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Making Sense of Culture
Cross-Cultural Expeditions
and Management Practices
of Self-Initiated Expatriates
in the Foreign Workplace
Making Sense of Culture
Cross-Cultural Expeditions
and Management Practices
of Self-Initiated Expatriates
in the Foreign Workplace

Norhayati Zakaria

A PRODUCTIVITY PRESS BOOK

First edition published in 2019
by Routledge/Productivity Press
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© 2019 by Norhayati Zakaria

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Names: Norhayati Zakaria, 1969- author.

Title: Making sense of culture : Cross-cultural expeditions and management
practices of self-initiated expatriates in the foreign workplace /
Norhayati Zakaria.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019002002 (print) | LCCN 2019006511 (ebook) | ISBN
9781351034586 (e-Book) | ISBN 9781138490765 (hardback : alk. paper)
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Contents
Foreword.............................................................................................. xiii
Prelude.................................................................................................... xv
Acknowledgments................................................................................xix
Author...................................................................................................xxi

Section I  Understanding Culture and

Self-Initiated Expatriates
Chapter 1 Making Sense of Culture.................................................... 3
Blog Vignette 1.1: How It First Begins: Life as a Self-
Initiated Expatriate......................................................................4
Cultural Lessons 1.1: The Journey of Exploring the
Multitudes of Culture..................................................................4
A Roadmap of Cultural Expedition of
Self-Initiated Expatriates.............................................................7
1.1 @Cultural Ponders: Even When You Travel,
Culture Shock Is Real and Still Exists!....................................11

Chapter 2 Defining Culture............................................................... 13

Blog Vignette 2.1: Cultural Nuances in the Workplace........14
Cultural Lesson 2.1: What Is Culture?....................................15
Cultural Lesson 2.2: How Does Culture Affect You?
Recognising Cultural Dimensions...........................................17
Blog Vignette 2.2: Global Village Dubai: Finally,
Here I Am!...................................................................................41
Cultural Lesson 2.3: Is Culture Diverging or Converging?.......42
Cultural Reflection 2.1: Culture, Let’s Define It!................... 44
Cultural Reflection 2.2: Understanding Cultural
Influence at Workplace..............................................................45
2.1 @Cultural Ponders: We Are Equals, Aren’t We?............ 46

Chapter 3 Who Is a Self-Initiated Expatriate?.................................. 47

Blog Vignette 3.1: Relocation: The Reality and the Dream...... 48
Cultural Lesson 3.1: Who Are Self-Initiated Expatriates?...... 49
v
vi • Contents

Blog Vignette 3.2: Experiencing the Honeymoon Stage!.......51

Cultural Lesson 3.2: Riding the U-Curve...............................52
Cultural Reflection 3.1: Goodness, How Do I Begin to
Prepare?...................................................................................... 56
Cultural Reflection 3.2: Indeed, the Honeymoon-Ing Is
Over!............................................................................................ 56
3.1 @Cultural Ponders: The Sensation of Being Up in
the Air!.........................................................................................57
3.2 @Cultural Ponders: Honeymooning, a Short-Shrift
Moment Only!.............................................................................59

Chapter 4 The Power of Cultural Reflection.................................... 61

Blog Vignette 4.1: Knowing You, Knowing Me – Self-
Reflection through Culture.......................................................62
Cultural Lesson 4.1: Cultural Crossroads – The Value
of and Need for Reflection........................................................62
Cultural Lesson 4.2: Cultural Reflections Using the
Onion Model.............................................................................. 64
Cultural Lesson 4.3: Using the Cycle of Reflection to
Understand the Cultural Experience.......................................70
Cultural Lesson 4.4: Why Is Reflection Necessary?..............73
Cultural Reflection 4.1: Silence is Powerful, Undeniably!.........74
Cultural Reflection 4.2: Recount the Cultural Experience..... 75
4.1 @Cultural Ponders: Sure, No Words Needed, He
Knows and Understands!..........................................................78

Section II  Cultural Impacts on Management Practices

Chapter 5 Cross-Cultural Communication...................................... 81

Blog Vignette 5.1: Mind Your Language, Please!...................82
Cultural Lesson 5.1: Communicate the Right Manner,
Please............................................................................................82
Blog Vignette 5.2: Why Should It Be Different?
Communicating at Home and at Work.................................. 84
Cultural Lesson 5.2: What Did You Say? Different
Cultures, Different Communication Styles............................85
Case Blog 5.1: Khor: Express It Implicitly.............................. 86
Case Blog 5.2: Arni: An Assertive Kind of Person................87
 Contents • vii

Case Blog 5.3: Adnan: Be Direct and Elaborate.....................87

Blog Vignette 5.3: A Word of Honour.................................... 88
Cultural Lesson 5.3: I Promise! But Do You Mean It?..........89
Case Blog 5.4: Perez: A Promised Culture Clash...................91
Case Blog 5.5: Ahmad: Insha’Allah..........................................91
Blog Vignette 5.4: Actions Speak Louder Than Words!........92
Cultural Lesson 5.4: You Are Being Too Blunt, Aren’t
You?..............................................................................................93
Case Blog 5.6: Rehma: We Have to Do It … and Say It.........93
Case Blog 5.7: John: Run, Tackle, Run, Tackle.......................94
Case Blog 5.8: Mariyah: A Note to Parents.............................94
Blog Vignette 5.5: Sorry, Sorry, and Sorry..............................95
Cultural Lesson 5.5: The Highs and Lows of Apologies.......95
Case Blog 5.9: Dania: Habit of Apologizing.......................... 96
Case Blog 5.10: Jaber: Cultural Influence................................97
Case Blog 5.11: Mathialagi: The Many Faces of Sorry...........97
Case Blog 5.12: Khaled: The Importance of an Apology......98
Blog Vignette 5.6: No Matter What, I Will and Shall
Not Brag!......................................................................................98
Cultural Lesson 5.6: Bragging? Is It the Way of
Communicating Our Achievements?..................................... 99
Case Blog 5.13: John: Business Lingo.....................................101
Case Blog 5.14: Farah: There is a Time for Everything.......102
Case Blog 5.15: Nasser: Apply Bragging When Necessary......102
Cultural Reflection 5.1: Yeah, Cultural Upbringing
Does Shapes Your Communication.......................................103
Cultural Reflection 5.2: A Promise is a Promise!.................103
Cultural Reflection 5.3: Context or Content?.......................104
Cultural Reflection 5.4: Say Sorry, When, Why, and How?.....104
Cultural Reflection 5.5: Bragging: Why and When Do
We Do It?...................................................................................105
5.1 @Cultural Ponders: Actions Speaks Louder Than
Words, So It Seems!..................................................................106
5.2 @Cultural Ponders: Listen, Could You Please Say It
Nicely and Politely?..................................................................107
Chapter 6 Cross-Cultural Negotiations.......................................... 109
Blog Vignette 6.1: Negotiation – It Is an Outcome!
Really, Isn’t It a Process?..........................................................110
viii • Contents

Cultural Lesson 6.1: So, What Is Cross-Cultural

Negotiation?..............................................................................111
Case Blog 6.1: Khaseefah: Negotiation Is An Art!...............112
Case Blog 6.2: Eliyah: Negotiation Is a Culturally
Rooted Skill...............................................................................113
Case Blog 6.3: Kamila: Win-Win, Win-Lose, Lose-
Lose, Lose-Win.........................................................................114
Case Blog 6.4: Rafeeqah: Negotiation Is Not a One-
Man Show..................................................................................114
Case Blog 6.5: Anastasia: Negotiation Is a Mutual
Agreement.................................................................................115
Blog Vignette 6.2: Who Is at the Other End of the
Negotiation Table?....................................................................116
Cultural Lesson 6.2: Haggling as a Tactic of Bargaining....117
Case Blog 6.6: Rayyan: You Never Get a Second
Chance to Make a First Impression.......................................118
Case Blog 6.7: Bahayah: Power Distance...............................119
Case Blog 6.8: Sahiqa: Negotiating with Arabs................... 120
Case Blog 6.9: Taiif: Who You Are Dealing With Is
Crucial......................................................................................... 120
Case Blog 6.10: Jamal: The Diplomatic Way.........................121
Case Blog 6.11: Maeena: Saying “No” Can Be Easy, Yet
Difficult..................................................................................... 122
Case Blog 6.12: Raavi: It Is Always a Tricky Situation....... 122
Case Blog 6.13: Saeedah: Zero Tolerance............................. 123
Blog Vignette 6.3: Pad Thai Negotiation Day: Please
Give Us Extra Shrimp............................................................. 123
Cultural Lesson 6.3: Yeah, It Is the Asian Way of
Negotiation!.............................................................................. 124
Case Blog 6.14: Jamila: A Decision-Maker and a
Satisfactory Agreement............................................................125
Case Blog 6.15: Bahiyah: You Are Not In a Position,
Are You?.................................................................................... 126
Case Blog 6.16: Jasha: A Mutual Understanding................ 126
Case Blog 6.17: Lateefa: Perhaps Use Diplomatic and
Professional Style......................................................................127
Case Blog 6.18: Eiliyah: The Process of Bargaining.............127
Case Blog 6.19: Muna: The Final Decision-Maker.............. 128
Cultural Reflection 6.1: Negotiate Hard, Bargain to the
Bone........................................................................................... 128
 Contents • ix

Cultural Reflection 6.2: You Need to Establish

a Rapport!..................................................................................129
6.1 @Cultural Ponders: Cross-Cultural Negotiation?
Personality + Culture Bound?...............................................131

Chapter 7 Cross-Cultural Decision-Making.................................. 133

Blog Vignette 7.1: Strange, You Don’t Make Your Own
Decision?................................................................................... 134
Cultural Lesson 7.1: Individualism vs. Collectivism in
Decision-Making..................................................................... 134
Case Blog 7.1: Farah: Fact vs. Intuition..................................136
Case Blog 7.2: Abdoulla: Accepting risk...............................136
Case Blog 7.3: Pauline: Respect for Elders is Key.................136
Case Blog 7.4: Leu: The Context Is Clear...............................137
Blog Vignette 7.2: An Asian Way of Making Decisions......137
Cultural Lessons 7.2: The Power of Relationship and
Connection................................................................................138
Blog Vignette 7.3: Come On, Make a Decision!...................139
Cultural Lesson 7.3: The Constraints of Decision-
Making.......................................................................................140
Case Blog 7.5: Rada: Business Decisions...............................140
Case Blog 7.6: Salim: Team Effort..........................................141
Case Blog 7.7: Shania: Be Considerate...................................141
Blog Vignette 7.4: A Struggle between Relationships
and Power Distance When Making Decisions.....................142
Cultural Lesson 7.4: Power Distance Is Accepted and
Tolerated....................................................................................144
Blog Vignette 7.5: Are You a Stranger? Can I
Trust You?..................................................................................146
Cultural Lesson 7.5: Recognizing Trust and the
Boundary of Privacy in Global Virtual Teams....................147
Case Blog 7.8: Faez: Indeed, You Believe in Me!..................149
Case Blog 7.9: Choon Mooi: Trust Is Essential … and
Mutual........................................................................................150
Case Blog 7.10: Nurul: The Rollercoaster of Trust...............151
Case Blog 7.11: Rosmilawati: Be Friendly..............................151
Case Blog 7.12: Albert: Willingness Is a Virtue!..................152
Blog Vignette 7.6: Should I Tell the Truth, or Not?..............152
Cultural Lesson 7.6: Respect One’s Private Boundary........155
x • Contents

Case Blog 7.14: Kamilah: Use Intermediaries such as

Email and SMS..........................................................................156
Case Blog 7.15: Noora: Just Say It Directly!...........................157
Case Blog 7.16: Junnah: Honesty Is Key................................157
Case Blog 7.17: Khaseefah: Establish Boundaries................158
Cultural Reflection 7.1: Torn between Being a Boss and
Friend.........................................................................................158
Cultural Reflection 7.2: Choices and Timing When
Making Decisions.....................................................................159
Cultural Reflection 7.3: To Tell or Not to Tell?.....................159
Cultural Reflection 7.4: What Is It Like to Trust a
Stranger in Global Virtual Teams?........................................160
7.1 @Cultural Ponders: My Pledge: Once I Say Yes, I
Will Deliver!..............................................................................162

Chapter 8 Culturally Attuned Global Leaders............................... 163

Blog Vignette 8.1: What’s It Like to Be a Global Leader
in Dubai?....................................................................................164
Cultural lesson 8.1: Moulding a Culturally Attuned
Leader.........................................................................................165
Case Blog 8.1: Mohammed: A Good Leader Needs to
Be a Role Model........................................................................166
Case Blog 8.2: Maleena: A Global Leader.............................167
Case Blog 8.3: Michael: Charismatic Leadership.................168
Blog Vignette 8.2: Do Leaders Need Talent or
Experience?................................................................................168
Cultural Lesson 8.2: Leaders Are Not Born, but Made?....... 169
Case Blog 8.4: Jaber: Focus on Human Relations................170
Case Blog 8.5: Zahirah: It’s the Team that Leads, Not
The Individual...........................................................................171
Case Blog 8.6: Jovish: Big Personality....................................171
Blog Vignette 8.3: “I Order You to…” or “ I Ask You
to…”............................................................................................172
Cultural Lesson 8.3: Moulding a Leader for a
Culturally Oriented Environment.........................................172
Case Blog 8.7: Mashael: Everyone Deserves Respect!..........173
Case Blog 8.8: Lateefa: Family-Oriented...............................174
Case Blog 8.9: Nasser: Effective Teamwork..........................174
 Contents • xi

Blog Vignette 8.4: Yes, I Listen Since You Are the Boss!....175
Cultural Lesson 8.4: Certainly, Cultural Intelligence Is
Not an Exception!.....................................................................175
Case Blog 8.10: Valery: What Is the Effect of
Personality On Leadership?....................................................176
Case Blog 8.11: Saad: Leaders Need to Be Moulded!...........177
Case Blog 8.12: Haitham: Good Leaders are Made, Not
Born............................................................................................177
Blog Vignette 8.5: Can You Really Nurture a
Culturally Attuned Leader?....................................................178
Cultural Lesson 8.5: Are We Culturally Competent?.........179
Case Blog 8.13: Khassefah: No Perfect Fit for a Leader.......181
Case Blog 8.14: Suraya: Ordering in a Decent Way.............181
Case Blog 8.15: Akarsh: Learn, Adapt and Keep Growing......182
Blog Vignette 8.6: Who Is in Power? Hierarchy and
Leadership.................................................................................183
Cultural Lesson 8.6: Which One Is Amenable?
Hierarchical vs. Flat Structure................................................183
Case Blog 8.16: Eiliyah: Learn to Be a Leader Who Is
Culturally Sensitive!.................................................................184
Case Blog 8.17: Jamila: Environment Shapes a Person,
As Much As Culture................................................................185
Case Blog 8.18: Saaedah: Change Is Inevitable to
Realize Your Dream!................................................................186
Cultural Reflections 8.1: How Do You Lead
Multicultural Teams?...............................................................186
Cultural Reflections 8.2: What’s Your Leadership Style?...... 187
Cultural Reflections 8.3: What Does All-Rounded
Leadership Look Alike?...........................................................187
8.1 @Cultural Ponders: Leaders, Be Authentic in Your
Actions and Approaches!........................................................189

Section III  In Search of Global Talents with

Cultural Intelligence

Chapter 9 Building a Culturally Fit Expatriate.............................. 193

Blog Vignette 9.1: Laila, You Are One Intelligent,
Culturally Curious Kiddo!......................................................194
xii • Contents

Cultural Lesson 9.1: What Does It Take to Be

Culturally Intelligent?..............................................................195
Cultural Lesson 9.2: The Cognitive, Affective and
Behavioural (CAB) Intercultural Competency Model........197
Cognitive Competency: Knowledge and Awareness...........199
Affective Competency: Feelings and Sensitivity................. 200
Behavioural Competency: Actions, Behaviours and
Solutions....................................................................................201
Cultural Lesson 9.3: The Rule of Thumb for Building
Culturally Fit Self-Initiated Expatriates............................... 202
Cultural Lesson 9.4: Global Mind, Open Heart and
Culturally Savvy Behaviours................................................. 204
Cultural Reflection 9.1: Making Sense of Cultural
Behaviors.................................................................................. 204
Cultural Reflection 9.2: Conflict of Cultural Values.......... 205
9.1 @Cultural Ponders: Perplexed and Mystified?
Observe, Tolerate and Act!..................................................... 206

Chapter 10 What’s Next for Self-Initiated Expatriates?................... 209

Blog Vignette 10.1: Is it Really Culture, or Personality,
or Human Nature?...................................................................210
Cultural Lesson 10.1: Crossing the Borderless World
with Cultural Knowledge........................................................210
Blog Vignette 10.2: Yes, Undeniably, It Is the Cultural
Force!..........................................................................................212
Cultural Lesson 10.2: Self-Initiated Expatriates as
Global Talents: Where Do We Go from Here?.....................213
Cultural Lesson 10.3: The 3Cs of the Self-Initiated
Expatriate: Culture, Change, Competencies........................215
Cultural Reflection 10.1: There Is a Gap between You
and Me!......................................................................................216
Cultural Reflection 10.2: Between Work and Play?.............217
10.1 @Cultural Ponders: Culture: I Learn, I Know, and
It Does Makes Sense!...............................................................219
References............................................................................................. 221
Index..................................................................................................... 225
Foreword
Dr. Norhayati Zakaria and I have been doing a global dance together
for almost a decade. Imagine us as two whirling dervishes, traveling at
breakneck speed to do, act, experience, understand and instruct and then
repeat the cycle over and over – trying to make individual and mutual sense
of the cultural realities we are living through personally, as well as studying
as our profession. We share a great passion for cultural engagement, as well
as learning to how to live and operate in the world with great respect and
compassion and transmitting this to others.
We believe in the work embodied in this book, as it has helped countless
numbers of our students and colleagues to better interpret and, more
importantly, act, to leave a positive mark on their world, not a trail of
cultural misunderstanding and hurt feelings with global reach. Never has
this material been more profoundly important for our planet’s evolution
as a global community. Thus, I was thrilled to be asked by “Dr. Yati,” as
she is known by her beloved students worldwide, to write a forward to her
latest book. Her unique pathway for exploring both the challenges and
promises of self-reflection on the cross-cultural journey, as well as models
and experiments with behavioral adaptations, is a true gem for students
and practitioners of cross-cultural communications alike.
As an American expatriate having traveled widely, as well as having lived
in South America, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Australia, I am
keenly aware of how the interweaving of cultural complexity can lead to
very unexpected outcomes, some charmingly delightful and some with
disastrous consequences. As the world becomes more global, the blending
of cultures does not get easier to navigate, but instead the complexities
resulting from the interweaving become harder to interpret. As Dr. Yati so
aptly points out in her Dubai “Global Village” example, even as we seem
to be homogenizing on the surface – through social media, consumerism,
and blending of values – the challenges of the new mix may be even more
difficult to transcend than the former era, where a traveler visited a second
culture and attempted to navigate differences between their home culture
and that of the “other.” From personal experience living in Dubai, I can
attest to the fact that one might engage with a dozen or more “cultures”
in the course of a work day. Never has the ability to navigate cultural

xiii
xiv • Foreword

complexity been more needed. Dr. Yati and I are united in our desire to
support cross-cultural understandings, particularly through the training
of our university students to negotiate these complexities, in order to
create best-case outcomes for the multicultural communities in which
they increasingly find themselves. She is apt in her observations that the
best pathway forward is to impart reflective, flexible and adaptable skills
to those motivated to navigate the challenges they face in the “new world.”
This book, which, if written 10–15 years ago, would have been applicable
to a thin slice of expatriate community, now has wide-reaching import to a
global audience grappling with cross-cultural understandings big and small.
This new book captures the enthusiasm and creativity that Dr. Yati brings
to her teaching, through the use of rich vignettes that authentically capture
many of the common interpretive challenges experienced by expats working
in such cultures. I applaud her efforts to encapsulate these experiences
through the voices of her students and transmit them to a new generation
of expatriates struggling with the timeless challenges of navigating different
cultures. Having taught beside Dr. Yati in Dubai for three years, I have
been a direct observer of her capacities to transmit this skill to students
from all walks of life, as well as to create the kinds of trusting, transparent
relationships required to mutually navigate the complexities of the intensely
multicultural work and social contexts found in a “salad bowl” like Dubai.
I am confident educators and trainers focused on diversity and cross-
cultural communications will appreciate this book’s rich and authentic
representations of real-life struggles with this material. There are many lessons
to be learned from our inveterate cultural guru. Those fortunate enough to
have picked up this book will surely be delighted by the insights they gain
from these pages, as well as the power it holds to influence their ability to
engage more productively in the wider world. I hope your engagement with
Dr. Yati’s work is as rich and fulfilling as it has been for those of us privileged
enough to encounter her on her globetrotting adventures.
Jenny Knowles Morrison, PhD
Research Fellow
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
The University of Texas at Austin
[email protected]
Prelude

To undergo a cross-cultural journey, means to grapple with

multidimensional cultural frontiers and obstructions. With such
perplexing twists and unknowns turns, expatriates are bound to connect
the dots through cultural sensemaking.

Norhayati Zakaria

xv
xvi • Prelude

I lived and studied in the United States as an expatriate for eight years,
during which I discovered cultural intricacies that were far, deep and wide
ranging. Indeed, these years of exploring the sea of cultural opportunities
and oddities equipped me with invaluable cross-cultural competency.
Thereafter, I was truly blessed to fulfil my dream of becoming an academic
expatriate when I first entered Dubai in 2009 on a seconded, or assigned,
basis. After a few years, as per my contractual agreement with my former
university. I returned to my home country of Malaysia with a new
cultural outlook. However, in 2016, after extensive debate with my family
members and numerous predicaments such as leaving my old-age parents,
siblings and close friends, job security, accustomed lifestyles and familiar
surroundings, I re-entered Dubai as a self-initiated expatriate (SIE) with
the aspiration of becoming a global academician; I hoped to embark on
cross-cultural expeditions around the world with a view to exploring and
acquiring culturally oriented experiences, knowledge and wisdom.
Following my return to Dubai, the first six months constituted an
extended “honeymoon period.” Undeniably, I could still vividly remember
how excited I was when I first came to Dubai. Why? Well, why not? The
most plausible answer to this question is that spending three consecutive
years in Dubai from 2009–2012 indeed groomed, attuned and educated
me with regard to the expected cycle of culture shock and its nuances.
Consequently, the second time around, the culture-shock stage appeared
to come much later in the adjustment process. Lysgaard (1955) affirmed
through his U-curve adjustment theory that expatriates might take
between nine months and four years to fully adjust to life in the host
country and eventually achieve cultural mastery. True enough, when I
re-entered Dubai, I was filled with bliss because I was already familiar
with the country, my colleagues and the workplace systems, routines and
procedures. I also found the social environment enjoyable. In short, I felt
that I knew it all! Unfortunately, over time (i.e., in just over six months), I
began to experience the cultural adjustment challenges again, undergoing
cycles of culture shock, which were accompanied by a certain degree of
distress and unpleasantness. Only then did it dawn on me that culture is
both complex and mysterious. One cannot and should not be too content
with understanding the known effects of culture, given its multifaceted
factors – that is, one’s interactions, as well as one’s general living and
working conditions. People differ, and their behaviours such as tolerance
for power disparity vs. empowerment, time-urgency vs. time-delayed, risk
taker vs. risk averse, individualism vs. collectivism, relationship orientation
 Prelude • xvii

vs. task orientation and many others can be mind blowing if these cultural
differences are not well understood and communicated among colleagues.
As an expatriate, sojourner and traveller, I have had amazing global
experiences, braving numerous years of cross-cultural expeditions in a
foreign country. I have discovered that it is only through a deep sense of
realization that one is able to make sense of culture. The following are
key questions that should be considered by all SIEs who are willing to
undertake the process of expatriation: Why and when shall I engage in
cultural reflection? Moreover, how do I make sense of culture?
Without doubt, cultural sensemaking is not only a process but also a tool for
knowing oneself and others. Expatriates need to take the plunge and have the
courage to explore the numerous oddities and possibilities that are associated
with living abroad. Without fail, such sacrifices of being abroad and global
experiences have taught me an abundance of lessons. Consequently, I have
grown from a naïve and culturally unsavvy individual into a culturally mature
one. In fact, I have become a culturally savvy academician who is passionate
about cultural intelligence with regard to the analysis of organizational
behaviour. As the years came to pass, I faced many surprising incidents that
had either unintended or intended consequences. For example, I started
contemplating the answers to the questions that a colleague whispered to
me: “Why didn’t you say something in the meeting just now about the issue
that seemed to bother you last week?” and “Why didn’t you say no and refuse
to do the task that was shoved on to you unexpectedly?” These are among
the many mystifying issues that allow others to observe and scrutinize our
cultural norms, attitudes, beliefs and actions. Making sense of culture is
not as easy as I thought it would be, and, apparently, making sense of the
self against the backdrop of culture is even more perplexing; this is because
your understanding of the self can be inaccurate and unrealistic in the eyes
of others. You could be a victim of cultural unknowns and peculiarities. For
example, with a frown on her face, Emilie asked me, “Why did you refer to
your parents about your choice of work? Isn’t that a personal choice and a
decision exclusively to be made by an individual?” Or, “Why did you seek
permission from your husband when you wanted to leave the house?” A
stranger or colleague could continuously question your attitudes, beliefs and
cultural values because he or she is clueless about the underlying assumptions
that underpin the truth of cultural justifications.
As an SIE, my cross-cultural experiences have revealed the meanings
of culture and have validated its truth by unpacking numerous culturally
perplexing behaviours. Unquestionably, and as I had anticipated, my
xviii • Prelude

journey has been fascinating, and through the lens of my Cross-Cultural

Management classroom, I have scrutinized dozens of my own cross-
cultural reflections, all of which have been rooted in my attitudes, values,
perceptions and behaviours. Based on these reflections, I created a blog
called “Cross-Cultural Expeditions.” It was refreshing and insightful to
observe and learn about the myriad amazing experiences shared by my
postgraduate students and myself based on one intriguing question: What
is it like to experience the forces and effects of culture in the workplace as an
expatriate? After years of reflecting on my maiden cross-cultural journey as
an academic expatriate, I decided to make sense of the shared experiences
of expatriation. Thus, this book was developed based on the 10 weeks of
blogs on culturally oriented narrations about myself and others as SIEs. It
was after analyzing these 10 weeks of blogs that I realized how challenging
it was to dissect, unpack and discover the powerful effects of culture on
human behaviour at work and in life more generally. Nonetheless, the
experience of immersing myself completely in cultural sensemaking has
been an enriching journey of discovering myself and others.
In a nutshell, I strongly advocate that unless and until we acknowledge
that culture is the essence of humankind and that it shapes people with its
magical touches of diversity and uniqueness, the global world will fail to
view people inclusively and embrace tolerance, appreciation and happiness!
At the beginning of 2019, His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al
Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai, proudly and respectfully designated 2019
as The Year of Tolerance, using the national tree called Ghaf as a logo that
symbolizes the principles of tolerance, coexistence and diversity. Indeed,
through cultural sensemaking, the ultimate reflective practices unite people
from diverse cultures, encouraging them to embrace tolerance at all costs
and at all levels, as everyone who populates Dubai’s multicultural society
should focus on the seven pillars of tolerance, which are Islam as a religion,
the UAE’s Constitution, Zayed’s legacy and ethics of the UAE, international
conventions, archaeology and history, humanity and common values.
Cultural incongruities are real, and making sense of them can be complex;
consequently, people are compelled to have a high measure of tolerance.

Norhayati Zakaria
University of Wollongong in Dubai
December 15, 2018
Acknowledgments
The fruition of this long-awaited book would not be possible without the
strength bestowed to me by the Gracious Almighty. This book wouldn’t have
become a reality without the collaborative efforts of cultural sensemaking
between my postgraduate students (cohort of 2010) and myself. Hence, to
the expatriates in the classes, I would like to appropriately pen a thank-you
note to all 60 of my former students to fully acknowledge their cultural
aspirations. I firmly believe that they have become what I call culturally
savvy managers. If and when they pick up this book, I want them to know
that they made it to the finishing line as cultural intellectuals because they
began with inquisitive minds that provoked their cultural awareness and
inculcated their sensitivity to cultural differences. I then witnessed them
grow into people with different culturally tuned mindsets, affections and
actions. Please note that to protect the confidentiality of the respondents
in this research, all names of the people who responded to the blogs
will remain unknown and private since I have used fictitious names to
represent the different nationalities, which depicts the uniqueness of the
cultural encounters and experiences of each of them. Only their insightful
opinions, rich experiences and enlightening expressions given in the blogs
were used to illustrate incidences or practices of relevance.
To the other people in my life who have made this book worth the
patience and time, I wish to thank my pillar of strength and supportive
soulmate – Dr. Shafiz Affendi Mohd Yusof; my loving parents (Zakaria
Othman and Taburiah Ali) and in-laws (Mohd Yusof Hasan and Fatimah
Saad), who continuously granted me their prayers, blessing and support
from afar for the many missing years; my seven loving siblings who enjoyed
listening to my cultural nuances, joys and pains; my multiple editors who
relentlessly read the many incomplete drafts at a distance over the years;
my colleagues and siblings, Dr. Jenny Knowles, Andrea Amelinckx, J.D.,
Dr. Sharipah Soa’ad, Dr. Norsaadah Zakaria and Dr. Nasriah Zakaria,
who have diligently read several chapters that needed a sharp eye, with
persuasive articulation; and my editorial administrator, Nursakirah Ab
Rahman Muton, who has diligently assisted me with the formatting
and developing visual graphics. To the managing editors of Routledge,
in particular Kristine Mednansky, Katherine Kadian, Jennifer Stair and

xix
xx • Acknowledgments

Victoria Burns, thank you for the patience and cooperation to support
the birth of this book. Without these people, and without this cultural
expedition, it would not have been possible for me to grow as a person
who sees things with high cultural indebtedness and not as a person with
a cultural blind spot.
Author
Dr. Norhayati Zakaria is an associate professor at the University of
Wollongong in Dubai and she teaches undergraduate courses such as
responsible leadership, managing across cultures, integrated business
capstone, and postgraduate courses such as research project for human
resource management, and managerial skills and concepts. She graduated
from the School of Information Studies at Syracuse University. She obtained
her PhD in Information Science and Technology and MPhil in Information
Transfer. She also obtained her MS (Management) from Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York and BBA (Human Resource
Management) from Universiti Utara Malaysia. Her educational training
bridges several interdisciplinary fields: cross-cultural management,
international business, international human resource management, and
information system.
Dr. Zakaria’s research program aims at exploring on how and why
cultural values shape people differently in terms of communication styles,
leadership, global virtual and team dynamics, and management practices
like decision-making approaches and negotiation patterns. Specifically,
she is interested in further exploring the research agenda with a key
question of: what are the cross-cultural kits needed for globally-talented
human resources to build cross-culturally-competent individuals and
how do they develop culturally-versatile competency and technologically
savvy skills to effectively perform in the novelty virtual work structure
such as global virtual teams. Her first monograph entitled Culture
Matters: Decision Making of Global Virtual Teams marked her scholarly
work in the area of research that integrates cross-cultural management
and information science fields relevantly. She is also building another
research agenda pertaining to “Self-Initiated Expatriates” which led to
her second monograph entitled: Making Sense of Culture: Cross-Cultural
Expeditions and Management Practices of Self-Initiated Expatriates at
Foreign Workplace. This book provides a significant pathway for her to
strive on the research agenda by exploring the influence of cultural values
on expatriation processes given their encounters of managerial practices,
relocation processes and challenges, and the sacrifices made by individuals
and their families as a social-cultural support system.

xxi
xxii • Author

For more than a decade, she has established international research

collaborations with global scholars from the United States, Japan, the
United Arab Emirates, South Africa, and Canada. She has secured
international grant as the Principal Investigator from organizations
like Asian Office of Aerospace Research Development (AOARD) as well
as Co-Investigators from funding grants like Japanese Society for the
Promotion of Sciences, Nippon Foundation, Fundamental Research Grant
Scheme (Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia), and National Science
Foundation. Some of her selected publications are indexed by ABDC, ISI, or
Scopus such as Academy of Management and Learning Education, Journal
of International Management, International Journal of Manpower, IT and
People, the Database for Advances in Information System, and Creativity
and Innovation Management.
 Section I

Understanding Culture and

Self-Initiated Expatriates
1
Making Sense of Culture

One could be at the crossroads of culture, one could fear the uncertainty,
but one will never lose one’s sense of culture, as long as one relentlessly
make sense of culture!
Norhayati Zakaria

3
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 PENNSYLVANIA Afiirmers’ Names. Township. County. Daniel
Heckedown. Lebanon, Lancaster. Gerhart Etter. Lebanon. Lancaster.
John Hergarater. Maxatawny. Berks. Valentine Gross. Hempfield.
Lancaster. Daniel Burneman. Upper Hanover. Philadelphia Christn.
Fry. Hamfield. Lancaster. Peter Reesaker. Warwick. Lancaster.
Christian Palmar. Hamfield. Lancaster. Henry Smith. Lebanon.
Lancaster. Frederick Keysell. Warwick. Lancaster. Valentine Miller.
Manor. Lancaster. Christian Richeop. Providence. Philadelphia George
Lests. Heidleburgh. Lancaster. (Supreme Court at Philadelphia, 10
April, Quakers. 1756-) Foreigners’ Names. Township. County.
Rudolph Honaker. Rockhill. Bucks. Jacob Miner. Easton. Easton.
Martin Weybreythe. Manheim. Lancaster. Henry Schweitzer.
Manheim. Lancaster. (Supreme Court at Philadelphia, 24 Sept.,
1756.) Foreigners’ Names. Philip Brown. George Lintz. John Philip
Heist. \ Quakers. Henry Meyer. George Telp. John Williams.
(Supreme Court at Philadelphia), 10 April, 1757. Foreigners’ (Jurors’)
Names. Jacob Ehrenzeller, Jacob Heauke. John Nicholas Heist. John
Seidel. George Kentz. Andrew Nappinger. Goliffe Seigle. Adam Falker.
Jacob Dowdle. George Arnstmeyer. Conrad Bapp. John Conrad
Schweighauser. David Shaffer. Christopher Hans Man (Mann). Philip
Peal.
 54 NATURALIZATIONS PENNSYLVANIA. Affirmers’ Names.
Peter Everly. Teterich Marshal (Marshall). Adolph Meyer. Jacob Everly.
Ulrick Staley. • (Supreme Court at Philadelphia), 24 Sept., 1757.
Jurors’ Names. Michael Theis. Michael Hoffman. Martin Letterman.
Rudolph Oberling. Peter Knight. Antony Lerch. Affirmers’ Names.
John Cook. John Dedeir. Henry Leshier. John Weaver. Casper
Dumernielt. David Dumernielt. Lewis Casler (Caslar). (Supreme Court
at Philadelphia), 10 April, 1758. Jurors’ Names. Anthony Forrest
(Forest). Adam Spaan. Gabriel Riecher. Alexander Sheffer. William
Pawman (? Bawman). George Sprecker. Martin Tomy. Catherina Coch
(Koch). Baltzer Erlach. John Unfersaht. John Frederick Rohr. Joseph
Hister (Hisler). Jacob Isaac. Valentine Shallos. (Supreme Court at
Philadelphia), 25 Sept., 1758. Jurors’ Names. Abraham Brosis.
Nicholas Sysinger. Henry Haun. Martin Kaust. Audones Eugel. (Isaac
Young.) Peter Rupp.
 PENNSYLVANIA 55 Jurors’ Names. Henry Reitmeyer. George
Shultz. Henry Deacanhall (Deacanhalt). Christian Orendolf. Adam
Sliger (Sleger). Everhart Martin. Antony Derder. Michael Kauble.
Conrad Bem. John Adam Miller. John George Rees. George Kast.
George Fredk. Byer. Michael Partius. (Supreme Court at
Philadelphia), lo April, 1759. Jurors’ Names. Paul Baillet (Bailliet).
Michael Spiegle. Michael Newhart. Michal Karcher. Andrew Brechel.
Christian Herner. Catherina Koufman. John Egle. Negro Fry.
Affirmers’ Names. Stophel Hanley. Stophel Haimsel. Christian
Fernstermaker. John Benner. Bastian Benner. Gregorius Maister. Peter
Keehline. Geo. Schlosser. Ulrick Hansberger. Baltzer Yeagle. John
Beetell. Martin Karcher. Benedict Kayman. (Supreme Court at
Philadelphia), 24 Sept., 1759. Jurors’ Names. George Loutz. Nicholas
Boyer. Jacob Sharen. Peter Feather. Jacob Yaiger. Peter Haas. George
Geisler. Lodovick Tillinger.
 56 NATURALIZATIONS PENNSYLVANIA. Jurors’ Names.
Martin Heckrendom (Heckendom). John Bishop. John Moll. Jacob
Begtol. Henry Herner (Kerner). Durst Fister. Adam Kookert. Nicholas
Francis. Michael Fleese. John Geo. Myerley (Myerly). David Myerly.
Henry Radeback. Jno. Nich. Fnsminger. Jno. Nich. Hennicke. John
Albught Hackenmillar (Hackenmiller). John Sneider. Jacob Hookart.
Christian Laughbaugh. Affirmers’ Names. Hieronimus Hennig.
Michael Lodwick. John Pott. Lodowick Imbler. Casper Mantz. Philip
Greenvalt (Greenwalt). George Yoke. Abraham Immoberstake. Peter
Shitz. Frederick Maynard. Conrad Weaver. Adam Goos. John Titmore.
Michael Difeiderfer. John Taylor. Christian Stribely. Bastian Levan.
(Supreme Court at Philadelphia), lo April, 1760. Jurors’ Names.
Rudoph (Rudolph) Breneisen. Michael Reuter. Gerrahrt Hibshman.
Johannes Hernst (Frnst). John Philip Burkhard. John Geo. Stone.
Frederick Worth (Wirth). Henry Steel. Lorenze Marquetand. William
Bush. John Nicholas Jobb (Job).
 PENNSYLVANIA 57 Jurors’ Names. Leonard May. John
George Sneider. Michael Ohl. John Casper Graffe. Henry Gickert.
Adam Boone. Frederick From. Mathias Weaver. Henry Sauer. Jacob
Barge. Christopher Graffe. Peter Dick. Henry Brunner. Peter Deal.
Peter Paris. Abraham Wild. Emanl. Fredk. Weckerle. Jacob Cohler
(Kohler). Michael Schlonecker. Michael Schlonecker, Junr. Gebhart
Berthold. John William Hoffman. Conrad Browne. Dier Bauer. Martin
Kind. Joseph Welshance. Martin Danner. George Michael Kam. John
Gittenger. John Shultz. Nicholas Kintzer. Jacob Dunder. George Wolf.
Jacob Bricker. John Hoy. Adam Stricker. Peter Koker. Henry Procter.
Adam Hambright. Conrad Hyssley. Leonard Leighner. Leonard Abel.
Christian Milheim. George Christian Sinn. Michael Karle. Frederick
Getwicks. Nicholas Bedinger. Martin Icleberger. Peter Rap (Rapp).
Michael Kuhns. John Wolf. Jno. Jacob Shoemaker. Henrick Wolf.
Winebert Tshouder.
 58 NATURALIZATIONS PENNSYLVANIA. Jurors’ Names.
Jacob Wilhelm. Anna Cath. Wilhelm. Fredk. Nungesser. Jacob Grotz.
Mathias Kern. Petriem Weiland. Michael Klein. Christ. Henry
Reinhold. John Michael Amweg. Martin Burkholder. Martin Dresback.
Leonard Mayer. Frederick Mayer. Mathias Kelchner. Peter Uler. Philip
Teigler (Zeigler). Philip Fntler. George Derr. Lucas Rous. William
Kock. Geo. Burkhard. WlLLM. ShIMEL (ShIMELL). John Beeber.
Michael Thirnese (Kirnise). Peter Haus. Nicholas Mayer. Harman
Mohr. Maria Catha. Albright. George Mayer. Conrad Amma. Jacob
Teigler (Zeigler). Nichs. Wolfhart. John Beisser. Jacob Dictrick.
Nicholas Kerner. Lawrence Reese. Philip Dick. Adam Probst. John
Sawter. Godfrieu Bockries (Bockuis). Lodowick Sanner. George Bush.
Andreas Sheffer. Christ, Grubber. Philip Meeth. John George Fppely.
Paul Reiser. Martin Fischer. Christ. Reenhart Uhl. Ulrick Tollinger
(Zollinger). Jacob Maag. Jacob Hagy. John Henry Katz.
 PENNSYLVANIA 59 Jurors’ Names. William Kains. Melchior
Smith. Michael Radeback. Martin Becker. Henry Kik. Peter Buker
(Buger). Christian Cassel. Henry Willm. Steigle. David Duckener.
Henry Young. George Becker. Henry Souter. Quakers. Affirmers’
Names. Rudolph Naglee. John Gurr (Gur). Adam Cutwaltz. George
Hartman. Frederick Shous. Conrad Streiber. George Frederick
(Fredrick). Jacob Peck. John Nichol (Nicholl). Jacob Rich. George
Weller. George Strotz ( ? Shotz). Christian Sleighty. William Putt.
Frederick Post. Leonard Biddleman. John Bitting. Elias Hammell.
Jacob Grove. Francis Michl. Bishop. Jacob Stove. (Supreme Court at
Philadelphia, 24 Sept., 1760.) Jurors’ Names. Township. County. John
Eckert. Heidleburg. Berks. John Eocks. City of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia. Martin Alstat. Exeter. Berks. Michael Feithorn. Reading.
Berks. Adam Epler. Reading. Berks. Nicholas Alstal. Exeter. Berks.
John Cunnuis. Harford. Berks. Philip Faass. Frederick. Philadelphia.
Peter Buker. Earl. Lancaster. Philip Runk. Earl. Lancaster. Caspar
Yost. Earl. Lancaster. John Bnowbraker. Earl. Lancaster. Henry
Woolskull. Earl. Lancaster. Sacrament when taken. Sept. i8th, 1760.
Sept. 7th, 1760. Sept. 7th, 1760. Sept. 14th, 1760. Aug’. loth, 1760.
Sept. 7th, 1760. Sept. 7th, 1760. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760. Sept. 2 1 St,
1760. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760.
Sept. 2 1 St, 1760.
 60 Jurors’ Names. William Gigir. Christorhlr VVagman.
Abraham Sherper. Conrad Mark. Christian Hollenjer. Melchior H.afe-a.
Philip Erpff. Christopher Weidman. Lawrence Housholder. Michael
Kraus. Peter Fisher. Paul Durst. Conrad Keller. Jno. Fred. Handshuh.
Frederick Yaisser. Michl. Kelkner. Michael Ziester. Frederick Spiegle.
George Nutz. George Shuhntz. Jacob Shuhntz. William Figel.
Matthias Burgher. Jacob Boyer. Mathias Deter. George Hoyle.
Frederick Walkich. John George Meyer. Jacob Loeser. Daniel Rudy.
Martin Shriener ( ? Shaiener). Martin Ventheuse ( ? Ventheusel).
John Nicholas Kurtz. Conrad Bonner. George Sonn. John Shmeck.
John Geo. Fitter. Nicholas Shubert. Jacob Becker. Charles Hesslin.
George Volick (Volik). Martin Offner. Philip Moser. Fcelix Huzliman.
Henry Arnt. Thomas Sehley. George Hacker. George Whitman.
George Reiger. Wendal Buker. Barnaby Buker. NATURALIZATIONS
PFNNSYLVANIA. Township. County. Sacrament when taken. Hanover.
Philadelphia. Sept. 7th, 1760. Lebanon. Lancaster. Aug. 17th, 1760.
Reading. Berks. Aug. loth, 1760. Warwick. Lancaster. Sept. 14th,
1760. Warwick. Lancaster. Sept. 14th, 1760. Greenwich. Berkshire.
Sept. 14th, 1760. Heildeburg. Lancaster. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760.
Cocolico. Lancaster. July 6th, 1760. Cocolico. Lancaster. July 6th,
1760. Greenwich. Berks. Sept. 14th, 1760. Exeter. Berks. Sept. 7th,
1760. Exeter. Berks. Sept. 7th, 1760. Exeter. Berks. Sept. 7th, 1760.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760. Lancaster. Lancaster.
Aug. 31st, 1760. Richmond. Berks. Sept. 14th, 1760. Reading. Berks.
Sept. 2ist, 1760. Maccungy. Northampton. Sept. 6th, 1760.
Richmond. Berks. Sept. 14th, 1760. Colebrookdale. Berks. Sept. 21
St, 1760. Colebrookdale. Berks. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760. Maccungy.
Northampton. Sept. 6th, 1760. Lancaster. Lancaster. Aug. 31st,
1760. Exeter. Berks. Sept. 7th, 1760. Exeter. Berks. Sept. 7th, 1760.
Elizabeth. Lancaster. July 6th, 1760. Amity. Berks. Sept. 14th, 1760.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Sept. 7th, 1 760. Lancaster. Lancaster.
Aug. 31st, 1760. Manheim. Lancaster. Aug. 31st, 1760. Manheim.
Lancaster. Aug. 31st, 1760. Lancaster. Lancaster. Aue. 31st, 1760.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760. Philadelphia.
Philadelphia. Sept. 7th, 1760. York. York. July I St, 1760. Alsace.
Berks. July 20th, 1760. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Sept. 7th, 1760.
Eastor (Easton) Northampton. vSept. 2 1 St, 1760. Northern
Liberties. Philadelphia. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760. Richmond. Berks. Sept.
14th, 1760. Richmond. Berks. Sept. 14th, 1760. Lancaster. Lancaster.
Aug. 24th, 1 760. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760. Philadelphia.
Philadelphia. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760. Frederick. Frederick in Maryland.
July 22nd, 1760. Cocolico. Lancaster. July 6th, 1760. Cocolico.
Lancaster. July 6th, 1760. Richmond. Berks. iSept. 14th, 1760.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Sept. 2 1 St, 1760. Philadelphia.
Philadelphia. Sept 2 1 St, 1760.
 PENNSYLVANIA 61 Jurors’ Names. Township. County.
Sacrament when taken. Jno. Nicholas Handwirk. Heidleburgh.
Northampton. Aug. 31st, 1760. Conrad Been. Hartford. Berks. Aug.
14th, 1 760. Conr.ad Gilbert. Douglass. Philadelphia. Sept. 23rd,
1760. Bern.^rd Gilbert. Douglass. Philadelphia. Sept. 23rd, 1760,
Ludwick Herring. Douglass. Philadelphia. Sept. 23rd, 1760.
Christopher Hienkle. Douglass. Philadelphia. Sept. 23rd, 1760. Danl.
Nyer. Douglass. Philadelphia. Sept. 23rd, 17O0. Jacob Cawer
(Carver). City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Sept. 7th, 1760. Andreas
Kiekeline. Hilltown. Bucks. Sept. 20th, 1760. Jacob Rees. Rockhill.
Bucks. Sept. 7th, 1760. John Walker. Marlborough. Philadelphia.
Sept. 2 1st, 1760. Affirmers’ Names. Township. County. Frederick
Lienb.ack. Oley. Berks. John Lienback. Oley. Berks. Henry Lienback.
Oley. Berks. John Killis. Towamensing. Philadelphia. Michael Hofman.
Gwinedth. Philadelphia. John Keller. Salisbury. Northampton. Stephen
Dysher. Richmond. Berks. Jacob Tribblebess. Richmond. Berks.
Conrad Manismit. Maxatawny. Berks. Jacob Whitmore. Strasburgh.
Lancaster. Jacob Hoyle. Warwick. Lancaster. Christian Good.
Hempfield. Lancaster. Leonard Cline. Lancaster. Lancaster. Detrick
Coquelin. Cocolico. Lancaster. John Coquelin. Cocolico. Lancaster.
Valentine Bowman. Elizabeth. Lancaster. Frederick Waidle. Lancaster.
Lancaster. Sebastian Keller. Elizabeth. Lancaster. John Tendler.
Cocolico. Lancaster. John Stokey. Elizabeth. Lancaster. Peter Little.
Germany. York. George Schwantz. Lancaster. Lancaster. Henry
Yunken. Springfield. Philadelphia. (Supreme Court at Philadelphia), lo
(and ii) April, 1761. Foreigners’ Names. Matthias Leopald. Jno.
Frederick Hagner. William Strainer. Jno. George Laib. Jno. Jacob
Rhode. Jno. Weisman. Matthias Smith. Peter Gottshall. George Fred.
Baish. John Appleman. Conrad Weins. Jacob Graff, Junr. Sebastian
Muffler. Andreas Holsbaum. Township. City of Philadelphia. City of
Philadelphia. Cit” of Philadelphia. City of Philadelphia. City of
Philadelphia. Citv of Philadelphia. Tulpohockon. Hempfield. Lancaster.
Paradice. Earl. Citv of Philadelphia. Citv of Philadelphia. Earl. County.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia (Berk.s). Lancaster. Lancaster. York.
Lancaster. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Lancaster. Sacrament when
taken. March 22nd, 1761 March 22nd, 1761 March 22nd, 1761
March 22nd, 1761 March 22nd, 1 761 March 22nd, 1761 March
22nd, 1761 April 4th, 1761 . April 4th, 1761 . March 22nd, 1761
March 22nd, 1761 March 22nd, 1761 March 22nd, 1761 March 22nd,
1761
 G2 NATURALIZATIONS PENNSYLVANIA. Foreigners’ Names.
Township. County. Sacrament when taken. George Weber. Cocolico.
Lancaster, March 22nd, 1761. David Schurck. Earl. Lancaster. March
22nd, 1761. Philip Rhode. Earl. Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761. George
Werns. Earl. Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761. Gerhard Kafroth.
Cocolico. Lancaster. March 22nd (24th), 171 Jacob Dummin. Earl.
Lancaster. March 22nd (24th), 171 Henry Fedder. Cocolico.
Lancaster. March 22nd (24th), 171 George Yund. Earl. Lancaster.
March 23rd, 1761. Johannes Schneider. Bern. Berks. March 22 nd,
1761. D.wid Law. Johannes Hoffman. Ulrick Badmakek. Jno. Andrew
Missersmfi'h. Henry Keppell (Keppele). Jno. Andrew Rhor. Herman
Weber. J.ACOB Steen. Conrad Schneider. Herman Rick. George
Waggoner. WiLKELM LeIMEISTER. Christian Hoffman. Jno. Althouse.
Peter Ruth. Jacob Bordner. Valentine Mayer. Geo. Wolf. George
Canter. Christian Book. Abraham Riblet. John Bentz. William
Headrick. Yost Headrick (Hedrick). Martin Ernhold. Bernard Shertele.
Yost Shoemaker. Valentine Mogle. Ludwick Saman. Eberhard
Gushwind. Ulrick Bagentoss. Henry Gruber. Michael Shower. Herman
Hassingro. ■Jacob Wagner. Christopher Wagner. Jacob Lanciscus.
Rudolph Gerh.-^rt. Jacob Young. Victor Spiess. Philip Reezer. Orange
County in North Carolina Bern. Bern. City of Philadelphia. City of
Philadelphia. City of Philadelphia. Bern. Bern. Bern. Bern. Bern. Bern.
Bern. Bern. Cumru. Tulpohockon. Tulpohockon. Tulpohockon.
Tulpohockon. Lancaster. Lancaster. Mannor. Bern. Bern. Tulpohockon.
Bern. Bern. Bern. Bern. Bern. Bern. Heidleburg. Heidleburg. Oley.
Bern. Bern. Alsace. Alsace. Exeter. Alsace. Alsace. Berks. Berks.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks.
Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks.
Lancaster. Lancaster. Lancaster. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks.
Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks.
Berks. Berks. Berks. Berks. March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761.
March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761 . March 22nd, 1761 . Feb.
22nd, 1761. April ist, 1761. April I St, 1761. April ist, 1761. March
22nd, 1761. April ist, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761.
April ist, 1761. March 15th, 1761. April 7th, 1761. April 7th, 1761.
April 7th, 1761. April 7th, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd,
1761 . March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761.
March 22nd, 1761 . March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March
29th, 1761 . March 29th, 1761 . March 29th, 1761. April ist, 1761.
March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. April 5th, 1761. April 5th,
1761, April 5th, 1761. April 5th, 1761. April 5th, 1761. April 5th,
1761. April 5th, 1761. April 5th, 1761.
 PENNSYl.VANIA 63 Foreigners’ Names. Township. County.
Sacrament when taken. ^HILIP LoWDINBACH. Exeter. Berks. April
5th, 1761. jEORGE YoH. Exeter. Berks. April 5th, 1761. Christian
Weeks. Exeter. Berks. April 5th, 1761. l^ONRAD Keller. Alsace. Berks.
April 5th, 1761. \dam Gerhart. Alsace. Berks. April 5th, 1761. [acob
Wyler. Exeter. Berks. April 5th, 1761. Wagner. Ruscomb. Berks. April
5th, 1761. [OHN Shock. Bern. Berks. March 29th, 1761. Nicholas
Finger. Earl. Lancaster. April 3rd, 1761. fAcoB Stuke. Philadelphia.
Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761 . [no. Engle Brown. Cumru. Berks.
March 22nd, 1761 . Christopher Schaub. Cocolico. Lancaster. April I
St, 1761. Peter Frankhouser. Brecknock. Lancaster. April ist, 1761.
[no. Ryswick. Upper Milford. Northampton. March 22nd, 1761 .
Christopher Keiser. Tulpehockon. Berks. March 22nd, 1761. [no.
Wurman. Bedminster. Bucks. March 28th, 1761. Fred. Tackses.
Heidleburg. Berks. March 22nd, 1761. Reinhart Roreback. Cumru.
Berks. March 22nd, 1761Nicholas Marritt, Warwick. Lancaster. March
igth, 1761 . Martin Spiekler. Warwick. Lancaster. March 19th, 1761 .
Henry Dehoff. Warwick. Lancaster. March i9(29)th, 1761, Ludwick
Beeker. Hempfield. Lancaster. March 19th, 1761. Peter Gudelius.
Rapho. Lancaster. March 29th, 1761. Jacob Ran. Exeter. Berks. April
6th, 1761. Leonard Hoekgenug. Exeter. Berks. April 7th, 1761.
Bernard Feather. Warwick. Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761 . George
Reiner. Upper Milford. Northampton. March 29th, 1761. Anthony
Lambright. Heidleburg. Berks. April ist, 1761. Matthias Stout.
Heidleburg. Berks. March 22nd, 1761. Valentine Schneider. Cocolico.
Lancaster. March 22 nd, 1761, Philip Stober. Brecknock. Lancaster.
March 22 nd, 1761. Casper Mesner. Brecknock. Lancaster. March
22nd, 1761. Christian Mesner. Brecknock. Lancaster. March 22nd,
1761. George Weaver. Earl. Lancaster. March 29th, 1761. Matthew
Meyer. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. March 22 nd, 1761 . Paul Kober.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Feb. 22nd, 1761. Christian Ruth. Bern.
Berks. April ist, 1761. Nicholas Klee. Bern. Berks. March 22nd, 1761.
George Mettler. Bern. Berks. April 7th, 1761, Sebastian Crime. Bern.
Berks. April (March) 29th, 176 Jacob Crime. Bern. Berks. April
(March) 29th, 176 John Yost. Frederick. Philadelphia. April (March)
28th, 1761 Jacob Gickert. Tulpohockon. Berks. April 3rd, 1761. Peter
Fitzer. Heidleberg. Berks. March 22nd, 1761. Saml. Kuth. Reading.
Berks. April 6th, 1761, George Bick. York. York. March 22 nd, 1761.
Jacob Schneider. York. York. March 22nd, 1761. Jacob Bott. York.
York. April 5th, 1761, Michael Ruth. Heidelburgh. Berks. March 15th,
1761. John Bullman. Heidleburg. Berks. March 15th, 1761. Philip
Adam Sherman. Heidleburg. Berks. March 15th, 1761. Jacob Ruth.
Heidleburg. Berks. March 15th, 1761. John Hehart. Heidleburg.
Berks, March 15 th, 1761.
 64 NATURALIZATIONS PENNSYLVANIA. Jurors’ Names.
Township. County. Michael Miller. Heidleburg', Berks. Michael Traxall.
Whitehall. Northampton. Jno. Christopher Spingler. Reading. Berks.
John Mettaver (Mettauer). Cocolico. Lancaster. Henry Reech.
Cocolico. Lancaster. Henry Hanse. Warwick. Lancaster. Matthias H
offer. Warwick. Lancaster. Michael Wolf. Warwick. Lancaster. Ad.\m
Keener, Warwick. Lancaster. William Spotz. Heidleburg. Lancaster.
John Bernard Frank. Farl, Lancaster. Conrad Farsnaught. Farl.
Lancaster. Martin Schwenk. Upper Milford. Northampton. Jacob
Smith. Upper Milford. Northampton. George Pfotezer. Warwick.
Lancaster. Same. Wolff. W arwick . Lancaster. Daniel Huber. Warwick.
Lancaster. Jacob Miller. Warwick. Lancaster, Christopr. Reem.
Lancaster. Lancaster. Philip Seng. Lancaster. Lancaster. Philip
Dennius. LebannopLancaster. John Bonnett, Lebannon. Lancaster.
Peter Wolff. Lebannon. Lancaster. Nichs. Schreiner. Philadelphia.
Philadelphia. Nichs. Gampert. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. John Mohn.
Cumru. Berks. William Frmet, Reading. Berks. Nichs. Schappart.
Reading. Berks. William Marks, Reading. Berks. George Weidner,
Maiden Creek, Berks. BatIzer Myerly. Reading. Berks. Henry Geiger.
Heidleburgh. Northampton. Martin Ginginger. Maccungy.
Northampton. Philip Henry Rapp. Germantown. Philadelphia. Peter
Herr. Whitehall. Northampton. Andreas Hertz. Salisbury.
Northampton. Melcher Debler. Tulpohockon. Berks. George Haffner,
Blocklem. Berks. Abraham Keefer. Richmond. Berks. Henry Swass.
Richmond. Berks. George Sheffer, Richmond. Berks. Michael Cline.
Lower Milford. Bucks. Caspar Nype. Alsace. Bucks. Martin Crafft,
Reading. Berks. John Bebber. Maxatawny. Berks. Dewald Bebber.
Richmond. Berks. Ulrick Hartman. Worcester. Philadelphia. Rudolph
Kidwiler. Lower Milford. Bucks. Charles Witz. Frankford and New
Hanover. Philadelphia. Jacob Libegut. Frankford and New Hanover,
Philadelphia. Sacrament when taken. March 15th, 1761. March 22nd,
1761. April 7th, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March
19th, 1761. Feb. 15th, 1761. I March 19th, 1761. | Feb. 15th, 1761.
I April 7th, 1761. March 29th, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March 23rd,
1761. March 23rd, 1761. Feb. 8th, 1761 . Feb. 8th, 1761 . Feb. 8th,
1761. Feb. 8th, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. April
7th, 1761. April 7th, 1761. April 7th, 1761. April 9th, 1761 . April
9(8)th, 1761. March 15th, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd,
1761. March 22nd, 1761. April 7th, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March
23rd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March 22 nd,
1761. March 22nd, 1761, March 22nd, 1761. April 8th, 1761. March
6th, 1761 . March 6th, 1761 . March 6th, 1761 . March 22nd, 1761.
March 6th, 1761 . March 22nd, 1761. April 6(5)th, 1761. April 6(5)th,
1761. March 23rd, 1761. April 5th, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. March
22nd, 1761,
 PENNSYLV^ANIA 65 Jurors’ Names. Township. County.
Sacrament when taken. Mich.ael Brand. Frankford and New
Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Melchior Shenvee (Sheener).
Hanover. New Hanover. Philadelphia. April 1st, 1761. Ludwick Shier.
New Hanover. Philadelphia. April ist, 1761. Peter Howg. Frederick.
Philadelphia. March 28th, 1761 . Martin Yorger. New Hanover.
Philadelphia. April I St, 1761. Philip Adam Dieter (Dieler). Earl.
Lancaster. March 29th, 1761. John Smidt. New Providence.
Philadelphia. March 23rd, 1761. Christian Sitzman. Lower Milford.
Bucks. March 23rd, 1761. Abraham Hauser. White Marsh.
Philadelphia. March 23rd, 1761. John Green walt. White Marsh.
Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Peter Burkholder. Whitehall.
Northampton. March 22nd, 1761. Jacob Rumman. Upper Dublin.
Philadelphia. March 23rd, 1761. David Deshler. Whitehall.
Northampton. March 15th, 1761. George Henry Joseph. Rockhill.
Bucks. March 22nd, 1761 . Caspar Sl.atter. L'pper Dublin. Bucks.
March 23rd, 1761. George Shoub. Horsham. Philadelphia. March
23rd, 1761 . Jacob Kopp. Ltpper Dublin. Philadelphia. March 15th,
1761. Jacob Schyck. Upper Dublin. Philadelphia. March 15th, 1761.
Michael Horlactior Uower Milford. Bucks. April 9th, 1761. ( ?
Horlacher). Bless Weiber. Montgomery Philadelphia. March 22nd,
1761. Philip Behm. Marlsborough. Philadelphia. April i6th, 1761.
WiGAND PaNNIBECKER. Upper Hannover.Philadelphia. March 15th,
1761 . Jno. Nichs. Young. Upper Hannover. Philadelphia. March
22nd, 1761 . Ludwick Zeigler. Mannor. Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761.
Melchior Barr. Maccungy. Northampton. March 23rd, 1761. Ulrick
Spinner. Uower Milford. Bucks. March 22nd, 1761. Henry Swartz.
Heidleberg. Berks. March 22 nd, 1761. Michl. Hartman Dillo. Ltpper
Milford. Northampton. March 22nd, 1761. Christr. Goodman. Upper
Milford. Northampton. March 25th, 1761. George Shamback. L,o\ver
Salford. Philadelphia. March 28th, 1761 . Daniel Rott. Whitehall.
Northampton. March 15th, 1761. Daniel Traxell. Whitehall.
Northampton. March 15th, 1761. Christian Birkenbeiel. Passyunk.
Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Philip Spear. Worcester.
Philadelphia. March 23rd, 1761. Henry Wolff. Cumru. Berks. March
22nd, 1761. Andreas Boyer. Upper Milford. Northampton. March
22nd, 1761 . Geo. Kershner. Saucon. Northampton. April 6th, 1761.
Geo. Reinhard. Saucon. Northampton. April 6th, 1761. Abram
Dannehower. Saucon. Northampton. April 6th, 1761. Frederick
Sheffer. Saucon (Maccungy). Northampton. April 6(8)th, 1761 .
Henry Huber. Lower Milford. Bucks. March 22nd, 1761. John Waspie.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. John Jacob Miller.
L'pper Hannover. Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Francis Westgo.
Upper Milford. Northampton. March 23rd, 1761 . Nichs.
Rottenberger. Upper Milford. Northampton. March 23rd, 1761 . Adam
Berger. Bethel. Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761. Christr. Barr. Whitehall.
Northampton. March 22nd, 1761. Henry Brunner. L'pper Saucon.
Northampton. April 6th, 1761. Jacob Engle. Douglass. Philadelphia.
March 22nd, 1761 . Andrew Honnetta. Douglass. Philadelphia. April
ist, 1761. March 22nd, 1761 . Henry Fetter. Salisbury. Northampton.
Andrew Erdman. c Ltpper Saucon. Northampton. April 6th, 1761. f
 66 NATURALIZATIONS PENNSYLVANIA. Jurors’ Names.
Township. County. Sacrament when taken. Michael Sieder. Upper
Saucon. Northampton. April 6th, 1761. Baltzer Boyle. Upper Saucon.
Northampton. April 6th, 1761. Henry Ekell. Bedminster. Bucks. April
8th, 1761 . Geo. Schellmeir. North Wales. Philadelphia. March 15th,
1761. Michl. Putts. Springfield. Bucks. April 5th, 1761. Christ.
Shukes. Springfield. Bucks. April 5th, 1761. Nichs. Wierpack.
Springfield. Bucks. April 5th, 1761. Jacob Overpeck (OvErpeek).
Springfield. Bucks. April 5th, 1761. Christian Duy. Germantown.
Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Matthias Foltz. Lower Merrion.
Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Christian Schneider. Lower Merrion.
Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Henry Rees. Upper Milford.
Northampton. March 23rd, 1761. Jacob Seider. , Cumru. Berks.
March 22nd, 1761. John Groce. Reading. Berks. March 22nd, 1761.
Valentine Stienmetz. Saucon. Northampton. April 6th, 1761. Christian
Donnacre. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Feb. 22nd, 1761. Jno. Remiguis
Spiegle. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Leonard
Freely. Germantown. Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Jno. Peter
Witberger. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. April loth, 1761. George Adam
Gaah. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. George Keemer.
Germantown. Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. John Haberacker.
Reading. Berks. April 7th, 1761. Nicholas Shilfer (Shitfer).
Heidleburg. Berks. March 15th, 1761. Jno. Nicholas Praxell.
Whitehall. Northampton. March 22nd, 1761. Jno. Schneider.
Whitehall. Northampton. March 22nd, 1761. Ulrick Flickinger.
Whitehall. Northampton. March 22nd, 1761. Philip Upp. Brecknock.
Lancaster. March 29th, 1761 . Durst Thomas (Thoma). Heidleburg.
Lancaster. April 7th, 1761. George Holer. Heidleburg. Lancaster. April
7th, 1761. Fred. Wolfesberger. Heidleburg. Lancaster. April 7th,*
1761. John Meyer. Heidleburg. Lancaster. April 7th, 1761. Martin
Hetfelsinger. Heidleburg. Lancaster. April 7th, 1.761. Jacob Dui.
Heidleburg. Lancaster. April 7th, 1761. Adam Bollman. Heidleburg.
Lancaster. April 7th, 1761. Yost Hoffman. Heidleburg. Lancaster. April
7th, 1761. Peter Lamb. Heidleburg. Berks. March 15 th, 1761. Adam
Hickman. Alsace. Berks. March 22nd, 1761 . John Adam Schneider.
Hanover. Philadelphia. April 6th, 1761 . Yost Sterback. Helm. York.
April 5th, 1761, Jacob Yost. Whitpain. Philadelphia. March 22nd,
1761 . Samuel Seger. Whitehall. Northampton. April 5th, 1761.
Christian Seger. Whitehall. Northampton. April 5th, 1761, Christlan
Berger. Bern. Berks. April ist, 1761. Lawrence Kehnly. Maccungy.
Northampton. April 5th, 1761. Nicholas Long. Tulpohockon. Berks.
April 7th, 1761. John Raeber. Bern. Berks. April ist, 1761. Jacob
Hubler. Tulpohockon. Berks. April 7th, 1761. John Schop.
Tulpohockon. Berks. April 7th, 1761.' Adam Huey. Easton.
Northampton. April 5th, 1761. Tobias Retter. Heidleburg. Lancaster.
March 29th, 1761 . Geo. Schwingle. Tulpohockon. Lancaster. April
5th, 1761. Abraham Netf. Tulpohockon, Lancaster, April 5th, 1761,
 PENNSYLVANIA 67 Jurors’ Names. Township. County.
Sacrament when taken. J.^coB Netf. Tulpohockon. Lancaster. April
5th, 1761. Henry Moke. Warwick. Lancaster. March 30th, 1761.
.AlNDREas Mohr. Heidleburg. Lancaster. March 29th, 1761. Caspar I
pa. Heidleburg. Lancaster. March 29th, 1761. John M.atthias Albert.
Heidleburg. Lancaster. March 29th, 1761. Nicholas Hess.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. J.^coB Eyler.
Philadelphia. Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Christopher Steigh.
Manner. Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761. Henry Shenck. Manner.
Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761. William Moy. Bern. Berks. March 22nd,
1761. John Endres. Cocolico. Lancaster. April 3rd, 1761. Michael
Hentzell. Bern. Berks. March 22nd, 1761. Conrad Ernst. Heidleberg.
Berks. March 22nd, 1761. Michael Oberly. Earl. Lancaster. March
23rd, 1 761 . Nicholas Lesher. Cocolico. Lancaster. April ist, 1761.
Jacob Kuhl. Heidleburg. Berks. March 22nd, 1761, Nicholas Holder,
Senr. Bern. Berks. March 22nd, 1 761 . Nicholas Holder, Junr. Bern.
Berks. March 22nd, 1761. John Henry Cline. Philadelphia.
Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Jacob Genslin. Germantown.
Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. Martin Noll. Philadelphia.
Philadelphia. March 22nd, 1761. John Waldschmith. Cocolico.
Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761. Jacob Dick. Alsace. Berks. April 7th,
1761. George Diehl. Alsace. Berks. April 7th, 1761. D.wid Rein.
Alsace. Berks. April 7th, 1761. Adam Wagner. Alsace. Berks. April
7th, 1761. Jacob Bucher. ■ Alsace. Berks. April 7th, 1761. ' William
Miller. Alsace. Berks. April 7th, 1761. Wolfgang Hackner. Alsace.
Berks. April 7th, 1761. . Fred. Goodhart. Alsace. Berks. April 7th,
1761. Julius Kerper. Alsace. Berks. April 7th, 1761. Jacob Librook.
Alsace. Berks. April 7th, 1761. Christr. Gotshall. Alsace. Berks. April
7th, 1761. Gabriel Schopp. Alsace. Berks. April 7th, 1761. Christr.
Smith. Alsace. Berks. April 7th, 1761. George Rehm. Alsace. Berks.
April 7th, 1761. -Michael Fetter. Alsace. Berks. April 7th, 1761.
Valentine Hemalbarger. Tulpohockon. Berks. March 22nd, 1761.
Catherina Schuen. Bethel. Berks. April 6th, 1761. Yost Tobie. Bern.
Berks. March 29th, 1761. Jacob Hoffman. Bern. Berks. March 29th,
1761. Martin Kersener. Bern. Berks. April ist, 1761. Adam Stumm.
Bern. Berks. April ist, 1761. > Caspar Lerk. Heidleburg. Berks. April
ist, 1761. Michael Geissleman. Strasburg. York. April ist, 1761. Daniel
Dehl. Codorus. York. April ist, 1761. John Glaidy. York. York. April
5th, 1761. Sebastian Stohler. Donegal. Lancaster. March 29th, 1761.
John Feltman. L.ancaster. Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761. Daniel
Dewald. York. York. March 22nd, 1761 . Jacob Wagner. York. York.
March 22nd, 1761. John Jacob Ottinger. Manchester. York. March
22nd, 1761. ' John Herick Cline. York. York. March 22nd, 1761.
Francis Noll. Manheim. York. March 22nd, 1761.
 08 NATURALIZATIONS PENNSYLVANIA. Jurors’ Name'’
Township. County. Sacrament when taken. * George Neiss.
Manchester. Y ork. March 22nd, 1761. j Jacob Rudisilly. Manchester.
York. March 22nd, 1761. ' Michl. Wommer, Bern. Berks. April 5th,
1761. John Wolf. Manchester. York. April 5th, 1761 . George
Gerrnant. Bern. Berks. March 22nd, 1761. John Zinn. Dover. York.
March 22nd, 1761. Jacob Meyer. Dover. York. March 22nd, 1761.
Peter Obb. Dover. York. March 22nd, 1761. Peter Streeher. Dover.
York. April 5th, 1761. Jacob Epler. Bern. Berks. April 3rd, 1761. Peter
Harbine. Bern. Berks. April 3rd, 1761. Philip Mahomer. Bern. Berks.
April 3rd, 1761. Chirstian Albright. Bern. Berks. April 3rd, 1761. John
Faust. Bern. Berks. April 3rd, 1761. George Ressler. Bern. Berks.
April 3rd, 1761. Daniel Zachariss. Bern. Berks. April 3rd, 1761. John
Michl. Womer. Bern. Berks. April 3rd, 1761. Valentine Epler. Bern.
Berks. April 3rd, 1761. Jacob Albright. Bern. Berks. April 3rd, 1761.
Christian Oldhouse. Bern. Berks. April 3rd, 1761. George Grafft.
York. York. March 22nd, 1761. Conrad Gentzler. York. York. March
22nd, 1761. Henry Bott. York. York. March 22nd, 1761. Rynhard
Botts. York. York. March 22nd, 1761. John Runkett. Bern. Berks.
March 22nd, 1761. Michael Reiser. Heidleburg. Berks. March 22nd,
1761. Henry Spohn. Heidleburg’. Berks. March 22nd, 1761. Henry
Zank. Lancaster. Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761. Martin Pottiker.
Heidleburg. Berks. March 22nd, 1761. Philip Breitenback. Heidleburg.
Lancaster. April 5th, 1761. William Stoy. Lancaster. Lancaster. March
22-nd, 1761. Jacob Grim. Bern. Berks. March 29th, 1761. George
Gansell. Bern. Berks. March 22nd, 1761. Henry Speecher. York. York.
March 22nd, 1761. John Kuster. Heidleburg. Lancaster. March 22nd,
1761. Michl. Spingler. Heidleburg. Lancaster. March 22nd, 1761 .
Nicholas Treber. Manheim. L.ancaster. March 26th, 1761 . John
Treber. Manheim. Lancaster. March 26th, 1761 . Henry Derr. Maiden
Creek. Berks. April 7th, 1761, John Hurand. Maiden Creek. Berks.
April 7th, 1761. John Shotter. Earl. Lancaster. April 3rd, 1761.
Michael Deny. Pikeland. Chester. March 15th, 1761. Michael Sifert.
Vincent. Chester. March 15th, 1761. Michael Stout. Bern. Berks. April
ist, 1761. Jno. Jacob Rabbold. Reading. Berks. April 6th, 1761.
Matthias Dornback. Bern. Berks. March 29th, 1761. Sebastian Rhutt.
Bern. Berks. March 29th, 1761. Henry Sanger. Reading. Berks. April
6th, 1761. Martin Bayer. Frederick Kern. Upper Milford. Berks.
Northampton. April 5th, 1761. March 22nd, 1761. John Made. Bern.
Berks. March 29th, 1761. Nicholas Runkett, Bern, Berks, March 29th,
1761,
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