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Literature and Literacy for
Young Children

The 8th edition of this bestselling text provides a framework and

instructional strategies for identifying, selecting, and teaching high-
quality children’s literature for ages 0–8. This new edition’s emphasis
on diverse literature will assist in positively impacting the lives of all
young people. Effective instructional approaches for using literature
as a teaching tool are coupled with developmentally appropriate
methods for sharing literature with young children. This book is a
foundational text for graduate and undergraduate students in early
childhood education, early literacy, literacy methods, children’s
literature, and literature instruction.

Cyndi Giorgis is a Professor of Literacy Education and Children’s

Literature at Arizona State University, where she teaches courses in
children’s literature, multimodal literature, reading, writing, and
action research. She is the recipient of the International Reading
Association’s Arbuthnot Award for Outstanding Professor of
Children’s and Young Adult Literature. Cyndi has served on many
children’s book award committees including the Caldecott Medal,
Newbery Medal, Theodor Seuss Geisel Award, Pura Belpré Award,
and the Orbis Pictus Award for Outstanding Nonfiction.
 Literature and Literacy for
Young Children
Envisioning Possibilities in Early
Childhood Education for Ages 0–8
8th Edition

Cyndi Giorgis
Designed cover image: © Eric Rohmann
Eighth edition published 2024
by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
and by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2024 Cyndi Giorgis
The right of Cyndi Giorgis to be identified as author of this work has been asserted
in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.
First edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 1981
Seventh edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2009
ISBN: 978-1-032-43503-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-43282-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-36763-5 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003367635
Typeset in Palatino
by codeMantra
Literature and Literacy for Young Children: Envisioning Possibilities in
Early Childhood Education for Ages 0–8 is dedicated to early
childhood educators, childcare providers, and parents who make a
difference in the lives of young children every day by sharing the
power and pleasure of literature
and
Megan Sullivan Sloan, who is not only an incredibly imaginative,
innovative, and extraordinary educator, but is also a colleague,
mentor, and friend. Thank you for sharing your expertise with me
over the years and for allowing your students’ responses to literature
to be featured in this book. I am constantly in awe of you!
 Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Instructional Strategy from the Field Contributors

1 Defining Literature for Young Children

Importance of Literature in the Lives of Children
Categories of Literature
Format
Unusual Formats
Board Books
Toy and Novelty Books
Picture Books
Wordless Picture Books
Concept Books
Predictable Books
Beginning-to-Read Books
Early Chapter Book Series
Chapter Books
Genre
Fiction
Nonfiction
Poetry
Diversity in Children’s Literature
Instructional Strategy from the Field: Responding to Literature
through Words and Images
Professional References Cited
Children’s Literature Cited
2 Evaluating Literature for Young Children
Evaluating Fiction
Plot
Setting
Characterization
Theme
Style of Writing
Coherence
Integrity
Evaluating Nonfiction
Organization
Accurate Presentations of Facts
Current Information and Resources
Evaluating Poetry
Evaluating Illustrations
Proximity to Text
Developing the Text
Capturing the Emotional Link
Appropriateness of Illustrations
Evaluating Interactive Media and Children’s Books
Instructional Strategy from the Field: Determining Word
Meaning Using a Graphic Organizer
Professional References Cited
Children’s Literature Cited

3 Creating a Literate Environment

Reading Aloud as Foundational
Reading Aloud with Infants
Reading Aloud with Toddlers
Reading Aloud with Preschoolers
Reading Aloud with Kindergarteners and Primary-Grade
Children
Choosing the Right Book
Creating a Positive Environment
Helping Children Construct Meaning
Narrative Structure
 Visual Literacy
Storytelling
Choosing the Right Story
Creating a Positive Environment
Helping Children Construct Meaning
Narrative Structure
Visual Literacy
Writing
Choosing the Right Literature
Creating a Positive Writing Environment
Helping Children Construct Meaning
Narrative Structure
Visual Literacy
Instructional Strategy from the Field: Learning the Letter “C”
Professional References Cited
Children’s Literature Cited

4 Partnering with Literature

Developing the Imagination
Promoting Positive Attitudes
Selecting Literature
Grouping Books for Instruction
Book Comparison
Units of Study
Thematic Unit: Author Study
Thematic Unit: Imagination
Cornerstone Text
Partnering with Literature Across the Curriculum
Instructional Strategy from the Field: Author-Illustrator Study—
Sydney Smith
Professional References Cited
Children’s Literature Cited

5 Promoting Young Children’s Language Development

Language Development in Young Children
How Children Become Literate
 Hearing Rich Language
Using Language
Introducing Vocabulary in Context
Encouraging Language Play
Playing with the Sounds of Language
Exploring Patterns of Language
Playing with the Appearance of Language
Exploring Other Languages
Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Learners
Attentive, Critical, and Appreciative Listening Skills and
Language Development
Building Attentive Listening Skills
Building Critical Listening Skills
Building Appreciative Listening Skills
Leading Naturally to Reading
Observing the Reading Process
Providing Time for Reading
Responding to Books Orally
Masks and Puppets
Engaging Children in Writing Activities
Building Ideas from Types of Writing
Helping Children to Write Well
Instructional Strategy from the Field: Word Walls
Professional References Cited
Children’s Literature Cited

6 Nurturing Children’s Intellectual Development

Intellectual Development in Young Children
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Developmental Goals and Cognitive Abilities
Assisting in the Acquisition and Refinement of Concepts
Giving Information
Reinforcing Concepts
Books as Teaching Partners
Developing Skills in a Variety of Thinking Processes
Observing
 Hypothesizing
Comparing
Classifying
Organizing
Applying
Expanding the Ability to Reason Logically
Encouraging Critical Thinking
Engaging in Problem-Solving
Nurturing Intellectual Development
Instructional Strategy from the Field: Partner Writing and
Storytelling
Professional References Cited
Children’s Literature Cited

7 Supporting Children’s Personality Development

Personality Development in Young Children
Involving Children in Making Choices
Presenting Options
Encouraging Book Selection
Building Self-Concept
Recognizing Capabilities
Seeing Oneself Realistically
Recognizing Growth and Change
Becoming Confident
Identifying with One’s Heritage
Examining Gender Portrayal
Evaluating Nonconforming Gender Roles in Children’s Books
Building Self-Esteem
Using Content that Reaffirms Self-Worth
Presenting Themes of Individuality
Helping Children Understand and Express Their Emotions
Discovering Others Share Similar Feelings
Examining the Emotions of a Single Book Character
Characters Who Overcome Fears
Recognizing One’s Values
 Instructional Strategy from the Field: Transitional Readers and
Series Books
Professional References Cited
Children’s Literature Cited

8 Fostering Social-Emotional and Moral Development

Moral Development
Envisioning the Potential of Literature
Interpreting Nonverbal Language in Illustrations
Relating Voice Inflection to Meaning
Extending Beyond the Literal Interpretation of the Narrative
Following a Sequence of Action
Observing Patterns of Behavior
Empathizing with a Book Character
Fostering Children’s Ability from the Viewpoint of Others
Sharing Books that Present Several Viewpoints
Providing Models of Prosocial Behavior
Reading Books that Demonstrate Prosocial Behavior
Planning Prosocial Behavior
Encouraging Children to Judge the Appropriateness of
Particular Behaviors
Helping Children Learn About and Value Diversity
Selecting Literature that Values Diversity
Focusing on Similarities
Facilitating Group Activities
Stimulating Children to Explore Moral Problems and Ethical
Questions
Engaging Children in the Reasoning Process
Instructional Strategy from the Field: Literature Circle
Discussions
Professional References Cited
Children’s Literature Cited

9 Generating Children’s Aesthetic and Creative

Development
Aesthetic and Creative Development in Young Children
 Creative Potential of Young Children
Development in Art
Introducing Art Elements
Observing Design Elements in Picture Books
Examining Art in Picture Books
Presenting Art as Personal Expression
Offering Children Experience with a Variety of Art Media
Experimenting with Media Used by Illustrators
Development in Music
Offering Children a Variety of Musical Experiences
Sharing Picture Books of Illustrated Songs
Using Rhythm Instruments with Literature
Moving in Response to Literature
Stimulating Creativity in Art, Music, and Movement
Evoking Divergent Responses
Presenting Books that are Inventive
Instructional Strategy from the Field: Integrating Science with
Art
Professional References Cited
Children’s Literature Cited

10 Planning and Implementing Your Literature-Rich

Curriculum
A Book for Toddlers and Preschoolers
A Book for Primary Grades
Selecting Response Activities
Recognizing the Larger Context
Literature-Rich Curriculum
Engaging Children with Literature
Reading and Writing Activities from Internet Sources
Professional References Cited
Children’s Literature Cited

Index
 Preface

Literature and Literacy for Young Children: Envisioning Possibilities in

Early Childhood Education for Ages 0–8 is written for early childhood
teachers and childcare providers to help them learn to recognize
high-quality children’s literature and to share it effectively to support
emerging literacy development in infants (ages 0–12 months),
toddlers (ages 12–24 months), preschoolers (ages 2–4), and
primary-age children (ages 5–8). The text presents the literary
merits of literature intended for young children, explains how to
share children’s literature as a teaching tool, and offers myriad
developmentally appropriate strategies for partnering with literature
in the early childhood setting.
The 8th edition provides:

♦ an evaluation of various genres and criteria for selecting and

using high-quality literature with young children;
♦ discussions of classic and contemporary literature appropriate
for infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and primary-age children;
♦ explanations and strategies to demonstrate how literature
supports the development of children’s language, cognitive
skills, personality, social and moral development, and aesthetic
and creative development;
♦ suggestions for integrating a variety of literature into the early
childhood curriculum;
♦ educational theory and research pertinent to the topic of each
chapter;
♦ strategies to extend learning beyond the chapter’s focus;
 ♦ developmental goals, teaching suggestions, and
recommended literature presented in a boxed format.

New to the 8th edition:

♦ reorganization of chapters to create a strong foundation for
supporting children as emergent readers;
♦ extensive examples of literature, both classic and
contemporary, aligned to chapter concepts;
♦ inclusion of instructional strategies to support all learners
through reading aloud, selecting appropriate literature,
generating a literature-rich curriculum, and enhancing reading
comprehension;
♦ updated lists and suggestions of literature that promote
literary quality;
♦ children’s written and visual responses to literature;
♦ websites related to authors, illustrations, organizations,
teaching ideas, and digital media;
♦ detailed explanation of how to generate curriculum through a
thematic unit, author-illustrator study, and cornerstone text.

Organization of the Text

The first two chapters of this text define the formats and genres of
children’s literature and provide criteria by which to evaluate them.
The next two chapters offer possibilities for creating a literate
environment while Chapter 4 highlights how literature can be a
teaching partner, collaborator, and mentor. Chapters 5–9 present
how literature can support children’s language, intellectual,
personality, social-emotional, moral, aesthetic, and creative
development. Chapter 10 provides a detailed step-by-step look at
how a specific book with toddlers and preschoolers, and two with
primary-age children can support the developmental goals described
in the previous chapters.
 Acknowledgments

I have always believed that early childhood is a magical time for

learning and exploration. Part of that magic comes from the books
that children are introduced to as infants, toddlers, preschoolers,
and primary-grade students. This book stems from that belief as well
as my love for children’s literature. Since no book is created without
a team of individuals and supporters behind it, I would like to
acknowledge the following:
Karen Adler, my initial editor at Routledge, who understood the
importance and need for this book to continue to support those
individuals entering or currently teaching in early childhood
education. And Megha Patel who stepped in as my new editor and
offered continued support throughout the submission and production
process.
Eric Rohmann who created the original artwork gracing the cover
of this 8th edition. It expresses the delight and wonder that comes
from reading books—no matter who you are.
Sarah Lechner, Marie LeJeune, Nicole Noline, Daria Nalborczyk,
April Robert, Paige Robison, and Megan Sloan who each provided a
glimpse into classrooms where literature and literacy serve a critical
role in young children’s development.
Librarians at the Paseo Verde Library in Henderson, Nevada for
responding to my endless requests for books in such a timely
manner.
The anonymous reviewers for this text.
My husband, Jim Kruger, who is an excellent proofreader and dog
walker. Thank you for your ongoing love and support.
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FROM : RNTENNR GROUP PHONE NO. 415 896 1094 22

1999 03:27PI1 P6 Online Cue- 8.00O 8t - Monltily Bacon's REVA'S
(W1AP Honoring Our Ancestors Doug Engelbart isn t exactly 9
household name Without his efforts, though, we might still be
scurching on dumb terminals and sending our clients cut-and pasted
printouts of the results. The ea9y familiarity with which v internet
with our computers as extensions of ourselves — in fact, the very
concept of personal computing— might never have been conceived,
let alone realised, without Engelhau's ministrations Several tech
pioneer* could k-tritimntely claim tho title "Father of the Personal
Computer", Doug Engelbart i» father to them ailOn December 9,
1908. Engelbart, then a 40-something project team leader at
Stanford Research Institute, presented" a live demo incorporating
several radical new technologies, the computer mouse (a rectangular
device rouehjy the sue and sh.ipc of a school room pencil
sharpener*, a graphical umr interface with ,» now. standard black-
on-white text display multiple windows, real-time interactivity usinfc
an on-screen "bug" or cursor, remote access, and hyperlinking Even
the logistics of the dumo itself, with a home team in Palo Alto
communicating wuh Dnu>A Mway team in San Francisco,
foreshadowed modern videoconferencing As hie SRI colleagues
gradually filtered out into the private sector, to Xerox PARC, and
eventually to Sun Microsystems and Appl«, many of these
innovations found their way into commercial computer application*.
Yet Doug Engelbart, never a self-promoter, remained almost
unknown outside the Silicon beltway — until )iist a few months ago
On December 9. 1998, thirty years to the day aftei Doug's original
demo, Stanford University staged a day-long symposium called
"Engelbai-t's Unfinished Revolution" to honor Dniig, Ins team, and
their accomplishments (.You can read about or listen to the
proceedings, or order videotapm, at http://unrcv.stanford cdu )
Chaned by Paul Saffo of the Institute for the Future, with a lineup oi
speakers including former Apple Follow and Xerox PARC founder
Alan Kay, natural-language-! and humun-computer-inter action
pioneer Terry Winograd, Ted Nelson of Xanadu fame virtual-reality
gum Jaron Lanier online community evangelist Howard Rhemgold.
and Marc Andreessen of Mosaic and Liter Netscape, the event telt
like n latter day techno- Woodstock with schmoozing instead of
mu*ic, PowerPoint instead of patchouli oil, liios instead of tie-dye
Actually, there wax some tie-dye; hippie-to-high-tech ia a smoother
continuum than you might imagine. One of thr presenters. Stewart
Bi.-»tiJ, who went (m to create the quintensentinlly counter-cultural
Whole Earth Catalog as well as the ever-obscropeioua WELL, had
handled the A-V linkup at the Palo Alto end ot Hngelbart's 'GH demo
The Woodstock analogy runs even deeper In the 1960s, computers
weis primarily associated with scientific calculation and die- promise
of office automation number-crunching and facilitating rot.- tasks.
Doug Engelbart was one of the fiist to see their potential for
communication — and community — j$ well «s compulation Wah his
encouragement. SRI became the second node on the ARPAnet. the
forerunner of today's Internet (us Doug himself pointed out at th
human system development as well as the evolution of the machine
The year of Doug'9 demo. 1968, was also the year of Prague Spring
and the student-led general strike in France, the Democratic National
Convention m Chicago. rJie assassinations of Martin Luther King and
Robei-t Kennedy, the Tat otfenaive, and rising opposition to i he war
in Vietnam It was a time of profound change on every level —
political, social, and personal. Despite his clean-cut appearance, this
Stanford engineer wm perfectly m tune with tho revolutionary
Zeitgeist. Doug's vision wis never shout product cycles, out
strategies, or stock-option millionaires, it was about transforming
mankind I suppose that's why Stanford decided to cull it an
unfinished revolution. Surely the Web, the greatest interactivu
medium in history, has drawn heavily from F.ngelbart'i insights and
inventions. The next wisve of Web search tools, including Alexa.
IBM's Clever and Stanford's own Google!, factors in the social
component of the Web. using collaborative, consensus-based, and
peerinfluenced decision-making processes that emulate our
information-seeking behaviors in everyday lile. The soaal Web is
evolving to include mor.r than virtual communities, and we humouis
are eo-evolving with it To those of ua who've felt from our first
exposure to it that the Net was something "more than human," an
extension of our individual intellect, consciousness, and will, it all
seems to be moving in the direction that Dour Engelbart envisioned
so clearly 30some years ugo. May he Uvo to savor the fruits of hia
revolution. lieva Base" copy to her old hippie credentials, but the
never inhaled. She is author of Resenrchuig Online Kor Dummies and
editor of the fouhcoming Super Searchars bonk series Contact her at
rzvaQiuM com.
 m i Business-to-business sites that work Marshall Industries
www.marshall.com When it comes to business-tobusiness
ecommerce, Marshall Industries is a leader. Its Website isn t pretty
or qlitzy, but, like the products it distributes— industrial electronic
parts-it gets the job done. From the homepage, visitors can quickly
find products by part number, manufacturer, or description and
complete the purchase online. Plus, it offers 24-hour online support.
— KE Cisco Systems www.ci.ca.com Cisco just engineered its
Website, making it easier than ever for visitors to use. Light on
graphics and glitz, it is heavy on text and information about its
Internet networking products. From its homepage, Cisco offers a
search function and online ordering as well as education and service
and support options. — K± Cintas www.cmtas-corp.com Cintas'
business is selling and leasing uniforms. This basic, efficient site
offers visitors pictures, prices, and sizing, and then makes it easy to
order online. It also offers simple instrucons on everything from
purchasing to pricing, including volume discounts. -Kfc KAREN
EGOLF (KEGOLF@CRAIN COM, IS EDITOR OF ADVERTISING AGE'S
BUSINESS MARKETING A Stanford MBA Scott McNealy, Steve
Jurvetson, John Hummer, the list goes on and on. Need we say
more? People want to communicate with other like-minded people.
Some VCs predict that "communications portals" are the next big
thing, where a site such as Yahoo! would offer first and foremost a
number of ways for people to communicate and form communities.
A consistent look/feel throughout the site Every page within your site
is part of your brand. Make them look like it. Courtesy "Audit after
audit had us squinting to read tiny type, digging through multiple
layers of menus, and otherwise working too hard to find value....
When users repeatedly encounter these barriers to their goals, they
get angry." -"Why Most Web Sites Fail," September 1998, Forrester
Research Know your audience As soon as possible, start finding out
who your audience is. Demographic information, surfing preferences,
and so on can all help you tailor your approach to best fit your
visitors' profile. Vertical (niche) portals Why try to be all things to all
people? A market is emerging for topic-specific portals. Note:
women.com and MP3.com Email newsletters as a way of boosting
community Keep visitors who have requested such information
abreast of special deals, new content, incentive offers, and the like
with email newsletters. Use them sparingly, however, as there's a
fine line between a welcome email headsup and spam (see
"Debate," pi 12). Ecommerce risk management "Without a face-to-
face encounter (a signature), the risk for fraudulent transactions
increases.... If a fraudulent order is processed or a merchant .ratios
ic etract an order, the merchant has to pay a fee. [Web merchants
should consider a] program running checks on everything to
eliminate this risk." —Derek Peterson, vice president of sales and
marketing, Eliance Put service into every product Linux provider Red
Hat Software builds its business model around not only selling its
shrink-wrapped version of the popular operating system, but on
providing service and support for the products. "In the past, service
add-ons were an afterthought for those in the product business.
Today, you must make them intrinsic to the offer. If your entire
corporate culture is focused on stuff, wake up. Services often provide
higher margins and better growth opportunities than the rapidly
maturing thing itself." —Stan Davis and Christopher Meyer, authors
of Blur m ERIC HELLWEG ([email protected]) IS A
SECTION EDITOR AT BUSINESS 2.0. rncig ination H "The ability to
imagine what does ~ not yet exist." —Melody Kean Holier, president,
Antenna Group One-click ordering. Amazon.com perfected it. Others
should follow suit. I [ -, A erpromise Overdeliver. APRIL 1999
BUSINESS 2.0
 through a transaction, only to force them to print out a
form and snail mail it to you, or call an 800 number? That's so...
1997. Every step of your transaction should be available online or
none at all. Seems obvious, but visit wwwticketmaster.com to see
how not to do it. Interactivity "If you can see, hear, and interact with
it, you are more likely to remember it than if you just saw it." —
Darian S.R. Heyman, vice president of business development,
Beyond Interactive Location! Location! Location! The most valuable
space in any physical store is the counter space in front of the cash
register. It's the land of impulse buys. The same principle applies to
the Internet. ^0r example, eBay lists the hottest auctions front and
center on its opening page. A recent Forrester report reiterates the
importance of placement, stating that "each new [page] layer of
menus... cuts success— and sales — by another onequarter to one-
half." Design for the lowest common denominator Just because
Netscape Communications and Microsoft are in a death race to
release the latest and greatest browser first doesn't mean everyone
downloads it the day it comes out. In fact, programmers at Amazon
are instructed to program their pages to load on Navigator 1 .22 —
an iteration released nearly five years ago. Make offers smarter with
each use CDnow, for example, recommends new items to customers
based on what they have previously purchased. More white space
From the art houses in SoHo to Keith Richards' five-string subtleties:
Less is more. The same idea applies online as well, though some
sites dre in danger of drowning their ^Visitors in a sea of colors and
.choices. Mark Hurst, president of Creative Good, a N.Y.-based
customer experience firm, sums it up: "There's so much
consolidation going on, so many new features coming online, that
there's no space on the page to fit it all in." Online training videos
The idea is catching on, as Intuit offers online training videos for its
flagship product Quicken. According to a spokesperson, its call
centers give telephone customers on hold the company URL to
search for product information online. Constant education "You can
never know too much about a company, an industry, a trend, a
technology. Make learning your passion, and invite others to learn
with you." — Brewster Kahle, cofounder and president, Alexa
Internet Act globally There's a reason it's called the World Wide
Web, take advantage of it. When considering a global expansion,
factor in shipping hassles, monetary conversions, linguistic and
cultural hang-ups, and a vastly increased potential customer base.
TipWorld, a site offering dozens of computer-related email tips,
recently discovered that 40 percent of its subscribers hail from
outside the United States, and had to make sure its stable of tip
writers penned their advice for a global audience, not just North
American, by eliminating references to U.S.-only holidays and
practices. What's more, research firm IDC predicts that by 2002, 58
percent of Internet users will be located outside the United States.
Learn from the pros "I thought about starting a company straight
out of school and I ended up not doing it. I realized later that it was,
of course, the right decision, because you can dramatically improve
your odds by working for a best-practices company. It's not that you
can't make it on your own, and there are plenty of examples that
you A Web-specific team in your company Ad hoc teams don't work.
They might get a placeholder site up fast, but check out this
breakdown to see just how costly after-thefact reconstruction on a
hastily thrown together site can be. Quick fixes 3 to 6 weeks
$8,500-$ 17,000 Problems=minor: Site navigation is not reliable; bad
links; button text and body text illegible; commands and prompts
are inconsistent; text is jargon Rehabilitation 10 to 26 weeks
$3S,000-$90,000 Problems=manageable: Inconsistent performance
— too large or too many graphics; too many levels with too little
content; inconsistent controls; navigation hidden; irrelevant content
Reconstruction 26 to 39 weeks $780,000-$ 1,560,000
Problems=major: Site not organized by user goals; incomplete
information or catalog; transactions, interactivity, personalization,
and search are unavailable Source: Forrester Research Show, don't
tell. People like to know what they're about to buy looks like, be it a
sweater, a CD, or widgets. A picture is still worth a thousand
gigabytes. / 0 * ■r ~^M Sv | J Communication skills f/irijB here is so
much jargon in IB our industry. Clear and «■ simple communication
isn't simple to achieve. It's an art." — John Patrick, vice president of
Internet technology, IBM BUSINESS 2.0 APRIL 1999
 18E-655 MAGAZINE GOVERNMENT COMPUTER NEWS
Silver Spring, MO Clrc- 81,203 Bl -Weekly SHOPPER EDITION APRIL
1, 1999 Bacon's Pedal faster. Is data analysis taking too much of
your time, leaving too little time to write reports? Is finding the data
you need becoming more difficult as the Web grows? Intelligent
agents and bots are small, powerful pieces of software that roam the
Web for you, collecting and sometimes analyzing the information you
need. Some bots must be downloaded and run from your desktop
PC. Others you run from special Web sites. Better than a sextant. Try
Alexa for guided Web navigation. It's aHvertisIng- supported and
free to download. Alexa loads as a toolbar in your browser and
travels with you on the Web, offering details about the sites you
view and suggesting related sites from a central reference database.
It's the brainchild of supercomputer guru Brewster Kahle. Parts of
Alexa are built into Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0. Download Alexa
at www.alexa.com. Fetching ferret. Use the freeware version of
WebFerret as a desktop PC metacrawler. Metacrawlers automatically
send your search term to multiple search engines, then collect and
display the results. WebFerret is one of the faster crawlers available,
and it has the grudging support of some major search engine
makers that allow WebFerret in while shutting out other
metacrawlers. WebFerret is available at www.ferretsoft.com. Tip of
the tongue. Do you kind of, sort of remember the uniform resource
locator of the site you visited last week, but not well enough to
actually find the place? Visit Amnesi, the service that helps find
Internet server names even when you only have part of the name.
At Amnesi, you'll see a form that lets you enter your best guess or
even a piece of a name. Go ahead, try to trick it with misspellings
and reversed entries. It can figure out most domain names from the
slightest hint. Amnesi is available at www.amnesi.com. Mall crawl.
Can a Web crawler be a marketing tool? CyBot can; it was created
for the purpose. If you need to promote your agency's efforts and
reach the right people, Cybot can help find the people most likely to
use the site. It searches for pages and assigns values based on
keywords you've entered. It can identify potential contact names and
e-mail addresses. Visit www.theartmachine.com/cybot. htm to
download CyBot for a free trial. Doily news. Morning Paper, available
at www.boutell.com/morning/, visits your favorite Web sites at
selected intervals and looks to see what's new. It summarizes each
page as pan of a newsletter viewable from your Web browser. It can
even be pointed at news sites for midday updates. Go to the
Boutell.Com site to download a free 30-day copy and check a list of
sites that welcome the Morning Paper blot. —Shawn P. McCarthy
Internet: [email protected] Shawn P. McCarthy designs products
for a Web search engine provider.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 24.78%
accurate

April 5. 1999/BRANDWEEK http://www.brandweek.com

3^33" IQ Data w Sticky7' Site-uations On The Net Vary by Gender
Stickiness, or the ability to keep visitors hanging around a site, is the
sought-after site attribute of 1999. The data below on the stickiest
sites for men and women reveal that activities like gaming and chat
are definite crowd pleasers. But the data also shatters stereotypes.
Men, not women, spend more time at auction site eBay, while
gaming site Uproar.com is 10th "stickiest" among women but 179th
among men. Top Sites Ranked by Duration far Men, February 1999
50 100 150 200 250 300 Avg. Minutes/ Month (Relative Rank) 3
Women - Avg. Minutes/ Month (Relative Rank! Rocketmail.com Top
Sites Ranked by Duration for Women, February 1999 50 100 150 200
250 300 sdia \ ■ / Mecnx /,
The text on this page is estimated to be only 18.91%
accurate

TW3^iu«^| ^kPLiAthoifb San Francisco, CA APRIL 5, 1999

IB Bacon's Mapping the Web BY STEVEN IOHNSON What would the
Web look like from a satellite? It seems like a ridiculous question,
but it isn't as crazy as it sounds. Consider an innovation bv
Activeworids. com. a Newburyport. Mass.. comDanv that operates
one of the largest online communities. Active Worlds is a 3D virtual
space where members have been erecting virtual structures - stores,
sheds, shrines - for nearly three years. Active Worlds residents
navigate through their community via the first-person perspective
popularized by games like Quake and Unreal. This can make for an
immersive experience but can narrow a memoer'; sense of the larger
community. How big is this city? It's hard to tell from the
humanscale view the interface gives you. From street level, the
world seems chaotic and patternless. with buildings tossed next to
one another, stretching to the horizon. But what would it look like
from 10.000 feet? Roland Villet. Active Worlds' lead developer,
pondered that question one Sunday a few years ago. After a few
hours of programming. Villet created an application that scoured the
database for the coordinates of all the structures in the largest space
in the Active Worlds universe. Alpha World. Villet then plotted Alpha
World's development on a satellite-style image, endowing each
structure with a color to differentiate the various buildings. The
resulting picture provides a new understanding of the Active Worlds
community. It also suggests something about the Web and how we
can better learn to see it. You can't help but be startled looking at
these images. There's a clear pattern to the shape, but it has the
blurriness. the granularity of real-world cities seen from above. We're
used to visualizing Web usage as the obligatory ascending line of
total surfers. Villet gives us something new: the view from above.
Alpha World, as seen from (cvber)space. Whv seek out these views?
Because, in a very iiteral sense, thev give us a new perspective.
Observe the starlike pattern at the center of Alpha Worlds' grid - no
one noticed it until Villet launched his satellite. The Active Worlds
geography revolves around latitude- and longitude-style coordinates,
with the center of the world - the place where new visitors arrive -
marking the 0/0 point of the proiection. Homesteaders on this
frontier give their x.y coordinates as a kind of street adoress: "Look
me up sometime." residents say. "my place is at 250N, iooE." The
diagonal axes on the image represent users settling at repeated
coordinates (25,25) to make them easy to find. Looking at Villet's
images made me think about what would happen if vou approached
the Web from the same angle. As it turns out. a number of
cartographers have been wrestling with the idea. The early returns
are fascinating, and often visually stunning, experiments. The
Geographies of Cyberspace site, maintained by University of London
professor Martin Dodge, features an entire archive of Web-based
maps, including a rendering of router congestion with elaborate
twirls of color rippling across the screen. While these images have
an undeniable aesthetic appeal, their signal-to-noise ratio leaves
something to be desired. "There's a problem with graphical
representations of ! Web usage." savs industry visionary Brewster
Kahle, whose Alexa proiect has i been archiving the Web for the past
three : years. "Anytime data comes in this large. grapnics usually fail
you. The information is j just too Comdex to represent in an image."
I Interestingly, the images that work best j in Geograpnies of
Cyberspace relate to realj world space: Several maps offer
illuminating ■ portraits of Web usage, including a telling . survey of
Net penetration in Africa. When : 1 asked Kahle what sort of map
he'd most like to see, he suggested something along I similar lines:
"I'd love to see an animation j of Web usage mapped onto
geograpny. j When did we get Europe? When did it sweep j through
Italy? We talk about the Internet j coming in waves. But is that really
true?" i Online cartography might also help us answer one question
that's been haunting i the Web since its early days: Is this a cenJ
tralized or decentralized medium? Imagine a map that represented
repeat visits to a given site as a kind of urban sprawl around a
central core, not uniike Alpha World's I satellite image. j What would
a map of the entire Web look like from that angle? Would it be a
land! scape dominated by the huge metropolitan spaces of Yahoo
and AOL? Or would it be a more fragmented picture - more like a
series of smaller edge cities, dwarfed by a broad expanse of fringe
settlements: homepages, zines. storefronts. Imagine the same
image animated, displaying the Web's growth over the past three
years. I suspect we'd learn more about the medium from a 30-
second movie showing that evolution than from 30 days of surfing.
For four years we've oeen looking at the Web from street level,
roaming from page to page. What we need is a bird's-eye view, ae
Steven lohnson is editor in chief of FEED (www.feedmag.com). losh
Rubin con-nbuted to this report.
 PEAK COMPUTING MAGAZINE Colorado Springs. CO Clrc-
4O.0DO Weekly APRIL 8, 1999 Bacorvs oys-A,,- H My Browser by
Paul Andrews Knight Ridder I Tribune Business News The browser
wars are getting interesting again. When Netscape last year decided
to make its browser free to all comers and post its source code on
the Internet, many assumed the product would drift like a rudderless
ship. Lots of developers would add widgets and geegaws, leading to
incompatibility between various versions. Instead, Netscape has
marshaled the open-source process effectively, keeping its browser's
evolution under control. The company also has followed its plan to
transform Netscape Navigator into a Web-services browser with
innovative search features and more powerful mail software.
Moreover. Netscape has adopted Microsoft's strategy of making
browser components such as security and layout available in
modules to developers of Web-smart applications. Microsoft is not
sitting still, however. Its new Internet Explorer 5.0 for Windows has
some nice enhancements. Additionally, Microsoft is moving ahead
with a cross-platform strategy that differentiates Explorer on the
Macintosh. I have yet to test the Unix versions of IE 5 and am
intrigued to know whether they, too. contain features not found in
the other iterations. Internet time has slowed dramatically, and
thankfully. Browser improvements are based more on the continuing
evolution of the Web rather than on the look and feel of the browser
itself. Still, the characterization of IE 5 as an incremental upgrade
does it a disservice. True, nothing upon installation leaps up and
knocks you over. But there are a slew of refinements, improvements
and enhancements, which, added together, make IE 5 a must-have
upgrade. A few examples: If you open a Web page for editing, IE 5
puts an icon in the Toolbar showing the related application (Word,
Excel and so on — any applications vendor can take advantage of
the feature). Clicking on the icon i or "Edit with..." under File on the
menu bar) calls up the currently displayed page. From there you can
edit the page ( in script form). If it is your own page, you can repost
it to the server when you're finished. Simplicity is another area of
focus in the new IE. Error messages are more explanatory, written in
plain English and helpful. Instead of something like "Error DNS Not
Found" you get a detailed message beginning, "The page cannot be
displayed" and listing some possible reasons. IE 5 also has changed
its automated type-ahead feature. Whereas IE 4 would attempt to
complete a line based on its first few letters (e.g. typing sea would
produce the line seatttetimes.com automatically), IE 5 displays a
drop-down menu with a variety of possible selections. Users will
need to experiment to determine which they prefer. The drop-down
requires using the mouse to choose a selection and click. The
drawback to the IE 4 method was that it continued on page 11 - 1^
 http//nrstg2p d]nr com/cgi-bin/OJlnieractive_01h'>cgi=
index&olh_query_id = 71648&result Wednesday, May 12. 1999
WEB_OLH_STORY&GJANum=7902323&page=webchp/ Article 59 of
63 NEWS The Web has spun a life of its own GEORGE JOHNSON N.Y.
TIMES NEWS SERVICE 04/11/1999 The State Journal-Register
Springfield, IL M1.M2 Page 48 (Copyright 1999) Gazing through a
computer screen onto the vast expanse of the World Wide Web, one
feels like an explorer perched at the edge of an endless wilderness.
It's a bit of a letdown, then, to learn how very finite the whole place
really is. Researchers at a company called Alexa Internet , using
computers to automatically plumb the depths of this ocean of
information, recently estimated that, as of last summer, the Web was
three terabytes in size -- three trillion bytes of information, about
5,000 CD-ROMs. Just about the whole thing would fit onto Sun
Microsystem's top-of-the-line StorEdge A7000 Intelligent Storage
Server, an array of speedy hard-disk drives occupying less than 150
cubic feet. This cyberspace that people have been romping around
in could be squeezed inside a bedroom closet. But it's not the size of
the Web that matters. As the world is increasingly coming to
appreciate, physical space and cyberspace operate according to
different rules. In what they describe as a new science of Webology,
computer scientists at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in Silicon
Valley recently funneled a large portion of the Web, about 55 million
pages (leaving out the pictures), onto 400 billion bytes of disk space.
Held in captivity in Palo Alto, this Web in a Box is poked and
prodded, studied like a great beast - or. to use the metaphor the
researchers prefer, like an ecosystem. With the help of this
simulation, and by probing the real, living Web with electronic
signals, they seek laws by which the members of the planetary
community of Internet foragers compete and cooperate in the
constant search for information. The Internet has become a living
laboratory, a place to study mass human behavior with a precision
and on a scale never possible before. "No central authority has
cultivated the Web as a beautiful garden," said Dr. Bernardo
Huberman, an Internet ecologist at Xerox PARC. "It grows on its own
like an ecosystem." Informavores hunting down an interesting site
link it to their own, and that site is soon linked to others, forming a
vast spider web of connections. "The sheer reach and structural
complexity of the Web makes it an ecology of knowledge, with
relationships, information "food chains,1 and dynamic interactions
that could soon become as rich as, if not richer than, many natural
ecosystems," Huberman wrote in a paper last year with his
colleagues Peter Pirolli, James Pitkow and Rajan Lukose. But it is
hard to find the right metaphor for something so strange. Viewed in
real time, with data seekers buzzing from site to site, the Web can
seem like a swarm of virtual insects, one whose flutterings (in the
form of mouse clicks) can be recorded and sifted for clues to
behavioral laws. "We are not doing computer science," Huberman
said, "but something more akin to social science." What strategies
do people use to hunt down information? Why, for no apparent
reason, do storms of activity suddenly surge through the Internet,
causing the whole thing to grind to a halt? And why, just as
mysteriously, do these information fronts suddenly subside? Ever
since the Web began to burgeon, barely under human control,
people have been straining to relate it to something familiar — an
ecosystem, the weather, an unruly crowd at a rock concert. The Web
is a great ocean on which you surf from site to site. It's a cyberspace
with a topology of its own: Two points distant in physical space can
be adjacent in cyberspace, a single mouse click away. But an e-mail
message sent in an instant to a neighbor next door might be routed
through a maze of links extending thousands of miles. Lada Adamic,
a Stanford University graduate student working on Xerox PARC's
Internet ecology project, recently found that cyberspace, like the
world described in the John Guare play "Six Degrees of Separation,"
is a small place indeed. Just as any two people on Earth are said to
be connected by a human chain of acquaintance with no more than
a few links, so can you pick two Web sites at random and get from
one to the other with about four clicks. The research quantifies what
Web users intuitively know: Because of the high density of
connections, it can be surprisingly easy to find information in what
amounts to a library without a card catalog, filled with unindexed
books.
 MIMTIINI , ,i.n I l/'I'l fin lis ,",,„ Thursday, April 8. 1999
Click here for the TI^, £ Archives online! FOHPJMB technology m ; D
ft E Y FU SS R E RO KT, Slimmer and Speedier, Microsoft's New
Explorer Is Much Improved Joel Dreyfuss The browser wars, which
eventually led to antitrust charges against Microsoft, didn't stop
when the U.S. government took Bill Gates' company to court. Every
six months or so, Microsoft and Netscape still publish new versions
of their Internet software. Traditionally, these introductions are
exercises in one-upmanship, with trumpeted new features then
matched by the competitor in its next version. But with the
introduction of Internet Explorer 5.0, Microsoft has taken a new
tack--one I hope it will extend to the company's other software
products. Instead ** — ~> of just adding features to its browser,
the company has actually subtracted a few! An escalating cycle of
features has been the hallmark of the software business ever since
young Bill Gates bought DOS and resold it to IBM. In fact, in my last
column (Fortune, March 29). I grumbled that the latest beta version
of Microsoft's Office 2000, which will be introduced later this year, is
one more example of bloated software. Well, I'll be the first to admit
it: Microsoft has made Internet Explorer leaner, and perhaps better,
in version 5.0, which became available March 22. (You can download
a copy, or an upgrade to your earlier version, at wi ndo wsupdate.
microsoft, com). Talk About It Are you tired of the browser wars?
Speak Here! Business Resources The big subtraction is the Active
Channels, which used to clutter your desktop with icons. The icons
are now gone. You have to hand it to Microsoft: It has conceded-
quietly, of course-that its version of push technology was as bad an
idea as everyone else's. Channels put vanous news providers right
on your desktop. By clicking on an icon, you pulled up a page full of
the latest content from that site. But most of the sites called up this
way delivered nothing more interesting than what you could get
from going to the site in a standard way. Active Channels also
happened to slow your PC to a crawl. In IE 5, Microsoft jettisoned
this dead weight. Who pushed Microsoft into believing that light was
right? It was not Netscape, but another browser called Opera. Like
Linux, the maverick operating system that's all the rage among
techies. Opera is a shareware product developed in Scandinavia (is it
something in the fjord water?). Opera made a big splash last year
among Web aficionados because it was fast and small-images and
pages just popped right up on your screen. Enthusiasm cooled a bit
when users realized that Opera didn't support Java and lacked some
fancy features users took for granted. But clearly the folks in
Redmond learned something from the appeal of that nimbler
browser. Of course, you won't mistake IE 5 for a Metro Geo. There
are, in fact, a few additions (Microsoft wasn't built in a day). Most
are pretty interesting. The most visible addition is to the toolbar,
which now has a button for Internet radio. Clicking on it gets you
access to many of the radio stations that broadcast over the Net. Of
course, the radio button loth The Buyer's best t, tii.it: for com outers
home, wor k an .1 the road Browse timely information the latest
tech products and services before you buy. Recent Columns ►
Slimmer and Speedier. Micrwft's ,Ncw Explorer Is Much Improved
Better--But Bloated ► The >ew Palm: Sleek, but S'ill Simple ►
Kishinu Expeditions Vladv Related Features Chat Today on K-
Consultants Join Fortune writer-reporter Eryn Brown to discuss the
new breed of digital strategists who are making million-dollar Web
sites in a live Yahoo! chat today- Wednesday, April 7-at 4 p.m. ET (1
p.m. PT) Microsoft Gets Ready to Flay a New Game As its monopoly
wanes and networks bring stiff competition, the software king pays
more attention to customers. IBM: From Big Blue Dinosaur to K-
Business Animal IBM's services now matter more than its hardware.
That's the key to Lou Gerstner's remarkable turn-around--and to
IBM's future. The Internet Meets the Auto .Market Fresh start-ups
are creating Websites for online auto shopping. Who'll Be the
Amazon.com of the $1 Trillion Car Bottomline Tech's Auspicious,
1P(.) Bottomline is one of those rare Internet-related companies that
actually generate a profit (22 cei
 http://cgi. pathfinder com/fortune/technology/dreyfuss/
FOHTUNE.com: 4.12 ,99 Tools You can Use 1999/04/12/index.html
uiuneucs iviieiusuu s iiicuiu yiayci, urn mc tuni(jciiiiuii s j Real Player,
but that doesn't surprise you, does it? j Another neat new feature is
the Search Wizard, which helps you pick the right search engine. It's
a list of buttons for j different searches. If you indicate you want to
find a street or e-mail address, IE drops you into Bigfoot, one of the
J largest collections of addresses on the Internet. It uses Alta Vista
(a new Microsoft partner) for Web searches, and you can get a map
through ExpediaMaps. from Microsoft's own travel site. (Is there a
pattern here?) Thursday. April 8. 1999 Instant Download: I To help
improve your searches, Microsoft has acquired technology from
Alexa, which catalogs "related" sites. When I looked at the Financial
Times, I was offered Barrons, the Wall Street Journal, and Forbes--
but not Fortune (the software obviously needs work). Tired of
retyping URLs you didn't save as bookmarks? Microsoft has added
auto correction to IE 5. If you misspell an address, it'll show a list of
sites you've visited that are close matches. Rob Bennett, product
manager for Internet Explorer, claims that version 5.0 is up to 75%
faster than Netscape's Communicator 4.5, the competitor's most
recent version. I found the beta version snappy, if not screaming
fast. While I've been wowed by very few of Microsoft's products,
Outlook Express, the e-mail component that comes with Internet
Explorer, is an exception. Express was good at the start and
continues to get better. Besides giving you a terrific e-mail program,
it does a nice job of allowing you to read newsgroups, the thousands
of lively discussion sites on the Internet. Of course, Netscape has
not taken all of this lying down. Being acquired by AOL must be
distracting, but the company released an updated version of
Communicator 4.5 in mid-March. Communicator's features closely
parallel those of IE 5. Its What's Related button, which also relies on
Alexa, showed me the same sites when I visited the Financial Times.
But Communicator 4.5 is not as significant an upgrade as IE 5. Word
is that Netscape is switching to a modular design in the next version.
It seems that slim is catching on. Q a share last year) How the Net is
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