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 Section of Pilosace P. eximius Pk., 24th Rep. N.Y. State Bot., is the
Algeriensis. only species thus far reported in America.
Edible qualities unknown.

STROPHA´RIA.

Gr—a sword-belt. (Referring to the ring.)

Flesh of stem and pileus continuous. Veil present, when ruptured

forming a distinct ring on the stem. Gills more or less adnate.
On the ground or epiphytal.
Separated from all the genera of the purple-spored series but
Agaricus by the presence of a distinct ring, and from that by the
continuity of flesh in stem and pileus, and by the gills not being free.
Pileus somewhat fleshy, sometimes viscid.
The species belonging to this genus are rather small, and from their
habitats are frequently passed or overlooked. Yet many of them are
common and plentiful. Those which have been tested are excellent
and worth seeking in their season. The entire genus has been under
a cloud. Writers upon it assert some of its members to be
dangerously poisonous. So far as carefully tested by the writer no
doubtful one has been encountered, and one—semiglobata—has
been eaten by himself and friends since 1881, notwithstanding its
dangerous reputation.
The division between this genus and Agaricus is not always sharply
defined. S. æruginosa, S. semiglobata and S. stercoraria were
formerly placed in Psalliota, now Agaricus.

ANALYSIS OF TRIBES.

A. Viscipelles (viscum, bird-lime; pellis, a skin). Page 349.

Pellicle of the pileus even or scaly, generally viscid.

* Mundi—mundus, clean. Not growing on dung.
** Merdarii—merda, dung. Ring often incomplete.

B. Spintrigeri (Stropharia spintriger).

Pileus without a pellicle, but fibrillose, not viscid. None known to be

edible.

A. Viscipelles. Pellicle of the pileus even or scaly.

* Mun´di—not growing on dung.

S. ærugino´sa Curt.—ærugo, verdigris.

Pileus fleshy, but not compact, convex-bell- (Plate XCVI.)
shaped then flattened, somewhat umbonate
(obtuse when larger), with very viscid
pellicle, the ground color yellowish but
verdigris from the azure-blue slime with
which it is more or less covered over,
becoming pale as the slime separates.
Stem hollow, soft, equal, at the first scaly
or fibrillose below the ring, viscid, becoming
more or less azure-blue green. Ring
distant. Gills adnate, plane, 2 lines and
Stropharia æruginosa.
more broad, not crowded, soft, whitish then
Natural size. (After
dusky, becoming somewhat purple. Stevenson.)
The above are the essential marks of this species. Variable in form,
sometimes cespitose. The typical and handsomest form is gathered
in soaking weather in later autumn in shaded woods; it is large
(pileus and stem 3 in. and more), stem squarrose with white
spreading scales, intensely verdigris or azure-blue-pelliculose and
very glutinous. From this there is a long series of forms with the
gluten more separating (on the separation of the gluten the pileus
becomes yellow), and the scales alike of the pileus and stem rubbed
off. Finally, a smaller form occurs in open meadows, stem scarcely 2
in. long, only 2 lines thick, becoming azure-blue-green and without
scales, pileus 1–2 in. broad, pale verdigris soon light yellowish, less
viscid. In this form the ring is incomplete, while in the typical form it
is entire, spreading, and persistent.
In woods, meadows, etc. Common. July to November. Stevenson.
Spores ellipsoid or spheroid-ellipsoid, 8×4–5µ K.; 5×7µ W.G.S.;
elliptical, 10×5µ Massee.
POISONOUS. Stevenson.
“There is a white variety, in which the pileus is perfectly white from
the first.” Cooke.
S. æruginosa has been noted here by Schweinitz in Pennsylvania,
Curtis in North and South Carolina, Frost in Vermont and
Massachusetts, Harkness and Moore, California, Morgan, Ohio. The
qualities of the American representatives are not reported. I have
not seen the species. As it is asserted to be poisonous by European
writers it may be. M.C. Cooke says: “It has the reputation, which is
somewhat general on the continent, of being poisonous, but
probably this is only assumed from its disagreeable taste and
repulsive appearance.” Collectors are cautioned to look out for it,
and not to eat of it carelessly.
I can find no case of poisoning by this species reported. It presents
another case of “Not proven.”

** Merda´rii—ring often incomplete.

S. stereora´ria Fr.—stercus, dung. Pileus 1 in. broad, yellow,
fleshy, but thin at the margin, hemispherical then expanded, obtuse,
orbicular, with a viscid pellicle, naked, smooth, even or at length
slightly striate only at the margin. Stem 3 in. and more long, 2–3
lines thick, stuffed with a separate fibrous pith, equal, clothed to the
ring (which is scarcely 1 in. distant from the pileus, viscous, narrow,
but somewhat spreading) with the flocculose veil which is at the
same time viscous (so that it appears as if smooth), yellow. Gills
adnate, very broad behind, 2 lines broad, somewhat crowded,
dusky-umber or dusky-olivaceous, of one color, quite entire.
Stem silky-viscous when moist, when dry becoming even, shining
and yellowish-white, and without a manifest veil. The gills are
truncate and somewhat decurrent. Fries.
Spores 17×13µ W.G.S.; elliptical, 18–20×8–10µ Massee.
West Virginia, 1881–1885; Pennsylvania; New Jersey. June to
November. McIlvaine.
I have enjoyed this species, which is common, since 1881. It is
usually conspicuous upon droppings and manure piles. It also occurs
on richly-manured ground, in wood and field, usually single;
sometimes two or three are united.
Caps and stems are edible, but do not cook in the same time. It is
better to cook the caps only. They are delicious.
S. semigloba´ta Batsch.—semi, half;
globus, a ball. Pileus commonly ½ in. (Plate XCVIa.)
broad, light-yellow, slightly fleshy,
hemispherical, not expanded, very obtuse,
even, viscous. Stem about 3 in. long, 1 line
thick, tubed, slender, firm and straight,
equal, even, smooth, becoming yellow,
paler at the apex, powdered with the
spores, otherwise smeared with the
glutinous veil which is abrupt above
terminating in an incomplete (not
membranaceous) viscous, distant ring. Gills Section of
adnate, very broad, plane, clouded with Stropharia semiglobata.
Natural size. (From
black. Massee.)
Spores dusky-purple. Stevenson.
Spores blackish-purple, 13×8µ W.G.S.; elliptical, ends rather acute,
12×6µ Massee.
Grows on dung, rich lawns and pastures. April to November. A
common, frequent, solitary species, easily recognized by its
hemispherical cap, dark mottled gills. At first sight it resembles
Naucoria semiorbicularis.
The caps are equal to any mushroom. I have eaten it since 1881.
M.C. Cooke says: “It was Sowerby who drew attention to this
species as dangerous, and intimated that it had been fatal. Since
that period we are not aware of any further evidence against it.”
It is tender, good and harmless.
 Grouped by F.D. Briscoe—Studies by C. McIlvaine. Plate
XCVII.

Fig. Page. Fig. Page.

1. Hypholoma appendiculatum, 363 3. Hypholoma sublateritium, 359
2. Hypholoma perplexum, 354 4. Gomphidius rhodoxanthus, 394

HYPHOLO´MA.

Gr—a web; Gr—a fringe.

Pileus more or less fleshy, margin at first

(Plate XCVIII.) incurved. Veil webby, adhering in fragments
to the margin of the pileus, not forming a
distinct ring on the stem. Stem fleshy, similar
in substance to that of the pileus with which it
 is continuous. Gills attached to the stem,
sometimes with a notch at the juncture
(emarginate), occasionally separating and
then appearing to be free.
Generally cespitose, mostly growing on wood
above or under the ground.
Spores brownish-purple, sometimes intense-
purple, almost black.
Hypholoma fascicularis.
Natural size. Corresponding to Tricholoma, Entoloma and
Hebeloma.

ANALYSIS OF TRIBES.

Fasciculares (H. fascicularis). Page 354.

Pileus tough, smooth, bright colored, not hygrophanous.

Viscidi (viscidus, viscid).

Pileus naked, viscid. None known to be edible.

Velutini (H. velutinus). Page 360.

Pileus silky or streaked with small fibers.

Flocculosi (floccus, a lock of wool).

Pileus covered with superficial floccose scales, at length

disappearing. (None reported edible.)

Appendiculati (H. appendiculatus). Page 362.

Pileus smooth, hygrophanous.

Members of this purple-spored genus grow upon decayed wood,
either standing or as roots in the ground, or from ground heavily
laden with woody material. They grow singly, in groups, or in
densely-tufted or overlapping masses. The several species vary in
shades of yellow, red, orange, brick-color and brown; their caps are
from 1–6 in. across; their stems are short or long, as the number in
the cluster permits; when growing singly the stems are short and
sturdy. There is a floccose veil, or remnants of one, about the stem.
The gills are yellowish, greenish, olivaceous or greenish shades of
yellow, gray, purple, almost black. They are showy, easily recognized
and are found from September until mid-winter. I have gathered
them when frozen hard. The flesh is solid, or spongy, flexible or
fragile, white or yellowish; the tastes are sweet, nutty, bitter and
saponaceous. Patches of them—and they are frequent in almost
every woods in the land—often yield several bushels. Tons of them
annually go to waste.
Old authors and some copyists say “the species are not edible, the
tough ones being bitter, the fragile ones almost void of flesh.”
Eighteen years of experience with them warrants my saying that
there is not a single wild genus approaching it in economic value,
and when its most prominent species are properly cooked, few equal
it in consistency and flavor. As a pickle the Hypholomas have no
superior.
Half a dozen or more of the species are exceedingly difficult to
separate. Professor Peck has happily made a new species, H.
perplexum, which is well named. For all culinary purposes these
affiliated species may be gathered under that convenient name; for
botanic purposes his description covers several perplexing
characteristics common to what have been written as separate
species, and covers a composite species.
The occasional bitter taste of some species is not constant, and can
not be relied upon as a distinguishing mark. In the same tufts some
individuals may be mild, others bitter; some individuals in groups are
in a position and of an age to absorb water; others are not. There
will be a marked difference in their taste raw. A few in the same
group may have been infested by insects; others not. Those infested
are often intensely bitter, while their companions are of pleasant
flavor. The same remarks apply to neighboring clusters and
individuals. I am of the opinion, from long observation, that the
bitter is largely due to the injury and excrement of larvæ. Changes
of taste occur in toadstools in a most marked and rapid manner.
Apples from the same tree, chestnuts from the same tree, acorns
from the same oak, radishes from the same seed, blackberries from
the same bush, differ widely in taste. Why not toadstools of the
same species?
I have often seen species of this genus, described as having stems
up to 5 in. long, stretch and twist their stems to over a foot in order
to get their caps from the inside of, or from a crack in a decaying
stump, out into the light; and I have seen stems of the same species
stout, solid and sturdy when individuals grew upright and singly. But
wherever and however they grow, Hypholomas are safe. I have
eaten them indiscriminately since 1881, and as long ago as 1885
published their edibility.

Fascicula´res. Pileus smooth, etc.

H. perplex´um Pk.—perplexus, perplexed. Perplexing Hypholoma.

(Plate XCVII, fig. 2, p. 352.) Pileus convex or nearly plane,
glabrous, sometimes broadly and slightly umbonate, reddish or
brownish-red fading to yellow on the margin, the flesh white or
whitish. Lamellæ thin, close, slightly rounded at the inner
extremity, at first pale-yellow, then tinged with green, finally
purplish-brown. Stem nearly equal, firm, hollow, slightly fibrillose,
whitish or yellowish above, rusty-reddish or reddish-brown below.
Spores elliptical, purplish-brown, 8×4µ.
The Perplexing hypholoma has received the name because it is one
of a group of five or six very closely allied species, whose separation
from each other is somewhat difficult and perplexing. Of these six
species three have a decidedly bitter, unpleasant flavor, and three
are mild, or not decidedly bitter, if we may rely on the published
descriptions of them. The three bitter ones, also, have no purplish
tints to the mature gills; but two of the mild ones have. By using
these and other distinguishing characters the six species may be
tabulated and their several peculiarities more clearly shown.
Taste bitter 1
Taste mild, or not clearly bitter 3

1. Stem solid or stuffed, flesh whitish, gills sublateritium

whitish, then sooty-olive

1. Stem hollow, flesh yellow 2

2. Cap yellow or tinged with tawny, stem fasciculare

yellow, gills yellow, becoming greenish

2. Cap brick-red, stem ferruginous, gills green, elæodes

becoming olive

3. Cap red or brick-red, with a yellow margin; perplexum

gills yellow, then greenish, finally purplish-
brown

3. Cap yellow, or slightly tawny on the disk only 4

4. Gills gray, becoming purplish-brown capnoides

4. Gills yellow, becoming gray, neither green epixanthum

nor purplish
Probably in general appearance the Perplexing hypholoma most
nearly resembles the brick-red Hypholoma, H. sublateritium; but it
has often been mistaken for the tufted Hypholoma, H. fasciculare.
From this it may be separated by the more red cap, the whitish
flesh, the purplish-brown color of the mature gills, and the mild
flavor. From H. sublateritium it is distinguished by its usually smaller
size, more slender hollow stem, the yellow greenish and purplish
tints of the gills, and the absence of a bitter flavor. Some may prefer
to consider it a variety of this fungus, rather than a distinct species.
Its cap is 1–3 in. broad, its stem 2–3 in. long and 2–4 lines thick. It
commonly grows in clusters, though sometimes singly, on or about
old stumps or prostrate trunks of trees, in woods or open places.
The caps of the lower ones in a cluster are often defiled and
apparently discolored by the spores that have lodged on them from
the upper ones. It appears in autumn, and continues until freezing
weather stops its growth. It is a very common species, as well as a
late one, and may often be gathered in large quantity. Its flavor is
not first quality, but with good preparation it makes a very
acceptable dish. It has been tested by myself and correspondents
several times, and has been proved harmless. Peck, 49th Rep. N.Y.
State Bot.
West Virginia, 1881–1885; New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania,
October to January. On stumps, roots, ground containing decayed
woody matter. McIlvaine.
H. perplexum is abundant in most if not all the states. I have eaten
it and its allied species since 1881; dried them, pickled them, and
fed them to many. If the collector gets puzzled, as he will, over one
or all of these species, because no description fits, he can whet his
patience and appetite by calling it H. perplexum and graciously
eating it.

H. capnoi´des Fr. Gr—like smoke, from the color of the gills.

Pileus 1 in. sometimes 3 in. broad, ochraceous-yellowish, fleshy,
convex, then flattened, obtuse, dry, smooth. Flesh somewhat thin,
white. Stem 2–3 in. long, 2–4 lines thick, growing together at the
base, hollow, equal, often curved and flexuous, becoming silky-even,
pallid, whitish at the apex, here and there striate, becoming rust-
colored under the surface-covering when old. Cortina appendiculate,
white, then becoming brownish-purple. Gills adnate, easily
separating, somewhat crowded, rather broad, arid, at first bluish-
gray then becoming brownish-purple.
Cespitose, fasciculate; odor and taste mild. On pine-stumps.
Uncommon. Fries.
Spores ellipsoid-spheroid, 7×5µ K.; elliptical, brownish-purple,
8×4µ Massee.
California, H. and M.; Minnesota, not necessarily in fir-woods,
Johnson; New York, on or about stumps or decaying wood of spruce.
Peck, 50th Rep.
Haddonfield, N.J., 1894. Pine roots and stumps, and on ground.
Cespitose. September to frost. McIlvaine.
A pretty species with caps up to 1½ in. across. Stem 2–4 in. long,
¼-⅜ in. thick, growing together (connate). The taste and smell are
pleasant. The basket is soon filled from its clusters. There is not a
better Hypholoma. The slightly soapy taste which attaches to most
of the abundant and better known species is absent in this.

H. fascicula´ris Huds.—fasciculus, a small bundle. (Plate XCVIII, p.

352.) Pileus about 2 in. broad, light yellow, the disk commonly
darker, fleshy, thin, convex, then flattened, somewhat umbonate or
obtuse, even, smooth, dry. Flesh light yellow. Stem very variable in
length, hollow, thin, incurved or flexuous, fibrillose, of the same
color as the pileus and flesh. Gills adnate, very crowded, linear,
somewhat deliquescent, sulphur-yellow then becoming green.
It is very easily distinguished from the preceding species by its bitter
odor and taste, light-yellow flesh, and somewhat deliquescent,
sulphur-yellow then green gills. It forms also more crowded clusters.
There are many remarkable varieties; one robustior (more robust),
stem thickened at the base, another nana (dwarf), both on the
ground.
Cespitose on old stumps and the ground. Extremely common.
Stevenson.
Spores elliptical, 7×4µ Massee; 6–7×4µ K.; 6×4µ W.G.S.;
ferruginous purple, 6×4µ Morgan.
“It is very usual to regard this as a poisonous species, but possibly it
is not so in reality.” Cooke.
West Virginia, 1881, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina,
McIlvaine.
A very common species appearing in October and lasting until well
into the winter, growing in large, overlapping masses or in tufts from
old stumps or roots, and about trees where decay has begun.
Sometimes solitary. It is then short-stemmed and sturdy. There are
several closely allied species. To know the one from the other, a
careful study of the group is necessary. (See introduction to genus,
H. epixanthum, H. sublateritium, H. capnoides, H. elæodes, and H.
perplexum.) Old authors give it as bitter and poisonous. The bitter is
not always present. Any there is disappears in cooking. It is not
poisonous, but one of our most valuable species. I have eaten it
since 1881. A little lemon juice or sherry will cover the slightly
saponaceous taste sometimes present. The caps only are good. It
makes a choice pickle and a good catsup.

H. epixan´thum Fr. Gr—epixanthos, yellowish-brown. Pileus 2–3

in. broad, light-yellow or becoming pale, the disk commonly darker,
fleshy, moderately thin, convexo-plane, obtuse or gibbous, even,
slightly silky then becoming smooth. Flesh white, becoming light-
yellow. Stem about 8 in. long, 3–4 lines thick, hollow, attenuated
from the thickened base or equal; floccose-fibrillose, pale rust color
or becoming dingy-brown below, with a frosty bloom at the apex;
veil hanging from margin of pileus, white. Gills adnate, crowded, at
first light yellow-white, at length becoming ash-colored, not
deliquescent, and not becoming purple or green.
Strong smelling, odor acid; extremely variable in stature; not
hygrophanous. Fries.
Spores elliptical, 7×4µ Massee.
West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina. On oak,
chestnut stumps and growing from tree roots in ground. October to
December. McIlvaine.
(See H. perplexum, H. sublateritium and compare descriptions.)
This species, in common with its allies, is extremely hard to
determine. When growing singly from roots or from ground heavily
charged with decaying wood, it is a sturdy, solid plant; when in
clusters the stem is longer, more flexible and the whole character of
the plant is modified. Except for botanic purposes there is no
occasion to puzzle over it. It is in every way an excellent and useful
fungus.

H. disper´sus Fr.—dispergo, to scatter. Pileus 1–1½ in. broad,

tawny-honey-color, not hygrophanous, slightly fleshy, bell-shaped
then convex, at length expanded, even, superficially silky round the
margin with the veil, or squamulose, otherwise even and smooth.
Flesh thin, a little paler than the pileus. Stem 2 in. or a little more
long, 2 lines thick, tubed, equal, tense and straight, tough, fibrilloso-
silky, somewhat rust-colored, becoming dingy-brown at the base,
pale at the apex. Gills adnate, thin, ventricose, broad, 3–4 lines,
crowded, at first pallid-straw color, at length crowded, obsoletely
green. Fries.
Gills broader than H. fascicularis, etc. Solitary, scarcely ever
cespitose. On pine stumps and the ground. April to November.
Spores elliptical, 7×3–4µ Massee.
North Carolina, in pine woods, Curtis; California, H. and M.; West
Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, New Jersey, McIlvaine.
Difficult to distinguish from H. fascicularis when growing solitary. Its
edible qualities are precisely the same.

H. elæo´des Fr. Gr—an olive; Gr—eidos, appearance. Pileus brick-

red or tan, fleshy, rather plane, somewhat umbonate, dry, smooth,
opaque. Flesh yellow. Stem stuffed then hollow, equal, commonly
slender, incurved or flexuous, fibrillose, of the same color as the
pileus, becoming rust-color. Gills adnate, crowded, thin, green then
pure olivaceous.
Cespitose. Odor bitter. On trunks and on the ground. Fries.
Cap 1–2 in. across. Stem 2–4 in. long, ¼-⅜ in. thick, stuffed then
hollow.
West Virginia, 1881–1885, Haddonfield, N.J.; Pennsylvania. On
stumps, roots and ground in woods, etc. McIlvaine. Not reported
elsewhere.
Its habit is the same as H. fascicularis, to which it is closely allied,
and to me seems but a form of this very variable species. It is
equally good.

H. sublateri´tium Schaeff.—sub and later, a brick. (Plate XCVII,

fig. 3, p. 352.) Pileus 2–3 in. and more broad, tawny-brick-red, but
paler round the margin and covered over with a superficial,
somewhat silky, whitish cloudiness (arising from the veil), fleshy,
convexo-plane, obtuse, discoid, dry, even, becoming smooth. Flesh
compact, white, then becoming yellow. Stem 3–4 in. long, 3–5 lines
thick, stuffed, stout and firm, commonly manifestly attenuated
downward, rarely equal, scaly-fibrillose, fibrils pallid, rust-colored
downward. Cortina superior, at first white, at length becoming
black. Gills adnate, more or less crowded according to stature,
narrow, at first dingy yellowish and darker at the base, then sooty,
and at length inclining to olivaceous.
Spores brownish purple. Somewhat cespitose. Stem incurved from
position. There are many varieties: B, somewhat solitary, the pileus
and stem, which is thickened at the base, of the same color, reddish.
C, smaller, pileus light yellowish, the hollow stem equal. Schaeff.
Var. squamo´sum, Cooke. Pileus convex, bright brick-red, shading to
yellow at the margin, spotted with superficial scales. Flesh very
thick, yellowish. Gills narrowish, adnate. Stem elongated, stout, pale
above, rust-colored below, hollow, veil hanging from the margin
when young.
On trunks. A very beautiful variety, larger and more robust than the
typical form. Massee.
Spores 6×3µ. W.G.S.; elliptical, sooty-brown, 8×4µ Massee.
West Virginia, 1881–1885; Pennsylvania, New Jersey, densely
cespitose on stumps and roots. October to long after frosts.
McIlvaine.
Edible. Dr. Taylor, 1893. Dept. of Agr. Rep. No. 5.
H. sublateritium has many forms. Both Fries and Stevenson indicate
this as a variable species and my own observation confirms the truth
of this.
This is a very common autumnal species, lasting into the winter. Old
authors give it as bitter and very poisonous. I tested it in 1881 and
have been eating it, in common with all Hypholomas I have found,
ever since. At times it is bitter. I believe this to be due to the
passage of larvæ through the flesh. Unattacked specimens are
slightly saponaceous to the taste while others in the same bunch are
bitter.

Vis´cidi. Pileus viscid, etc. (None known to be edible.)

Velutini. Pileus silky, etc.

H. veluti´nus Pers.—vellus, a fleece. Velvety. Pileus fleshy, thin,
convex or expanded, brittle, minutely tomentose-scaly, becoming
smooth, hygrophanous, yellow with the disk reddish. Lamellæ
rather broad, attached, tapering toward the outer extremity, dark
brown tinged with red, the edge whitish-beaded. Stem equal, rather
slender, hollow, fibrillose, subconcolorous, white-mealy and slightly
striate at the top. Spores black.
Height about 2 in., breadth of pileus 1–1.5 in.
Roadsides. Albany Cemetery. September. The pileus sometimes
cracks transversely. Peck, 23d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
Spores 6×8µ W.G.S.; elliptical, 10×5µ Massee.
Often used in catsup. Innocent and edible. Cooke.
West Virginia. 1881–1885, Pennsylvania, West Philadelphia,
Bartram’s Creek, 1887, McIlvaine.
Var. leioceph´alus B. and Br. (Gr—smooth; Gr—head, from its
smooth pileus). Pileus hygrophanous, rugged, smooth except at the
margin, where it is fibrillose, pallid as is the stem, whose apex is
mealy.
Densely cespitose, much smaller than the common form, but
apparently a mere variety, though a striking one from its smooth but
very rugged disk. On old stumps. Stevenson.
New York, Peck, 23d Rep.; West Virginia, West Philadelphia,
Bartram’s Creek, Haddonfield, N.J., September to November.
McIlvaine.
Quantities of var. leiocephalus grow in the West Virginia forests on
stumps and on the ground from decaying roots. 1½ in. is the limit of
its width. Its frequent and dense clusters, its tenderness and
delicacy of flavor make it a favorite.

H. aggrega´tum Pk.—aggrego, to grow together. Densely

cespitose. Pileus thin, convex or subcampanulate, grayish-white,
obscurely spotted with appressed brownish fibrils. Lamellæ
subdistant, rounded behind, nearly free, at first whitish, then brown
or blackish-brown with a whitish edge. Stem rather long, hollow,
somewhat woolly or fibrillose, white. Spores brown, elliptical, 8×4–
5µ.
Pileus about 1 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 1.5–2 lines thick.
At the base of trees and stumps in woods. Alcove. September.
The cespitose habit and obscurely spotted grayish-white pileus are
marked features of this species. From H. silvestre the species may
be distinguished by its smaller size, adnexed or nearly free lamellæ
which have no rosy tint, and by its very cespitose mode of growth.
Peck, 46th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
Mt. Gretna, Pa., about trees and stumps. September to November,
1898–1899. McIlvaine. Not reported elsewhere.
The caps are oyster-color. Amateurs accustomed to the gayer colors
of the autumnal Hypholomas will not suspect this of belonging to the
genus, until the color of the spores is obtained.
The caps are fine.

H. lachrymabun´dum Fr.—lachryma, a tear. Pileus 2–3 in. broad,

whitish when young, then dingy-brown, becoming pale around the
margin, truly fleshy but not compact, convex, obtuse, scaly with
hairs, the innate scales darker. Flesh white. Stem 2 in. long, 3–4
lines thick, hollow, somewhat thickened at the base, scaly with
fibrils, becoming brownish-whitish. Veil separate, clothed with
fibers, hanging from the pileus, white. Gills adnate, crowded, 3 lines
broad, whitish then brownish-purple, edge whitish and distilling
drops in wet weather.
Spores brownish-purple. From mutual pressure the caps are often
irregular. Very cespitose, firm. Fries.
Spores brownish-purple, 9×4µ Massee.
On ground and on trunks. Truly cespitose. Smaller than H. velutinus,
but firmer, truly fleshy, not hygrophanous. Bushy pastures.
Bethlehem. October.
Our specimens do not agree in all respects with the published
description of the species. The pileus is sometimes wholly destitute
of scales and sometimes densely clothed with hairy, erect ones. The
species is manifestly variable. Peck, 30th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
“Like H. fascicularis in quality. Intensely irritant. It is bound with the
weight of its own guilt.” Hay.
This is a good specimen of Hay’s comments. H. fascicularis is never
irritant, is good eating, is innocent.
There is irony in the comment of Dr. Cooke: “This doubtful species is
used by the smaller ketchup makers.”
I have not seen this species. When I do I shall eat it and expect to
live.

Appendicula´ti. Pileus hygrophanous, smooth.

H. incer´tum Pk. (Plate XCVIIa.) Pileus fragile, convex or

subcampanulate, then expanded, hygrophanous, often radiately
wrinkled, whitish with the disk yellowish, the thin margin sometimes
purplish-tinted, often wavy, adorned by fragments of the white
flocculent fugacious veil. Lamellæ close, narrow, whitish then rosy-
brown, the edge often uneven. Stem equal, straight, hollow, easily
splitting, whitish with a frosty bloom or slightly scurfy at the top.
Spores elliptical, purplish-brown, 8×5µ.
Plant gregarious or subcespitose, 2–3 in. high. Pileus 1–2 in.
broad. Stem 1–2 lines thick.
Ground among bushes. Green Island and Sandlake. June and July.
The veil is sometimes so strongly developed as to form an imperfect
ring. The color is nearly white from the first. Peck, 29th Rep. N.Y.
State Bot.
As the name indicates, I was uncertain whether this was a form of
H. Candolleanum, to which it is very closely related, but as Fries says
of that “Gills at first violaceous,” and as our plant has them at first
white or whitish, I concluded to risk the uncertainty on a new
species.
I have seen Central Park, New York, well covered with it in May. It is
also common in the vicinity of Boston. Of very agreeable flavor and
delicate substance. The profusion of its growth compensates for its
small size. Macadam.
Indiana, H.I. Miller; Mt. Gretna, Pa., in great clusters between
railroad ties and beside track, McIlvaine.
Tender. One of the best.

Photographed by Dr. J.R. Weist. Plate XCVIIa.

HYPHOLOMA INCERTUM.
H. appendicula´tum Bull.—a small appendage. From the veil
adhering to margin of pileus. (Plate XCVII, p. 352.) Pileus 2–3 in.
broad, date-brown then tawny, becoming pale yellowish when dry,
fleshy-membranaceous, thin, ovate then expanded, at length
flattened, obtuse, smooth, when dry slightly wrinkled, somewhat
sprinkled with atoms. Stem 3 in. long, 2–3 lines thick, fistulose,
equal, smooth, white, pruinate at the apex; veil fringing the margin
of the pileus, fugacious, white. Gills somewhat adnate, crowded,
dry, white then flesh-colored, at length dingy-brown.
Densely cespitose, very fragile and hygrophanous. Much thinner and
more fragile than H. Candolleanus. It may be safely distinguished
from species which are nearest to it by the gills being whitish then
brownish-flesh color.
Var. lana´tum. A curious form, densely woolly when young, traces of
the woolly coat remaining at the apex when the pileus is fully
expanded. Sibbertoft. B. and Br., 1876. Stevenson.
Spores ellipsoid, pellucid, 6–8×3–4µ K.; 4×6µ W.G.S.; elliptical,
5×2.5µ Massee.
Angora, West Philadelphia, October, November, December, 1897;
Haddonfield, N.J., Mt. Gretna, Pa., cespitose and gregarious in woods
about stumps. McIlvaine.
“It is very common and edible.” Farlow.
At Mt. Gretna, Pa., October, 1898, in great abundance. When found
it was gregarious in large patches and cespitose on stumps. My
identification was confirmed by Professor Peck.
It dries well, and retains flavor and esculent qualities. Cooked it is
among the best.

H. Candol´leanum Fr.—After De Candolle. Pileus 2–4 in. broad,

date-brown then becoming white, the top somewhat yellowish,
somewhat fleshy, acorn-shaped then bell-shaped, soon convex and
at length flattened, obtuse and unequal, smooth, even. Flesh thin,
white. Stem 3 in. long, 2–4 lines thick, fistulose, solid at the base,
somewhat thickened, fibrillose, white, striate at the apex; veil in the
form of a cortina, web-like, appendiculate (depending from the
margin of the pileus), white, at length becoming dingy-brown. Gills
rounded-adnexed, then separating, crowded, violaceous then
brownish-cinnamon, the edge at first whitish.
Readily distinguished from neighboring species by the gills being at
first beautifully dark violaceous, never flesh-colored. Densely
cespitose, fragile, very hygrophanous. Stevenson.
Spores elliptical, 8×4µ Massee.
Edible, often used in catsup. Cooke.
A species variable in color with the weather. Its gills are cream-
colored at first, then purplish, then very dark. After rain the fragile
cap often turns up at the margin and splits.
It differs somewhat in texture from other Hypholomas, being more
delicate in texture and substance. It is excellent.

H. suba´quilum Banning.—aquilus, brownish, tawny. Pileus

brown, convex, smooth, hygrophanous, often shaded into ocher at
margin, veil delicate, silk-like, encircling and covering the marginal
extremities of the lamellæ but forming no ring on the stem. Flesh
white, turning umber when cut. Lamellæ adnexed or nearly free,
close, forked, umber. Stem cespitose, regular, hollow, silky, white,
2–3 in. long.
Spores brown, 4×5µ. Banning MS.
Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, Miss Banning; decaying wood, Adirondack
mountains. August and September. New York. Peck, 45th Rep. N.Y.
State Bot.
H. subaquilum is closely allied to H. appendiculatum, but is
distinguished by its darker colored cap and gills.
Its edible qualities are the same. It is among the best.
 PSILO´CYBE Fr.

Gr—naked; head.

Pileus more or less fleshy, smooth, margin at first incurved. Gills

becoming brownish or purple. Stem somewhat cartilaginous, rigid or
tough, tubular, hollow or stuffed, often rooting. Veil absent or
rudimentary, never forming a membrane. Spores purple, purple-
brown or slate-color.
Generally growing on the ground, gregarious, sometimes cespitose.
Psilocybe is analogous in form to Collybia, Leptonia and Naucoria,
which are distinguished by their spore colors. Separated from
Psathyra by the incurved margin of the pileus.
But one species of Psilocybe is herein given as edible. Of it, alone,
the writer has had opportunity to eat meals. Several others of the
species have been found by him and tested in small quantity. They
are all of good texture, substance and flavor, though most are small.
He is of the opinion that increased testing will prove the entire genus
edible. Nothing can or should be prognosticated about a toadstool,
but the indications are all in favor of Psilocybe.
P. spadi´cea Schaeff.—spadiceus, date-
brown. Pileus thin, submembranaceous, (Plate XCIX.)
hemispherical, then convex or expanded,
smooth, hygrophanous, pale grayish-brown
and striatulate when moist, white or
yellowish when dry. Gills narrow, close,
attached, easily separating from the stem,
at first whitish, then brown, tinged with
flesh-color. Stem straight, equal, hollow,
smooth, white.
Height 1–2 in., breadth of pileus 1–1.5 in.
Stem 1–2 lines thick.
Grassy ground in yards and fields. Albany.
June. Gregarious or cespitose. The pileus is
fragile, the spores are brown. Peck, 23d
Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
Psilocybe spadicea.
Spores brown, 9×4µ Massee; purplish Two-thirds natural size.
brown, 7.6×5.1µ Morgan.
Haddonfield, N.J., October, November, December, 1896. In large
patches and where stumps had been taken from the ground.
McIlvaine.
Var. hygro´philus Fr. Gr—moist; loving.
Pileus tawny, then clay-color. Stem 4–6 in. long, rather fusiform,
rooting. Gills emarginate with a deeply decurrent line; at length
umber-brown.
Var. polyceph´alus Fr.—polus, many; cephale, head.
Densely crowded. Stem thinner, flexuous. Gills nearly free, at length
tawny-umber.
The plant is tender, cooks easily and is of fine flavor.

P. semilancea´ta Fr.—semi, half; lancea, a spear. Pileus ½ in.

high, not broad, various in color, becoming yellow, green, dingy-
brown, somewhat membranaceous, acutely conical, almost
cuspidate, never expanded, but the margin when young at first bent
inward, covered with a pellicle which is viscous and separable in wet
weather, slightly striate chiefly round the margin. Stem as much as
3 in. long, scarcely 1 line thick, tubular and containing a pith, equal,
more frequently flexuous, smooth, capable of being twisted round
the finger, smooth, becoming pale; furnished with a veil when
young. Gills ascending into the summit of the cone, adnexed,
almost linear, crowded, becoming purple-black. Fries.
Gregarious, very tough. Pastures and roadsides, etc. Common.
August to November. Stevenson.
Spores ellipsoid, 9–16×4–9µ K.; 14×9µ W.G.S.
New York, Peck, Rep. 23; Novia Scotia, Somers.
Var. cærules´cens Cooke—becoming blue. Base of stem turning
indigo-blue.
Not common in America, but frequently found. According to M. C.
Cooke—a careful authority—P. semilanceata has a dangerous
reputation. It is said to have proved fatal to children when eaten
raw. It is not deleterious when cooked.

PSA´THYRA Fr.

Gr—friable.

Veil none or only universal, and floccoso-

(Plate C.) fibrillose. Stem somewhat cartilaginous,
fistulose with a tube, polished, fragile. Pileus
conical or bell-shaped, membranaceous, the
margin at the first straight and adpressed to
the stem. Gills becoming purple or brownish.
Slender, fragile, hygrophanous.
 Some of the last species of Hypholoma and
Psilocybe are very closely allied to them. The
Coprinarii are readily distinguished by the gills
being white or ash-color, then black, not
dusky-brown nor becoming purple.
Psathyra corresponds with Mycena, Nolanea,
Galera and Psathyrella. All the species grow
on the ground or on trunks. Stevenson.
But four American species reported. Small and
unimportant.

Psathyra gyroflexa.
Natural size. (After
Massee.)
Omitted from Index to DECONICA.
Species.
Stem tough; margin of Pileus at first
incurved. Gills subtriangularly decurrent. Corresponds with
Omphalia, Eccilia, Tubaria.
Few American species. Small and unimportant.

Series V. MELANOS´PORÆ (spores black). Gr—black; Gr—seed.

arious as are the spore colors in this series (in its

broadest sense), there is an entire absence of brown
and purple shades in the black spores of four of the
genera belonging to this group or series. In Gomphidius
the spores are dingy-olivaceous. It is an outsider affiliating with
thoroughbreds because of more technical congeniality than other
genera afford. Like comets in the universe, it has no home. The
singular genus Montagnites (of which but one species has been
found in America, and that in Texas) has the relationship of spore-
color. Panæolus, Anellaria, Psathyrella, when young, have gills free
from each other; Coprinus, in early life, presents them pressed
tightly together; as the plants age and the spores ripen, the entire
gill structure becomes black and dissolves into an inky fluid, the
color of which is due to the spores.
The species are all of delicate body, and many of them add
generously to table luxuries.

COPRI´NUS Pers.

Gr—dung.

Pileus separate from the stem. Gills membranaceous, at first

closely pressed together, cohering, at length melting into a black
fluid. Trama obsolete. Spores oval, even, black.
The extreme closeness of the gills and their entire deliquescence
into a fluid, black from the spores, sharply define this genus and
separate it from all others. At first the form is oval or cylindrical;
most are furnished with a downy or scurfy veil often adhering to the
pileus, sometimes forming an adhering volva at the base of the
stem. Nearly all are ephemeral, many completely disappearing in a
day.
Cystidia (sterile cells) of large size are frequent on the gills of many
species.
 Plate CI.
Chart of genera in black-spored series—Melanosporae, Page
368.

The majority grow on richly manured ground or dung, some on

rotten wood and other materials. Bolbitius, the only ally, has the
same ephemeral existence, and grows in similar situations, but the
gills only soften (not melting) and the spores are somewhat rust-
colored.
The blackening of the gills is not a process of decay, but is due to
the growth of the spores, and the plant is still (before deliquescence)
perfectly edible although not so inviting in appearance as before.
Species of Coprinus are very common and are easily recognized by
the deliquescent gills which, when mature, stain the fingers black.
In “Once upon a Time,” when country people made their own writing
inks, the convenient Coprinus gave its juices for this purpose. A little
corrosive sublimate added to the boiled and strained fluid prevented
it from molding.
With few exceptions the species are small. They are tender, of real
mushroom flavor and highly enjoyable. They make a thin, well
flavored catsup, but are better used to give flavor to their less
favored brethren.
They stew in from two to fifteen minutes, depending upon the
solidity of the species.

ANALYSIS OF THE TRIBES.

A. Pelliculosi (pellicula, a thin skin). Page 370.

Gills covered above with a fleshy or membranaceous skin, hence the

pileus does not split along the lines of the gills, but becomes
lacerated with the edges turned upward.
* Comati—coma, hair. Furnished with a ring formed from the free
margin of the volva. The skin of the pileus torn into innate scales.
** Atramentarii—atramentum, ink. Ring imperfect. Volva absent.
Pileus dotted with minute innate scales.
*** Picacei—pica, a magpie. Universal veil downy, at first continuous
then broken up into superficial scales forming patches on the pileus.
**** Tomentosi—tomentum, down. Pileus at first covered with a
loose hairy down, becoming torn into distinct scales, at length
disappearing. Ring absent.
***** Micacei—mico, to glitter. Pileus at first covered with minute
glistening scales, soon disappearing. Ring none.
****** Glabrati. Pileus smooth. Veil absent.

B. Veliformes (velum, a veil; forma, form). Page 380.

Pileus very thin without a skin, at length opening into furrows along
the backs of the gills and becoming folded in furrows. Stem thin,
hollow. Gills wasting away into thin lines.
* Cyclodei. Gr—a circle; appearance. Stem with a ring or volva.
** Lanatuli—lanatus, woolly. Pileus covered with superficial woolly
floccules, at length disappearing. Ringless.
*** Furfurelli—furfureus, branny. Pileus mealy or scurfy. Gills
generally attached to a collar at the apex of the stem. Ringless.
**** Hemerobii. Gr.—living a day. Pileus always smooth.
None known to be edible.
 Photographed by Dr. J.R. Weist. Plate CIII.
COPRINUS COMATUS.

A. Pelliculo´si. Cap becoming torn, edge turning upward, etc.

* Comati. Furnished with a ring, etc.

C. coma´tus Fr.—coma, hair. (Plate CIII.) Pileus 2–7 in. high,

white, fleshy, at first oblong, becoming bell-shaped, seldom
expanded, when in mature deliquescing state, splitting at the margin
along the line of the gills, the cuticle, except upon the apex,
separating into shaggy, often concentric scales, at times yellowish, at
others tinged with purplish-black. Gills free from the stem, crowded
and at first cohering, broad, white then tinged with pink or salmon
color, then purple to black and dissolving into ink. Stem up to 10 in.
long, up to ⅝ in. thick, attenuated upward, most part concealed
within the cap, hollow, but with spider-web threads within, smooth
or fibrillose, white or lilac-white, easily pulling out of cap, brittle.
Ring thin, torn, sometimes entire and movable.
On rich soil, lawns, gardens, roads, dumps, especially where ashes
have been placed. Solitary or in large dense clusters. August until
after frost, but it is occasionally found during the spring months.
Spores elliptical, black, 13–18µ long Peck. Almost black, elliptical,
13–18×7–8µ Massee; 11–13×6–8µ K.; 15×8µ W.G.S. Var. brev´iceps
Pk. Pileus before expansion subovate, shorter and broader than in
the typical form, 1.5–2.5 in. high. Dumping ground. Albany.
November. H. Neiman. Peck, 49th Rep.
Coprinus comatus is common to the United States. In its perfection it
is a stately and beautiful plant. I have seen it with the oblong cap
eight inches long, but its usual height is from 2–4 in. It occurs after
hard rain and often in the most unexpected places. It is a rather
domestic species, usually in troops, but often in clusters of from five
to fifty individuals. I have seen it lift firmly sodded ground about
railroad stations, and again, bulging the surface of gardens like
mole-hills.
There are toadstools of higher flavor, but not one of greater delicacy.
In this C. comatus is not excelled from its earliest stage until fully
ripened. It is everywhere commended.
Lafayette B. Mendel, in American Journal of Physiology, gives the
following analysis:
The specimens were freshly gathered and had not yet turned “inky.”
They varied very widely in size, thirty-six mushrooms weighing 1485
grams, of which 980 grams belonged to the caps (pileus) and 505
grams to the stems. The average weight of a fresh specimen was
thus:
 Pileus 27 grams
Stem 14
—
Total weight 41
A specimen which had attained the average growth weighed:
Pileus 43 grams
Stem 25
—
Total weight 68
An analysis yielded the following results:
Water 92.19 per cent.
Total solids 7.81
The dry substance contained:
Total nitrogen 5.79 per cent.
Extractive nitrogen 3.87
Protein nitrogen 1.92
Ether extract 3.3
Crude fiber 7.3
Ash 12.5
Material soluble in 85 per 56.3
cent. alcohol

C. soboli´ferus Fr. Pileus 1½-2½ in. across, subcylindrical, then

oval bell-shaped, lower half of pileus usually undulate but not
furrowed or striate, disk obtuse, usually depressed, distinctly scaly,
dingy white, toward the apex tinged with pale brown, scales darker.
Flesh very thin. Gills free, tapering toward each end, ¼ in. or more
broad, crowded, pale then blackish. Stem 5–8 in. long, ¾ in. thick
at the base, slightly attenuated upward, silky-white, stuffed; toward
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