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Earth Science
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
EARTH MATERIALS
AND PROCESSES
Minerals and Rocks
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Earth Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Earth Materials and Processes - Minerals and
Rocks First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Cleofe S. Floreno
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Norma P. Rendon – EPS, Science
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What I Need to Know
Minerals are the building blocks of rock, and therefore the geosphere is
composed of minerals. A basic understanding of rocks requires us to first
consider minerals.
In this topic, you will learn to identify common rock-forming minerals
using their physical and chemical properties (S11/12ES-Ib-5)
Lesson 1 – Minerals and Rocks
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe the different physical and chemical properties of rocksforming
minerals,
2. Identify the common rocks-forming minerals using their physical and
chemical properties
3. Classify properties of rocks-forming minerals as physical or chemical
property.
4. Realize the importance of rocks-forming minerals
What I Know
Pre- Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answer.
1. Building blocks of rocks.
a. sediments
b. minerals
c. igneous rocks
d. crusts
2. A fundamental component of matter that cannot be broken into
simpler particles by ordinary chemical processes.
a. atom
b. compound
c. element
d. mineral
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3. It refers to the color of the fine powder of a mineral.
a. color c. luster
b. gravity d. streak
4. Which does NOT belong to the physical properties of minerals?
a. Cleavage c. Radioactivity
b. Fracture d. Specific gravity
5. It is form when magma solidifies.
a. Igneous rock c. Sedimentary rock
b. Metamorphic rock d. Volcanic rock
6. The tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces is called
_______.
a. Cleavage c. Fracture
b. Crystal habit d. Streak
7. A scale used to measure and express the hardness of minerals is
known as _________.
a. Richter scale c. Scintillometer
b. Seismograph d. Mohs hardness scale
8.The size, shape and arrangement of mineral grains or crystals in a
rock.
a. Streak c. fracture
b. Texture d. crystal face
9. A consolidated aggregate of various types of minerals or a
consolidated aggregate of multiple grains of the same kind of mineral
is called ___________.
a. Bedrock c. magma
b. Crystalline d. rock
10.The sequence of events in which rocks are formed, destroyed,
altered and reformed by geological processes.
a. Weathering c. lithification
b. rock cycle d. bedding
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Lesson
1 Minerals and Rocks
Minerals make up the rocks beneath your feet, the soil that supports plants,
and the deep rock of Earth’s mantle. Any thorough study of Earth must
include an understanding of minerals. We can learn more by observing the
ways that minerals interact with other Earth systems rather than studying
minerals isolated from the rest of the planet.
In this module, you will identify the rocks-forming minerals through its
physical and chemical properties.
What’s In
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical
composition and a crystalline structure. Chemical composition and
crystalline structure are the two most important properties of a mineral: they
distinguish any mineral from all others. However, let’s briefly consider the
difference between a physical and a chemical property of a mineral before
going further.
Activity 1: Where do I belong?
PHYSICAL PROPERTY CHEMICAL PROPERTY
• observed with senses • indicates how a substance
• determined without reacts with something else
destroying matter
• matter will be change into a
new substance after reaction
Objective: Classify the following properties of rocks-forming mineral as
physical or chemical.
Materials: pen and paper
crystal habit solubility luster cleavage hardness
color radioactivity streak specific gravity fluorescence
phosphorescence reaction to acid fracture reacts with air
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Physical Chemical
Challenge: Describe each property to get additional 5 points for its correct
description.
What’s New
What are minerals made of? Minerals and all other Earth materials are
composed of chemical elements. An element is a fundamental component of
matter that cannot be broken into simpler particles by ordinary chemical
processes. Most common minerals consist of a small number—usually two to
five- of different chemical elements.
Every mineral has a crystalline structure. A crystal is any solid element
or compound whose atoms are arranged in a regular, periodically repeated
pattern. A crystal face is a flat surface that develops if a crystal grows freely
in an uncrowded environment, like in figure 1, borax crystal snowflakes.
Figure 1. Borax crystal snowflakes are safe and easy to grow.
Anne Helmenstine
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Activity 2: Crossword Puzzle
ACROSS: DOWN:
2. An uneven break in a mineral 1.Describes brightness of
the light reflected from a mineral’s surface
3. A substance with three dimensional plane faces
4.The feel of a surface when touched 3. A smooth break in a mineral
6. This is measured by the Mohs scale 5. A large mineral crystal that
has brilliant color
8. Quartz is a type of ____________ 7. A __________ test rubs a
mineral into a fine powder to show its
color.
What is It
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Geologists commonly identify minerals by visual recognition and then
confirm the identification with simple tests. The following are commonly used
properties to identify minerals:
Crystal habit – refers to the characteristic shape of an individual crystal and
the manner in which aggregates of crystals grow. These shapes are influenced
by the atomic structure of the mineral, but they can also be influenced by the
environment of crystal growth. Regardless of influence, crystal habit shapes
are characteristic of the mineral and displayed by many specimens of that
mineral.
Crystal habit names are often adjectives that help convey the shape of a
crystal or a group of crystals. Bladed, cubic, fibrous, granular, prismatic, and
radiating are names of crystal habits that quickly convey a generalized
geometric appearance as shown in figure 2 a, b, and c.
a. bladed b. fibrous c. cubic
Figure 2. Crystal habit of some minerals
Cleavage – is the tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces. The
surfaces are planes of weak bonds in the crystal. The number of cleavage
planes, the quality of cleavage and the angles between cleavages planes all
help in mineral identification as shown in figure 3.
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• Figure 3. Cleavage
planes
• Fracture – the manner
in which mineral breaks
other than along planes
of cleavage.
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Figure 4. Mineral fracture
Hardness – the resistance of a mineral to scratching, controlled by the bond
strength between its atoms
To measure hardness more accurately, geologists use a scale based on 10
minerals, numbered 1 through 10 (Table 1). Each mineral is harder than
those with lower numbers on the scale—so 10 (diamond) is the hardest and 1
(talc) is the softest. The scale is known as the Mohs hardness scale, after
Friedrich Mohs, the Austrian mineralogist who developed it in the early 19 th
century.
Table 1. Minerals of the Mohs Hardness Scale
Minerals of Mohs Scale with Similar
Common Objects
Hardness
1.talc
2. gypsum Fingernail
3. calcite Copper penny
4. fluorite
5. apatite Knife blade, window glass
6. orthoclase Steel file
7. quartz
8. topaz
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9. corundum
10. diamond
Specific gravity – is the weight of the substance relative to the weight of an
equal volume of water.
Color – is the most obvious property of a mineral, and it is often used in
identification. But color can be unreliable because small amounts of chemical
impurities and imperfections in crystal structure can dramatically alter color.
Streak – refers to the color of the fine powder of a mineral, usually obtained
by rubbing the mineral on an unglazed, porcelain streak plate.
Luster – is the quality and intensity of light reflected from the surface of a
mineral.
OTHER PROPERTIES
Properties such as reaction to acid, magnetism, radioactivity, fluorescence
and phosphorescence can be characteristic of specific minerals.Calcite and
some other carbonate minerals dissolve rapidly in acid, releasing visible
bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. Minerals such as uranium contains radioactive
elements, emit radioactivity that can be detected with a scintillometer.
Fluorescent materials emit visible light when they are exposed to ultraviolet
light while phosphorescent minerals continue to emit light after the external
stimulus ceases.
MINERAL CLASSES AND THE ROCKS-FORMING MINERALS
Geologists classify minerals according to their chemical elements. Although
more than 3,500 minerals are known in Earth’s crust, only a small number –
between 50 and 100 – are common or valuable, and only nine rocksforming
minerals make up most of the crust. Seven of the rocks-forming minerals are
silicate materials while the other two, calcite and dolomite, are carbonates.
Silicates are minerals whose chemical elements include silicon and oxygen
and whose crystal structures contain silicate tetrahedral. Silicates make up
about 92 percent of the Earth’s crust.
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Carbonates are minerals whose chemical elements include carbon and
oxygen as a major part of their chemical composition. Carbonates are much
less common than silicates but they are important rocks-forming minerals
because they form sedimentary rocks that cover large regions of every
continent.
Sulfides are minerals whose chemical elements include sulfur bonded to
a metal ion. An example is pyrite, (FeS2) known as “fool’s gold”.
Native elements are minerals that consist of only one element and thus the
element occurs in the native state (not chemically bonded other elements).
Activity 3: Who am I?
Adapted from www.EasyTeacherWorksheets.com
Objective: Identify rocks-forming minerals using their physical and chemical
properties.
Material: pen and paper
Direction: Use the information about color, hardness, and luster given in the
three tables below to provide the name of the unknown mineral in the table
at the bottom of the page.
Hardness Scale
Hardness Mineral Common Tests
1 Talc Fingernail will scratch it.
2 Gypsum/kaolinite
3 Mica/calcite A copper penny will scratch it.
4 Fluorite Knife blade or window glass will
5 Apatite/hornblende scratch it.
6 Feldspar
Will scratch a Steel knife or
7 Quartz window glass.
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond
Will scratch all common materials.
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Color Mineral Luster Mineral
white
Quartz, Feldspar,
Glassy Quartz, Feldspar,
Calcite, Kaolinite, Talc
Hornblende
yellow Quartz, Kaolinite
Pearly Mica,Gypsum,Talc
black Hornblende, Mica
gray Feldspar, Gypsum Dull Kaolinite
colorless
Quartz, Calcite,
Gypsum
Unknown Minerals
Hardness Color Luster Mineral
Will scratch a Steel
knife or window yellow Glassy
glass.
Will scratch a Steel
knife or window gray glassy
glass.
A copper penny will
scratch it. black Pearly
Fingernail will White Pearly
scratch it.
Knife blade or black Glassy
window glass will
scratch it.
Guide Questions:
1. What help you identify the unknown minerals?
2. How did you complete the table?
3. Why is it important to know the physical properties of a mineral?
Activity 4: Rock Identification
Adapted from www.EasyTeacherWorksheets.com
Objective: Identify the given rocks using its physical and chemical properties.
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Materials: paper, pen and rock collection, vinegar or muriatic acid
Direction: Choose 3 rocks from the rock collection. Make sure each rock looks
completely different.
Property Rock 1 Rock 2 Rock 3
Color
Shape of
Material
How does it feel?
Is it dull or
shiny?
Does it have
layers or stripes?
What’s More
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MINERALS
Ore minerals are minerals from which metals or other elements can be
profitably recovered. Our industrial society depends on metals such as iron,
copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver. Most of these metals are chemically bonded
to other elements like iron is commonly bonded to oxygen while copper, lead
and zinc are commonly bonded to sulfur to form sulfide ore minerals.
Industrial minerals are not ores, fuels or gems but have economic value
nonetheless. They are not considered “ore” because they are mined for
purposes other than the extraction of metals. Halite is mined for table salt,
gypsum for plaster and sheetrock while apatite and other phosphorus
minerals are sources of phosphate fertilizers crucial to modern agriculture.
Limestone is the raw material of cement. Native sulfur, used to manufacture
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sulfuric acid, insecticides, fertilizer and rubber, is mined from craters of
dormant and active volcanoes.
ROCKS AND ROCK CYCLE
A rock is a consolidated aggregate of various types of minerals or a
consolidated aggregate of multiple individual grains of the same kind of
mineral. Geologists group rocks into three categories on the basis of how rocks
form: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.
When molten rock material cools and solidifies it becomes an igneous rock.
The molten rock matter below the Earth’s surface is called magma whereas
the molten rock material at the surface of the Earth is called lava. There are
two major categories of igneous rocks: extrusive (volcanic rock) and intrusive
(plutonic rock).
Over geologic time, water and air attack rocks of all kinds at Earth’s surface
through the process called weathering, breaking them down into smaller
particles. These particles – including gravel, sand, clay and all other fragments
weathered and eroded from rock- accumulate in loose, unconsolidated layers
called sediment. Sand on a beach and mud on a lake bottom are examples of
sediment. As their name implies, sedimentary rocks are derived from
sediment. After fragments accumulate, often in horizontal layers, pressure
form from the addition of more material above compact the sediment,
expelling water and reducing pore space. Cementation occurs when silica,
calcium carbonate or iron oxide bonds the fragments together. The processes
of compaction and cementation transform, or lithify, sediments into solid,
coherent layers of rock. There are four major categories of sedimentary rocks:
clastic (broken fragments of solid arc), organic (rocks that lithify from
remains of organisms, both plants and animals), chemical precipitate
(forms from direct precipitation of minerals from solution) and bioclastic
(composed of broken shell fragments and similar remains of living organisms)
Metamorphic rock is formed when igneous, sedimentary or other
metamorphic rocks recrystallize in response to elevated temperature,
increased pressure, chemical change and or deformation. Metamorphism
means “changing form” is the process by which rising temperature and
pressure or changing chemical conditions, transform rocks and minerals. It
can change any type of parent rock: sedimentary, igneous or even another
metamorphic rock.
There four types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism (occurs
when hot magma intrudes cooler rock of any type), burial metamorphism
(results from burial of rocks in a sedimentary basin), regional
dynamothermal metamorphism (occurs when major crustal movements
build mountains and deform rocks), and hydrothermal metamorphism
(occurs when hot water and ions dissolved in the hot water react with a rock
to change its chemical composition and minerals).
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Rock cycle is a sequence of events in which rocks are formed, destroyed,
altered, and reformed by geological processes as shown in figure 5. It does not
follow a set order, and can take many different paths.
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Figure 5. Rock Cycle
What I Have Learned
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Activity 4: Rock Formations
Adapted from www.EasyTeacher Worksheets.com
Objective: Identify the different categories of rocks.
Materials: pen and paper
What does each picture tell us about how rock is
formed?
_________________________________________
__________________________________________
_____________________________________________
______________________________________________
What I Can Do
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Activity 5: Types of Rocks
Adapted from www.EasyTeacherWorksheets.com
Objective: Describe the different types of rocks
Materials: pen and paper
Three Types of Rocks Question Sheet
1. What is the difference between rocks and minerals?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. Name 3 types of rocks on Planet Earth.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3. How are sedimentary rocks formed?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. How are igneous rocks formed?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5. How are metamorphic rocks made?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Assessment
1. What properties distinguish minerals from other substances?
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2. Make a table with two columns. List the physical properties of
rocksforming minerals on the left column and the chemical properties
on the right column.
3. Why are rocks- forming minerals important?
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References
Miller, G.T., Spoolman, S., Owen, C.,Pirie, D., Draper, G., Petersen, J., Gabler, R.,
Sack, D., Seeds, M., and Backman, D., (2016) Earth Science. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
ISBN 978-971-23-7829-4
Online sources
https://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/jrepka/notes/GEOmineralL
AB_1.pdf
https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/pages/pdf/science/ans
wermixed/rocks/8.html
https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/pages/pdf/science/ans
wermixed/rocks/61.html
https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/pages/pdf/science/ans
wermixed/rocks/17.html
https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/pages/pdf/science/ans
wermixed/rocks/5.html
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/readingphysical
-characteristics-of-minerals/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyNjp3fQRIo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNTCKd_nfkc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5p0hHZT2gg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdSNJWhr7-o
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DISCLAIMER
This self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by Deped
SOCCSKSARGEN with the primary objective of preparing for and
addressing the new normal. Contents of this module were based on
DepEd’s most essential Learning Competencies (MELC). This is
supplementary material to be used by all learners of Region XII in all
public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The process of LR development
was observed in the production of this module, This is version 1.0 We
highly encourage feedback, comments, and recommendations.
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