji — -
>_i,._à qerqeba, pi. v^-^l, & Castrat, ^__^ «o ^^ niokkci.
Catalogue, i^^ ^^^^ jerida, pi. J^\r.::^ jeraïd. Cataplasme, -'^i-
^oJ ^e^ga, pi. Cj\ «z;. Catégorie,
The text on this page is estimated to be only 22.66%
accurate

80 CEC Cause, ô'Ji-co sebba. Sans cause (motif), i\S.^ \l->

bla sebba. A cause de toi, ^JalÀ- ^fi khat'i-ch. (Cette expression
signifie aussi : A votre santé !) Causer (converser). Je cause,
neth'acideth ; j'ai causé, th'addctht ; il a causé, l,1' ^j^s^ tli'addetli,
— x^_^-^ qjein. — ,u>^_A lio.der. \\ (occasionner), Cautérisation,
^~S l^'-'UUCautériser, ^«^^ koua, aor. ^jv^> iekoui. Caution
(répondant), ,j^'>-^ d'amen, pi. ^J._4— -ô d'omman .
Cautionnement, J-v-iU.^ d'emana, pi. ^^'.-ç,.>ô demain.
Cautionner. Je cautionne, ned'mcn ; j'ai cautionné, d'ment ; il a
cautionné, ,j^>-«-«^ d'men. Je réponds de vous, ,iX--— s •w,^.^^
ned'men fil;. Cavalerie, JO'v_l_â- fJtej/yala. \\ (fournie par les
tribus), ^3-2 goum, pi. ^,L-*5ov_s (joumun. Cavalier, ,__r^>^
/ares, pi. ^,L*o^^ fersan. Cave, ;^s-Lifc.> de/di:-, pi. ;J'_jSi:>
dehales. Caverne, J. i /-'a/-, pi. ,'^^>-^—^ i-'iran, — s.Là.-*
mar'ara, pi. , ^_l_À_>o mar'air. Ce, IJ^A Aarfa, — ^\Jjfc hadak, —
^\> dak. Ceci, lwX_jfc liada.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

textbookfull.com