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 i

The
Web
Library
ii This Page Intentionally Left Blank
 iii

The
Web
Library
Building a World Class Personal Library
with Free Web Resources

Nicholas G. Tomaiuolo
Edited by Barbara Quint

Medford, New Jersey

iv
First printing, 2004

The Web Library: Building a World Class Personal Library with Free
Web Resources

Copyright © 2004 by Nicholas G. Tomaiuolo

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or
by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and
retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except
by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. Published by
Information Today, Inc., 143 Old Marlton Pike, Medford, New Jersey 08055.

Publisher’s Note: The author and publisher have taken care in preparation
of this book but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and
assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed
for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out
of the use of the information or programs contained herein.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish

their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear
in this book and Information Today, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the
designations have been printed with initial capital letters.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data

Tomaiuolo, Nicholas G., 1955–

The Web library : building a world class personal library with free
Web resources / Nicholas G. Tomaiuolo ; edited by Barbara Quint.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-910965-67-6
1. Computer network resources. 2. Online information services. 3.
Digital libraries. 4. Internet searching. 5. Web sites--Directories. 6.
Internet addresses--Directories. I. Quint, Barbara. II. Title.

ZA4150.T66 2003
025.04--dc22
2003015424

Printed and bound in the United States of America.

Publisher: Thomas H. Hogan, Sr.

Editor-in-Chief: John B. Bryans
Managing Editor: Deborah R. Poulson
Editorial Services Manager: Lauree Padgett
Copy Editor: Pat Hadley-Miller
Graphics Department Director: M. Heide Dengler
Book Designer: Kara Mia Jalkowski
Cover Designer: Ashlee Caruolo
Indexer: Enid Zafran
 v

Dedication

For Kristin, Ben, Vicki, and Carmen.

With love and thankfulness.
vi This Page Intentionally Left Blank
 Contents

Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
About the Web Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Foreword, by Steve Coffman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter One
Free Articles and Indexes: Can You Afford
Not to Use Them? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Why It Pays to Listen to Mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
An Illustrative Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
More for Free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Selected Collections of Digitized Journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Pointers to Online Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A Word to the Wise (Librarian) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Online Magazines: A Close Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Paul Katcher, Time.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Katie Bacon, the Atlantic Unbound . . . . . 28
MagPortal.com: An Aggregator at Your Service . . . . . . . . . 33
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Bill Dimm, MagPortal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Other Aggregators and Portals for Online
Magazines and Journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Just Help Me Find It! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Other Free Indexes to Help You Locate
Periodical Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Staying Alert Without Caffeine, Exercise, or Meditation . . . . 49

vii
viii The Web Library

Great Things Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Use Your Library Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Sample Annual Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Chapter Two
All the News that Fits and a Few Gigs More . . . . . . . . . . 63
Here’s the Scoop on Newspaper Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Typical Newspaper Expenditures by Libraries and
Information Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Free Model Is an International Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
What’s Online? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Wait—There’s More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Behind the Scenes at a Newspaper Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Gary Duchane, Hartford Courant . . . . . . 79
Broadcast Journalism News Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Alternate Approaches: Of Ananova and Weblogs . . . . . . . . 88
Giving News a Personal Spin: Weblogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Locating the Blogs: Key Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Other Resources: Yesterday’s News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Using News Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Setting Up News Updates and Newsletters . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Sports Newsletters and Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Newsletters and Breaking News at National and
Local Newspaper Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
A Free Service Becomes Fee-Based While Two New
Free Services Take Its Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Create Your Own News Portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
A Journalist Talks About Web News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Richard Hanley, Quinnipiac University . . 105
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Sample Annual Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Chapter Three
Ready or Not: Reference on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
What Is a Reference Question? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
How Much Does It Cost to Answer Questions? . . . . . . . . 121
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: William Katz, Librarian,
Educator, Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
 Contents ix

Consensus on Ready Reference Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

The Top Reference Sources in Print and Online . . . . . . . . 125
Frequently Used Reference Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Top Sources and Free Web Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Case Study: Sparknotes, Cliff Notes, and Masterplots . . . 145
One-Stops for Ready Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Steven van Leeuwen, President,
Bartleby.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Notable Standalone Web Sites for Specific Subjects . . . . 149
Great Web Reference Sites—
Pick Two and Go with Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
The Observations of a Top Web Reference Librarian . . . . . 163
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Patricia Memmott, User Services
Coordinator, the Internet Public Library . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Sample Annual Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Supplementary Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
The “Alexa Toolbar” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Chapter Four
Reference Part II: Expert, AskA, and
Digital Reference Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
The Virtues of Web-Based Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
The Problems with Web-Based Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Ask-an-Expert Sites: The Good News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
The Nonlibrary Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
What Happens When Web-Based
Assistance Doesn’t Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
What Happens When Web-Based Assistance Works? . . . .190
Finding the Answer: Other Possible Solutions . . . . . . . . . . 191
The Library Answer Continuum: From “A”(synchronous)
to Live Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Susan McGlamery, Coordinator of
Reference Services, Metropolitan Cooperative
Library System, Greater Los Angeles, California . . . . 197
The World’s Largest Library and Its Role in Virtual Q & A . . 202
x The Web Library

Are You Affiliated with a Leading Edge Library? . . . . . . . . . 204

The Library Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Sample Annual Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Chapter Five
Books in the Web Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
How Much Time People Spend Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
How Much Money People Spend on Reading . . . . . . . . . . 213
Traditional Books, Electronic Texts, and
Electronic Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Online E-Text Collections: Cornerstone of Your
Own Web Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Gregory Newby, Project Gutenberg . . . 221
Free E-Text Collections and Catalogs on the
World Wide Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Michael S. Hart, Founder,
Project Gutenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Other Extraordinary E-Text/E-Book Resources . . . . . . . . . 232
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: John Mark Ockerbloom, Founder,
the Online Books Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: David Moynihan, Creator,
Blackmask Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Sites for Electronic Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Other Web Resources with Links to
E-Text/E-Book Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Online Electronic
Texts and Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Interesting Developments in Electronic Books . . . . . . . . . . 250
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Sample Annual Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Supplementary Information: E-Book/E-Text Web Site
Annotated List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Chapter Six
When Image Is Everything . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Uses of Images from the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
 Contents xi

Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

What’s Wrong with This Picture? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Copyright Refresher for Image Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Simon Kirwan, Professional Travel
Photographer, The-Lightbox,.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Permit Me, S’il Vous Plaît . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Types of Image Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Key Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Examples of Image-Rich Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Image Services Requiring Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
How to “Grab” an Image from the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Sample Annual Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Additional Reading for Individuals Considering
Images for Personal or Commercial Use . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Chapter Seven
Pixels at an Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Exhibitions in the Physical World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Online Collections, Galleries, and Exhibitions:
The Raison d’Être . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Allegra Burnette, Creative Director
of Digital Projects, the Museum of Modern Art . . . . . 295
Taking on the Devil’s Advocate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Sidebar: Behind the Scenes of MoMA’s
Online Exhibitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Online Collections, Galleries, and Exhibitions:
The Distinctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Uses of Online Exhibitions and Galleries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Finding Online Collections, Galleries, and Exhibitions . . . . . 315
Sidebar: Insider’s Viewpoint from Your Web Library
Professional: Diane Shaw, Special Collections
Cataloger, Smithsonian Institution Libraries . . . . . . . . 321
On Your Own: Other Strategies for Locating
Online Exhibitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
A Little Nonsense Now and Then . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
xii The Web Library

Taking Full Advantage of Online Collections,

Galleries, and Exhibitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Sample Annual Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Chapter Eight
Software Keys to the Web Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Basic Plug-Ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
More Software for Books and Other Documents . . . . . . . 335
Multimedia Plug-Ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Toolbars—Coolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
The Alexa Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
The Wayback Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Take Me Way Back! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Disclaimers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Popup Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Two (Maybe Three?) Toolbars Are Better than One . . . . . . 346
Privacy Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Alternative Solutions for Netscape Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Alexa Snapshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Your Personal Web Library Portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
And While You’re At It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Chapter Nine
Final Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
What Have You Gained? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
It’s Not Always About Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
What May Never Be in the Web Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Stay Tuned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Appendix: Referenced Web Sites . . . . . . . . . . 361

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

About the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
 Figures

Figure 1.1 Many magazine Web sites offer

content that updates on a daily basis . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 1.2 MagPortal’s retrieval for a keyword

search on “health maintenance
organizations.” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 1.3 Ingenta provides flexible searching for

more than 27,000 periodical titles . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 1.4 BINGO! This is as good as a bibliographic

database can get! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Figure 1.5 The ARC Advanced Search Form . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Figure 2.1 The Hartford Courant’s home page. The

online version of the “oldest continuously
published newspaper in America” features
in-depth stories that go beyond what had
appeared in the newsprint edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Figure 2.2 The Library & Information Science News

Weblog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Figure 2.3 MIT Media Lab’s “Blogdex” lists the most

“linked to” news . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Figure 4.1 Performing a keyword search to determine

relevant groups on the Usenet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

xiii
xiv The Web Library

Figure 4.2 Viewing the recent messages from a Usenet

group discussing PalmPilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Figure 4.3 QuestionPoint access at the Library of

Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Figure 4.4 Assorted icons indicating reference

assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Figure 4.5 As a result of a chat session with a live

librarian, the librarian has “pushed” the client’s
Web browser to a page from the Federal
Election Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Figure 5.1 Americans spend 91 hours per year reading

books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Figure 5.2 Book buying ranks third in media spending . . . . . 214

Figure 5.3 Project Gutenberg’s home page . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Figure 5.4 Bartleby.com: From internal links to

pronunciation to biographies, this free Web
site strives to add value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Figure 6.1 President Herbert Hoover, Henry Ford,

Thomas Edison, and Harvey Firestone at
Edison’s 82nd birthday. Ft. Myers, Florida,
February 11, 1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Figure 6.2 King Tut’s “Golden Mask” from an educational

site where the author stated anyone could use
his images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Figure 6.3 Himal Chuli, Manaslu & Peak 29, Nepal

Himalaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Figure 6.4 The Leaning Tower, Pisa, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

 Figures xv

Figure 6.5 President Richard Nixon and Elvis Presley.

December 1970: the single most requested
image from the National Archives . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Figure 7.1 A Web exhibit explains “How

Microprocessors Work” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Figure 7.2 The Library and Archival Exhibitions home page.

Sample exhibitions from all over the world by
browsing or searching this database . . . . . . . . . 320

Figure 8.1 The Alexa toolbar, for Internet Explorer, allows

users to gather information about a Web site
including its rank, number of sites that link to it,
contact information, and archived pages . . . . . . . 341

Figure 8.2 The Google toolbar for Internet Explorer

allows site searches and provides site
information and page rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Figure 8.3 The Google toolbar ready for deployment—

Web searching at a keystroke and a
mouse click . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Figure 8.4 Netscape users have the “What’s Related”

option, powered by Alexa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Figure 8.5 Easily create your own, free portal to your

favorite resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
 Tables

Table 1.1 Typical article retrieval from full-text journal

services, including cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Table 1.2 Random sample of publications, representing

6 percent of the periodicals covered free by
FindArticles, and their actual subscription costs
to individuals in paper copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Table 1.3 Additional typical retrieval from full-text journal

services, including cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Table 1.4 Comparison of free and fee services including

selected service features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Table 1.5 A table to help readers locate free articles . . . . . . 60

Table 5.1 Availability options for an eclectic selection

of books—most of them can be found free
on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

xvi
 About the Web Page
http://library.ccsu.edu/library/tomaiuolon/theweblibrary.htm

Your Key to Building a World Class

Personal Library
As the philosopher Heraclitus adroitly observed, “it is not possi-
ble to stand in the same river twice.” This is true, in spades, when
considering the World Wide Web. That’s the reason the author has
placed all the Web sites discussed in The Web Library at http://
library.ccsu.edu/library/tomaiuolon/theweblibrary.htm. With the
book in hand, readers are encouraged to use the links on the page
to reach valuable content. Furthermore, the author will monitor
the appearance, disappearance, and reappearance of resources as
they evolve.
The companion Web page for this book was created to help you,
the information seeker. Bookmark it and use it whenever you wish
to view the current status of free content on the Web. Visit it often;
it’s not only your portal to the sites listed in the book, it is also your
gateway to updated links and new resources.

Disclaimer:
Neither publisher nor author makes any claim as to the results that may be
obtained through the use of http://library.ccsu.edu/library/tomaiuolon/theweb
library.htm or of any of the resources it references or links to. Neither publisher nor
author will be held liable for any results, or lack thereof, obtained by the use of this
site or any of its links; for any third-party charges; or for any hardware, software, or
other problems that may occur as a result of using it. http://library.ccsu.edu/library/
tomaiuolon/theweblibrary.htm is subject to change or discontinuation without
notice at the discretion of the publisher or author.

xvii
xviii This Page Intentionally Left Blank
 Foreword
by Steve Coffman

“I can get it for you wholesale.” Those are some of the most
seductive works in the English language. And in The Web Library:
Building a World Class Personal Library with Free Web Resources,
Nicholas G. Tomaiuolo goes them one better. He promises to get
them for you free. Magazine subscriptions, journal articles, refer-
ence works, online indexes and databases, books, newspapers,
broadcast archives, images, special collections. You name it. All
free for the taking on the Web.
It wasn’t all that long ago that the only place you could come
close to finding such a collection of content at such a good price
was at the library—and even the largest libraries could not have
provided access to everything Nick has collected.
But today, all of that has changed. The development of the Web
has provided us with a distribution channel that makes it cheap
and easy to share information with others. And the Web, in turn,
has attracted legions of individuals and organizations with infor-
mation to share. Some of them do it for purely altruistic reasons,
like the hundreds of volunteers on Project Gutenberg, typing their
fingers to the bone to get yet another book online. Many are uni-
versities, government agencies, associations, and other authorita-
tive sources that have discovered that the Internet is simply a
cheaper and more effective way of disseminating their informa-
tion than print on paper. And many are commercial publishers
and Web content producers who are willing to risk giving some of
their content away for free on the Web, in hopes they will be able

xix
xx The Web Library

to entice you into a subscription or at least make you stick around

long enough to see some of the ads on their sites. Whatever their
reasons, the end result is the same. Lots and lots of information
you previously would have had to pay for is now available for the
taking to anyone who wants it.
Anyone willing to take the time and trouble to find it, that is.
And therein lies the crux of the problem. While there have been
many wonderful and useful resources added to the Web in the past
few years, there has been much more trash, junk, and just plain
schlock. Finding the good stuff among all of the garbage takes
time, effort, and a good deal of skill. That’s time, energy, and skill
that most of us don’t have. So, even though there is a virtual cor-
nucopia of free, high-quality information now available on the
Web, few of us have ever taken advantage of more than a tiny per-
centage of it, because we lack the time and knowledge to track it
down. Poverty in the midst of plenty.
Nick has radically changed that equation. He’s done the legwork
to track down the good stuff, and in The Web Library he has drawn
a road map showing exactly where to find it. Want access to a rich
periodical collection without the high subscription costs? Nick
guides you to dozens of sources, like FindArticles, MagPortal, and
others that provide full-text articles from hundreds of titles that
would cost thousands of dollars if you subscribed to the print edi-
tions. But he doesn’t stop there; he tracks down similar sources for
research journals, compares content available on periodical Web
sites, such as Atlantic Unbound and Time.com, with the content
that appears in the print versions, and points the way to the thou-
sands of full-text titles available through subscription databases
on many library Web sites. Of course, with such a massive collec-
tion, you’ve got to have ways of finding the articles you want within
it, so Nick points out free indexes, abstracts, and specially
designed search engines like ARC, the Cross Archive Searching
service that will locate research articles on preprint servers. And if
 Foreword xxi

what you want is not available for free, Nick compares prices and
delivery options from many of the key pay-per-view services.
Finally, when you are working with free resources, it is just as
important that you know what you are not getting in the bargain,
and Nick is careful to point out the limitations of the sources he
recommends. Follow the instructions in The Web Library and for
very little effort you can build yourself a periodical collection that
would be the envy of many libraries, for next to nothing. And Nick
gives similar treatment to online books, reference works, image
files, news sites, and “AskA” reference services.
Nick’s primary purpose in writing The Web Library was to show
how individuals could take advantage of free or low-cost resources
to build their own personal libraries online. The real irony here is
that in these tight economic times, it is libraries themselves that
may be one of the best markets for this information. One of the key
functions of a library is to assure that its patrons get the best infor-
mation at the best price. And when money is so tight for libraries,
it is just professionally irresponsible to pay for resources that are
otherwise available for free. So, I would highly recommend that all
libraries carefully evaluate their current collections and acquisi-
tions policies in light of the resources Nick describes in The Web
Library. And I’ll wager there are few libraries that won’t find ways
to stretch their limited acquisitions budgets a good deal further
within these pages.
It is also important to note that building your Web library is not
a one-time effort. There’s plenty more great content out there that
nobody has found and documented yet. New resources come onto
the Web all the time. Existing sites change their coverage or fea-
tures, and recently many sites have withered or closed down
entirely, as Internet advertising revenues have dried up. So the Web
is a moving target. In The Web Library, Nick has taken a snapshot
of the Web at a particular point in time, but somebody has to take
responsibility for keeping up with it.
xxii The Web Library

That job is bigger than any one person or any one book. But it
might be just the right size for libraries. As The Web Library points
out, we have now reached a point where many of the information
resources—once the exclusive province of libraries—are now
available to anybody on the Web. It is simply ludicrous for libraries
to continue to purchase things that everybody else can get for free.
It is high time we re-evaluated our traditional collections and roles
in light of the changing reality of the Web. It may be too early yet to
come up with a definitive understanding of the roles the library
might play in this brave new information marketplace. But we can
certainly start by taking up where Nick has left off and helping
each of our patrons build and maintain their own Web libraries—
both by helping them select and keep track of the best free content
on the Web, and by purchasing databases, periodicals, and other
resources. The exact details still need to be worked out, but clearly
the traditional library could play a critical role in continuing the
work started here.

Steve Coffman is Vice President for Product Development, Library

Systems and Services, Inc. (LSSI), Germantown, Maryland.
 Acknowledgments

The author wishes to acknowledge the following people who

were instrumental in helping research and write this book:
Barbara Quint for her ideas, patience, guidance, and encour-
agement.
Maggie Ducharme for her patience and generous moral support.
Katie Bacon, Paula Berinstein, Allegra Burnette, Michael Calia,
Tara Calishain, Steve Coffman, Brian Coutts, Bill Dimm, Gary
Duchane, Lisa Guernsey, Richard Hanley, Michael Hart, Péter
Jacsó, Paul Katcher, William Katz, Simon Kirwan, Susan
McGlamery, Patricia Memmott, Eric Lease Morgan, David
Moynihan, Greg Newby, John Mark Ockerbloom, Joan Packer,
Edward Picot, Diane Shaw, Bernie Sloan, Patti Tuohy, and Eva
Wolynska for shared time, expertise, perspectives, creativity, coop-
eration, and wit.
All the talented publishing professionals at Information Today,
Inc., especially John Bryans, Deborah Poulson, Lauree Padgett,
Heide Dengler, Kara Jalkowski, Ashlee Caruolo, Pat Hadley-Miller,
Tom Hogan, Jr., Lisa Wrigley, and Thomas H. Hogan.
The faculty and administration of Central Connecticut State
University and the Board of Trustees of the Connecticut State
University for their support of the project.

xxiii
xxiv This Page Intentionally Left Blank
 Introduction

In the best economic times, smart people still want to know how
they can “get the most bang for their buck.” Even when you have a
wallet full of bills, it makes no sense to walk away from a deal that
saves money. Yet it makes no sense to shop for bargains that are
poorly made and are of no use. This book is not only about finding
resources that save money, but finding resources that are valuable
and can be put to practical use. Librarians and individual informa-
tion seekers should be interested in discovering these sites,
because despite the resources they may already be paying for, they
will be surprised to learn that countless sites are providing the
same information (or in some cases nearly the same information)
without charge.
A physical library houses books, periodicals, reference materials
including indexes and abstracts, and special collections. The Web
Library is similar. It offers digital books, journal sites, search
engines that identify articles, and often free articles. Then it goes
farther. Live chat and expert sites exist for reference. Electronic
archives of images, unpublished materials, etc., exist for special
collections. This book will show you where to look for electronic
versions of items that, if translated into physical items that would
sit on library shelves, would cost considerable money. Whether
you’re accessing the full text of journals from a Web site and saving
thousands of dollars in subscriptions, downloading hundreds of
novels at no charge, inspecting a rare book valued at $5 million, or
visiting a scientific preprint site where information is being dis-
tributed prior to being published in a printed version, you will rec-
ognize the value of The Web Library as each chapter unfolds.

1
2 The Web Library

Moreover, some of the information that can be acquired on the

World Wide Web is even more valuable because it doesn’t have a
physical counterpart.

What Was and What Is

When I began working at a medical library, most of my time was
dedicated to searching clinical databases for information to assist
physicians and medical/dental educators. Although the informa-
tion retrieved from these searches included only the bare bones
(i.e., bibliographic citations and abstracts) required to determine
the value of reading the actual research papers, the searches were
not free. Database vendors charged varying prices for access to
this important literature. The library paid a fee to the vendors, then
added a surcharge and passed the cost to the requestor of the
information. Back in 1989 even searches of the publicly supported
National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE database, which carried
only bibliographic citations and abstracts, ranged in cost from
under a dollar to several dollars to search depending on the infor-
mation vendor that supplied the database. Now anyone can search
that same database for free at http://www4.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
PubMed.
As time progressed and individuals became more adept at
searching CD-ROMs and the World Wide Web, I noticed that the
cost to access to these materials had actually begun to drop!
Subscription services that ran automatic searches of the literature
of interest to individuals (called Current Awareness or Selective
Dissemination of Information services) began to yield to people
performing their own searches. Librarian-mediated computer
database searching at many libraries began to decline also.
Librarians who once performed thousands of searches a year for
their clients reported that requests had diminished to a fraction of
their old business. Searches that would once have cost from $5 to
 Introduction 3

$300 can now be performed free and, in many cases, retrieve not
merely bibliographic but full-text or full-image results. Some data-
base producers began to put portions of their databases on the
Web at no charge, and entrepreneurs found other strategies for
providing free access to materials that once required payment.
Many of the materials that once cost considerable sums of
money to access in either electronic (online or CD-ROM) or print
form have actually become less expensive to obtain via the World
Wide Web, and are sometimes absolutely free. One of the strings
attached, however, is that you need to know where to look to find
the free materials. I use the Web every day to find books, magazine
articles, documents not published elsewhere, news, images, and
answers to questions. This book aims to show readers where to
find these sites and how to use them to save time and money.
This doesn’t mean people won’t be visiting libraries. Librarians
are on the leading edge of helping individuals find information.
Nor does this mean that people should always opt for the least
expensive resource. A free or inexpensive resource may be ade-
quate or identical to a resource that is also for sale. Conversely, the
resource may not do the job so well. You must also understand that
many types of information will never be free. Among resources
that you will still need to pay for or, at the very least, make a trip to
your local library to use, are sensitive company information, the
newest bestsellers, and periodical articles that never make it to the
Web. Each library collection offers something slightly different
from the next, as will your own Web Library.
It is unwise for individuals to trust everything they unearth on
the Web. This is where a librarian’s knowledge and judgment
become crucial. Historically, librarians were the custodians of
books. Learning about books and the classification of knowledge
was their charge. Later, librarians became the database experts. In
the 1980s any librarian with a good book collection and a sub-
scription to a database vendor was at the top of the game. Books,
4 The Web Library

journals, and databases are no longer the only information sources

the librarian needs to know. A librarian’s mandate now goes
beyond simply guaranteeing access to information—librarians
must distill information, recognizing value and separating it from
dross. Librarians have always done this by evaluating sources and
applying rigorous criteria to what they have put on their shelves
and, more recently, the vendors to which they have entrusted their
clients. Now that the ultimate self-publishing medium, the Web,
exists, the mandate becomes even more important, though not
necessarily more difficult to achieve. To help librarians and indi-
viduals gain insight into the Web, this book contains interviews
with more than a dozen Web information experts—the people
behind the content (my notes are included in brackets in italic
text). From the Internet Public Library to the Museum of Modern
Art, from the Atlantic Monthly and Time.com to Project Gutenberg,
from academics to aggregators, these individuals let readers know
what shapes their decisions and what goes on at their Web sites.
Their comments will enlighten you.

Welcome to the Web Library

The Web Library is arranged into nine chapters providing exam-
ples, alternatives, and strategies for building a personal collection
of free (or at least, low-cost) virtual resources and services match-
ing those usually found in a physical library. Most chapters discuss
a library service or resource and tell you where you can find equiv-
alents on the Web. The remaining chapters discuss related issues
such as where to store the information and what software will
facilitate viewing the collection you make.
Because both timely and retrospective information from maga-
zines is so important to the public, especially professionals and
students, we begin with a chapter on finding free magazine arti-
cles. Magazine subscribers, whether librarians or individuals,
 Introduction 5

understand that periodical subscriptions are expensive and con-

tinue to increase in cost. Imagine the amount of money that a
small library with just 200 subscriptions or a large library with
8,000 dedicates each year to magazine and journal subscriptions!
If you know where to look, however, you can often find magazine
and journal literature online for free. The content ranges from
entertainment to scholarly tracts. The same goes for indexing and
abstracting tools. Chapter One provides many starting points.
I have to smile whenever another newspaper’s circulation
department telemarketer offers me a deal on delivery. Apparently,
many individuals still do not know that hundreds of papers oper-
ate excellent Web sites that not only rival but in many cases expand
the coverage of their hard copy publications. Combine this with
the other comprehensive and breaking news sites profiled in
Chapter Two and you will not only be on top of the news, but you
will also be able to appreciate it from multiple perspectives.
Chapter Three, Ready or Not, discusses free reference works.
Beginning with a listing of core reference works and their hard
copy costs or online costs, Chapter Three explores free or low-cost
versions of those works as well as comparable free electronic
resources. Everyone knows how busy reference librarians are, and
rightfully so, since they command knowledge of thousands of
essential resources. This chapter will help you take command of
those resources from your computer.
Chapter Four continues our consideration of reference infor-
mation by introducing numerous “Expert” and “AskA” sites that
may help answer a broad range of questions. Chapter Four also
discusses online 24 hour a day/7 day a week (24/7) reference and
other forms and sources of virtual expertise, including library pro-
grams. It may also help answer the question: “How much does it
cost to answer a reference question?”
Chapter Five, Books in the Web Library, provides information
on the number of books at various libraries, costs of acquisition,
6 The Web Library

cataloging, maintenance, and circulation. The cost and availabil-

ity of some retail books are contrasted with their virtual equiva-
lents. For example, what percentage of a benchmark anthology of
literature, such as that offered by the Encyclopedia Britannica’s
Great Books of the Western World, is available as free electronic
text? The chapter also describes some of the limitations of elec-
tronic book archives and discusses some of the major electronic
text sites such as Project Gutenberg and the University of
Pennsylvania’s On-Line Books.
Web browsers—Netscape, Internet Explorer, and Opera, for
example—provide our graphical means of exploring information
on the Internet. The term “Web browser” implies we will
encounter images—graphics—at the Web sites we visit. Chapter
Six, When Image Is Everything, discusses strategies for locating
images and digital image collections. But not all images are free, so
be prepared for a primer on copyright issues that govern down-
loading these files from the Web.
Special collections: Not all physical libraries have them, but your
Web Library does. From Dr. Seuss to quilts to fine arts and Web-only
exhibitions, Chapter Seven helps put museum and exhibition goers
into the present, past, and future of galleries in cyberspace.
Many books published by Information Today, Inc. offer com-
panion Web sites that link to the resources they discuss. Creating
the Web page that accompanies this book located at http://
library.ccsu.edu/library/tomaiuolon/theweblibrary.htm proved
to be one of the most enjoyable experiences I have had using
computers. That is where readers will find links to the sites pro-
filed in this book. (For more information, see “About the Web
Page.”) “Software Keys to the Web Library” provides practical sug-
gestions for creating a personal Web page so you can link to free
Web sites that provide library-quality material. It also supplies
information about the plugs-in required to manage a Web library
and some of the “cool tools” from which you can benefit. Once
 Introduction 7

you’ve decided which components of your library are most

important, you can customize your own Web page and use it as
your portal to the Internet.
We may need to put our Web library into perspective: What does
it hold; what might it never have? How much have we saved and
what have we learned? All World Wide Web users should be aware
of the incredible pace at which things change—including Web site
content and addresses. Chapter Nine, Final Considerations, dis-
cusses effectively using the Web to ensure you will be able to add
to your personal Web library in the years to come.
While attending library school, I recall a classmate who created
an impressive slide presentation on the subject of personal
libraries. One of the slides showed that the student’s basement
contained library shelving packed with books. I was impressed not
only because my friend had obviously read (or at least collected) a
large number of books, but also because the books and shelving
appeared so expansive. Individuals should relish the size of their
personal libraries and display them with pride. We should recog-
nize, however, that the information we may require for academic
and business assignments, as well as personal enjoyment, need no
longer occupy row upon row of bookcases. Nor should this infor-
mation push your entire credit card limit, for that matter. There’s
plenty of valuable, free information in the Web library. (Should you
doubt the value of free information, such as public domain books,
take a look through the titles in a Disney film and feature-length
cartoon catalog!)
Are you ready for a healthy dose of insider information com-
bined with a thorough exploration of many of the Web’s most valu-
able sites? I promise you will be astonished by how much you can
save and what you will learn. Read on!
8 This Page Intentionally Left Blank
 Chapter One

Free Articles and Indexes:

Can You Afford Not
to Use Them?

Two important resources that every library offers are periodical

literature (e.g., magazines, scholarly journals) and indexes and
abstracts (the tools traditionally used to access the information in
periodicals). Casual readers, consumers, businesspeople, health
professionals, teachers, and students frequently turn to periodicals
not only for entertainment, but also for product evaluations, man-
agement data, research concerning medical treatments, lesson
plans, and subject background information. Even younger pupils
in primary grades are often expected to locate periodical articles to
complement their budding research projects on volcanoes, the
rainforest, and endangered species, for example. Although
libraries are repositories of the materials required to fill these
information needs, many librarians find it difficult to sustain col-
lections that satisfy all their users’ expectations.
Budgets for periodical and index subscriptions have tried to
maintain the status quo at a time when costs for such materials

9
10 The Web Library

increase steadily. The results of price surveys appear in both

American Libraries and on the American Library Association Web
site. The results indicate that while overall percentages of price
increases stayed at under double digits for 2002, the average price
for the sample of 3,919 periodicals rose from $261.56 to $282.31,
translating into a 7.9 percent increase. That’s a very slight decrease
over the 2000–2001 increase rate of 8.3 percent, but in 1999 the rate
jumped by 10.4 percent and then 9 percent more in 2000.1,2
In one case the problem of overpriced periodicals was perceived
as so severe that Dr. Mark Riley, a professor at Florida State
University, resigned as an unpaid referee for a nuclear physics
peer-reviewed publication in 1999. His action protested the rising
cost of journals published by Elsevier Science. Charles Miller, dean
of libraries at Riley’s institution, applauded the protest, citing that
journal subscriptions accounted for 75 percent of the libraries’
spending.3 In many cases libraries cancel journal subscriptions in
order to maintain fiscal balance, but this strategy has its pitfalls.
Journal publishers may increase prices to replace the revenue lost
due to cancellations.
The phenomenon is not limited to scientific journals. The cost
of magazines that consumers take for granted has risen also.
Simply look through and compare some of the issues from the
1970s, ’80s, ’90s, and today. The cover prices and subscription
prices will quickly illustrate the point.
Nor do indexes and abstracts come cheaply. Setting aside the
scientific services where Chemical Abstracts commands $23,000 a
year or the considerably less expensive Engineering Index, which
fetches $4,000 annually, even basic indexing tools can add up. The
public library’s standard print resource for locating articles is the
H.W. Wilson Company’s Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature. It
costs a minimum of $310, and if the librarian opts for a more
timely edition of the Guide (nine per year), the price increases.
Placing a few more standard resources from Wilson such as the
 Free Articles and Indexes 11

Humanities Index, Social Sciences Index, Education Index, and

Applied Science and Technology Index onto the shelves requires a
modest library to invest at least $2,000 each year to access simple
bibliographic information—author, title, source—for periodical
literature. Definite costs for some of these resources cannot be
directly ascertained for our purposes because the publisher prices
them according to the Service Basis (a sum calculated as a function
of “the degree of service or use the index provides the particular
library that subscribes to it”). If librarians purchase the CD-ROM
versions, the charge can easily triple or more.
Online databases that provide not only indexing, but also sum-
maries (and in some cases full text), cost even more. Because sub-
scriptions to these services are often configured using many
variables, specific costs cannot be stated here. You can safely sur-
mise, however, that individual consumers would not choose to
foot bills that could range from $2,000 to $10,000 and higher. These
products are valuable resources for many libraries and their users,
but they take a considerable chunk of an institution’s budget.
Despite the financial picture portrayed in the previous para-
graphs, the good news is that the Web offers several viable alterna-
tives. Where at one time, perhaps in a past too distant for some
readers to recall, each and every fragment of information provided
by indexes was exquisitely valuable and for sale, a number of
access points to the periodical literature exist gratis on the Web.
Moreover, an appreciable amount of the full text of magazine liter-
ature itself is free.

Why It Pays to Listen to Mother

Subscription Options
Soulful vocalist Smokey Robinson said it in 1961, and it’s still
true today: “You better shop around!” Although the most compre-
hensive indexing and full-text Web-based services will never be
12 The Web Library

inexpensive, you should look closely at those that are free. Often
individuals need to know about only a handful of Web sites to
optimize their general research and recreational reading. Many
individuals may choose to subscribe to a service that offers an
easy search and document delivery mechanism. eLibrary heads
this list. eLibrary, which offers the full text of more than 600 peri-
odicals (not counting other matter such as television and radio
show transcripts), costs $19.95 per month or $99.95 per year.
Questia (http://www.questia.com), a company that markets to
college students and their parents, offers a virtual library includ-
ing approximately 150 journals; access costs are $19.95 per
month or $44.95 for three months with the annual subscription
priced at $119.95 in 2003. XanEdu (http://www.xanedu.com),
another product aimed at college students, offers thousands of
full-text periodicals priced at $19.90 for three months, $29.90 for
six months, and $49.90 for a year. Another option is Infotrieve’s
ArticleFinder priced at $99 per year.

Pay-Per-View
Another popular option is using pay-per-view services. Ingenta
at http://www.ingenta.com (approximately 28,000 publications),
Elsevier’s ScienceDirect (scholarly journal articles), and HighWire
Press at http://highwire.stanford.edu are among the resources
offering this arrangement. Note, however, that occasionally these
services may offer some journals, especially back issues, for free.
For example, out of a total of 342 HighWire hosted journals, 254 are
pay-per-view. When choosing the pay-per-view option, the infor-
mation consumer needs to become a savvy shopper. Prices of indi-
vidual articles can be tolerable or terrible, depending on the
service. Example: Let’s say you’re a college student enrolled in a
distance education English composition course and studying
author Tom Wolfe. You need to locate three background sources for
a short research paper. You have several options even if you haven’t
 Free Articles and Indexes 13

Table 1.1 Typical article retrieval from full-text journal services,

including cost

Article information Services where located Full text delivery cost

" End of the Ectomorph" Ingenta
"The $22.25
by John Derbyshire.
National Review, November
20, 2000
"Hooking Up" by Midge Ingenta $21.50
Decter. Commentary,
January 1, 2001

"Material Boy" by Rand Ingenta $18.32

Richards Cooper.
Commonweal, May 7, 1999

subscribed to the monthly or annual services. The professor has

recommended using Ingenta because you can search it without
charge and view full-text on a pay-per-view basis. The type of
retrieval you can expect is shown in Table 1.1.
The total cost to view all these articles is $62.07. But if the objec-
tive is to locate three full-text articles about Tom Wolfe, you should
know that you could find the three articles previously listed for free
using a Web site called FindArticles. Unfortunately, no single
resource will have the answer to all of your information questions,
but it pays to know which tool to consult for free information.
FindArticles is the best resource for entirely free periodical arti-
cles. Its publication list hovers around 500. Because it has been
available for several years, it appears to have a degree of durability.
Librarians have observed, however, that some journal titles are
dropped without notice. So if you become dependent on
FindArticles for reading a specific magazine, you may not always
find that title the next time you search the resource.
14 The Web Library

A Note on Article Formatting

When you use a free resource such as FindArticles, you should
not expect too many frills. The strength of a free resource lies in its
provision of the verbal content of articles. A value-added, pay-per-
view or subscription service may often produce the same full-text
content and add the images from the original article.
On the other hand, many of the articles offered by the pay-per-
view and subscription services, particularly older archives, omit
images. For example, LexisNexis Academic Universe, a powerful
full-text database service focused on newspaper and journal articles
and commanding a high subscription price, does not include the
photographs that run with the original material. Whether you
choose a pricey database with full images, a pricey database without
images, or a free resource without images, depends on your own
requirements. Is it important to see another still photograph of Alan
Greenspan as he testifies before the United States Congress or will
reading his comments suffice? Is it sufficient to read about the lat-
est oil spill off the coast of Spain or do you need to view the damage?

Depth of Coverage
Regarding FindArticles, one issue that I needed to explore was
the depth of coverage of each periodical. Associates at the Gale
Group, the company that supplies the full-text content for
FindArticles, state that the coverage for the majority of the publi-
cations extends back to 1998 and is continuous. They are quick to
add that as new publications come on board, however, coverage
begins at that point (there is no retrospective coverage of new peri-
odicals). But could a free resource really include all the articles
from the publications it covers?
I performed a few test searches and learned that every article
from the March 2002 issue of one of my favorite magazines
(Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals) was available
free. I checked this by looking at the print copy and comparing it
with my search results from FindArticles. If you wanted a print
 Free Articles and Indexes 15

copy of Searcher to read and file away, the cover price was $8.95. If
you had deep pockets, you could get the full text of the articles by
paying over $20 for each article at Ingenta (including the service
charge and copyright charge). Regarding that specific issue of
Searcher, FindArticles passed my test.
The very popular Psychology Today is among the hundreds of other
periodicals FindArticles covers. Again I wanted to verify that every
article from this publication was available. For Psychology Today’s
January/February 2001 issue, I noted that 39 articles (from very brief
to moderately long) were published in the print magazine. I found all
the articles free online via FindArticles with the exception of one.
Still skeptical, I explored one additional title: a scholarly, peer-
reviewed journal published by Cornell University called
Administrative Science Quarterly. In my test of its volume 45, issue
4 (2000) contents, all the printed articles were available free at
FindArticles.
FindArticles has one major problem. The user must read the
“Search Tips” to effectively locate information. Failing to execute a
query as the Web site specifies will retrieve hundreds of irrelevant
documents. Unlike Google or other resources we may be accus-
tomed to, this database requires some training for successful
usage. Nonetheless, as the list at Table 1.2 shows, if you use just six
percent of FindArticle’s periodicals, you save over $2,000 per year.
Other publications available in FindArticles include American
Forests, American Journal of Sports Medicine, ArtForum, Harper’s
Magazine, Hearing Journal, Macworld, Pediatrics, Saturday
Evening Post, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, The Sporting News,
and Wines & Vines. (The full title list is available at http://www.find
articles.com/cf_0/PI/name.jhtml.)
Was the Tom Wolfe search too offbeat? A more topical search
that may demonstrate the benefit of using FindArticles over a pay-
per-view service, shown in Table 1.3, concerns the collapse of
Enron and the impact its demise had on investors. The three arti-
cles referenced in the table appear free at FindArticles.
16 The Web Library

Table 1.2 Random sample of publications, representing 6 percent of the

periodicals covered free by FindArticles, and their actual
subscription costs to individuals in paper copy
Periodical Title Minimum cost of personal annual
subscription rounded to nearest dollar
(Source: actual publication or Ulrich's
International Periodicals Directory)
Academy of Management Review $105
American Political Science Review $25
Black Enterprise $22
Business Horizons $96
College Student Journal $24
Commonweal $47
Dance Magazine $35
Down Beat $35
English Historical Review $120
Film Comment $25
Film Quarterly $27
Gifted Child Today Magazine $35
Golf Digest $48
History Today $62
HR Magazine $70
Humanist $25
Industry Week $55
Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics $110
Magazine Antiques $40
Mergers & Acquisitions $595
National Review $59
Psychology Today $16
School Library Journal $98
Sloan Management Review $99
Soccer Digest $24
Social Research $30
Twentieth Century Literature $30
U.S. Banker $52
Vegetarian Times $24
Women's Quarterly $20
30 titles Minimum total cost of personal print
subscriptions: $2,053

An Illustrative Comparison
Let’s discuss three different types of full-text services. I performed
20 searches using FindArticles (free), Ingenta (pay-per-view), and
the XanEdu Research Engine (subscription). Each search used a
strategy constructed to maximize relevant retrieval from each serv-
ice. If you wish to replicate these results, you will need to read the
 Free Articles and Indexes 17

Table 1.3 Additional typical retrieval from full-text journal services,

including cost
Article information Services where located Full text delivery cost
"What Investors Can Learn Ingenta $13.07
from the Enron Mess" by
Matthew S. Scott. Black
Enterprise, April 1, 2002
"Beyond Enron" by Ronald Ingenta $19.24
Fink. CFO, February 1,
2002

"Enron's Bastard Children" Ingenta $19.97

by Ramesh Ponnuru.
National Review, May 6,
2002

Help and Tips at each site as well as become conversant with a num-
ber of other options that vary among the services. These searches
were performed in early 2003. Table 1.4 shows features of each serv-
ice and the number of hits returned from each service for each query.
For most of the searches, FindArticles seems to be the best
choice. But consider that Ingenta covers more than 27,000 titles and
often locates information in more scholarly sources as well as mag-
azines such as Martha Stewart Living, Maclean’s, and Time. Any of
the three is worth exploring; FindArticles provides the most value
as a free full-text source, and Ingenta is a praiseworthy free index-
ing database. When evaluating the raw results, note that the num-
ber of hits does not necessarily increase with the number of
journals covered by each resource. For example, FindArticles
indexes and provides full text for more than 500 journals; a search
within its collection for Shakespeare and Hamlet yields 212 articles.
Ingenta, a much larger database in terms of the number of journals
covered, offers only five articles. XanEdu’s retrieval tops out at 50
articles. According to a XanEdu customer service associate, this
limit was determined by XanEdu’s programmers. Neither sub-
scribers nor free trial searchers can get beyond the first 50 retrieved
articles. Note also that I used XanEdu’s free trials, which allow
searching of just one subset of its total periodical list, therefore
18 The Web Library

Table 1.4 Comparison of free and fee services including selected

service features

Features FindArticles Ingenta XanEdu

number of sources = 500 27,500 ?
list of journals available? yes yes no
service terms free pay-per-view subscribe
full text yes yes yes
free searching and citation info? yes yes no
Subject Areas and Topics
Arts & Humanites
"Eyes Wide Shut" and Traumnovelle 13 2 8
Film noir 512 97 50
Funding for the arts 44 84 50
Moai 12 5 9
Ship of Theseus 6 2 3
Shakespeare and Hamlet 212 5 50
Science
Airbags and death 46 8 7
Drilling and ANWR 90 4 50
Methylphenidate and ADDH 19 4 50
Needlestick accidents 40 28 15
Cell phones and cancer 743 10 50
Shuttle Challenger / responsibility 13 2 17
Social Sciences
Andrew Johnson's Impeachment 47 7 50
Classroom activities for gifted children 12 7 12
Online shopping and privacy 623 4 50
Whistleblowing 38 137 50
Grade inflation in higher education 36 5 11
Slavery / reparations 181 25 50
Domestic violence and alcohol 280 65 50
Axis of evil 290 36 50

even though the topic “Shuttle Challenger/Responsibility”

retrieved only 17 hits in XanEdu’s Science subset, other articles
may have been available in the Social Sciences subset. Subscribers
would have access to all the subsets and, theoretically, retrieve
more information.
Another limitation affecting the number of retrieved articles is
the number of fields designated as searchable. For example,
although Ingenta’s database contains the authors, titles, sum-
maries, and full text for the majority of the archived articles, only
the titles, authors, and summaries are easily searchable. By con-
trast, FindArticles automatically searches the full text and yields, in
most instances, many additional hits. While Ingenta is a powerful
database with much more content than FindArticles, the searcher
 Free Articles and Indexes 19

needs to spend more time massaging the Ingenta database to

produce comparable results. Professional searchers realize that
bibliographic searching requires a certain amount of tap danc-
ing when trying to extract content from any database, but end-
users may not necessarily be so persnickety about their
retrievals.
In case you are wondering how FindArticles can offer free con-
tent, consider this simple explanation. For a fee the Gale Group
supplies full text (i.e., the FindArticles database) to Looksmart,
the well-known Internet search engine. Looksmart partners with
other businesses; these businesses may pay Looksmart to appear
as “Sponsored Listings” or “Related Sponsor Sites” when certain
types of searches are performed. For example, an individual
begins a search at http://www.looksmart.com. If the search was
for the keyword “antidepressants,” Looksmart provides Web
results and offers the option to “Find news and magazine articles
on ‘antidepressants’ at FindArticles.com.” If the individual fol-
lows the link, full text articles are retrieved and Sponsored
Listings (links to sponsors) are shown. As you may have deduced
from this example, going directly to http://www.findarticles.com
is really using the back door, though this probably doesn’t matter
to Looksmart or its FindArticles’ sponsors, as long as the user
sees the Sponsored Listings.

More for Free

BioMed Central
http://www.biomedcentral.com
BioMed Central (BMC) is a Web publisher of biology and med-
ical research. Since the site launched in 2000, more than 102 free,
peer-reviewed BMC journals have come online. The full text of
these publications is accessible without charge to registered site
visitors.
20 The Web Library

In 2002 BioMed Central began charging authors a processing

fee for publishing their articles. One may suspect that a publisher
who charges a writer $500 to publish a work might be running a
vanity press; however, this is apparently not the case. Some
authors who contribute to BMC journals are affiliated with
esteemed private institutions such as Harvard, Yale, Duke,
Stanford, New York University, and Johns Hopkins. Upper tier
public institutions such as U.C.L.A., Rutgers, and the University
of Connecticut are also represented. I cross-referenced some
BMC authors and their affiliations to entries in more traditional
journals indexed by the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE
database.
The publisher, writers, and other individuals who use BioMed
Central are interested in credible research that can be accessed in
a timely way. Since BioMed Central does not print physical jour-
nals, it can immediately publish articles that have passed the
scrutiny of peer-reviewers.

Dissertation Abstracts
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/search
You may search for relatively new (current year plus a one year
backfile) dissertations and theses on the University Microfilms
Database without charge. The full file, available on commercial
services, extends back over 140 years to 1861. Keyword searches,
author searches, advisor searches, plus school and degree name
searches are all available. The great feature about this point of
access is that for all listed documents you can get a 24-page preview
(in addition to the citation and the abstract). If the information in
the extended excerpt appeals to you, order a PDF copy of the entire
document for under $30.

HighWire Press
http://highwire.stanford.edu/lists/freeart.dtl
 Free Articles and Indexes 21

This Web site specializes in disseminating science and medical

information and allows free access to approximately 500,000 arti-
cles from over 340 journals. Free journals include the British
Medical Journal, Clinical Diabetes, Injury Prevention, and the
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research. (Annual subscrip-
tions to these four journals alone totals $500.)

Science Direct
http://www.sciencedirect.com
This subscription/pay-per-view full-text journal database
from Elsevier can also be of use to nonsubscribers who are inter-
ested in the sciences and social sciences. Guests can go to
http://www.sciencedirect.com and browse the tables of contents
of 1,700 journals. Free full-text exists but is spotty, unfortunately,
with only a single issue of some journals (e.g., International
Journal of Accounting, The Lancet), or entire runs of others (e.g.,
Accident and Emergency Nursing, Midwifery) being available. The
free full text is a huge money saver (Elsevier’s journals are expen-
sive), and the user may also browse journal tables of contents
and abstracts without charge. Regrettably, the journals cannot be
searched. Guests may also set up journal alerts and have tables of
contents e-mailed to them when designated journals are pub-
lished—a service that libraries furnish by subscribing to Current
Contents, another relatively pricey product, or by tediously pho-
tocopying the information for clients.

All Academic
http://www.allacademic.com
Search Google for the phrase “academic journal search engine”
and your first hit will be “All Academic,” which was founded in
1999 by faculty members at the University of Oregon. Journals
accessible through this site must be available at no charge. All
Academic offers direct access to the sites of approximately 370
22 The Web Library

high quality publications (e.g., American Psychologist, American

School Board Journal, Conservation Ecology, Essays in Philosophy,
and the Stanford Humanities Review). Basic and advanced search
functions are available. A great feature of this site is that retrieved
source citations can be automatically formatted in APA, MLA, or
Chicago Manual style.

Selected Collections of Digitized Journals

Internet Library of Early Journals
http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/ilej
This collection is based on a project undertaken at the
Universities of Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester, and Oxford. It
allows access to only six journals, but it constitutes an important
collection because it carries some of the older online periodical
titles on the Web. Its digitized images of the pages from the Annual
Register, for example, date back to 1758.

MOA Journals
http://www.hti.umich.edu/m/moajrnl
http://cdl. library.cornell.edu/moa
Both the University of Michigan and Cornell University main-
tain archives of selected periodicals as part of the Making of
America project under a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon
Foundation. As access points to older magazines, both sites bear
investigation.

Electronic Journals from the Digital Library and Archives,

University Libraries, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals
 Free Articles and Indexes 23

Virginia Tech provides access to 18 electronic journals. Although

most are scientific, it also presents a few social science and
humanities titles.

Pointers to Online Collections

The following sites successfully accomplish the task of scouring
the Web and gleaning links to collections of full-text periodicals.
The collections to which these three sites refer contain thousands
of free articles.

Online Books Serials Page

http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/serials.html

This portal page leads to external archives that contain 90

periodicals dating back to the mid-1700s, but include some
titles from the present. For example, some of the links will
bring the user to the Making of America archives, while others
lead to the University of Virginia or other individual magazine
Web sites.

Resources for Research Periodicals

http://home.earthlink.net/~ellengarvey/rsapresource1.html

Ellen Garvey’s links to online journal collections as well as indi-

vidual journal archives is most impressive. It is well designed and
helps the user go directly to sites offering free access to full text.
Important collections such as the University of Michigan’s and
Cornell University’s Making of America journals are accessible
from Garvey’s page, as well as magazines from the present (Salon
Magazine) and those that allow the reader to peer into the past
(Godey’s Lady’s Book).
24 The Web Library

A Word to the Wise (Librarian)

Instead of lugging out Ulrich’s International Periodicals
Directory to learn which database covers a particular periodical,
why not acquaint yourself with JAKE—the Jointly Administrated
Knowledge Environment? JAKE is a fairly new development that
allows users to enter a journal title and discover if it is indexed by
a subscription database. Sure, you all know that the top garden
variety databases are going to offer access to Newsweek and
Rolling Stone. But Maledicta may be more difficult to track down!
JAKE will tell you that it is covered by the MLA Bibliography.
Don’t have access to the MLA Bib? Take heart, because it is also
covered by Sociological Abstracts. Search JAKE at http://jake.
med.yale.edu.

Online Magazines: A Close Read

While the sites previously under discussion will help you
find articles within specific sets of journals included in a data-
base, there are several other ways to access periodical informa-
tion in the cyber magazine/journal environment. Some of the
numerous magazines and journals on the Web are complete
duplicates of their print counterparts. Others are merely per-
suasive pages that beckon individuals to subscribe to a print
magazine. Some are Web-only publications that have never
existed as a print magazine. But many are committed to repub-
lishing much of the content from print issues, while going
beyond the paper copy to enrich the reader’s experience.
Falling into the latter category of online magazines are
Time.com (see Figure 1.1) and Atlantic Unbound. I had the
privilege of discussing those Web sites with principals from
both publications and have included some of their comments
in the two sidebars that follow.
 Free Articles and Indexes 25

Figure 1.1 Many magazine Web sites offer content that updates on a daily
basis. Courtesy of Time, copyright 2003.

INSIDER’S VIEWPOINT FROM YOUR

WEB LIBRARY PROFESSIONAL:
PAUL KATCHER, TIME.COM
Side-by-Side: Time Magazine and Time.com
Averaging 10 million page views a week, Time.com ranks high
as one of the most popular sites on the Web. Time magazine, a
publication that has been a favorite with people since its birth in
1923, has a subscription readership of 4,056,150. But with such
a successful print magazine, why would the publisher indulge in
a freely accessible Web site that might rival the original periodi-
cal and, in the view of some, jeopardize its existence?
Paul Katcher, Senior Producer at Time.com, noted that,
although the Web site is extremely popular, no “cannibalization”
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PROSPECTUS AT DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION FOR ISRAEL STATE
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