Analysis of Non-isolated Bi-directional DC-DC

Converter for Battery Charging Application

Abhishek Chandel Rishi Kumar Singh
Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering
MANIT Bhopal MANIT Bhopal
[email protected] [email protected]
2022 4th International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment (ICEPE) | 978-1-6654-7124-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICEPE55035.2022.9798372

Abstract— High efficiency and uninterruptible power continues-time average model. For conversion of kinetic
supplies are the main factors aiding to a lot of attention for bi- energy of moving vehicle during breaking into electrical
directional DC/DC converters. In this paper a bi-directional energy is explored in [9] by S. Aziz et. al. employing BDC.
DC/DC converter (BDC) for battery charging applications is AC-DC and DC-AC Bidirectional EV battery charger
presented. The converter configuration has provided a way to topology is proposed in [10] which is designed to operate in
charge between the batteries of two different energy storage all four quadrant of P-Q plane. L. Prasanna et. al. [11] presents
systems (ESS). In this work a non-isolated bi-directional DC/DC control of HESS for EV application using BDC and
converter is designed which possess high efficiency with respect performance is analysed while simulating for various
to the isolated topology of bidirectional DC/DC converter. The
environment of normal speed, acceleration and regenerative
controlling techniques discussed in this paper is used to charge
the battery in the bidirectional fashion for which the BDC is
breaking. The conceptualization and application of BDC are
employed. MATLAB/Simulink platform is used to perform the introduced in [12] and dual quadrant operation of it is
simulations. The simulation end results ensures the designed in the paper. In [13] author presents the circuit
implementation of bi-directional charging of the batteries. topology of HESS consisting of super-capacitor and battery
transferring power with the help of BDC. K. Pooja et. al. [14]
Keywords—Bidirectional DC/DC converter (BDC), Battery, presented solar battery backup application and control of
Energy Storage System (ESS), Electrical vehicle (EV). charging and discharging is done by BDC. M. Yilmaz et. al.
in [15] presented review on the current trends and
I. INTRODUCTION implementation of battery charger , charging power levels and
Power-electronics systems are widely using the infrastructure for plug-in EV and hybrids.
bidirectional DC/DC converter (BDC) for its bidirectional Bidirectional nature of the BDC is very advantageous
nature of operation. The simple construction and modes of when it comes to application in charging-discharging of the
operation of DC/DC converter in altering the DC voltage battery. This nature is utilized in this paper and a topology is
enables it to different applications including electrical vehicle presented which supply power from ESS1 via ESS2 consisting
(EV) [1-3] [9-11] [16], renewable energy systems (RES) [4] of battery bank employing BDC. Reverse power can also be
[5] [15], Energy storage systems (ESS) [6] [7], hybrid energy delivered using BDC. Power is delivered from high to low
storage system (HESS) for EV [11] [13] [17]. voltage side. Block diagram of the arrangement is shown in
F. Caricchi et. al. [1] presents with the study, comparison the fig.1.
and simulation of two BDC topologies for altering battery
voltage level either high or low, in accordance to drive’s
operational mode. Various charger topologies with battery
technologies for grid-connected EV and power electronics Bi-directional
converters (PEC) utilized in bidirectional EV chargers ESS1 DC-DC ESS2
including DC/DC synchronous buck and boost converters,
three-phase AC/DC PWM converters is presented in [2]. Converter
H.Wang et. al. in [3] presents the control, modelling and
designing of BDC topology for hybrid–electric hybrid
Vehicle. Under less sufficient sunlight the power to the Fig. 1 Block diagram of the charging discharging topology
voltage bus is supplied by both PV array and ESS. W.
Yongqing et. al [4] presented the control flow among PV II. LAYOUT OF BIDIRECTIONAL DC/DC CONVERTER
array, ESS and load for stable bus voltage. RES such as solar CONFIGURATION
PV requires DC/DC voltage conversion to alter DC voltage. Bidirectional converters are employed to transfer the
R. Kaye et. al has presented a brief review in [5] of various power among two DC sources in both directions. These
DC/DC converter topologies for power conversion at PV array converters are comprehensively used in diverse utilizations. It
output to supply VSI(voltage-source-inverter) for AC loads. acts as a mandatory one for assembling the energy storage
N. Dubey et. al. [6] presented the quadratic nature of charging systems. Altering the voltage level to up or down is the
and discharging of BDC topologies for obtaining higher purpose served by these converters with the capability of
voltage gain ratios in buck and boost operating state with less performing the voltage level transfer among the input and
ripples during charging and discharging. Charging and output. It also possess the capability of bi direction power flow
discharging batteries in ESS from AC grid uses DC/DC for battery charging and discharging. The BDC is widely used
converter at the DC link. A DC/DC converter topology is in various applications such as fuel storage areas, hybrid
proposed by E. -S. Kim et. al in [7] employing BDC at load vehicles and uninterruptable power supplies. Sources which
(battery) end. The charging is buck and discharging is boost are rechargeable such as battery units are always there to
mode. Modelling and designing of BDC is presented in support and provide back up to these systems. For permitting
[8],[12].A small-signal discrete-time model of BDC is power flow in both the direction at the standardized level BDC
presented in [8] by J. Yaoqin et. al. and compared to

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 is employed. In case of low battery voltage at one end the switch SW1 will be turned on and switch SW2 will be turned
bidirectional converter is used to transfer the power to the off. Through SW1 the power from the battery 1 will be
battery with low voltage. The circuit diagram is shown in the supplied to the battery 2 for charging purpose. The input
fig 2 of bidirectional DC-DC converter which operates in current increases and moves through the MOSFET switch
forward and reverse directions. It is described below in SW1 and inductor L2, when the SW1 is turned ON. After
detailed manner switching OFF the SW1, the inductor current falls until the
next cycle. Meanwhile, the energy stored by the inductor L2
D1 is provided to charge the battery 2.
R2 L2
2) Mode- 2 : Reverse charging mode
The function of Mode 2 is represented in the fig. 4. The
BT1 R1 reverse charging modes is the second operating mode and is
SW1 R3 BT2
also called as reverse power flow mode. This mode comes
D2 into act, when the battery 1 voltage is lesser than the battery
C1 C3 2, battery 2 will have full charge, and hence it will provide
SW2 compensation and supply the power to battery 1. At this mode
switch SW2 will be turned on and switch SW1 will be turned
off. Through SW2, the power from the battery 2 will be
supplied to the battery 1 by discharging the battery 2. The
Fig. 2 Bidirectional DC-DC converter
input current increases and moves through the MOSFET
A. Bidirectional DC/DC converter circuit switch SW2 and inductor L2, when the SW2 is turned ON.
After switching OFF the SW2, the inductor current falls until
The bidirectional DC-DC converter is one of renowned the next cycle. Meanwhile, the energy stored by the inductor
types of DC-DC converter. It has the ability to reverse the
L2 is provided to charge the battery 1.
current flow direction and also the power transfer between two
DC sources. For battery charging this topology is incorporated
via a non-isolated bidirectional converter. The power flow of
bidirectional nature for charging the batteries is carried out by
using two switches. Here, MOSFET is used as a switch. In the
proposed circuit given above, there are two DC sources which
are represented as BT1 and BT2. Where BT1 is the battery 1
voltage and BT2 is the battery 2 voltage. These converters are
habitually used in variety of applications, like hybrid power
networks, and battery storage systems. The bidirectional
conversion is carried out by two switches, and are regulated
with the help of controllers. During forward power flow mode
the switch SW1 is ON and switch SW2 is OFF. At reverse Fig. 4 Reverse charging mode from BT2 to BT1
power flow mode the switch SW2 is ON and switch SW1 is
OFF. The main aim of this proposed system is to charge the Hence, in this mode the battery 2 provides power to the
battery in bidirectional fashion with the help of bidirectional battery 1 through reverse power flow mode.
topology. The merits of this propose work is that it requires
less components, it does not require transformer, low cost, and III. SIMULATION
provides high efficiency. In order to get the desired output, the simulation circuit has
been designed in MATLAB software by using the respective
There are two different operational modes. They are components that is present in the Simulink.
forward mode and reverse mode of charging.
1) Mode-1 : Forward charging mode
Forward Charging
D1
R2 L2

R1 R3
SW1
BT1 D2 BT2
C1 C3
SW2

Fig. 5 Simulation model of battery charging using BDC

Fig. 3 Forward charging mode from BT1 to BT2
A. Simulation model of BDC
The function of Mode 1 is represented in the fig. 3. The
forward charging mode is the first operating mode and is also The Fig.5 shows the simulation model of BDC. Battery 1
called as forward power flow mode. This mode comes into act, and Battery 2 are the two DC sources used in the system. The
when the battery 1 voltage is greater than the battery 2 voltage battery is already available on Simulink model. The BDC is
and when the battery does not have full charge. At this mode designed using two MOSFET, one inductor and two capacitor

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 with small resistance value in series. This converter performs The parameters shown in the result are battery 1 voltage,
operation in both forward and reverse directions. When SW1 current and the state of charge (SOC %). Some of the
functions, the forward mode of operation is carried out for observation that is made are discussed below–
charging the battery 2 and discharging battery1 and when • Battery 1 voltage starts decreasing as it starts
SW2 functions reverse mode of operation is carried out for working in this mode. There are some acceptable
discharging the battery 2 and charging battery 1. ripple in the voltage of the battery 1 while
B. PWM generating algorithm discharging
PWM generation is done for SW1 and SW2 MOSFET. • The current of battery 1 is in acceptable limits and
The fig. 6 below shows the simulation model of the PWM have minor ripples.
generating algorithm. The measured voltage across the • The SOC% of the battery starts decreasing as it
starts charging the battery 2.

2) Battery 2 specification in simulation in forward mode

of operation
This fig. 8 shows the simulation result for forward
charging mode. The parameters shown in the result are
battery 2 voltage, current and the state of charge (SOC %).
Some of the observation that is made are discussed below–
Fig. 6 PWM generating algorithm for Bidirectional operation • Battery 2 voltage starts increasing as it starts
working in this mode. There are some acceptable
battery 1 and battery 2 is compared via a switch which have
ripple in the voltage of the battery 2 while charging
3 inputs where it compares the value of input 1 to a constant
• The current of battery 2 is in acceptable limits and
value and if its satisfy the selected criterion pass then pass
have minor ripples.
through input 1 otherwise input 3 is passed. After that stage
the output signal is compared by a constant value via a • The SOC% of the battery starts increasing as it starts
relational operator to check whether the value is greater or charging the battery 2.
not on the basis of that the repeating sequence generates
PWM 1 or PWM 2. If PWM 1 is ON the NOT logical operator
turns OFF PWM 2 and vice versa. The action of PWM 1 and
PWM 2 is shown in fig. 12 and fig. 18.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
In this section of discussion, the simulation results and the
observations made is discussed.
A. Simulation results for forward mode of operation
When mode 1 is active the power flows in forward
direction and SW1 is turned ON. The battery 1 voltage and
SOC in this mode of operation is higher than the battery
voltage 2. The simulation results of forward mode of
operation is shown in this section below. Fig. 8 Battery 2 specification: voltage, current and SoC

1) Battery 1 Specification in simulation in forward mode 3) Voltage comparison between battery 1 and battery 2
of operation Battery 1 and battery 2 voltage comparison is shown in
The fig. 7 shows the simulation result for forward
charging mode.

Fig. 9 comparison of battery 1 and 2 voltages

the fig. 9 . Whereas the voltage of the battery 1 starts reducing

on the other hand the voltage of the battery 2 starts increasing.
Fig. 7 Battery 1 specification: Voltage, Current and SoC
Both the waveform have minor ripples in it.

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 4) Power delivered and recieved – during initial time
period (transient) in forward mode of operation
When the battery 2 starts charging there is initial period
for which a spike comes in the power which is of transient
nature and it settles down quickly. The fig. 10 show the power
delivered and absorbed by battery 1 and 2 during initial time
period. During the forward mode of operation, the battery 1
charges the battery 2 which makes the battery 1 source and
the battery 2 the load. So in this case the battery 1 is
delivering power which is taken as positive and battery 2
absorbing power which is taken as negative. This is shown in
the fig. 11 here.

Fig. 12 PWM signal for MOSFET switches

B. Simulation results for reverse mode of operation

When mode 2 is active the power flows in reverse
direction and SW2 is turned ON. The battery 2 voltage and
SOC in this mode of operation is higher than the battery
voltage 1. The simulation results of reverse mode of operation
is shown in this section below.

1) Battery 1 Specification in simulation in reverse mode

of operation
Fig. 10 Power delivered and received during initial transient This fig. 13 shows the simulation result for reverse charging
mode. The parameters shown in the result are battery 1
5) Power delivered and recieved – at steady state in voltage, current and the state of charge (SOC %). Some of the
forward mode of operation observation that is made are discussed below–
As we know that the voltage and the current contains certain • Battery 1 voltage starts increasing as it starts
ripple in the output waveform that also means that the power working in this mode. There are some acceptable
will have certain ripples as well. Below is the fig. 11 showing ripple in the voltage of the battery 1 while charging
the ripples in the output waveform of the delivered and • The current of battery 1 is in acceptable limits and
absorbed power at the steady state as power BT1 and power have minor ripples.
BT2. • The SOC% of the battery starts increasing as it starts
charging by the help of battery 2.

Fig. 11 Power delivered and received at steady state

6) PWM Generation for SW1 and SW2

The PWM generating algorithm as discussed in the previous
section generates PWM signal (PWM1) for the switch 1 Fig. 13 Battery 1 specification: voltage, current and SoC
(SW1) here only because it is the forward mode of charging
and PWM signal (PWM 2) for switch 2 (SW2) remain off. 2) Battery 2 specification in simulation in reverse mode
The Fig. 12 below shows the PWM waveform generated for of operation
the switch SW1. This fig. 14 shows the simulation result for reverse charging
mode. The parameters shown in the result are battery 2

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 voltage, current and the state of charge (SOC %). Some of the
observation that is made are discussed below–
• Battery 2 voltage starts decreasing as it starts
working in this mode. There are very minor ripples
in the voltage of the battery 2 while discharging
• The current of battery 2 is in acceptable limits and
have minor ripples.
• The SOC% of the battery starts decreasing as it
starts charging the battery 1.

Fig. 16 Power delivered and received during initial transient

5) Power delivered and recieved – at steady state in

reverse mode of operation
As we know that the voltage and the current contains certain
ripple in the output waveform that also means that the power
will have certain ripples as well. Below is the fig. 17 showing
the ripples in the output waveform of the absorbed and
delivered power at the steady state as power BT1 and power
Fig. 14 Battery 2 specification: voltage, current and SoC BT2.

3) Voltage comparison between battery 1 and battery 2

The battery 1 and battery 2 voltage comparison is shown in
the fig. 15. Whereas the voltage of the battery 1 starts
increasing in this mode on the other hand the voltage of the
battery 2 starts decreasing. Both the waveform 1 have minor
ripples in it.

Fig. 17 Power delivered and received at steady state

6) PWM Generation for SW1 and SW2

Fig. 15 comparison of battery 1 and 2 voltages

4) Power delivered and recieved – during initial time

period (transient) in reverse mode of operation
When the battery 1 starts charging there is initial period for
which a spike comes in the power which is of transient nature
and it settles down quickly. The fig. 17 show the power
delivered and absorbed by battery 2 and 1 during initial time
period. During the reverse mode of operation the battery 2
charges the battery 1 which makes the battery 2 source and
the battery 1 the load. So in this case the battery 2 is
delivering power which is taken as positive and battery 1 Fig. 18 PWM signal for MOSFET switches
absorbing power which is taken as negative. This is shown in
the fig. 16 here. The PWM generating algorithm as discussed in the previous
section generates PWM signal (PWM2) for the switch 2

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 (SW2) here only because it is the reverse mode of charging 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and
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