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Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Metal

Matrix Composites - A Review
Arunkumar K N1, G B Krishnappa2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vidyavardhaka college of Engineering, Mysuru, 570002, India
2
Dean(R&D) and Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vidyavardhaka college of Engineering, Mysuru,
570002, India

Abstract – Current engineering applications require materials that casting and lost wax casting technique was used to fabricate the
are stronger, lighter and less expensive. Metal Matrix Composites composites which show a significant improvement in the yield
(MMCs) are used for structural, electrical, thermal, tribological and ultimate tensile strengths of the composite with increasing
and environmental applications. Development of hybrid metal the SiC content and/or decreasing the particle size of the
matrix composites has become an important area of research
interest in Material Science. The research works on hybrid
reinforcement. [3,4,6,19,30,35]. The ultimate tensile strength
composite material containing Aluminum alloy as matrix and SiC, was decreased by 5.88% by the addition of gr reinforcement in
B4C, Alumina, TiO2, Gr etc., as reinforcements with varying steps of 3% which varied from 0% to 12%. . This is due to the
weight percentages are considered for the review. This review also detrimental effect of Al4C3 at the interface of the graphite and
aims at studying the effect of reinforcement on mechanical the Al matrix [2, 5]. Tensile properties improvement has been
properties of aluminum matrix composite with cryogenic observed for cryo treated specimens. The cryotreated Al
treatment. 6061+5%SiC+2%Gr composite has shown optimum value. As
the percentage of Gr increases above 2% decrease in tensile
Key Words: Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs), Metal strength has been observed [7].The SiC varies from 2.5 % to
Matrix Composites (MMCs), Cryogenic treatment, Reinforcements. 10% and Gr varies from 1% to 4% in four equal proportions.
The cryotreated Al6061 reinforced with 2% Gr and Al6061
1.INTRODUCTION reinforced with 7.5% Sic has maximum value of tensile
Composite materials gained importance because of their strength compared to untreated specimens [8]. Addition of SiC
enhanced properties compared to alloys. Today composites are in Aluminum metal matrix above 10% leads to decrease in
well occupied in the field of automotive, aeronautical and tensile strength and elongation which was fabricated by stir
spacecraft’s industry. Composite materials are present casting technique [9]. Tensile strength of prepared Al6061
generation materials which are developed to meet the demands hybrid composites is higher when
of fast-growing requirements of industry and market. The
present investigation is concentrated on Aluminium Metal compared to base Al 6061 composite. Addition of 6% SiC and
Matrix Composites (AMMCs). In AMMCs, the major phase of Gr varies from 3% to 9% increases the tensile strength
aluminium alloy act as matrix phase and another phase act as considerably with respect to base matrix Al6061 [10]. The
reinforcement phase which tightly binded the matrix phase, composite specimen was prepared with 66 grams (3.3%) of
basically they are ceramic, non-metallic carbides or cemented SiC, 66 grams (3.3%) of graphite and 2000 grams of
carbide materials like alumina, SiC, B4C, Gr, CO etc., The Aluminium. The results indicate an improved tensile strength
major advantages of AMMCs compared to unreinforced of around 9% compared to base Al alloy [11]. The tensile
materials are greater strength, improved stiffness, reduced strength and yielding strength of the Al-4.5% Cu alloy
weight, improved high temperature properties, improved increased with the addition of 6 wt. % of SiC and Graphite
abrasion and wear resistance as well as improved damping particulates [12]. Al–SiC and Al–Gr composites required for
capabilities. Cryo treatment has successfully proved that it has the investigation are fabricated by stir casting. Al-SiC and Al-
improved material characteristics of MMC. This is possible by Gr composite shows considerable improvement in tensile
changes in the Microstructural of the material by change in the strength compared to base Al 6063 alloy.. The Al-SiC exhibits
crystal structure with fine grains and it converts the chemical higher tensile strength compared to Al-Gr composite [13]. The
composition of the material by deep cryo treatment [-196oC]. tensile strength of Al-Si alloy, Al-Si-Gr (3%) and Al-Si-Cu
(2%) decreases were decreasing with increase in temperature
2. Mechanical properties of AMMCs from room temperature to 3000C [14]. The tensile strength will
The essence of research works concerning with the various be the optimum at Al (90%) - Gr (2%) - SiC (2%) - B4C (6%)
properties of composite materials for different reinforcement combination which was fabricated by stir casting method with a
materials with varied proportions along with cryogenic stirring speed of 450 rpm, stirring time 0f 5 min and preheat
treatment are discussed in this section. temperature of 4800C [15]. Fabrication of Al6061 hybrid
composite reinforced with 6 wt.% of SiC and varying steps of
2.1 Tensile strength of AMMCs graphite by 3 wt.%, 6 wt.%, and 9 wt.%. The tensile strength
The specimen fabricated by stir casting equipment which yields increases with the increase in Gr particulates with the influence
maximum tensile strength at 15% SiC reinforcement, then of SiC particulates [16]. The Al6061 (95%) - SiC (3%) - TiB2
decreases from 15% till 30% SiC reinforcements [1]. Stir (2%) will exhibit higher tensile strength than Al6061 (90%) -

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SiC (5%) - TiB2 (5%) [17]. Al 6061 +10% alumina and fly- and TiB2 to the Al6061 matrix, hardness value increases by
ash, Al 6061 +15% alumina and fly-ash and Al 6061 considerable amount [17].
+20%alumina and fly-ash are fabricated by using stir casting.
The tensile strength increases with increasing % of alumina and
fly-ash [18]. The matrix alloy 7072 exhibits lower ductility than
the matrix alloy 6063. Adding of 5 wt. % TiO2 to the
aluminum matrix and addition of 2 or 4 wt. % Gr to the Al-
TiO2 composite increased the tensile strength [20]. The results
showed that the yield stress, tensile strength and the modulus of
elasticity were increased by 11%, 51%, and 51% respectively
for 4% wt. reinforcement of boron carbide [21]. Increasing the
content of graphite within the aluminum boron carbide matrix
results in significant decrease in ductility and ultimate tensile
strength [22]. Increase in the yield strength and ultimate tensile Fig. 1. Variation of Vicker’s Hardness of Al6061-SiC and Al7075-Al2O3
strength takes place with the increase in rice husk and SiC composites [37]
content. The strength improvement of hybrid composites can be
attributed to the increase in the dislocation density [23]. With
the addition of SiC (5%) + Flyash (5%) and SiC (5%) + Basalt
(5%) to the base Al6082 alloy, the tensile strength increases
[24]. For longer time and with higher speed it is recommended
that the composite with 10 % Cu, for short run applications
composite with 15 % Cu is the best and for structural
applications the composite with 20 % Cu may be considered
[25]. Addition of SiC particulates up to 20% has resulted in
increased tensile strength with maximum value being at 15% of
SiC as well as its addition yields weight reduction by a factor
Figure 2. Variation of Brinell’s Hardness of Al6061-Al2O3 and Al7075-SiC
two [26]. Addition of Al2O3 has resulted in application of Composites [37]
higher stress to initiate plastic deformation in matrix alloy of
AA6061 composite [27]. Mechanical properties of the 2.3 Wear strength of AMMCs
specimens shown increase up to 20% reinforcement of SiC A Pin-On-Disc wear testing machine to check the wear rate.
beyond that no improvement found [28]. Tensile properties Wear rate reduces significantly in the composites due to the
after mixing of Al2O3 and Graphite particulates are higher than increasing proportions of SiC reinforcement till 15% [6]. The
Al6061 alloy [29,31,36]. Al6061/Al6063-wt. 15%/20% SiC wear behavior on Pin-on-disc wear setup shown reduction in
exhibited higher UTS compared to unreinforced alloy [32,33]. mass loss and wear rate due to the presence of SiC, Gr
The AlSiC rod can sustain axial stress of 23% over Von Mises [11,13,29,35,50]. The addition of SiC (5%) + Flyash (5%) and
yield stress in constant angle of twist tests, when the plastic SiC (5%) + Basalt (5%) to the base Al6082 alloy decreases the
strain was of the order of elastic strain [34]. wear [24]. For longer time and with higher speed it is
recommended that the composite with 10 % Cu, for short run
2.2 Hardness of AMMCs applications composite with 15 % Cu is the best and for
The material became harder due to increasing proportions of structural applications the composite with 20 % Cu may be
SiC results to decrease in elongation % of AlSiC metal matrix considered [25]. Wear resistance properties are higher in case
composites [1,4,6,9,24,28,32]. The hardness of the nano of composites compared to unreinforced 6061Al matrix. The
composites continuously decreases with the addition of graphite varied as 3%, 6% and 9%, alumina is maintained 10%
graphite [2,5,22] but addition of boron carbide will contribute as constant [29]. The composite shows better dry abrasive wear
to increase in hardness to the base Al alloy. The low aspect resistance when Aluminium reinforced with SiC and MWCNT
ratio particle reinforcements are of much significant in [40]. The addition of fly ash up to certain level (20%) and
imparting the hardness of the material than the other types of graphite (4%) reinforcement to the base Al alloy decreases the
reinforcements. The higher hardness is due to the particulate specific wear rate [41]. The optimum conditions for wear
reinforcements like SiC, Al2O3 and aluminide [9,37]. This is as volume loss of MMCs tested are observed at 5 wt %
shown in figure 1 and 2 [37]. The hardness of Al-SiC reinforcement of Gr with contact stress of 0.4 MPa and 1.6
composite is greater than that of Al-Gr composite because of MPa, sliding distance of 300 m and 1800 m, sliding velocity of
high hardness of SiC [13,38]. Hardness of hydrid composites 2 m/s and 0.5 m/s respectively [42]. Results showed that sliding
(Al-SiC-Gr) shows significant improvement due to uniform distance is the most influential factor and load is the factor
distribution of reinforcement [11,39]. The hardness of the Al- which affects the wear least. The Al6082/Gr composites were
4.5% Cu alloy increased with the addition of 6 wt. % of SiC successfully fabricated by stir casting process and the wear
and Graphite particulates [12], Also, 5 wt.% SiC and 15 wt.% resistance of composite has been improved as compared to
Copper will have increased hardness value [25]. Addition of conventional AA6082 matrix [43]. Increase in percentage of
boron carbide to Al-SiC improves the hardness of the hybrid TiC from 2% to 10% to AA7075 matrix material, decreases the
composite [15]. Adding Gr above 3% to the Al-SiC/Alalloy volume loss and coefficient of friction [44]. Alumina (Al2O3),
will decrease the value of hardness [16,29]. On addition of SiC Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Hybrid (Al2O3+SiC) reinforced with

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Aluminum alloy (AL7075) will show improved wear resistant treatment improves the wear resistant and hardness of
which will be used for automobile parts like disc brake, piston, Al6061/SiC/TiO2 hybrid composites [57]. The experimental
cylinder liner, drive shaft etc. [45]. The addition of results show that Compression Strengths increases as the
reinforcement particles B4C and MoS2 to the base Al 2219 duration of cryogenic treatment increases, but as the percentage
alloy reduces the specific wear rate of composites [46]. The of Copper increases in the Alloy the Compression Strength
study reveals that the addition of Gr will enhance the wear increases to some extent and then decreases [58]. The tensile
properties of Al/SiC/Gr hybrid composites under optimum strength increases and compressive strength, toughness &
conditions [48]. The results indicate that 5% B4C reinforced hardness of AlSi10Mg alloy increased drastically after
with Al-Gr MMC is better applicable than the other B4C cryogenic treatment. Ductile to brittle transition in between 12
reinforced (2.5% and 7.5%) due to their superior hour to 24 hour cryogenic treatment takes place which was
characterization [49]. mainly due to the precipitation of second phase particles [59].
A marginal improvement in the mechanical properties was
observed after cryogenic treatment for most of the alloys.

Fig.3. Weight loss values of different Al2O3/ SiC MMCs [47]

Fig.5. Effect of cryogenic treatment duration on microhardness of the Al and

Al /Al2O3

Fig.4. Cumulative volume loss values of different Al2O3/SiC MMCs [47]

2.4 AMMCs subjected to cryogenic treatment

The tensile, hardness of the Al6061 alloy reinforced with B4C
and Gr shows marginal improvement after cryogenic treatment,
but impact strength decreases [50]. The hardness of the
LM25/SiC composites improves showed after the cryogenic
treatment at -1960C due to the coarse eutectic β phase present
in the matrix as compared with cast samples. Deep cryogenic
treatment of 0.2 wt. % Al2O3 showed great value of yield Fig.6. Tensile behavior with and without cryo Treatment for different
strength compared to other alloys [53]. Increasing cryogenic materials [60]
cycles will decrease the creep compliance as the matrix of the
composite became brittle after cryogenic cycled [54]. The CONCLUSION
microstructure and hardness of the AL6061-Al2O3 metal The review of investigations reveals that various parameters
matrix composites improves on effect of cryogenic treatment. like Fabrication method, Microstructure and different
Also, varying cryogenic treatment duration in hours increases combinations of reinforcements will lead to the several
the hardness is shown in figure 5 [55]. The Ultimate tensile conclusions on the Hybrid Aluminum Metal Matrix
strength, yield strength and compressive strength increases with Composites (HAMMCs). Firstly, the microstructures of the
increasing wt. % of reinforcement for the MMCs for the same HAMMCs fabricated by stir casting method have been found to
cryogenic condition. The application of cryo treatment has be stable with uniformed distribution of reinforcing particles.
increased the hardness further due to the presence of coarse Consequently, the HAMMCs can be fabricated with different
eutectic β phase [56]. The results revealed that cryogenic combinations of reinforcements to achieve desirable
mechanical properties. The composition and type of the

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reinforcements control the mechanical properties of the [14] G Rajaram, S Kumaran and T Srinivas Rao, “Tensile behavior of Al-Si
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