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1001 tips for orthodontics and its secrets Esequiel E.
Rodriguez Yanez Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Esequiel E. Rodriguez Yanez ; Coauthors, Larry White ... [et al.].
ISBN(s): 9789588328461, 9588328462
Edition: English ed. 2008
File Details: PDF, 62.58 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
1,001 Tips'
for Orthodontics
and its Secrets

Author
Esequiel Eduardo Rodriguez Yanez

Coauthors
Larry White
Rogelio Casasa Araujo
Ana Maria Gomez Galuffo
Sonia Edith Rodriguez Yanez

m
AMOLCA
Senior Managing Editor: Kevork Topalian
© 2007 by AMOLCA.

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any
form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval
system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in
critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their
official duties as US government employees are not covered by the above mentioned copyright.

Original edition in Spanish:

1.001 Tips en Ortodoncia y sus secretos
ISBN: 978-958-8328-02-7

English edition 2008

1.001 Tips for Orthodontics and its Secrets
ISBN 978-958-8328-46-1

English translation: Marco Grimshaw

Layout: Gregorio Gonzalez

Impreso en Colombia por: O'vinni S.A.

m
AMOLCA

IlSA
9247 S.w. 209 Terrace
Miami, FL 33189 USA
Telephone: 305-316-99-29
[email protected]

Venezuela
Ira. Avenida Sur de Altamira,Edificio Rokaje, Planta 3, Urb. Alt<\mira - Aptdo
Postal 68772 - 1062-A. Caracas - Venezuela
Telfs: (58 212) 266.6176 - 266.86.01 - Fax: (58 212) 264.4608
[email protected] - www.amolca.com.ve
Author

;;;;;m;w~;m;mv;~~~~~~n Dr Esequiel Eduardo Rodriguez Yanez

Graduated from Universidad de la Salle Bajio, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico,

obtaining the degree of Doctor in Dental Surgery (1990-1995).
Graduated from Centro de Estudios de Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB),
Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, obtaining the Masters Degree in Orthodon-
tics (1996-1998).
Honorific Mention for grades above 9.0 (1991).
National Research Award (AMFEO) (1993).
Latin America Research Award (FELSOCEM) (1994).
Best grades average of the 1996-1998 class of the specialty in orthodontics at
Centro de Estudios de Ortodoncia del Bajio.
Head professor, Department of Orthodontics, Centro de Estudios de Orto-
doncia del Bajio (1999-to date).
• Coordinator of the clinical area of the orthodontic specialty of CEOB
(2000-to date).
Member of the National College of Dental Surgeons (C .N .C.D.)
(2001-to date) .
Member of the Mexican Orthodontics Academy (2001 to date) .
Certified by the National Council of Orthodontics (C.N.O.) (200l-to date) .
• Fellow of the World Federation of Orthodontists (W.F.O.) (2002-to date).
• Member of the Editorial Review Board of the Journal "Dentista y Paciente"
(2002-2004).
Member of the Editorial Review Board of the Journal "Especial de Ortodoncia
y Ortopedia Craneofacial" (2002-2004) .
Member of the Editorial Review Board of the Journal "Vision Dental"
(2004-to date) .
• Monthly national and international publication of orthodontic articles
(Mexico, Venezuela, Italy, Spain, 1999-to date).
• Author of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagnostico y Tratamiento" edited
and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
National and international conference speaker.
Contact: [email protected]
Coauthors

~.;~~--
Dr Larry White

Baylor College of Dentistry D.D.S.

Baylor College of Dentistry M.S.D.
• Member American Dental Association.
• Member American Association of Orthodontists.
• Member & Past President Rocky Mountain Society of
Orthodontists.
• Diplomate American Board of Orthodontists.
• Member & Past President New Mexico Society of Orthodontists.
• Past Editor Journal of Clinical Orthodontics.
Past Editor Rocky Mountain Society of Orthodontics Newsletter.
Manuscript Reviewer American Journal of Orthodontics
and Dento-Facial Orthopedics.
• Technical Editor, World Journal of Orthodontics.
• Coauthor of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagnostico y Tratamiento" edited
and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
[email protected]
 Dr Rogelio Casasa Araujo

Graduated from Universidad Latinoamericana (ULA), Mexico, DF, obtaining

the degree of Doctor in Dental Surgery (1980-1984).
Graduated from Centro de Estudios Superiores de Ortodoncia (CESO),
Mexico, DF, obtaining the Masters Degree in Orthodontics (1996-1988).
Head professor, Department of Orthodontics Centro de Estudios de Orto-
doncia del Bajfo CESO (1988-1997).
• Director of the surgical orthodontic department, 20 de Noviembre Hospital,
Mexico, DE (1988-1991).
• Head Director and professor, Centro de Estudios de Ortodoncia del Bajfo
(CEO B) (1994-to date).
Certified by the National Council of Orthodontics (CN.O.) (1995 to date).
Member of the American Association of Orthodontics (A.A.O.) (1989 to date).
Fellow of the World Federation of Orthodontists (W.EO.) (1998 to date).
Member of the Mexican Academy of Orthodontics (1999 to date).
Fellow of the International College of Dentists (2005-to date).
National Dental Award for Guanajuato, given by the National College of
Dentists (2000) .
• Member of the Editorial Review Board of the journal "Dentista y Paciente"
(2002- 2004).
• Member of the Editorial Review Board of the journal "Especial de Ortodoncia
y Ortopedia Craneofacial" (2002-2004).
Member of the Editorial Review Board of the journal "Vision Dental"
(2004-to date).
Monthly national and international publications or orthodontic articles
(Mexico, Venezuela, Italy, Spain, 1999-to date) .
Author of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagnostico y Tratamiento'; edited
and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
Natronal and International conference speaker.
Contact: [email protected].

1 ~ - - ~I -.-.,
 Dr Ana Maria Gomez Galuffo

Dentist, graduated at Universidad Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho, Barcelona,

Anzoategui state, Venezuela.
Professor at Universidad Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho, Barcelona, Anzoategui
state, Venezuela.
Member of the Venezuelan Dentists College.
Articles published nationally and internationally.
Coauthor of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagnostico y Tratamiento'; edited
and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
Resident at the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de Or-
todoncia del Bajio (CEOB), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
• Contact: [email protected]
 Dr Sonia Edith Rodriguez Yanez

Graduated from Universidad de la Salle Bajio, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico,

obtaining the degree of Doctor in Dental Surgery (2000-2005).
Resident of the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de Or-
todoncia del Bajio (CEOB), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
Collaborator of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagnostico y Tratamiento';
edited and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
Contact: [email protected]

;1
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English
translation

Dr Marco Antonio Grimshaw Rivas

DDS, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico. (1987-1992).

Specialty Degree in Pediatric Dentistry, UniversidadAutonoma de Nuevo Leon,
Monterrey, Mexico (1993-1995).
Specialty Degree in Orthodontics, Centro de Estudios de Ortodoncia del Bajio
(CEOB), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico (2000-2002).
Orthodontic articles published national and internationally (Mexico, Venezuela,
Spain, Italy, 2003-2006).
Contact: [email protected]
 Acknowledgments

To my wife Ericka, with all my love and caring, to my parents Ezequiel and Edith and
to my brother Oscar and my sister Sonia. All of them an example to me .
To my son Alan Mauricio, whom I love with all my heart.

Esequiel Eduardo Rodriguez Y <inez

1 r-- - I
LJ
.?j
Special Thanks to

We profoundly thank our collaborators for the time and experience they shared with
us in the creation of this book. They supplied their valuable comments and observa-
tions which gave us the chance to enhance our work.

Burguera Pascu, Elias Inaudi Rivas, Zoila Carolina

Camacho Badillo, Mauricio Mozqueda Villegas, Jose Luis
Coutino Escobar, Carlos Solis Estrada, Jennifer Janet
Del Pozo Moreno, Eduardo Razo Lira, Claudia Margarita
Gaitan Fonseca, Juan Francisco Rocha Saldana, Alejandro
Garda Hernandez, Victor Manuel Villanueva Solorio, Ana Heidi
Gomez Galuffo, Ana Maria White, Larry W.

To our residents, who unknowingly have been for us more of a family than an excellent
work team. All of you are a very important and a fundamental part in the creation of I
this book. It is yours. Thank you with all our hearts.

R2 Rl

Avila Zambrano, Rosa Maria Carrillo Arellano, Janete

Camacho Badillo, Mauricio Del Pozo Moreno, Eduardo
Coutino Escobar, Carlos Gomez Galuffo, Ana Maria
Gaitan Fonseca, Juan Francisco Inaudi Rivas, Zoila Carolina
Garda Hernandez, Victor Manuel Santos Cervantes, Jose Adan
Guzman Rojas, Adriana Solis Estrada, Jennifer Janet
Morales Cazares, Osvaldo Alberto Razo Lira, Claudia Margarita
Mozqueda Villegas, Jose Luis Villanueva Solorio, Ana Heidi
Rodriguez Muniz, Karla Maria Isabel
Santiesteban Montoya, Adriana

To our "second home'; the orthodontics department at Centro de Estudios de Ortod-

oncia del Bajio (CEOB), for letting us use the facilities and the unconditional support
that we always have received.
To our friends William Riano and Rafael Cortes for the blind faith that they have
always had in us.
To Doctors Narciso Dominguez Anda, Vladimir Ramirez Montes y Francisco Fuentes
Vazquez for their great ideas and bright commentaries.
To Dr. Francisco Silvestre Sanchez, exclusive distributor of GAC, for his wise advice
and support with didactic and orthodontic materials.
 Collaborators

• Burguera Pascu, Elias. Orthodontist.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad de los Andes, Merida state, Merida,
Venezuela.
Masters Degree in Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Orthopedics at Centro de
Estudios Superiores de Ortodoncia (CESO), Mexico, DE
CONADES Award 1998.
CONABA Award 2000.
CONABA Award 2003.
~ Honorific Mention in Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Orthopedics at Centro
de Estudios Superiores de Ortodoncia (CESO).
Author of the book "Crecimiento y Desarrollo Craneo-Facial':
Collaborator of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagn6stico y Tratamiento"
edited and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
Head of the Orthodontic Department, Universidad de los Andes, Merida,
Merida state, Venezuela.
National and Internacional dental publications.

• Camacho Badillo, Mauricio. Orthodontist.

Dentist, graduated at Facultad de Estomatologia en la Universidad
Aut6noma de San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. Mexico.
Articles published nationally and internationally.
Collaborator of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagn6stico y Tratamiento"
edited and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
Specialist Degree in Orthodontics, Centro de Estudios de Ortodoncia del Bajio
(CEOB), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

• Coutino Escobar, Carlos. Resident.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de
Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.
Articles published nationally and internationally.
Resident of the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de
Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

• Del Pozo Moreno, Eduardo. Resident.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad Quetzalc6atl, Irapuato, Guanajuato,
Mexico.
Articles published nationally and internationally.
Collaborator of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagn6stico y Tratamiento"
edited and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
Resident of the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de
Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEO B), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
• Gaitan Fonseca, Juan Francisco. Resident.
Dentist, graduated at Facultad de Estomatologia en la Universidad
Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. Mexico.
Articles published nationally and internationally.
Resident of the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de
Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB) Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

• Garcia Hernandez Victor Manuel. Resident.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad Veracruz ana, zona Poza Rica-
Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico.
Articles published nationally and internationally.
Resident of the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de
Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

• Inaudi Rivas, Zoila Carolina. Orthodontist.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho,
Barcelona, Edo. Anzoategui, Venezuela.
Articles published nationally and internationally.
Co Author of "Orto don cia Contemponinea. Diagnostico y Tratamiento" edited
and distributed by AMOLCA publication~.
Specialist Degree in Orthodontics, Centro de Estudios de Ortodoncia del Bajio
(CEO B) Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

• Mozqueda Villegas, Jose Luis. Resident.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de
Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.
Articles published nationally and internationally.
Resident of the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de
Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEO B), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

• Natera Marcote, Adriana Cecilia. Resident.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela.
Resident, Centro de Estudios de Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB), Irapuato,
Guanajuato, Mexico.
Assistant, Centro de Estudios de Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB) (2006).
Orthodontic articles published national and internationally (Mexico,
Venezuela and Spain, 2003-to date).
Collaborator of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagnostico y
Tratamiento'; edited and distributed by AMOLCA publications.

• Solis Estrada, Jennifer Janet. Resident.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad Cuauhtemoc, Plantel San Luis
Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico.
Articles published nationally and internationally.
Collaborator of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagnostico y Tratamiento';
edited and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
Resident of the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de
Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB) Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

• Razo Lira, Claudia Margarita. Resident.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad della Salle Bajio, Campus Bajio, Leon,
Guanajuato, Mexico.
 Articles published nationally and internationally.
Collaborator of" Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagnostico y Tratamiento"
edited and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
Resident of the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de
Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

• Rocha Saldana, Alejandro. Orthodontist.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
Specialist Degree in Orthodontics, Centro de Estudios de Ortodoncia del Bajio
(CEOB), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
Professor, CEOB.
Member of the Mexican Academy of Orthodontics.
Certified by the National Orthodontics Council.
Fellow of the World Federation of Orthodontists.
Collaborator of the book "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagnostico y
Tratamiento':

• Villanueva Solorio, Ana Heidi. Resident.

Dentist, graduated at Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de
t1lGalgo, lVlOrella, lVllcnoacan, lVleX1CO.
Articles published nationally and internationally.
Collaborator of "Ortodoncia Contemporanea. Diagn6stico y Tratamiento"
edited and distributed by AMOLCA publications.
Resident of the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de
Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
Publicaci6n de articulos a nivel nacional e internacional
Resident of the orthodontic specialty program at Centro de Estudios de
Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

- I
Prologue

I£ riting a book is no easy task, to try to analyze its contents is not a bit easier, even
more when one can observe there the reflection of the teachings of many individuals
or read between the lines how many references the author had to consult and review
in order to transmit his ideas, an amalgam of knowledge that throughout the years had
been maturing. This information compilation, set in an orderly fashion, is what allows us
to enjoy its lecture.

Now then, when we review books, we can come across some that we read only once and
some that have become part of our reference library, those we always keep at hand for per-
manent consultation. In my opinion, "1,001 tips for orthodontics and its secrets" will be one
of those books that upon opening will introduce us in the basic biomechanical principles
that we always must keep in mind. Then, in the second chapter we can appreciate how the
management of anchorage is a fundamental part of treatment, it plays a preponderant role
in the different mechanics that are exposed and how we can vary the type of anchorage
depending upon the necessities of each case in particular, exemplified with the different
auxiliaries that allow us to obtain our objectives, from minimal anchorage to the use of
mini implants for the consecution of the almost utopist absolute anchorage.

In later chapters we can relish upon the superb exposition of different techniques that will
help us make decisions in the solution of different problems, from space closure, passing
through the therapeutic focuses of open and closed bites, the treatment of anterior and
posterior cross bites, dental and skeletal through the polemic distalization.

The different types of habits, their probable causes and the effects they can produce, and
the varieties of appliances that can be used for their interception are exposed, from the
well known crib to the modern trainer.

A subject not frequently mentioned in orthodontic books refers to lesions and urgency
treatments that may happen during orthodontic treatment and how to manage them
mechanically and therapeutically. The subject is well managed in this text and clearly
orients the professional about a series of everyday problems that may be encountered and
sometimes we do not have at hand the alternative of a solution.

And ending with one of the most important treatment phases in the success of any treat-
ment, there is "Retention'; where we can find different techniques from the classic Hawley
to the most modern and recent retention systems.

In few words, thecontent of this book is an arsenal with the best secrets to lead us through
and to a successful treatment; it is all written here, now its up to the reader to take ad-
vantage of this superb text.

Oscar Quiros A.
Head professor, Dean of the orthodontic post grade program, and Chairman of the undergraduate orthodon-
tic program of Facultad de Odontologfa de la Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Preface

T he book 1,001 Tips For Orthodontics and its Secrets has been written in a simple and
didactic way for easy reading and understanding, ideal for the dental student, orth-
odontic resident or specialist. The book has a stock of more than 1,000 clinical photographs
in which we explain "different methods to do the same thing" meaning that we point out
many ways to close, open or uncross a bite. We include different molar distalizers, how
to provide anchorage or how to close spaces; in this manner, multiple treatment options
are shown for an identical problem, orthodontic or orthopedic in nature.
Our book consists of ten chapters, which we will describe briefly:

Chapter 1. Action and reaction. In an informative and straightforward approach we:

Describe how and why teeth move orthodontically, and the effects at bone and
dental levels.
The three laws of Newton and their clinical application during orthodontic treatment.
A simple and easy description on how to understand the physics laws that we utilize
in an orthodontic treatment. The use of forces, resultant forces, coplanar forces,
center of resistance, center of rotation, moment, types of dental movements and their
physiology, dental equilibrium and first, second and third order bends are clearly
explained.

Chapter 2. Anchorage. In this chapter we examine the different types of anchorage utilized
during orthodontic treatment, such as when to use minimal, moderate, maximum or absolute
anchorage, their advantages, disadvantages and recommendations for each one.

Chapter 3. Space closure in orthodontics. We present a whole array of different modalities

for dental space closure, from the classical elastic chain to the use of coils, wire bends
and retroligatures. We also describe the forces produced by each of these additions,
in the case they can be used, the advantages, disadvantages and recommendations of
each one.

Chapter 4. Deep bite. Description of the different types of deep bites and their etiology,
and the possible treatment plans for correction. We mention here why and how to use a
bite plane, the use of bite ramps, bypass, why should braces be bonded near the incisal
edge to help correct this problem, when to use an intrusion bend or a Tip back, how to
use and how can reverse curves help us to correct a deep bite, the use of in-block intru-
sion arch wires like the intrusion arch of Dr. Oscar Quiroz, the utility arch wire, the CIA
and intrusive arches with loops. All these additions have advantages, disadvantages and
recommendations, which are clearly explained.

Chapter 5. Open bite. This is one of the most difficult types of malocclusions to treat
because it has a high relapse rate. As in the deep bite chapter, we describe the different
causes and the different types of open bite, and their possible treatments. We discuss how
we use in block extrusion bends or in an individual manner, the benefits of palatal plates
and the advantages of using reverse curves on the maxilla and a curve on the mandible
in order to close an anterior open bite; why brace bonding near the gingival margin helps
us, cases in which we can use an individual or In block By-pass, the use of an inverted

r I I
tip back, the treatments in which we must place cribs or reminders for tongue habits and
cases that require tongue or maxillary surgery.

Chapter 6. Cross bite. In this chapter we will analyze the different methods of correction
of anterior and posterior cross bites; and their etiology. We review in a meticulous manner
the ideal moment to implement orthopedic appliances for the correction of a cross bite,
in which we mention the Face Mask, the Modified Tandem, the mini maxillary protrac-
tor, the Camacho Badillo regulator, the Tandem Loop, the Quad Helix, the Hass and the
Hyrax. We also present various orthodontic options to correct a cross bite, like the use
of the forward arch wire, the lingual bonding of braces, the overlay, inverted NiTi arch
wires and crossed elastics. We mention all the advantages, disadvantages and indications
for these additions.

Chapter 7. Distalizers. This is one of the most controversial topics in orthodontics today
because these appliances can provoke alterations in the temporomandibular joint. This
type of appliances are used in cases where we want to avoid bicuspid extractions. There is
an arsenal of distalizers like the CEOB-l, open coils, the Vlock distalizing technique, the
GG distal spring, repellant magnets, the pendulum, pendex, distal jet, the Cetlin plate,
the K-loop, the Veltri distalizer and the Belussi distalizer. We mention the facial and dental
characteristics of the patients thdt are candidates for this therapy modality; we also cover
the advantages, disadvantages and indications for each distalizer. .

Chapter 8. Habits. Early detection of a habit in our patients may help us solve many prob-
lems and avoid future headaches. So, in this chapter, we propose different appliances in
order to correct habits, like cribs, punchers, tridents, labial shields and trainers. Each one
of these has advantages, disadvantages and indications which we mention here.

Chapter 9. Lesions and emergencies during orthodontic treatment. In this chapter we

mention the possible solutions (analgesics, vibratory stimuli and laser) in order to avoid
or diminish pain provoked by dental movement.
Orthodontic and orthopedic appliances tend to retain great amounts of dentobacterial
plaque, which can provoke gingival problems; so we give alternatives in order to diminish
this inconveniehce, and in case they are present, how to eliminate them in a simple way
.with the use of dental pastes, tooth brushes, creams and topical gels.

Chapter 10. Retention in orthodontics. The success oEan orthodontic treatment is based
on retention. We cannot place the same retainer in all finished cases, that is why in this
chapter we present various retainers (removable, fixed and invisible ones) and their differ-
ent uses, advantages, disadvantages and indications. Among the removable retainers we
mention the Hawley, the circumferential retainer, the elastic circumferential retainer, the
Van der Linden retainer, the Sarhan, the spring aligner and the Coregg. Amid the esthetic
retainers we will analyze the Osamu retainer, The Essix 'w.; Essix "C+ and the reinforced
Essix. Finally we will analyze the prefabricated fixed retainers and the made-to-fit on the
patient fixed retainers.

We are very proud to present this book, but what is really rewarding to us is the fact that
the book was developed largely by our residents and ex residents of Centro de Estudios de
Ortodoncia del Bajio (CEOB), who, thanks to their enthusiasm, brotherhood and support,
have turned into a great family.

The author.
Contents

Chapter 1. Action and reaction

~ Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
~ Laws of Newton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
~ Force................ . . .. ... ... .. ........ ....... . ...... . . . ... . . . . ..... . ... 26
~ Center of resistance .. . . . ...................... . .... . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
~ Center of rotation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
~ Moment. .... .............. . ...... . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... . . ............ . . . ... . . 28
~ Physiology of the dental movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
~ Types of dental movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1. Inclination.. ..... .. ... . ........ ... .. .. . ...... . .... . ... ... ... . . . ..... . . .. 30
2. Translation................. . ... . ........ . . . . .. .. . ... ... . . .. . . .. .. . .. ... 32
3. Root displacement.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4. Rotation............. . .... ..... . . ... . . . . ... .. . ... . .. ..... . .. ........ . ... 33
~ Couple.. . ...................................... . ........ . . . ............... 34
~ Static equilibrium.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
~ Action and reaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1. Deep bite correction with tip back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2. Spee curve leveling with inverted curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3. Correction of a bilateral posterior open bite with inverted curves. . .. .. . . . . . .. 41
4. Correction of a deep bite with a bite plane and bilateral box elastics. . .... . . . . . 42
5. Correction of an anterior open bite with the use of a bite block (posterior bite
block) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6. Correction of an anterior cross with bite the use of a forward arch wire. . . . . . . . 47
7. Root up righting . ..... ......... ................. : . ...... . .......... . . ... 47
8. Diastema closure with closure loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
~ Bibliography ............ . ............. ....... ... . ........ .. .. : .. .... . .... . . 49

Chapter 2. Anchorage

~ Introduction....... .. . ... ...... . .. .. .. .. .......... . . .... . .. .. ......... .. ... 50

~ Indications for anchorage placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
~ Factors to consider determining the type of anchorage needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
~ Tips on how to increase the quantity of anchorage in the upper and lower jaws. . . . 54
~ Tips on how to reinforce posterosuperior anchorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
~ Tips on how to reinforce anteroinferior anchorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
~ Undesired movement control during the space closure phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
~ Anchorage control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
~ Types of anchorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1. Minimal anchorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
a) Stops............................................ .......... . ... .. . . 61
b) Tip back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
c) Arch wire cinch back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
d) Toe in / Toe out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
e) Retroligatures.. ... ....... ............ . ... . . ...... ............. . .. ... 66
f) Intermaxillaryelastics.... ... ..... . .. . . . . ..... .. ... . . ........ .. . . . ... 67
g) Lip bumper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2. Moderate anchorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
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a) Nance button. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
b) Transpalatal arch (TPA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
c) Viaro Nance. ... . ...... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
d) Lingual arch. ......... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3. Maximum or severe anchorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
a) Chromosome arch (Rodriguez-Natera).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
b) Transpalanance arch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4. Absolut anchorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
~ Bibliography......... . .. ... ... .. .............. . ...... . .. . . . . . ....... .. ..... 86

Chapter 3. Space closure in orthodontics

~ Introduction ...... . . .. .. .... . ... . ........................ . . . . ...... . . . ..... 89

1. Elastics .. . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Elastic chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
I. Space closure with elastic chains on sectioned arch wires. . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
II. Space closure with molar to molar chain.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
III. Space closure with chains and open coils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
IV. Space closure with parallel forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
V. Space closure with power arms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
VI. Space closure with intermaxillary elastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2. Closed coils .... . ............ .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . ............. . ............ 103
Space closure with open and closed coils.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3. Closure loops. .. ... .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 106
a) Open ''1'' loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
b) Closed ''1'' loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
c) Closed helicoidal ''1'' loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
d) Ricketts loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
e) Bull loop, Keyhole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
f) "T" loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
g) Segmented "T" loop.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
h) Retraction utility arch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
i) Double key or DKL arch.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113
4. Lace backs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
a) Active distal ligature type 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 120
b) Active distal ligature type 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
c) NiTi coils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
~ Bibliography............. . ................... . ..... . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. ... . . . . 121

Chapter 4. Deep bite

~ Introduction . ......... . . . .. . ...... . ...................... . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . 123

~ Types of deep bite. . ... . .. ... ... . . . ............ . . . .. ......... ..... ... . . .. . . . 123
~ Possible treament options to open a deep bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
1. Anterior bite plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
2. Anterior bite plane with intermaxillary elastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
3. Bite ramps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4. Individual bypass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 130
5. Incisal brace bonding. ..... . ..... . ......... . .......... . . ........... . ... . 131
6. Intrusion bend. ... . .. .. ........ .. ... . . . . . ... . ..... . . .. . ........... . .... 132
7. Tip back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8. Use of a reverse curve in the lower arch and a curve in the upper arch. . . . . . . . 134
9. The intrusion arch of Quiros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 136
10. Utility Arch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. 138
11. CIA (Connecticut Intrusion Arch). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141
12. Intrusive arch with loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
13. Face bow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 143
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~ Bibliography.... .. ..... . ... ............... . . .. ... ............. . . . . . . .... . .. 147

Chapter 5. Open bite

~ Introduction... ............................... .. ............... . . . . . . . . . .. . 148

~ Etiology....... . ......... . ........ . . . ... . . .... .... . ..... .... . ...... . ....... 148
l. Local...... . ..... ... .. . .. ... . .. . .... . ..... . . .. . ...... . ... . ... .. .... . ... 149
2. General.......... . ... . ... ........ ............ . . .... .... . .... . . . . . . . . ... 149
~ Types of open bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
~ Clinical characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
~ Options for closing an open bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
l. In block extrusion bend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
2. Second order or individual extrusion bend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 151
3. Use of an upper reverse curve and a lower curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 152
4. Individual bypass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154
5. In block bypass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 155
6. Inverted tip back.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 156
7. Posterior bite block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 157
8. Posterior intrusion block with TMA wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 158
9. High Pull . ........................................................... . 161
10. TPA or Chromosome arch with a disc on molars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 162
1l. Use of intermaxillary elastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 163
12. Brace bonding closer to the gingival margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
13. Tongue habit crib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 166
14. Maxillary surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 168
15. Glossectomy............ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 169
~ Bibliography...... ... ......... .. ....... . .... . ............. . .. . ...... ..... .. 170

Chapter 6. Cross bite

~ Introduction........... .. . ..... . . . ..... . ........ ... .. .. ...... ... ......... . . 172

~ Anterior cross bites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 172
C> Etiology of anterior cross bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 172
C> How to differentiate between a dental cross bite and a skeletal one. .... . ..... 173
• Dental evaluation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173
• Functional evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173
• Profile evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173
o How to determine if the profile is concave, straight or convex. . .. 173
o Chin position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 174
o Facial position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 174
• Cephalometric evaluation. .. .......... . ... .. ...... . . ... ........ . ..... 174
C> Types of anterior cross bite.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 174
• Dental antrior cross bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 174
• Functional anterior cross bite (Pseudo Class III). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 175
• Skeletal anterior cross bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 176
C> Diagnosis schematics for dental and skeletal anterior cross bites.. . . . . . . . . . . .. 177
C> Variables that may influence the correction of an anterior cross bite. .. .... .. . 177
• The displacement of the anterior centric relation to centric relation . . . . . .. 177
• Overbite..................... .. .... . . . ...... . ........... .... . .. .... 178
• Anterior arch length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 178
• Upper incisor torque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 178
• Mandibular teeth alignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179
• Retention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179
~ Posterior cross bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179
C> Etiology of posterior cross bites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180
• Genetic factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

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•
Habits... ................ ... ................................. . .... .. 180
o
Mouth breathing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180
o
Anomalous sucking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180
o
Infantile deglutition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 181
o
Lingual interposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 181
• Interferences and occlusal factors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 181
• Trauma......................... . . ..... ... . ........................ 181
• Other causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 181
[> Types of posterior cross bites.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 181
• Functional cross bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 181
• Dentoalveolar cross bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 181
• Skeletal cross bite.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182
• Scissors bite.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 183
[> Diagnosis for posterior cross bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 183
[> Variables that can have influence in the correction of posterior cross bites. . . .. 184
• Teeth inclination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
• Lateral functional displacement during mandible closure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
• Estimation of the necessary expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
• Age of the patient.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
• Vertical changes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
[> Reasons and periods for treatment of posterior cross bites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
~ Disjunction...... . ............................................ ............. 185
[> Effects of disjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185
• Effects on the maxillary complex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185
• Effects on the alveolar process. .... .. . . . .................... . ... . . . ... 185
• Dental effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
• Effects on the mandible. ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
• Effects on the adjacent facial structures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
[> Disjunction indications ............................ ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
[> Counter indications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
~ Treatment for anterior cross bite. ... . .. . .... . . . .. .. ........ . ...... . . . . . . . . . .. 187
1. Forward arch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 187
2. Bite block. ............................................................ 189
3. Lingually placed bracket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 191
4. Face mask.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 193
5. Components of face mask. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 194
6. Modified tandem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 194
7. Mini maxillary protractor. ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 196
8. Camacho-Badillo regulator (CBR).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
~ Treatment for posterior cross bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 202
1. Tandem loop ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204
2. Quad Helix. .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 206
3. Transpalatal arch with an extension arm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 208
4. Inverted NiTi arch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 209
5. Overlay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211
6. Crossed elastics or "Z" elastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7. Hass ............................. ......................... . . . . .. .. .. .. 213
8. Hyrax........ ... . . ... ..... ........ .. ..................... .... . . ... .. .. 215
9. Surgical disjunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
~ Bibliography......................................................... . ..... 219

Chapter 7. Distalizers

~ Introduction..................... . . . .......... . ... . . . .. .................... 221

1. Distalizing indications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223
2. Distalization counter indications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223
3. Recommendations...... . ............... .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .............. . ... 223
Other documents randomly have
different content
 “I don’t like to get swelled up in my statements, Mr. Fernald; but I
will say that Dick and I are a whole lot familiar with each other, and
work pretty well together.”
The Rockford manager smiled.
“That’s right,” he confessed. “I have watched you, and you work
together like machinery. Without a catcher behind the bat who
knows him thoroughly and can hold him, Merriwell would not be
particularly effective. Surely he couldn’t use that so-called
combination ball. It would fool a catcher just as much as it fools a
batter. Whatever that combination ball is, it’s a case of luck when a
batter hits it fairly. Of course, I know it’s no combination rise and
drop, for that’s impossible.”
“You think so,” laughed Brad. “I don’t blame you any, Mr. Fernald;
but I’ll bet something some of your players will tell you it is a
combined rise and drop.”
Fernald shook his head.
“I know it’s something mighty odd,” was his acknowledgment;
“but reason teaches me that a ball can’t be thrown in such a manner
that it will curve in one direction and reverse and curve in another.
Merriwell apparently throws a rise to start with, but it’s his style of
delivery that makes the ball seem to rise. He throws it with a rotary
movement that finally turns it into a drop.”
“It certain appears that you’ve figured the thing out to your
satisfaction; but what are you driving at?”
“It won’t make any great difference with your team if we win to-
morrow,” said Fernald softly. “You will still be close enough on our
heels to run us down before the season closes. It will make a big
difference to me if we lose; I’ll have all the cranks in this town on
my back. How would you like to make a good thing out of the game
to-morrow?”
The Texan started slightly, then turned slowly and stared at his
companion.
 “I sure would like to make a good thing out of it,” he said, in a
queer tone of voice. “That’s natural.”
“Perfectly,” nodded Fernald, fancying he had deftly secured an
opening, and likewise imagining that this sturdy boy was willing to
listen to a proposition. “I want to give you a pointer Buckhart. I am
going to bet on the game to-morrow. There’ll be plenty of chaps
ready to back your team. I am indifferent about making any money,
but I don’t want to lose any.”
“It certain seems to me that you will either have to make some or
lose some if you bet,” said the Westerner.
“I may win my bets without making any money.”
“I opine that’s impossible, Mr. Fernald. How can you do it?”
“Well, for instance, supposing I had it fixed with some one on your
team that whatever I won should go to him in case I did win. By this
I mean that if Rockford took the game I would hand over my
winnings to a member of the Fairhaven team. It’s absolutely
necessary, as I have explained to you, for us to stay in first position.
That will be more valuable to me than any money I might win. If you
can assure me that Rockford will hold her place by taking that game
I will cover all the Fairhaven money that is pushed at me. You may
send bettors to me and keep tabs on the amount posted. I don’t
care how much is put up, as long as I stand no chance of losing.”
Brad’s left hand was lowered at his side, and he quivered a little as
his fingers closed into a hard, bony fist. Although the man was not
aware of it, in that moment he was in danger of being smitten by
that fist.
“I reckon I understand what you mean, Mr. Fernald,” said the
Texan. “You’re proposing to me that I do something to give Rockford
the game?”
“There’s no need to put it thus plainly in words,” said the manager.
“You are sharp enough to understand. Here is your opportunity to
make a big thing. In the most natural manner you can have a
passed ball at a critical point in the game. You can make bad throws
to head off men stealing bases. Such things are done by the best
catchers in the business. They have their yellow days. No need to
excite suspicion by it. Perhaps it might not even be necessary to do
anything of the sort. If Rockford had a good lead, you could play
your best game and still be sure you would get the boodle when the
game was over. What do you say, Buckhart? Can I depend on you?”
“See here, Mr. Fernald,” said the sturdy Texan, “I don’t like to talk
this thing over any more here. There are some people round who
have looked at us right sharp already. We’re attracting attention. If
you will come up to room thirty-seven within ten minutes I’ll give
you an answer. I want a little time to think it over. I’ll be waiting for
you in that room. If you will notice, Whitney, the clerk, is watching
us now. I opine I’ll move.”
Without waiting for Fernald to say whether he would come to
room 37 or not, Brad rose and sauntered away.
As the Texan walked away he looked around the place searchingly.
A shade of disappointment seemed to settle on his face.
“Where are the boys?” he muttered. “Some of them ought to be
hanging round here.”
For a moment he stepped out in front of the hotel. Chip Jolliby
was standing out there with his hands in his pockets, watching the
people on the street. Instantly Buckhart seized Jolliby by the arm
and began speaking to him earnestly, in a low tone.
“Great juj-juj-juj-jingoes!” gasped the tall boy, as he listened.
“Here’s the key to the door,” said Brad, thrusting a key into
Jolliby’s hand. “Get a move on you. Must be plenty of witnesses.”
Then the Western youth turned back into the hotel and ascended
the stairs, whistling carelessly.
Barely had Buckhart disappeared when Jolliby observed a man
passing on the street. With a spring Chip grasped this man’s elbow.
 “Hold on a mum-mum-mum-minute, Mr. Blackington,” stuttered
the tall lad. “I wish to sus-sus-see you on important bub-business.”
“What’s that?” asked Uriah Blackington, the former manager of
the Rockford team. “Why, hello, Jolliby! You look excited. Losing that
game to-day at Seaslope must have disturbed you somewhat.”
“You’re sus-sus-sus-still president of the Trolley League, aren’t
you?” asked Chip.
“I believe I am,” nodded the Rockford man. “I wanted to resign,
but they kept me in it.”
“Have you gug-gug-got about twenty minutes to sus-sus-spare?”
inquired Chip.
Blackington glanced at his handsome watch.
“Yes, forty minutes if it’s anything interesting,” he nodded. “What
do you want?”
“Just cuc-cuc-come upstairs in a hurry,” urged Chip. “There’s
something dud-dud-doing—something you ought to know about.”
“What is it?”
“No tut-tut-time to explain now. Pup-pup-please come.”
“Well,” laughed Blackington good-naturedly, “you seem dreadfully
anxious about it, and so I’ll come. Go ahead.”
They entered the hotel and Chip glanced around in apprehension,
as they ascended the stairs, fearing they would be observed. To his
relief no one paid any attention to them. Jolliby led the way to the
door of a room on which he knocked.
“Come in,” called a voice.
“Jingoes!” exclaimed Chip. “Didn’t know there was anybub-bub-
bub-body in there! Jest thought I’d knock and fuf-fuf-fuf-find out!”
He opened the door and stepped in, followed by Blackington,
whose curiosity was greatly aroused by this time.
 It was Merriwell’s room they entered, and they found Dick and Ray
Garrett still pondering over the figures representing the standing of
the teams in the league.
“Is it you, Chip?” said Dick. “Why didn’t you come in without
stopping to knock? You don’t have to knock on my door. Oh, hello! I
see you have some one with you. How do you do, Mr. Blackington?”
Dick rose quickly and stepped forward to meet the president of
the league, who shook hands with him cordially.
“Ain’t gug-gug-gug-got no time to chin,” said Jolliby, in a
mysterious manner, holding up the key Buckhart had given him. “I
want you fuf-fuf-folks to keep mighty still. Where’s that dud-dud-
door lead to, Dick?”
As he asked the question he pointed to a door at one side of the
room.
“That leads into the next room,” said Dick. “It’s locked.”
“Well, I think we’ll tut-tut-try this key on it,” whispered Jolliby, as
he hurried toward the door.
His manner was so unusual that his companions watched him
wonderingly. The key unlocked the door and Chip opened it a
fraction, peering into the next room.
“All right,” he said, with satisfaction, as he pulled the door softly
to, but did not close it entirely.
“Tut-tut-turn out that light, Dick. Come over here, everybody. Get
close to this door and kuk-kuk-kuk-keep all-fired still. You’re gug-
gug-going to hear something that’ll interest you.”
He checked their questions, and a few minutes later the quartette
stood close by the door, silently waiting and listening.
Within three minutes some one entered the adjoining room. This
person began to whistle, and Dick knew it was Brad Buckhart.
Less than three minutes after Brad entered that room, there came
a knock on his door. On being invited to enter, the person who
knocked cautiously opened the door and looked in.
It was Tom Fernald.
“Walk right in, Mr. Fernald,” invited the Texan. “You see I’m all
alone here. I’m waiting for you. Thought you might wish to talk to
me up here where there’s less danger of being observed or
overheard.”
Fernald came in and closed the door behind him.
“What if some one should come here and find us together in this
room?” he asked.
The Westerner sauntered over to the door and turned the key in
the lock.
“No danger anybody will git in that way,” he smiled grimly. “Now
we’re alone here, Mr. Fernald, I’m ready to listen to your proposition.
I want you to make it plain so I will understand. I don’t propose to
go into this thing any unless it’s fixed so there will be not the
slightest misunderstanding between us.”
Brad then induced Fernald to again offer inducements to throw
the game on the following day to Rockford.
“It’s a great opportunity for you to make a big thing,” said the
tricky manager of the Rockford team.
“I should say so,” nodded Brad. “Why, according to that offer, if I
could induce people to bet five hundred dollars, or even a thousand,
on Fairhaven, and Rockford won the game, I’d get all the boodle put
up to back our team.”
“I hardly think you could find five hundred dollars,” said Fernald,
“although it’s possible you may. Of course, you will be able to
discover people ready to bet anything from five to fifty dollars, and if
you convince them it’s a sure thing Fairhaven will win there may be
one or two who will risk larger sums.”
The Texan seemed to hesitate. He soberly shook his head.
 “I confess I don’t like to do it,” he said. “It’s a whole lot like
stealing money. If any one ever finds it out it would cook my goose.
All my friends would go back on me.”
“How will any one ever find it out?” questioned Fernald. “There’s
no evidence that such a bargain was made between us.”
“That sure is correct,” nodded the Texan. “And for that same
reason you may go back on me some and refuse to hand the money
over after you get your paws on it. I can’t make you give it up. If I
tried that I’d be exposing myself. What assurance have I that you
will be square with me?”
“My word!” cried Fernald. “I give you my word!”
Brad hunched his broad shoulders.
“Your word!” he exclaimed, with a short laugh. “Why, I don’t opine
the word of any galoot who will put up such a job is worth a great
deal.”
“Come, come, young man, don’t be insolent!” exclaimed Fernald,
in annoyance. “I can’t afford to throw you down after a bargain of
that sort. I have a standing to maintain here. I am taking more
chances than you. If this thing should become known, and it could
be proven that I entered into such a compact, I’d be dropped from
the management of the Rockford team.”
“Is that right?”
“Certainly it’s right. Let me whisper something to you that I have
never mentioned to any one before. Really I don’t care a rap
whether Rockford wins the pennant or not, but for the present I
must keep my team at the head of the league. I must do it in order
to satisfy the people here who have backed the team. If I can keep
Rockford at the front up to within a few days of the finish I will be
well satisfied. More than that, I will agree with you now to throw
two of our last games in return for this one to-morrow.”
“Why should you do that?” asked Brad, in a puzzled manner. “I
don’t see how that would benefit you.”
 “I will explain it. I am betting on my own team now, and I risk
money for the purpose of making money. If I can keep Rockford
ahead till near the finish of the season, there will be plenty of
Rockford people ready to back us to win the pennant, and they’ll
back us good and heavy. I’ll not let any of them suspect the game
I’m playing, but I’ll have some good men ready with my money to
bet that Rockford does not win the pennant. I shall bet heavily, too.
Then I’ll throw the important games that will cause us to drop into
second place. If your team can keep close onto our heels, you will
go into first place and get the pennant. It will be a good thing for
Fairhaven, as it will create enthusiasm over there and lead the
islanders to put a team into the league next year. So you see, my
boy, you’re not damaging your own team by entering into this
agreement with me about the game to-morrow. The loss of one
game now will mean your final advancement.”
Brad stood with his feet quite wide apart, and his hands on his
hips, watching the crafty rascal all through this speech.
“Well, you’re sure a first-class schemer!” exclaimed the Texan.
“I’ve heard before that such things happen in professional baseball,
but I didn’t suppose there would be a chance for such a deal in a
league like this. I opined every team in the league would be out for
blood and ready to capture the pennant, if possible.”
“That’s the way it used to be in this league,” retorted Fernald;
“and it was a disadvantage to the league, for Rockford had a way of
always winning the pennant, and the smaller places grew
discouraged. If Rockford loses this year by a game or two she’ll be
right back in the league next year as fierce as ever. If Fairhaven
loses, it’s likely she’ll be discouraged and won’t try it another year.
So you see I’m really willing to do a generous thing.”
“Yes, a heap generous!” nodded Brad, with a touch of sarcasm he
could not repress. “But do you consider it honest sport? Do you think
it right to fool the backers of your team in such a manner? Without
doubt some of those backers will bet their money that Rockford
takes the pennant. Besides putting up their money to support the
team, they’ll lose their bets at the end of the season and be mighty
sore over it.”
“They are a lot of easy marks, anyhow!” snarled Fernald. “I don’t
see that you’re called on to worry about them. The principal thing
you care about is to come out on top, isn’t it?”
“I certain should like to see Fairhaven come out on top,” confessed
Brad. “Still I am some afraid you’re inclined to fool me. Without a
witness to our agreement I can’t be satisfied that you will stand by
the whole of it. That being the case,” he added, walking toward the
door that opened into the adjoining room, “I will just call in a
witness or two.”
Having said this, he suddenly flung the door wide open.
Into the room stepped Dick Merriwell, followed by Ray Garrett.
“These yere gents are my witnesses,” said the Texan. “They’ve
heard our little agreement at my invitation.” Then he paused, for
Uriah Blackington followed Dick and Ray into the room, with Chip
Jolliby at his heels.
The face of Blackington was like a thundercloud. He pointed an
accusing finger at Fernald as he cried:
“So this is the kind of a man you are! I’ve always been inclined to
think you a crook, although you’ve escaped detection until now!”
Fernald had turned pale, and for a moment or two he stood quite
still, apparently thunderstruck and overcome. Suddenly he wheeled
toward Buckhart, his fist clinched, and his teeth gleaming between
his back-drawn lips. With the intention of striking the Texan, he
made a single step.
In a twinkling Dick and Ray Garrett were between Brad and
Fernald.
“Let him come! Let him come!” palpitated the Western lad. “I’ll
give him his medicine good and plenty.”
 “Better not raise a disturbance, Mr. Fernald,” said Dick quietly. “It’ll
be a bad thing for you. A row here will cause this whole matter to
come out, and if you’re not ridden on a rail and tarred and feathered
after that, it will surprise me.”
 CHAPTER III

A WORTHY PAIR.

“That’s right,” nodded Uriah Blackington. “If this thing gets out,
you’ll be driven out of Rockford, Fernald. There’s only one thing for
you to do.”
“I hope you’re not chump enough,” said Fernald, “to think I meant
it when I offered to throw the final games this season. I did that in
order to lead this fellow into the bargain with me about the game to-
morrow.”
“I wouldn’t believe you under oath!” retorted Blackington. “You’re
a thoroughly untrustworthy scoundrel! As president of this league, I
demand your instant resignation from the position you hold.”
“Oh, do you?”
“Yes, sir.”
“I suppose you intend to become manager again?”
“Perhaps I do. You forced me out of it by your trickery, and if I’m
asked to take the position again I may consent.”
“Consent!” snarled Fernald. “You’ll jump at it!”
“Sit down right here and now,” commanded the president of the
league sternly, “and write your resignation. I’ll furnish the pen.”
“And I’ll furnish the paper,” laughed Dick, stepping into his own
room and returning in a moment with a sheet. “Here it is.”
 “That’s bub-bub-bub-bub-business!” chattered Jolliby. “We’ll gug-
gug-gug-get rid of one crook! If we could catch old Hammerswell
the same way it would be a mighty gug-gug-good thing for baseball
in these parts!”
Fernald seemed undecided. He took a cigarette case from his
pocket and extracted a cigarette, which he slowly rolled between his
fingers. All the while he was thinking, but in vain he sought some
loophole of escape. He had fallen into the trap, and the only way out
of it was to assent to the demand made upon him.
“I want to tell you people one thing,” he finally observed, having
struck a match and lighted the cigarette. “No man up to date has
ever played me a trick like this and not lived to repent it. This fool
boy will repent it, too.”
“Listen to the wind,” chuckled Brad. “How it blows!”
Without another word Fernald sat down and wrote the resignation
demanded by Blackington.
“There,” he said, having signed his name, “now go ahead and
blow on me, the whole of you. I want to tell you something more.
You’ve put me in a bad hole. I have a few friends here who will stick
by me. Some of them are bad men to have for enemies. I will find
out who goes from this room and tells what has happened here.
From the moment he opens his mouth to blow on me, the man who
does so will be in constant danger. Night and day, asleep or awake,
he’ll be in danger.”
“Better keep your threats to yourself, Fernald,” advised
Blackington. “If anything serious should happen your words will be
remembered and will rise to accuse you.”
Fernald laughed disdainfully as he turned toward the door.
“If any of you think I’m disposed of in this manner he will live to
discover the mistake,” declared the man, pausing with his hand on
the knob. “You will still find me and my influence effectual in
baseball in this league. Good night!”
 “Well,” said Brad, when the rascal had departed, “this is the first
time any galoot ever tried to buy me. I sure reckon he didn’t know
who he was dealing with. Chip, you followed instructions a whole lot
clever. I didn’t expect you’d be able to get hold of Mr. Blackington,
but I’m right glad you did. Only for the fact that Mr. Blackington
heard the whole thing, Fernald would have made a fight before
resigning as manager.”
“He forced me to resign some time ago,” said Blackington; “but
the tables were turned on him to-night. I may not be reappointed as
manager of the Rockford team. In fact, I am not anxious for the
position, as it entails no end of worry and work. Nevertheless, it’s
pretty certain that whoever is now appointed to fill the place will be
an honest man, and baseball will be benefited by it. With a man like
Henry Duncan in Benton Hammerswell’s place at Maplewood the
patrons of this league would get a chance to see honest games.”
“I don’t suppose there’s any way to fuf-fuf-fuf-force old Ham out,
is there?” asked Chip, who was quite exultant over what had taken
place.
“It’s doubtful if he can be forced out,” said Blackington. “He has
everything in his hands up there. He’s the sole backer of the team,
and thus far it has cost him a fat little sum of money.”
For a short time they talked over Fernald’s trickery; but finally
Blackington departed, having stated his intention of at once calling
together the directors of the Rockford team in order that a new
manager might be appointed. Although Tom Fernald had seemed to
recover his nerve ere leaving room 37, he was quivering with rage as
he descended the stairs. He hurried through the office and made his
way directly to the small barroom in the basement of the Corndike.
Several persons were patronizing the bar, while in the corner sat a
ragged young man, who seemed to be sleeping off the effects of too
much drink. This chap had not purchased a drink since entering the
place, but had slipped in quietly and apparently had fallen asleep on
the chair almost as soon as he sat down.
 “Whisky,” growled Fernald, as he found a place at the bar.
“Hello!” exclaimed a man, whose elbow he happened to jostle. “Is
it you, Tom? What’s the matter? Sore because we took a fall out of
you to-day?”
To Fernald’s surprise he recognized Benton Hammerswell, the
Maplewood manager.
“What are you doing down here, Hammerswell?” he inquired.
“Oh, I just run down to see how the baseball fans were feeling.
Have been looking for you. Inquired at the office. They said you
were around a short time ago, but I couldn’t discover a sign of you.
I thought it possible you might drift in here some time this evening.
Taking whisky, are you? That’s hardly hot-weather drink, and it’s hot
enough to-night.”
“Yes, it’s hot enough,” nodded Fernald. “Too thundering hot! I’ve
been given quite a sweat to-night.”
Again Hammerswell eyed his companion closely.
“Dropping that game to us must have made you sore,” he said,
with a pantherish grin. “Never mind that, old boy. We’ll take a fall
out of Seaslope to-morrow. It’s up to you to down Fairhaven and
land the islanders at the bottom. That’s where they belong. After we
get Seaslope into third place and Fairhaven into fourth, we’ll fight it
out between us for the pennant. I’ve got the team to win games
now. There’s only one trouble with my bunch: Arlington is sore. I
was compelled to promise that he should remain as captain of the
team, but it wouldn’t work.
“After getting my new men here a whole lot of them threatened to
leave unless their regular captain was retained at their head. I had
to agree to that. I have done my best to pacify Arlington by
explaining that a man who pitches should not play in any game
unless he is on the slab, and, therefore, it’s not policy to keep him as
captain of the team when he will play in no more than one-third of
the games. I honestly believe the fellow’d rather be captain and not
pitch at all. He’s a good player, but has a mighty nasty disposition.
Drink up, Tom. Here’s luck for both of us to-morrow.”
Fernald had poured a brimming glass of whisky, and he dashed it
off at a gulp.
“There,” he said, “perhaps that’ll make me feel better. I’ll tell you
something that will surprise you, Benton.”
“Go ahead! Surprises are coming thick lately.”
“I am not manager of the Rockford team now.”
Hammerswell was surprised indeed.
“What are you giving me?” he cried.
“Straight goods.”
“You’re not manager now?”
“No.”
“Why not?”
“I resigned to-night.”
“Resigned?”
“That’s right.”
“Well, why in blazes did you resign?”
“Step over here,” invited Fernald, drawing the Maplewood man
toward the corner where the tramp sat sleeping on his chair. “I’ll tell
you about it. Don’t want to let every one hear.”
“Go on!” urged Hammerswell. “They are paying no attention to us.
This fellow is snoozing off a jag.”
Fernald lowered his voice almost to a whisper. Swiftly he explained
how he had attempted to clinch the coming game for Rockford by
making a bargain with Brad Buckhart.
“Without Buckhart at his best,” he said, “I was confident we could
beat the islanders easily.”
 “Sure thing,” nodded Hammerswell. “He’s the only catcher they
have, and the only man who can hold Dick Merriwell. Of course, they
might get hold of Brodie, the fellow I let go when I engaged my new
team; but Brodie can’t handle Merriwell’s combination ball. It would
fool him just the same as it fools batters. You were right, Fernald;
with Buckhart out of the game, or with him bought up, it would be a
simple thing to down Fairhaven. One thing that led me down here
to-night was to see you about this business. I wondered if there was
no way it could be fixed so Rockford would have the game nailed to-
morrow.”
“It must be fixed,” nodded Fernald. “Either that or I’ll be
compelled to hedge.”
“Then you’ve bet on the game already?”
“Yes. I didn’t tell this fellow, Buckhart, about it, but I’ve backed
Rockford to win. I hate to hedge on this game. I’d almost as leave
see Rockford beaten.”
“No! no!” exclaimed Hammerswell, “not that! If Fairhaven loses
she’ll go to the bottom of the list. I know how you feel. I know you’d
like to see Rockford lose her first game under another manager; but
you can’t have any friendly sentiment toward Fairhaven and this
chap Buckhart, who trapped you.”
The Rockford man shook his head.
“I am between two fires,” he confessed. “I’d like to fix Buckhart,
somehow. I’ll do it, too! I don’t know just how to get at him.”
“A little dope in his coffee,” whispered Hammerswell.
“He doesn’t take coffee. Those chaps over there are temperance
cranks. Every man on the team drinks water.”
“Then a little dope in a glass of water—that’ll do it.”
“I believe I can get a drug into him all right,” said Fernald. “I stand
in with the head waiter here at the Corndike. He’s a poker player,
and I have divided winnings with him in more than one game we
have played together. I did the crooked dealing and gave him the
hands to win.”
“Then it’s a simple matter,” whispered Hammerswell eagerly. “If
you can fix it with the head waiter, I will provide the drug.”
“What sort of a drug?” asked Fernald. “I don’t like to monkey with
stuff unless I know how it is going to work. I don’t want to poison
any one.”
“Don’t worry about that. I know a drug that will do the work, and
it’s perfectly tasteless.”
“Where do you get it?”
“I’ll get it. Leave that to me. If you will fix it with the head waiter,
I’ll provide the powder.”
“Explain how the stuff works on a man who takes it,” urged
Fernald.
“It takes the life and judgment out of him. He loses his strength.”
“Then it doesn’t knock him flat? It doesn’t put him down and out?”
“Not a bit of that. He’ll keep on his feet, but he’ll be useless as a
ball player.”
“Get me the dope,” hissed Fernald. “I will guarantee to reach
Buckhart. I’ll soak that fellow, and I hope he makes a holy show of
himself to-morrow.”
“He will,” chuckled Hammerswell.
“How long will it take you to get the powder?”
“There’s plenty of time. I will find a man to purchase it here in
Rockford at a drug store. Don’t want to do it myself. Leave it all to
me. You shall have it to-night, but you’re not to use it until to-
morrow noon. Understand that? If you use it before that time he
might recover from the effect in time to play all right. He will feel it
for four or five hours after taking the stuff.”
 “Then it’s a go,” said Fernald. “I’ll make a big winning on Rockford
to-morrow. After that I hope Rockford will get it in the neck
regularly. Have another drink with me. Come on!”
They again stood up to the bar and called for drinks.
While they were drinking one of the bartenders noticed the
sleeping fellow in the corner. Immediately he came from behind the
bar and gave the sleeper a poke in the ribs.
“Here! here! what are you doing?” he demanded. “This is no
lodging house.”
Apparently the fellow was undisturbed. A second poke toppled him
from his chair to the floor, where he sprawled awkwardly.
“Thunder and guns!” he muttered thickly; “that was an awful
shock! Thought I was riding on the truck of a freight car. Lost my
hold and fell off. The whole train went over me.”
“This is no place for bums,” said the bartender, surveying the
fellow’s ragged clothes. “When did you blow in here?”
“Beg your pardon, boss,” said the young tramp, slowly and
unsteadily rising to his feet. “Just arrived in your beautiful town.
Came in my own parlor car. Brought an awful thirst with me, too.
Open a bottle of Mumm’s for me, and mark it down on a cake of
ice.”
The bartender called a boy.
“Open the basement door, Joe,” he said. “Can’t have this fellow
strolling out through the office.”
The basement door was quickly opened, and then, without a
moment’s delay, the bartender hustled the young tramp out and
thrust him into the street, giving him a push that caused him to lose
his feet and sit down heavily on the sidewalk.
“Too bad!” muttered the hobo, as he sat there and looked round
over his shoulder at the door, which had closed behind him. “I didn’t
hear all of that. They whispered too low for me to catch the whole of
it. They’re up to something that interests me a great deal, as a chap
by the name of Buckhart is concerned. I will keep my eyes open.”
 CHAPTER IV

ON PEACEFUL POINT.

After the ejectment of the hobo Fernald and Hammerswell

remained some little time before the bar, talking earnestly in low
tones.
The whisky seemed to have a bad effect on Fernald. He grew
flushed and excited. His indignation increased steadily as he thought
of the trap into which he had fallen, and he repeatedly asserted his
desire to square up with Buckhart.
“It’s not enough to simply dope the fellow!” he growled.
“Be still,” cautioned Hammerswell, touching his companion’s wrist.
“Don’t let any one hear you speaking of that.”
“I know what I’ll do,” said the Rockford sharp. “I’ll have that fresh
young fellow put out of business to-night unless he sticks close to
this hotel.”
“Put out of business?”
“Yes.”
“How?”
“I know a way. I’d like to thump him myself, but I don’t want to
take part in it. I’ll find the boys to do it. Let’s have another drink.”
After drinking again Fernald bade Hammerswell “so-long,”
promising to meet him within an hour at the same bar.
 “That’ll give me time to get the dope,” whispered Hammerswell. “I
think I’ll have it ready for you then.”
Having left the hotel, Fernald turned down the street that led
toward a part of the place known as Peaceful Point. This name was a
misnomer, for Peaceful Point was anything but peaceful. In fact, it
was the most dangerous and degraded section of Rockford. The
most disreputable characters of the place lived on the point, where
there were a number of low saloons, kitchen barrooms, gambling
rooms, and other resorts of bad repute. Although it was said to be
dangerous for a well-dressed man to venture onto the Point after
dark, Fernald proceeded thither unhesitatingly.
The street was crooked, the houses in need of repair and paint,
and the neighborhood ill-smelling.
The night being warm, the doors and windows were open
everywhere. There were men and women and a few ragged, shrill-
voiced children on the street. Lights shone from the windows and
the open doorways. Some carousing sailors went staggering and
singing along the street ahead of Tom Fernald. Profanity and the
smell of beer was in the air.
The appearance at that hour of a man dressed as well as Fernald
was enough to cause the Pointers to survey him keenly. However,
instead of creating surprise whenever he was recognized—and
almost every one seemed to know him—his name was spoken and
he was permitted to pass unmolested. Occasionally a man saluted
him.
No one paid the slightest attention to the trampish-looking young
man who slouched at a distance behind Fernald, carefully keeping
track of the deposed manager of the Rockford team. This was the
chap who had been thrown out of the Corndike barroom.
At last the hobo saw the man he was following pause a moment in
front of a house from which came the sound of music, dancing, and
bacchanalian laughter.
 The pursuer reeled forward, as if finding it difficult to keep on his
feet, and paused at the open doorway to look in. Beyond a short hall
was another open door, and beyond that a room in which the
dancing was taking place. Fernald had paused in the second
doorway. He surveyed the disreputable throng searchingly, and soon
singled out a strapping, big youth who was waltzing with a girl.
Fernald lifted his arm and the man nodded. A moment later, without
asking to be excused, the fellow abandoned his partner on the floor
and joined the man in the doorway.
“Sorry to bother you, Bingo,” said Fernald.
“No bother at all, boss,” was the answer.
“Step over by this window,” invited Fernald, who did not fancy the
odor of the place. “Want to speak with you a moment, McCord.”
They stopped by the open window, neither of them aware that
outside that window a man was leaning against the side of the
building.
“You know the Fairhaven catcher, don’t you, Bingo?” asked
Fernald.
“Sure t’ing,” nodded the youth, wiping the perspiration from his
face with his shirt sleeve. “I know all dem ball players in der whole
league.”
“Well, I suppose you took my pointer and bet something on the
game to-morrow, didn’t you?”
“Dat’s what I did.”
“I thought likely you would.”
“Why, boss, I found some guys dat was bughouse. Dey have an
idea dem kids is going to put it all over your team to-morrer. I
borrowed ten plunks and shook it at um. De whole ten is up, and I
count meself that much ahead. It’s like finding money.”
“It was a safe thing as long as I remained manager of the team
here, Bingo; but I am out of it now.”
 “W’at?” gasped McCord, in astonishment. “What’s dat you’re
giving us, Tom, old man? Out of it! Ain’t you manager any more?”
“No.”
“How’s dat?” gasped the excited and astonished Bingo.
“It will take too much time to explain. But if you want to make it a
sure thing that you gather in your bets it’s up to you to do
something.”
“Tell me what, boss!”
“I want you to get after the Fairhaven catcher. The whole team is
stopping at the Corndike. If you can run onto that fellow Buckhart
on the street to-night and put him out of commission you’ll fix the
thing so your bets will be safe, as there is no other man who can fill
his place to-morrow with Merriwell in the box.”
“You want me to knock de block off dat chap, do yer?”
“If you can put him into the doctor’s hands it will be a good job.
Don’t be satisfied to give him a thumping, but use him up so he’ll be
unable to play ball to-morrow. That’s my advice.”
“I’ll do it if I get der chance, boss,” nodded McCord. “Of course I
don’t want to be pinched for der job, and I can’t jump him right out
in public where dere’ll be witnesses.”
“Of course not. It’s a warm evening, and I fancy the most of those
fellows will walk out for a breath of air. If you could hang around and
follow Buckhart until you get a good opportunity to light on him, it
would be a fancy piece of work.”
“I hate ter leave dis ball,” confessed McCord; “but I can’t afford to
drop any good money on dat game.”
“If you polish this Buckhart off in first-class shape, so he can’t play
to-morrow, I’ll drop you a fiver out of my own pocket,” promised
Fernald.
“I’ll get after dat guy right away, Tom,” nodded the young thug.
 “Better take two friends with you.”
McCord looked surprised.
“What fer?” he demanded. “Don’t you t’ink I can take care of him
all by my lonesome? Why, I can eat dat chap! He’s nutting but a
boy.”
“But he may have friends with him. You will need at least two or
three companions to keep his friends off while you do him up. I
suggest that you take not less than three. Then if you happen to run
onto a bunch of them you will be all right.”
“Mebbe dat’s good advice,” confessed Bingo. “I want to do der job
in a hurry. I’d better have some good scrappers wid me.”
“Any one here you can get?”
“None of my gang, but I guess I know where ter find der boys.
Tapper Mullin is fingering the pasteboards down at Mike McGinnis’
joint. He picked up a couple of sailor chaps what t’ought dey knew a
lot about poker, and he’s skinning dem of dere loose coin. I’ll git him
all right, and den I’ll look after Skip Billings, anodder good man. You
say der baseball chaps are at der Corndike? Well, you jest stroll back
dere and hang around. If you see dis feller we’re arter stroll out for a
walk, jest watch which way he goes. I’ll be along wid my pals in
twenty or t’irty minutes.”
Fernald left the place and retraced his steps toward the hotel.
Instead of following him, the young hobo, who had listened outside
the window, waited until Bingo McCord came out. He then trailed
McCord.
Bingo had made no mistake in saying he knew where to find one
of his pals. At McGinnis’ place he was admitted to the room where
the poker game was in progress, and he appeared just as one of the
sailors vociferously announced that he had been cheated. There
were five persons in the game, and three of them proceeded to
jump on the two sailors without a moment’s delay. The encounter
that followed was decidedly brief, for McCord sailed into it and
McGinnis himself took a hand. In less than two minutes the sailors,
badly battered and minus their money, found themselves kicked into
the street.
McCord tapped a tall, perspiring, red-headed chap on the
shoulder.
“Seems ter me I dropped around jest in time, Mullin,” he said.
“That’s what!” growled Mullin, with a surly grin. “I saw you smash
one of them chaps under the ear and drop him into the corner. They
squealed over losing a little money. I’ve got some of it in my clothes.
Come over to Pete Daley’s and I’ll blow you off.”
“Over to Pete’s it is,” said McCord, in satisfaction. “I was jest going
to invite you over dere meself. Dere’s something doing, Tapper. I
want ter find Skip Billings.”
“Skip hangs around Pete’s most of the time.”
Together they proceeded to Daley’s barroom, which was well filled
with disreputable-looking and thirsty individuals. Neither of them
noted that as they entered the young hobo followed at their heels,
almost knocking against them.
Skip Billings, who had a broken nose and was thoroughly vicious
in his appearance, was leaning against one end of the bar. McCord
and Mullin joined him.
“This is on me,” said Mullin, as he ordered beer.
“I beg your pardon, gents!” exclaimed the hobo, as he seemed to
lose his balance and stumbled in among them. “Awful slippery floor!
Don’t waste your money. I will pay for the suds.”
“Well, dat saves you a swipe on de jaw,” said McCord. “You want
ter be careful about butting inter dis bunch or you may git your
block knocked off.”
The hobo looked them over in an interesting manner.
“One, two, three,” he counted, motioning toward each one of
them with his finger. “Mebbe there’s enough of you to do it.”
 “What’s that?” the trio exclaimed in a breath, as they turned
toward him.
“Wait a minute! wait a minute!” urged the tramp, holding up his
hand. “After I pay for the suds you can try it if you want to. No use
to fool yourself out of a drink in your haste.”
McCord began to laugh.
“I guess dat’s right, stranger,” he admitted. “We’ll drink on you and
den we’ll kick your face in.”
The tramp did not appear to be frightened. Instead of that,
standing in their midst, he coolly paid for the drinks from a small
amount of loose change.
“The last of a misspent fortune,” he said dolefully. “When that’s
gone I’ll have to work—or steal. What’s the use to quarrel, gents?
Mebbe the three of you can put me out in short order, but I will go
any one of you singly at any old thing. I will run, jump, wrastle, or
fight any man in the place.”
Now it happened that Skip Billings regarded himself as a clever
wrestler, while as a fighter Tapper Mullin was known on the Point to
be second only to Bingo McCord.
“Here’s where we have a little sport!” exclaimed Bingo. “Clear der
floor, gents, and see Skip pile this frisky chap up in a hurry.”
The prospect of a wrestling match seemed to delight every one
present, and without delay the space was cleared. Deliberately the
young hobo removed his ragged coat and tossed it into a corner,
flinging his battered hat after it.
“Better take your drink first,” grinned McCord, motioning toward
the single glass left standing on the bar.
“I’ll take that later,” said the hobo. “Had enough already. Mebbe I’ll
want it after I put this gent on his back.”
“If you wait until you put me on my back,” said Billings, “you’ll
never take another drink. Come on!”
 A moment later they clinched.
If any one present expected to see Skip Billings down the stranger
he was disappointed.
Although Billings seemed to obtain the best hold and made an
effort to hurl the tramp over his hip, the strength and skill of the
hobo enabled him to avoid a fall.
“Go on, Skip!” cried several. “Pile him up! Down him!”
“Down he goes!” panted Billings, as he back-locked his antagonist.
While they were falling the stranger seemed to fetch a remarkable
writhing twist in the air, and when they struck heavily on the floor a
shout of surprise went up, for Billings was underneath and flat on his
back.
Billings himself was astounded, for until he landed on the floor he
had fancied himself the victor. How he had been brought underneath
while falling he could not conceive.
“What’s dis?” shouted McCord, in great astonishment. “Did he
t’row you, Skip? What’s de matter wid yer?”
“Accident!” declared Billings savagely. “I had him going.”
The tramp laughed.
“The secret of success,” he observed, “is to keep a good thing up
after you’ve started. You can’t keep it up, me friend.”
Being released, Billings scrambled to his feet, his face flushed and
his eyes glaring.
“You’ll never fool me another time that way!” he declared. “You
can’t throw me again in a hundred years!”
“Various opinions about that, me friend,” chuckled the tramp. “But
I guess this business is settled. One fall was to end it.”
“One fall don’t end it!” snarled Billings. “You will have to try it
again.”
 “Now, hold on!” cried the stranger, holding up his hand. “I say it
ain’t fair—it ain’t fair!”
“Make him take his medicine, Skip!” exclaimed several.
In spite of his protest, the tramp was compelled to meet Billings
again.
The two men crouched at a little distance from each other, while
McCord gave the word.
“Are you ready?” was his question.
“Sure!” growled Billings.
“All ready,” said the stranger.
“Then fly at it!”
Round and round they circled, crouching low, their arms swinging,
watching for an opening. Suddenly the tramp seemed to give Billings
his chance. Skip rushed in and grabbed.
With a writhing twist, the tramp seemed to avoid the other man’s
hands, and an instant later he seized Billings about the body, flung
the fellow’s heels into the air, and hurled him fairly over his head.
The building shook and the glasses and bottles behind the bar
rattled as Skip came down with a terrible thump, flat on his shoulder
blades. The concussion stunned him for a moment, and he lay prone
on his back, blinking at the smoky ceiling.
After a moment’s silence the witnesses of this remarkable thing
uttered a shout. Never had they seen a handsomer piece of work.
Slowly Billings sat up, looking around for his antagonist.
“Go for him!” he weakly muttered. “Knock the stuffing out of him!”
“Hold on, gents!” urged the tramp, once more holding up his
hand. “I acknowledge you can do it if you all jump on me. There
ain’t no question about that. I’ll take you one at a time; but I throw
up the sponge if you’re going to tackle me in a bunch.”
 “Let me git at him!” urged Tapper Mullin. “Mebbe he can wrastle,
but when it comes to handling his dukes with me I think he’ll be out
of it. Where’s the gloves, Pete? Bring out the mitts and I will pound
him to a pulp!”
The prospect of a fistic encounter delighted the rough crowd and
they burst into applause, wildly calling for the gloves.
“I acknowledge, gents,” said the hobo, “that you’ve seen me at my
best. As a wrastler I’ve made my reputation. When it comes to the
gloves, I am nothing but a second-rater.”
This seemed to increase Mullin’s desire to get at the stranger.
“Be quiet as you can, gentlemen,” said Daley, the proprietor, as he
fished out a set of hard gloves from beneath the bar. “You know my
place is strictly quiet and respectable.”
“Where’s my second?” inquired the tramp, as he inspected the
gloves. “Ain’t I got no one ter back me up? Is this whole bunch agin’
me?”
To the surprise of all, Skip Billings immediately stepped forward.
“I’m behind you, pal,” he said. “A man that can throw me over his
head is pretty nifty, and I’m goin’ to prophesy that you make it lively
for Tapper.”
“Thanks!” grinned the hobo, his dark eyes flashing. “Jest you
watch out that I git fair play. Help me tie these mitts on, will you?”
Billings aided in tying the gloves onto the stranger’s hands. In the
meantime, McCord attended to Mullin, who had stripped down for
the encounter.
“Don’t let him touch you, Tapper,” urged Bingo.
“Don’t worry about that,” retorted Mullin. “You’re the only gent
around this town that can put me out of business.”
The interest of the crowd in the stranger had been thoroughly
aroused. They saw now that he was not a bad-looking fellow by any
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