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Back Channel to Cuba The Hidden History of
Negotiations between Washington and Havana 1st Edition
William M. Leogrande Digital Instant Download
Author(s): William M. LeoGrande, Peter Kornbluh
ISBN(s): 9781469617633, 1469617633
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.89 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
back channel to cuba
This page intentionally left blank
BACK
CHANNEL
TO CUBA
the hidden history
of negotiations
between washington
and havana

William M. LeoGrande
& Peter Kornbluh
the university of north carolina press chapel hill
This book was published with the assistance of a grant from
American University and the assistance of the William Rand Kenan Jr.
Fund of the University of North Carolina Press.

© 2014 the university of north carolina press

All rights reserved. Set in Calluna by codeMantra.

Manufactured in the United States of America. The paper in this book
meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee
on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library
Resources. The University of North Carolina Press has been a member
of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.

Jacket illustrations: Richard Nixon and Fidel Castro, 1959 (Cuban

Revolution Collection, MS 650, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University
Library); telephone cord (© depositphotos.com/kiss 777); Barack Obama
and Raúl Castro, 2013 (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

LeoGrande, William M.
Back channel to Cuba : the hidden history of negotiations between
Washington and Havana / William M. LeoGrande and Peter Kornbluh.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-1-4696-1763-3 (cloth : alkaline paper) —
isbn 978-1-4696-1764-0 (ebook)
1. United States—Foreign relations—Cuba. 2. Cuba—Foreign relations—
United States. 3. Negotiation—United States—History. 4. Negotiation—
Cuba—History. 5. Reconciliation—History. 6. United States—Foreign
relations—1945–1989. 7. United States—Foreign relations—1989–
I. Kornbluh, Peter. II. Title.
e183.8.c9l384 2014
327.7307291—dc23
2014013123

18 17 16 15 14 5 4 3 2 1
 To the memory of friends and colleagues Robert A. Pastor,
Saul Landau, Viron P. “Pete” Vaky, Barry Sklar, William D. Rogers, and
Patricia Cepeda, who worked conscientiously for reconciliation between
Cuba and the United States but, sadly, did not live to see it
This page intentionally left blank
contents

acknowledgments xi
abbreviations xiii

introduction Rebuilding Bridges 1

1. eisenhower Patience and Forbearance 6
2. kennedy The Secret Search for Accommodation 42
3. johnson Castro Reaches Out 79
4. nixon and ford Kissinger’s Caribbean Détente 119
5. carter Close, but No Cigar 155
6. reagan and bush Diplomatic Necessity 225
7. clinton From Calibrated Response to Parallel Positive Steps 268
8. george w. bush Turning Back the Clock 345
9. obama A New Beginning? 368
10. intimate adversaries, possible friends 402

notes 419
bibliography 485
index 501
This page intentionally left blank
illustrations

Fidel Castro chatting with Acting Secretary of State

Christian A. Herter, April 16, 1959 7
U.S. ambassador Philip Bonsal meeting Castro
for the first time, March 5, 1959 14
Fidel Castro waves to cheering crowds in New York during
his April 1959 trip to the United States 16
Vice President Richard M. Nixon and Cuban prime minister Fidel
Castro leave Nixon’s Capitol Hill office, April 19, 1959 19
Longshoremen unload food and medicine bound for Cuba in the
Bay of Pigs prisoner exchange, December 20, 1962 61
Fidel Castro and James Donovan during a fishing trip
to negotiate a prisoner exchange, April 8, 1963 65
Journalist Jean Daniel with Fidel Castro on the eve of
President John F. Kennedy’s assassination 77
Journalist Lisa Howard with Fidel Castro in February 1964 86
Memorandum from National Security Council
staff member Gordon Chase expressing growing concern about
journalist Lisa Howard’s role carrying messages back and forth
between the White House and Fidel Castro 95
Frank Mankiewicz delivering a message to Castro
from Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, July, 1974 129
First page of the Memorandum of Conversation
between U.S. and Cuban diplomats at the Pierre Hotel
in New York, July 9, 1975 141
NSC-6, Jimmy Carter’s presidential directive to normalize
relations with Cuba, March 15, 1977 156
Cuban American banker Bernardo Benes meeting with Castro in
1978 to discuss the release of Cuban political prisoners 181
Robert A. Pastor, National Security Council director for
Latin America, meeting with President Jimmy Carter in 1977 202
Memorandum recommending that President Reagan
reject Cuba’s repeated attempts in late 1981 and early 1982 to engage
the administration in a dialogue on Central America 235
Cubans set out for the United States during
the 1994 balsero crisis 282
Jimmy Carter’s final communication to Fidel Castro
during the balsero crisis, August 28, 1994 288
Guests at an August 1994 dinner party during which Gabriel
García Márquez gave President Clinton a secret message from Fidel
Castro 291
Poster advertising the Baltimore Orioles baseball game with
Cuba’s national team in Havana, March 28, 1999 323
Elián González arrives at Havana’s Jose Martí international
airport with his father, Juan Miguel González, June 28, 2000 342
Fidel Castro greets former president Jimmy Carter
during his visit to Cuba, May 12, 2002 350
Author Peter Kornbluh visits USAID subcontractor
Alan Gross in Havana, November 28, 2012 378
Presidents Barack Obama and Raúl Castro shake hands at the
memorial service for former South African president Nelson Mandela,
December 10, 2013 403
acknowledgments

Authors invariably accumulate many debts as they write a book. We are

grateful to everyone who agreed to be interviewed, especially our Cuban col-
leagues who trusted two North Americans to present their side of the story
fairly. We especially appreciate those who participated in this rich history
of dialogue and diplomacy between the United States and Cuba and were
willing to share their memories and contemporaneous notes: Peter Bourne,
Bernardo Benes, Alfredo Durán, Kirby Jones, Max Lesnick, Abraham Lowen-
thal, John Nolan, Richard Nuccio, Governor Bill Richardson, and John J. “Jay”
Taylor. Robert Pastor, who traveled to Cuba with President Jimmy Carter in
2002, provided us with a large cache of documents from the Carter adminis-
tration that were declassified for that trip. Dan Fisk, who worked for Senator
Jesse Helms, provided us with another file of documents declassified for one
of the senator’s congressional inquiries. William D. Rogers worked closely
with the National Security Archive to obtain the declassification of his “Spe-
cial Activities” file on the secret talks with Cuba. Piero Gleijeses generously
shared some of the documents he obtained from Cuban archives during his
own pathbreaking research on Cuban policy in Africa.
A number of individuals took a special interest in this project and pro-
vided us with invaluable guidance and support. To Fulton Armstrong, Lars
Schoultz, and Julia Sweig, we owe a sincere debt of gratitude. Special credit
goes to Philip Brenner and James G. Blight, who were early collaborators on
charting this history.
We also received invaluable assistance from many archivists, including
César Rodríguez, curator of the Latin American Collection, and Judith Ann
Schiff, chief research archivist, at the Yale University Library; Claryn Spies,
Manuscripts and Archives Division at the Yale University Library; Carol A.
Leadenham, assistant archivist for reference at the Hoover Institution Ar-
chives; Suzanne Forbes at the Kennedy Library; Regina Greenwell at the
Johnson Library; and Donna Lehman at the Ford Library.
During the course of this project, we were fortunate to have the sup-
port of some outstanding research assistants, including Kimberly Moloney,
Marguerite Rose Jiménez, and Luciano Melo at American University. At the

xi
National Security Archive, Marian Schlotterbeck, Michael Lemon, Andrew
Kragie, Erin Maskell, Carly Ackerman, and Tim Casey provided extraordi-
nary assistance. A special thanks to Joshua Frens-String for his contribution.
As an institution dedicated to obtaining the declassification of documents
on Cuba policy, the National Security Archive deserves a special thanks. Wil-
liam Burr offered invaluable Kissinger memoranda and telephone conversa-
tion transcripts. Svetlana Savranskaya shared her revealing research from
the Russian archives. Longtime archive friend and associate Jim Hershberg
shared his extraordinary work on Brazil. Sue Bechtel was consistently and
cheerfully helpful. Tom Blanton, as always, provided his substantive support,
creative ideas, and infectious enthusiasm.
The Arca Foundation hosted a conference at its Musgrove meeting center
that enabled us to bring together more than a dozen former U.S. policy mak-
ers and participants in U.S.-Cuba diplomatic contacts to share their experi-
ences and draw lessons from them; we are grateful for the support of Anna
Leffer-Kuhn. American University provided research support to help finance
our investigations. Mario Bronfman of the Ford Foundation, Andrea Pan-
aritis and the late Robert Vitarelli of the Christopher Reynolds Foundation,
and Dick and Sally Roberts of the Coyote Foundation provided generous
support to the National Security Archive’s Cuba Documentation Project that
sustained this historical inquiry from start to finish.
Two anonymous readers for the University of North Carolina Press pro-
vided close and thorough reviews. Their detailed comments demonstrated
an impressive knowledge of the history of U.S.-Cuban relations, and the final
result is better for having had their input. We also want to thank our editors,
Elaine Maisner, Ron Maner, and Brian MacDonald for their professionalism,
understanding, and advice. With infinite patience, Elaine helped us shape
this project from the outset and deftly guided us through the challenges,
choices, and decisions that inevitably confront coauthors.
In addition we benefited from the guidance and support of family and
friends. Peter Kornbluh gratefully thanks Joyce Kornbluh for her copyedit-
ing and proofreading talents, Gabriel Kornbluh for his technical skills, David
Corn for his steady encouragement, and Gabriela Vega for her consistent
interest, support, and sage advice. William M. LeoGrande thanks Marty
Langelan for her encouragement, understanding, and unfailingly good edi-
torial judgment.
Finally, we are especially grateful to Jimmy Carter and Fidel Castro for
taking time to talk with us about a unique history that they helped to create.

xii acknowledgments
abbreviations

ASNE American Society of Newspaper Editors

BTTR Brothers to the Rescue
CANF Cuban American National Foundation
CDA Cuban Democracy Act
CFC Cuban Families Committee for the Liberation
of the Prisoners of War
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CORU Coordinación de Organizaciones Revolucionarias Unidas
(Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations)
DAI Development Alternatives Inc.
DAR Daughters of the American Revolution
DAS deputy assistant secretary of state
DEA U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration
DGI Dirección General de Inteligencia (Cuban Directorate of
Intelligence)
DIS Drug Interdiction Officer at the U.S. Interests Section in
Havana
DOD U.S. Department of Defense
DOS Department of State
ExComm Executive Committee (Kennedy administration)
FBI U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation
FNLA Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (National Front for
the Liberation of Angola)
GOC Government of Cuba
GTMO Guantánamo Naval Station (aka Gitmo)
IADC International Association of Drilling Contractors
ICE U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
INCSR International Narcotics Control Strategy Report
INDER Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Educación Física y Recreación
(Institute of Sport, Physical Education, and Recreation, Cuba)
INS U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service
IRI International Republican Institute

xiii
MemCon Memorandum of Conversation
MINFAR Ministerio de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Cuba
(Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces)
MININT Ministerio del Interior de Cuba (Ministry of the Interior)
MINREX Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba (Ministry of
Foreign Relations)
MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Angola)
MRBM medium range ballistic missile
NCPAC National Conservative Political Action Committee
NGO nongovernmental organization
NID National Intelligence Daily
NIE National Intelligence Estimate
NPP national policy paper
NSC National Security Council
OAS Organization of American States
OCB Operations Coordinating Board (Eisenhower administration)
OFAC Office of Foreign Assets Control, U.S. Department of the
Treasury
ONDCP Office of National Drug Control Policy
OSS Office of Strategic Services
PRC Policy Review Committee (Carter administration)
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
SWAPO Southwest African People’s Organization
UN United Nations
UNDCP United Nations International Drug Control Program
UNITA União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola
(National Union for Total Independence of Angola)
USAID U.S. Agency for International Development
USG United States Government
USINT U.S. Interests Section
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

xiv abbreviations
back channel to cuba
This page intentionally left blank
introduction
rebuilding bridges
Our relations are like a bridge in war-time. I’m not going to talk about who blew
it up—I think it was you who blew it up. The war has ended and now we are
reconstructing the bridge, brick by brick, 90 miles from Key West to Varadero
beach. It is not a bridge that can be reconstructed easily, as fast as it was de-
stroyed. It takes a long time. If both parties reconstruct their part of the bridge,
we can shake hands without winners or losers.

—Raúl Castro to Senators George McGovern and James Abourezk, April 8, 1977

In early April of 1963, during talks in Havana over the release of Americans
being held in Cuban jails as spies, Fidel Castro first broached his interest in
improving relations with the United States. “If any relations were to com-
mence between the U.S. and Cuba,” Castro asked U.S. negotiator James Don-
ovan, “how would it come about and what would be involved?”1
Sent to Cuba in the fall of 1962 by President John F. Kennedy and his
brother Robert to undertake the first real negotiations with Cuba’s revolu-
tionary regime, Donovan had secured the freedom of more than one thou-
sand members of the CIA-led exile brigade that Castro’s forces had defeated
at the Bay of Pigs. In addition to the prisoners, Donovan also secured Cas-
tro’s confidence. Through trips in January, March, and April 1963, he built
on that confidence to negotiate the freedom of several dozen U.S. citizens
detained after the revolution. In the respectful nature of their talks, Castro
found the first trusted U.S. representative with whom he could seriously dis-
cuss how Havana and Washington might move toward restoring civility and
normalcy in the dark wake of the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban missile crisis. “In
view of the past history on both sides here, the problem of how to inaugurate
any relations was a very difficult one,” Castro observed.
“So I said, ‘now do you know how porcupines make love?’” Donovan re-
membered responding. “And he said no. And I said well, the answer is ‘very
carefully,’ and that is how you and the U.S. would have to get into this.”2
As Donovan pursued his shuttle diplomacy during the spring of 1963,
some Kennedy administration officials sought to use his special relationship

1
with Castro to begin a dialogue toward ending hostilities with Cuba. Within
the CIA, however, others saw a different opportunity—an opportunity to use
the negotiations, and the negotiator, to assassinate Fidel Castro. Knowing
that Donovan planned to bring a scuba diving suit as a confidence-building
gift for the Cuban leader, members of the covert “executive action” unit de-
veloped a plot to contaminate the snorkel with tubercle bacillus, and poison
the wetsuit with a fungus. “They tried to use him as the instrument . . .
the lawyer who was negotiating the liberation of the Playa Girón prisoners!”
Castro exclaimed years later.3 Only the intervention of Donovan’s CIA han-
dlers, Milan Miskovsky and Frank DeRosa, prevented him from becoming an
unwitting, would-be assassin.4
The CIA’s infamous assassination plots—exploding conch shells, poison
pens, poison pills, sniper rifles, toxic cigars—are the stuff of legend in the his-
tory of U.S. policy toward the Cuban revolution. Washington’s efforts to roll
back the revolution, through exile paramilitary attacks, covert action, overt
economic embargo, and contemporary “democracy promotion” programs,
have dominated and defined more than a half century of U.S.-Cuban rela-
tions. What Henry Kissinger characterized as the “perpetual antagonism”
between Washington and Havana remains among the most entrenched and
enduring conflicts in the history of U.S. foreign policy.

The Untold Story

There is, however, another side to the history of U.S.-Cuban relations, far
less known but more relevant today: the bilateral efforts at dialogue, rap-
prochement, and reconciliation. Every president since Eisenhower has en-
gaged in some form of dialogue with Castro and his representatives. Some
talks have been tightly circumscribed, dealing only with specific, narrow is-
sues of mutual interest, such as immigration, air piracy, and drug interdic-
tion. Others have been wide-ranging, engaging the full panoply of issues at
stake between the two sides. Some episodes of dialogue produced tangible
agreements, formal and informal; others sputtered to a halt with no dis-
cernible result. But every U.S. president, Democrat and Republican alike, has
seen some advantage in talking to Cuba.
Indeed, both Democratic and Republican administrations have engaged
in little-known efforts to arrive at a modus vivendi with the Cuban revolu-
tion. After authorizing a paramilitary invasion to overthrow Castro by force
and implementing a full trade embargo to cripple the Cuban economy, John
F. Kennedy ordered his aides to “start thinking along more flexible lines” in

2 introduction
negotiating a state of peaceful coexistence with Castro. During Gerald Ford’s
presidency, Henry Kissinger directed his aides to “deal straight with Castro”
and negotiate improved relations like “a big guy, not like a shyster.” Jimmy
Carter actually signed a presidential decision directive to “achieve normal-
ization of our relations with Cuba” through “direct and confidential talks.”5
Given the domestic political sensitivity surrounding any hint of better re-
lations with Havana, these talks, and many other contacts with Cuba, have
often been conducted through secret, back-channel diplomacy. To maintain
plausible deniability, U.S. presidents have turned to third countries, among
them Mexico, Spain, Britain, and Brazil, as hosts and facilitators. To limit
the political risk of direct contact, Washington and Havana have developed
creative clandestine methods of communication—deploying famous literary
figures, journalists, politicians, businessmen, and even a former president of
the United States as interlocutors. When face-to-face talks have been neces-
sary, Cuban and U.S. officials have met furtively, in foreign cities such as Paris,
Cuernavaca, and Toronto, or in private homes, crowded cafeterias, promi-
nent hotels, and even on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington,
D.C. On several occasions, White House and State Department officials have
secretly traveled to Havana to negotiate face-to-face with Fidel Castro.
Not surprisingly, this rich history of U.S. back-channel diplomacy with
Cuba has been shrouded in secrecy, buried in thousands of classified files
that record the internal debates, meetings, agendas, negotiations, argu-
ments, and agreements that have transpired over more than half a century.
In the absence of an accessible historical record, scholarship and analysis on
U.S.-Cuban relations has largely focused on the more prominent and visible
history of antagonism, skewing the historical debate over whether better ties
were possible—or even desirable. The dearth of evidence on the many efforts
to find common ground has empowered the “anti-dialogueros,” as one U.S.
official called them, to cast serious diplomacy with Cuba as an oxymoron
at best, a heresy at worst. Long after the end of the Cold War, talking with
Cuba remained a delicate and controversial political proposition—even as
the benefits have become increasingly obvious to both countries.

Back Channel to Cuba

This book presents a comprehensive chronicle of the history of dialogue
between the United States and Cuba since 1959. The pages that follow are
an attempt to assess this historical record of negotiations—both secret and
open—at a time when that record is especially pertinent to the political

introduction 3
Other documents randomly have
different content
 place remaining 66 (68-70) sts on holder for right front.
Continue as follows on right sleeve.

Right Sleeve: Work in stockinette st, p 1 row, k 1 row—decreasing 1

st each side every 6 rows, 8 (9-9) times; 61 (63-67) sts until 10
inches below dividing row, end on wrong side.

Cuff: Decrease row, right side. K decreasing 12 (13-15) sts evenly

spaced across row; 49 (50-52). Work firmly in k 2, p 2 ribbing
for 2 inches. Bind off in ribbing. Pick up sts for left sleeve from
holder and work same as right sleeve.

Body: Beg at front edge of left front, from right side, take up 66 (68-
70) sts of left front; 89 (93-105) sts of back, slip last 66 (68-70)
sts of right front on left-hand side of circular needle. Join yarn,
finish right front working as before on front border facing and
cable twist.

Work for 9 (9½-10) inches in this manner.

Dec. Row, right side: Work 15 sts of facing and border, k 2, *k 2, k 2

tog; repeat from * across row to within 20 sts of end, k 5, work
15 sts of border.

Ribbing: Work facing as before and k 2, p 2 in ribbing for 2 inches.

Bind off in ribbing.

Neck ribbing: Working from right side, pick up and k 15 sts on 15 sts
of facing and border; 18 (18-19) along shaped edge of neck to
end of 2nd cable stripe, 3 sts across top of sleeve; 24 (26-28)
across back of neck to end of 4th cable stripe; 3 sts across top
of sleeve; 18 (18-19) sts along shaped edge to end of 6th cable
stripe; 15 sts on sts of border and facing; 96 (98-102) sts.

Rows 1, 2 and 3: K 2, P 2.
Row 4: (Buttonhole row) K 2, bind off 2 sts, k until 13 sts from last
bind off, bind off 2, k 2. P 2 across row.

Row 5: Work in ribbing, casting on 2 sts over each set of bound 9

off sts.

Repeat ribbing for 1½ inches.

Finishing: Turn back front facings along turning st and hem to wrong
side. Sew open ends of front borders and facings tog, neatly at
neck and lower edge. Finish buttonholes in blanket st working
through both thicknesses.
NO. 1227
KNITTED LOOP HAT

1227
MATERIALS:
Mohlon (2 2-oz. skeins)
One pair No. 6 Knitting Needles
1½ yard 1½-inch wide ribbon
GAUGE:
7 sts = 2 ins.
SIZE:
To fit average head.

With 2 strands of Mohlon, cast on 80 sts. Row 1: K 1, * insert needle

in next st., (wind yarn around right hand needle and first 3
fingers of left hand) twice, then around right hand needle again,
draw loops through st., sl onto left hand needle and K loops tog
with st., repeat from * to last st, K 1. Row 2: K. These 2 rows
form the pattern. Repeat Row 1. Next row: (K 6, K 2 tog) to end
(70 sts.). Work 12 rows in stockinette st. Begin pattern. Repeat
Pattern Rows 1 and 2 twice, then Row 1 again. Shape top thus:
Row 1: (K 5, K 2 tog) to end. Row 2 and even number rows, do
row 1 of Pattern. Row 3: (K 4, K 2 tog) to end. Row 5: (K 3, K 2
tog) to end. Row 7: (K 2, K 2 tog) to end. Row 9: (K 1, K 2 tog.)
to end. Row 11: (K 2 tog.) to end. Break yarn, run end through
remaining sts., draw up and fasten off. Join back seam. Cut
ribbon to fit head size with 1 inch turning, join seam, slip on to
hat with seam at front. Make up remaining ribbon into bow and
sew over the seam of ribbon band.
NO. 1227 A
CROCHETED LOOP HAT
MATERIALS:
4 oz. Mohlon—(Using 2 strands throughout)
1 crochet Hook #6 or G

Loop Stitch: * Using a double strand of yarn, with wrong side facing
you, insert hook in next st., y.o. hook and draw through this st.,
y.o. and draw through 1 loop on hook, holding third finger of
left hand in back of work over yarn, insert hook in same st.,
yarn over hook and pull through st., y.o. hook and pull through
3 loops on hook, remove finger, repeat from * for loop st.

Crown: Chain 3, join with sl. st. to form ring. 6 sc in ring. 2nd round.
Work 2 loop sts. in each sc around (12 loop sts.) 3rd round: * 2
sc in first st, 1 sc in next st. * repeat between * around. (18 sc.)
4th round: Work * 2 loop sts in next st., 1 loop st. in each of
next 2 sts, repeat from * around (24 sts). 5th round: Work * 2
sc in next st., 1 sc in each of next 3 sts. repeat from * around
(30 sts.) Continue to work this way increasing 6 sts. every round
until there are 66 sts. in round. (Piece should measure about 7
inches in diameter.)

Brim: Round 1: Work loop st. to end of round, join with slip st. to
first st., chain 1, turn. Round 2: With right side facing you, 1 sc
in each st., join with slip st. to first st., chain 1, turn. Repeat last
2 rounds 2 times more. Continuing on right side work 6 rounds
of sc. Repeat rounds 1 and 2 for 3 times. Fasten off. Trim with
ribbon or cord around hat at the 6 rounds of sc.

10
NO. 1229
KNITTED COSSACK HAT

1229

MATERIALS:
1 (2-oz. skein) Knitting Worsted
1 (2-oz. skein) Mohlon
1 pair Knitting Needles size 10½
(or any size which will give the stitch gauge given below)
GAUGE:
11 sts = 4 inches
4 rows = 1 inch
With 1 strand knitting worsted, cast on 59 sts for facing.

Row 1—wrong side—P 1, * K 1, P 1; repeat from * to end.

Row 2—K 1, * P 1, K 1; repeat from * to end. Repeat these 2 rows 4

more times for ribbed facing. Dec. row—wrong side—Work 8 sts
in ribbing, * p 2 tog., work next 12 sts in ribbing; repeat from *,
end last repeat work 7 sts in ribbing; (55 sts.) Work remainder
of hat with 1 strand knitting worsted and 2 strands of mohlon
worked tog. K 1 row. K next row from wrong side for turning
ridge. K 1 row.

PATTERN—Row 1—wrong side—K.

Row 2—P 1, * work 3 sts in next st by knitting in front, back and

front of st, ** then pass 2nd st on end of right needle over first
st and drop st from needle; repeat from ** once more—a
popcorn—, P 1 *; repeat between *’s to end.

Row 3—K.

Row 4—P 2, repeat between *’s of row 2, end last repeat P 2.

Repeat these 4 rows for pat. Work even in pat. until 6 ins.
above turning ridge, end with pat. row 1. Divide for Top of Hat
—Work in pat. until there are 26 sts on right needle p 2 tog.,
slip these 27 sts to holder for one side of top; work pat. on
remaining 27 sts as follows; p 1, * work popcorn in next st, p 1;
repeat from * to end.

Top Shaping—K 1 row.

Dec. row—P 2 tog., * work a popcorn in next st, p 1; repeat from *

to within 2 sts of end, p 2 tog. (25 sts.) Repeat last 2 rows 3
more times; (19 sts.) Bind off. Beg. at side edge, take up 27 sts
from holder. Join yarn at center and work to correspond to other
side.
FINISHING—With 1 strand knitting worsted, sew edges of facing
tog. with a weaving st. With 2 strands mohlon, sew side edges
tog.; sew shaped edges tog. to bound-off edge, whip bound-off
edges tog. at top, sew shaped edges tog. at other side. Turn
back facing along turning ridge to wrong side. With 2 strands
mohlon, sew through both facing and hat with a running st just
above turning ridge. Tack cast-on edge of facing to wrong side
at seam. Fold in top of hat, with edge of fold 5 ins. above
turning ridge. With 1 strand mohlon, tack back seam to seam at
shaped edge, about 2 ins. below edge of fold; tack at center
front to correspond.
NO. 1229 A
CROCHETED COSSACK HAT
MATERIALS:
4 oz Mohlon
4 oz Knitting Worsted
#8 or H Crochet Hook
GAUGE:
2 long sts and 1 s.c. = 1 inch

Band: With 1 strand of knitting worsted chain 15 sts. Working in

back loop, s.c. in second chain from hook and in each ch. st.
across. (14 s.c.) Chain 1, turn. Continue in this way until piece
measures 20 inches in length. (About 34 ridges.) Crochet or sew
short ends together. Break yarn.

Hat: Using 1 strand of knitting worsted and 2 strands of Mohlon,

attach to one edge of band. S.C. in each st. around (68 s.c.)
(This is turning row.)

1st round: * 1 s.c. in next st., yarn over crochet hook 2 times, insert
hook in next st., yarn over and pull through 2 loops 3 times in
succession (a long st. made), repeat from * around.

2nd round: Work * 1 long st. in first s.c., then 1 s.c. in next long st.
repeat from * around. Repeat these 2 rounds until piece
measures 6 inches above turning row.

Divide for top of hat: ** Work in pattern on 34 sts. * Chain 1, turn.

Skip first st, s.c. in each stitch across to within 1 stitch at end of
row. Chain 1, turn. Skip first s.c. Work in pattern across to
within 1 stitch at end of row. * Repeat between *’s. Continue in
this manner decreasing 1 stitch at each end of each row for 7
 rows. (14 sts. decreased) (20 stitches remaining). Break yarn.
Attach yarn to other side and repeat from **.

Finishing: Sew shaped top edges together. Turn back facing on 11

turning row. With 2 strands Mohlon sew through both
facing and hat with a running stitch ½ in. above turning row.
Fold in top of hat with edge of fold 5 inches above turning row.
With 2 strands Mohlon tack seams of shaped top to front and
back of hat about 2 inches below edge of fold.
NO. 1228
CHILD’S CARDIGAN SWEATER
Sizes 4 (6-8-10-12)

1228

MATERIALS:
6 oz. Mohlon for sizes 4 & 6
8 oz. Mohlon for sizes 8-10-12
One pair Size 3 Knitting Needles
One pair Size 5 Knitting Needles (or—Any Size needles which
will give the stitch gauge given below:)
5 Buttons
Crochet Hook—Size 1
GAUGE: 6 sts = 1 inch
PATTERN STITCH:
Rows 1 and 4: Knit
Rows 2 and 3: Purl

Back: Using smaller needles, cast on 72 (76-82-88-94) sts. K 1, P 1

in ribbing for 1½ inches. Change to larger needles and work
even in pattern stitch until piece measures 8 (9-10-10½-11)
inches.

Shape Armholes: At the beg. of each of the next 2 rows bind off, 4
(4-4-5-6) sts. Dec. 1 st. ea end of needle every other row 3 (3-
4-5-5) times. Work even on 58 (62-66-68-72) sts until armholes
measure 5 (5½-6-6½-7) inches.

Shape Shoulders: At the beg. of each of the next 4 (6-4-6-4) rows

bind off, 5 (6-7-7-8) sts. At the beg. of each of the next 2 rows
bind off 6 (0-6-0-7) sts. Bind off remaining 26 (26-26-26-26)
sts.

Left Front: Using smaller needles, cast on 36 (38-42-44-48) sts. K1,

P 1 in ribbing for 1½ inches. Inc. at end of last row 1 (1-0-1-0)
sts. Change to larger needles and work even in pattern st. on 37
(39-42-45-48) sts until piece measures 8 (9-10-10½-11) inches,
ending same row of pattern st as on back at underarm.

Shape Armhole: At arm edge bind off 4 (4-4-5-6) sts. Dec 1 st at

same edge every other row 3 (3-4-5-5) times. Work even in
pattern st on 30 (32-34-35-37) sts until armhole measures 3½
(4-4½-5-5½) inches ending at front edge.

Shape Neck: At front edge bind off 8 (8-8-8-8) sts. Dec 1 st at same
edge every other row 6 (6-6-6-6) times and AT THE SAME TIME
when armhole measures 5 (5½-6-6½-7) inches SHAPE
SHOULDER. At arm edge bind off 5 (6-7-7-8) sts. 2 (3-2-3-2)
times and 6 (0-6-0-7) sts once.
Right Front: Work to correspond to left front, reversing all shaping.

Sleeves: Using smaller needles, cast on 42 (44-46-48-50) sts. K 1, P

1 in ribbing for 1½ inches. Change to larger needles and work
in pattern stitch, inc. 1 st each end of needle every 1 inch 8 (8-
10-11-11) times. Work even on 58 (60-66-70-72) sts until piece
measures 10½ (11½-12½-13½-15) inches. Shape Cap: At the
beg of each of the next 2 rows bind off 4 (4-4-5-6) sts. Dec 1st
each end of needle every other row for 3¼ (3½-3¾-4-4¼)
inches. At the beg. of each of the next 6 (6-6-6-6) rows bind off
2 sts. Bind off remaining sts.

Collar: Using smaller needles, cast on 93 (97-97-101-105) sts.

Row 1: K 1, * P 1, K 1, repeat from * across row.

Row 2: P 1, * K 1, P 1, repeat from * across row. Repeat these 2

rows 2 (2-2-2-2) times more. Then work as follows:

Row 1: Work in ribbing for 46 (48-48-50-52) sts. Put a marker on

needle, K 1, put a marker on needle, work in ribbing to end of
row.

Row 2: Work in ribbing as established, inc. 1 st each end of needle

and each side of marker—4 sts increased.

Row 3: Work in ribbing.

Row 4: Repeat Row 2. Change to larger needles and continue to inc

4 sts every other row in same manner as before 4 times more.
Bind off remaining 117 (121-121-125-129) sts.

Finishing: Sew underarm, shoulder and sleeve seams. Set in sleeves.

Right Front Band: With right side facing you, work 3 (3-3-3-3) rows
SC on right front edge. Buttonholes: On next row starting at
lower edge, work 2 SC, ch 2, sk 2 SC, 1 SC in next SC, make 4
 more buttonholes evenly spaced—the last one to be made ½
inch below start of neck shaping work 3 (3-3-3-3) rows more in
SC. Fasten off.

Left Front Band: Work to correspond to right front band, omitting

buttonholes. Sew cast on edge of collar to neck edge to within
½ inch of each front edge. Sew on buttons. If desired, sew
small flower motif on each point of collar.

12
NO. 1231
SOUFFLE JACKET

1231

MATERIALS:
 8 oz. Mohlon
Knitting Needles Nos. 9 and 10½ (14 inch)
Four long stitch holders
SIZE: Fits any size from 10 to 20

USE TWO STRANDS MOHLON THROUGHOUT ENTIRE JACKET.

Pattern Stitch: Row 1 (right side): * K next st wrapping yarn twice

(instead of once) around needle, repeat from * across. Row 2: *
P next st dropping extra wrap off left-hand needle, repeat from
* across row. Repeat these 2 rows for pat st.

JACKET: Yoke: Beg at neck edge, with No. 10½ needles, cast on
loosely 50 sts. Shape Raglan: Row 1 (wrong side): Work in
ribbing of k 1, p 1 on 5 sts (center band), P to last 5 sts, work in
ribbing of k 1, p 1 on last 5 sts (center band). Row 2 (right
side): Yarn in back, sl 1 as if to p, (K 1, p 1) twice, k 9 for left
front, yo (an inc), k 1 (seam st), mark this st and following
seam sts, yo, k 2 for sleeve, yo, k 1 (seam st), yo, k 14 for back,
yo, k 1 (seam st), yo, k 2 for sleeve, yo, k 1 (seam st), yo, k 9,
(p 1, k 1) twice, sl 1 right front—8 increases made.

Row 3: Repeat row 1. Keeping center bands each side as

established, continue in stockinette st (k on right side, p on
wrong side) and inc 1 st as before each side of each seam st
every k row 7 times, end on p row—114 sts.

Keeping center bands as established, work pattern st (see Pattern

Stitch) between center bands and inc 1 st each side of each
seam st as before every row on right side 6 times more, end on
wrong side—162 sts. Piece measure about 9′′ from start
(measured at center back). Divide Work: From right side, work
as established on first 28 sts, put these sts on a holder for left
front; work next 32 sts, put these sts on a holder for left sleeve;
work next 42 sts, put these sts on a holder for back; work next
 32 sts, leave these sts on needle for right sleeve; put last 28 sts
on a holder for right front.

RIGHT SLEEVE: Beg on wrong side, with No. 10½ needles, cast on 1
st at beg of next row for underarm, work in pat st across row,
cast on 1 st at end of row for underarm—34 sts. Continue in pat
st, dec 1 st each side every 6th row 3 times—28 sts. Work until
piece measures 8′′ from underarms, end on p row. Change to
No. 9 needles. Work in ribbing of k 1, p 1 for 2′′. Bind off in
ribbing.

LEFT SLEEVE: Sl sts from holder to No. 10½ needle. Work as for
right sleeve.

BODY: Sl sts from right front holder to No. 10½ needle. From right
side, join yarn at underarm, work in established pat to front
edge. Turn. NEXT ROW: (wrong side): Work sts of right front,
cast on 2 sts for underarm, work sts of back, cast on 2 sts for
underarm, work sts of left front—102 sts. Working center bands
as established and pat st between center bands, dec 1 st at
center of each underarm (for side seams) every 4′′ twice—98
sts. Work even until piece measures 1′′ from underarms, end on
wrong side and inc 1 st at center of last row—99 sts. Change to
No. 9 needles.

WAISTBAND RIBBING: Row 1 (right side): Yarn in back, s 1 as if to

p, k 1, * p 1, k 1, repeat from * across, ends sl 1. Row 2: k 1, *
p 1, k 1, repeat from * across. Repeat these 2 rows for 2′′, end
on row 1. Bind off loosely in ribbing.

NECKBAND: From right side, with No. 9 needles, pick up and k 1 st

in each cast-on st across neck edge, skipping 1 st at center back
of neck—49 sts. Beg with row 2, work as for waistband ribbing
for 4 rows. Bind off loosely as for row 2 of ribbing.

TIES: From right side, with No. 9 needles, pick up and k 8 sts on
side of right front waistband. Work in ribbing of k 1, p 1 for 2′′,
end on wrong side. Change to No. 10½ needles. Work in pat st
for 12 rows, end on p row. Bind off loosely in k. Make tie on
side of left front waistband in same way. Weave underarm and
sleeve seam.

13
NO. 1239
PONY-TAIL HAT IN CROCHET

1239

MATERIALS:
1 2-ounce skein Mohlon
1 Size F Aluminum Crochet Hook

No doubt this cute head covering will be a hit with the young crowd.
The yarn curls are fashioned to resemble a pony tail.
With 2 strands of Mohlon chain 15, turn.

Row 1: Skip 3 sc (counts as 1 dc), dc in each of next 12 chs, chain

3, turn.

Row 2: Dc in each of 12 dc, chain 3, turn. Always work in back loop

only to form a ridge.

Row 3: Same as row 2. Chain 40 at end of row 3, turn. 2 sc in each

back loop of first 20 chain sts, 1 sc in remainder of chain. You
are now in position to work next row.

Row 4: 2 dc in first dc, dc in each dc across. 14 dc in all, chain 3,

turn.

Row 5: Work 15 dc across, inc 1 dc at end of row, chain 45, turn. 2

sc in each back loop of first 20 sts, sc in remainder of chain.

Row 6: 2 dc in first dc, dc in each dc across, 16 dc in all, chain 3,

turn.

Row 7: Work 17 dc across, increase 1 dc at end of row, chain 50, 2

sc in each back loop of first 20 chain sts, sc in remainder of
chain.

Repeat the same as previous rows, inc 1 dc in each row, and inc the
chains to 52, 55, 55, then dec to balance first half making
chains 55, 55, 52, 50, 45, 40. Work 3 more rows to correspond
to first 3 rows.

Each end of cap may be left straight or join yarn and decrease sts to
form a point. Attach yarn to end of cap, chain 40. 2 sc in each
of first 20 sts, sc in remaining chain.

Make a pompon over a 3 inch cardboard by winding yarn about 50

times around. Fasten yarn, leaving a short length. Gather all
curls together and fasten pompon around them. Work 1 row sc
across front of hat. You may use a contrasting color for pompon
and sc across front if desired.
NO. 1252
MOHLON “HALO”

1252

MATERIALS:
1 2-oz. skein Mohlon
1 pair #11 Needles
1 pair #6 Needles

With #11 needles and 2 strands of Mohlon cast on 30 sts.

Row 1: With #11 needles, K 1, *yo, K 1, repeat from * across row.

Row 2: With #6 needles, K 1, drop the yo. Repeat across row.

Repeat rows 1 & 2 until piece measures 24 inches long, ending with
row 2.

Thread end of yarn into tapestry needle. Weave loops of last row to
cast-on edge of first row.

If 2 colors are desired, cast on 15 sts of 1 color, tie on 2nd color and
cast on 15 sts.

Work same as above, being sure to twist yarn when changing color.

14
NO. 1223
KNITTED PILLBOX HAT

1223

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
 1 2-oz. skein Mohlon
1 pr. No. 9 Knitting Needles

With 2 strands of yarn, cast on 80 sts.

Rows 1, 3 and 5: Knit.

Rows 2 and 4: Purl.

These 5 rows are turned under later for hem.

Rows 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14: Knit.

Rows 7, 9, 11 and 13: Purl.

Rows 15, 17 and 19: Knit.

Rows 16 and 18: Purl.

Rows 20, 22, 24 and 26: Knit.

Rows 21, 23 and 25: Purl.

Repeat from row 15 once more.

Crown: Rows 1 and 3: Knit.

Rows 2 and 4: Purl.

Row 5: Knit 2 together across.

Row 6: Purl.

Row 7: Knit.

Row 8: Purl.

Row 9: K 2, K 2 together across.

Row 10: Purl.

Row 11: K 1, K 2 together across.

Row 12: Purl.

Row 13: K 2 together, leave 12 inches yarn, draw through 10 sts and
fasten securely. Sew up seam. Tack up hem.

Leave plain or decorate with pin as desired.

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