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Understanding Japanese Society 2003 Nissan Institute
Routledge Japanese Studies Series 3rd Edition Joy
Hendry Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Joy Hendry
ISBN(s): 9780415263825, 0415263824
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 3.71 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
Understanding Japanese
Society

With Japan now often leading the way in the establishment of the new
global order comes an ever more crucial need to understand a society that is
fascinating, but often confusing to the outsider. The third edition of this
classic text brings the understanding of Japan into a global context and
questions the stereotyped impression of the Japanese often held by those in
the rest of the world.
Investigating Japanese society through the perspective of a local resident
from childhood into adult life, Hendry brings her book fully up to date by
covering all aspects of life in the early twenty-first century. She presents
the effects on Japanese people of religious fanaticism, disaffection with poli-
ticians, the Kobe earthquake and the so-called ‘lost-years’ of economic
recession, while simultaneously admiring the newly vitalised civil society
which has emerged. By identifying a new acceptance of internal diversity,
alongside a playful fascination with foreign fare, Understanding Japanese Society
presents a more complex and positive view of Japan to counterbalance the
oft-reported picture of economic doom and seriousness.
This book is an invaluable tool to students wishing to gain a comprehen-
sive understanding of all aspects of Japanese society and culture. It will also
enlighten those travellers and business people interested in learning more
about the diverse lifestyles of the Japanese people.

Joy Hendry is Professor of Social Anthropology and Director of the

Europe Japan Research Centre at Oxford Brookes University.
The Nissan Institute/RoutledgeCurzon Japanese
Studies Series

Editorial Board
J.A.A. Stockwin, Nissan Professor of Modern Japanese Studies, University of
Oxford and Director, Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies
Teigo Yoshida, formerly Professor of the University of Tokyo
Frank Langdon, Professor, Institute of International Relations, University of British
Columbia
Alan Rix, Executive Dean, Faculty of Arts, The University of Queensland
Junji Banno, formerly Professor of the University of Tokyo, now Professor, Chiba
University
Leonard Schoppa, Associate Professor, Department of Government and Foreign
Affairs, and Director of the East Asia Center, University of Virginia

Other titles in the series: How the Japanese Learn to Work

The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness Second edition
Peter Dale Ronald P. Dore and Mari Sako
The Emperor’s Adviser Japanese Economic Development
Saionji Kinmochi and pre-war Japanese Theory and practice; Second edition
politics Penelope Francks
Lesley Connors Japan and Protection
A History of Japanese Economic The growth of protectionist sentiment
Thought and the Japanese response
Tessa Morris-Suzuki Syed Javed Maswood
The Establishment of the The Soil, by Nagatsuka Takashi
Japanese Constitutional System A portrait of rural life in Meiji Japan
Junji Banno, translated by J.A.A. Stockwin Translated and with an introduction by Ann
Industrial Relations in Japan Waswo
The peripheral workforce Biotechnology in Japan
Norma Chalmers Malcolm Brock
Banking Policy in Japan Britain’s Educational Reform
American efforts at reform during the A comparison with Japan
Occupation Michael Howarth
William M. Tsutsui Language and the Modern State
Educational Reform in Japan The reform of written Japanese
Leonard Schoppa Nanette Twine
Industrial Harmony in Modern Militarization and
Japan Demilitarization in
The intervention of a tradition Contemporary Japan
W. Dean Kinzley Glenn D. Hook
Japanese Science Fiction Growing a Japanese Science City
A view of a changing society Communication in scientific research
Robert Matthew James W. Dearing
The Japanese Numbers Game Architecture and Authority in
The use and understanding of numbers Japan
in modern Japan William H. Coaldrake
Thomas Crump
Women’s Gidayū and the
Ideology and Practice in Modern Japanese Theatre Tradition
Japan A. Kimi Coaldrake
Edited by Roger Goodman and Kirsten Refsing
Democracy in Post-war Japan
Technology and Industrial
Maruyama Masao and the search for
Development in Pre-war Japan
autonomy
Mitsubishi Nagasaki Shipyard, 1884–
Rikki Kersten
1934
Yukiko Fukasaku Treacherous Women of Imperial
Japan
Japan’s Early Parliaments, 1890–
Patriarchal fictions, patricidal fantasies
1905
Hélène Bowen Raddeker
Structure, issues and trends
Andrew Fraser, R.H.P. Mason and Philip Japanese–German Business
Mitchell Relations
Japan’s Foreign Aid Challenge Competition and rivalry in the inter-
Policy reform and aid leadership war period
Alan Rix Akira Kudō
Emperor Hirohito and Shōwa Japan, Race and Equality
Japan The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919
A political biography Naoko Shimazu
Stephen S. Large Japan, Internationalism and the
Japan UN
Beyond the end of history Ronald Dore
David Williams Life in a Japanese Women’s
Ceremony and Ritual in Japan College
Religious practices in an industrialized Learning to be ladylike
society Brian J. McVeigh
Edited by Jan van Bremen and D.P. Martinez On the Margins of Japanese
The Fantastic in Modern Japanese Society
Literature Volunteers and the welfare of the urban
The subversion of modernity underclass
Susan J. Napier Carolyn S. Stevens
The Dynamics of Japan’s Japan and East Asian Regionalism
Relations with Africa Edited by S. Javed Maswood
South Africa, Tanzania and Nigeria Globalizing Japan
Kweku Ampiah Ethnography of the Japanese presence
The Right to Life in Japan in America, Asia and Europe
Noel Williams Edited by Harumi Befu and Sylvie Guichard-
The Nature of the Japanese State Anguis
Rationality and rituality Japan at Play
Brian J. McVeigh The ludic and logic of power
Society and the State in Inter-war Edited by Joy Hendry and Massimo Raveri
Japan The Making of Urban Japan
Edited by Elise K. Tipton Cities and planning from Edo to the
Japanese–Soviet/Russian twenty-first century
Relations since 1945 André Sorensen
A difficult peace Public Policy and Economic
Kimie Hara Competition in Japan
Interpreting History in Sino- Change and continuity in antimonopoly
Japanese Relations policy, 1973–1995
A case study in political decision making Michael L. Beeman
Caroline Rose Modern Japan
Endō Shūsaku A social and political history
A literature of reconciliation Elise K. Tipton
Mark B. Williams Men and Masculinities in
Green Politics in Japan Contemporary Japan
Lam Peng-Er Dislocating the Salaryman Doxa
Edited by James E. Roberson and Nobue
The Japanese High School
Suzuki
Silence and resistance
Shoko Yoneyama The Voluntary and Non-Profit
Sector in Japan
Engineers in Japan and Britain
The challenge of change
Education, training and employment
Edited by Stephen P. Osborne
Kevin McCormick
Japan’s Security Relations with
The Politics of Agriculture in
China
Japan
From balancing to bandwagoning
Aurelia George Mulgan
Reinhard Drifte
Opposition Politics in Japan
Understanding Japanese Society
Strategies under a one-party dominant
Third edition
regime
Joy Hendry
Stephen Johnson
The Changing Face of Japanese
Retail
Working in a chain store
Louella Matsunaga
Understanding
Japanese Society

Third edition

Joy Hendry
First published 1987
by Croom Helm
Second edition 1995
Third edition 2003
by RoutledgeCurzon
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by RoutledgeCurzon
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.
RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 1987, 1995, 2003 Joy Hendry
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hendry, Joy.
Understanding Japanese society / Joy Hendry. – 3rd ed.
p. cm. – (Nissan Institute/RoutledgeCurzon Japanese studies
series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Japan – Social conditions. I. Title. II. Series: Nissan
Institute/Routledge Japanese studies series
HN723.5 .H46 2003
306′.0952 – dc21
2002153220

ISBN 0-203-40292-8 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-40941-8 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 0–415–26382–4 (hbk)
ISBN 0–415–26383–2 (pbk)
Contents

List of figures ix
Series Editor’s Preface xi
Preface to the third edition xiv
Acknowledgements for the third edition xvii

Introduction 1

1 Sources of Japanese identity: historical and

mythological foundations of Japan 5

2 The house and family system 25

3 Socialisation and classification 46

4 Community and neighbourhood 62

5 The education system 82

6 Status, hierarchy and ethnic diversity 101

7 Religious influences 126

8 Ritual and the life cycle 145

9 Careers and continuity: opportunities for working life 164

10 Arts, entertainment and leisure 187

viii Contents
11 Government and the craft of politics 212

12 The legal system and social control 231

Conclusion 249
Index 255
Figures

1.1 Reconstruction of a Yayoi period house at the Toro site in

Shizuoka. 8
1.2 Buildings of the Ise shrine. 9
1.3 The miniature Leaning Tower of Pisa at Tobu World
Square. 21
2.1 Elements of the ie. 27
2.2 Dōzoku hierarchical group. 30
2.3 A Buddhist altar in the home. 32
3.1 A porch for removing shoes. 48
4.1 A circulating notice-board. 67
4.2 A community festival. 72
4.3 Local housing for a high-tech public toilet. 76
4.4 A city woman enjoying her country retreat. 78
5.1 Schoolchildren working in small groups. 85
5.2 Ainu women learning traditional skills. 97
6.1 The top seat in a Japanese room. 104
6.2 Shuri Castle, the former home of the King of the Ryukyu
Islands. 112
6.3 Nakane’s basic model. 117
6.4 Nakane’s elaborated model. 117
7.1 A selection of protective charms and amulets. 133
7.2 Decorative masks worn by children and others at Setsubun. 136
8.1 Huge cloth carp to celebrate the birth of a new baby boy. 148
8.2 Children of 3, 5 and 7 years at a local shrine. 149
9.1 Statues in front of Tateyama hospital depict the family line. 173
9.2 Japan’s first female branch bank manager. 183
10.1 A ballet teacher illustrates the principle of teaching. 196
10.2 A model of the young William Shakespeare in a town
south of Tokyo. 203
10.3 The Imperial Palace in the centre of Tokyo. 207
x Figures
11.1 The ‘Diet’ or Japanese parliament seen through a gate
of the Imperial Palace. 215
12.1 The former Ministry of Justice in Tokyo. 234
Series editor’s preface

World news at the beginning of 2003 is dominated by the prospect of an

American-led invasion of Iraq. North Korea is also targeted as the only
non-Islamic member of President Bush’s ‘Axis of Evil’. In some ways
North Korea – and policy towards it – represents an even greater potential
danger to international order than does the situation over Iraq. Even
though the North Korean economy is decrepit and broken down, its
military could inflict massive destruction on Seoul, home to more than a
quarter of the South Korean population and to 37,000 US troops. Japan is
also within range of Pyongyang’s rockets. The North Korean Government
is practised in the art of countering threats with extreme behaviour. Even
though this may be a ‘hedgehog’ reaction, its willingness to break inter-
national agreements over nuclear matters prompts grave concern. The
South Korean Government sensibly pursues policies of engagement with
the North, aiming to tempt North Korea out of its isolation and intransi-
gence, and into the modern world. Despite mixed messages, there are some
signs that the regime in the North would like to modernise, and that its
nuclear bluster is aimed at winning external guarantees of security and of
regime survival.
For Japan, the Korean situation represents a crucial test of foreign policy.
The one-day visit to Pyongyang on 17th September 2002 by the Japanese
Prime Minister, Mr Koizumi, had mixed results. Japan and North Korea
signed an important joint statement, but further progress was frustrated by
the issue of Japanese citizens spirited away to North Korea several years
before. Later North Korean admissions about their nuclear development in
breach of international agreements made further Japanese initiatives even
more difficult.
A challenge to Japan of a different kind is provided by two related devel-
opments. One is the rapid economic growth of the People’s Republic of
China (or at least its coastal regions), and the success of Chinese exports to
Japan. The other is the continued failure of economic policy to solve the
xii Series editor’s preface
problems of Japanese deflation and bank indebtedness. The Japanese econ-
omy is stalled while the Chinese economy is moving dynamically. Japan is
still a huge economic power with a far higher standard of living than China,
but her economy is stagnant.
Japan is thus faced with the combined effects of a worrying situation in
Korea, an economically resurgent China and chronic failure of its eco-
nomic policies. To this may be added another ingredient, namely gener-
ational change, since younger Japanese are paradoxically becoming both
more nationalistic and more internationalist. They are less inhibited about
championing symbols of nationhood and thinking of Japan as a major
power, but also happy to interact more freely and naturally than their elders
with people from other parts of the world, both at home and abroad. To
adapt a phrase of Ronald Dore, the Japanese are still Japanese, but their
Japaneseness is steadily evolving.
The Nissan/RoutledgeCurzon Japanese Studies Series goes back to 1986
and is approaching its sixtieth volume. It seeks to foster an informed and
balanced, but not uncritical, understanding of Japan. One aim of the series
is to show the depth and variety of Japanese institutions, practices and
ideas. Another is, by using comparisons, to see what lessons, positive or
negative, can be drawn for other countries. The tendency in commentary to
resort to out-dated, ill-informed or sensational stereotypes still remains, and
needs to be combated.
Professor Joy Hendry’s many publications on Japanese society are well
known. The present volume was first published in 1987, and this is the
third revised edition of a book that has been widely popular. Her purpose
is to orient the reader to the characteristics of Japanese society by refer-
ence to a number of common features. Among these are the salience of
face-to-face relationships, the existence of a shared value system, the prin-
ciple of reciprocity, attachment to the warmth of human feelings, adher-
ence to norms of hierarchy, emphasis on cooperation, especially within
coherent groups, playing down of individualsm and the striving for equality.
She well recognises that all of these play a role in most other societies, but
she argues that it is the particular mix of them that characterises the society
of Japan.
She devotes chapters to various aspects of Japan, comprising history,
family, upbringing, community, education, hierarchy, religion, ritual, work,
leisure, politics and law. Rather than attempting exhaustive treatment of
them, she seeks to show how all these spheres of activity reflect – and in
some cases deviate from – the dominant patterns of Japanese social life. In
the modern world, of course, no society remains static or unaffected by a
myriad of changing influences, local, national and international. Notions of
individual autonomy are, for instance, becoming more prominent. It is the
 Series editor’s preface xiii
dynamic and creative nature of social life in Japan that constitutes so much
of its fascination, and to this dynamism Joy Hendry is a gifted and sensitive
guide. She also provides comprehensive and up to date advice about
published research on the various aspects of her subject.

J. A. A. Stockwin
Preface to the third edition

The third edition of Understanding Japanese Society goes to press during a period
of considerable concern within that country: concern about the recession
and the state of the banking system, concern about a continuing fall in the
birth rate, and concern about an apparent frivolity amongst the newest gen-
eration of young ‘adults’. There is much to discuss, and much to worry
about, but I suggest that there are also several things to celebrate, and it will
be from this more positive stand that I would like to approach the topic.
In the 30-odd years since I first stepped off the Brazil-maru onto the
shores of Yokohama, Japan has changed, and it has changed much in the
eight years since I wrote the second edition of this book, but there are also
lines of continuity. In this third edition of my attempt to make vital aspects
of Japanese society clear to a newcomer to that country, I will try to give a
flavour of both: the new, bright, brash Japan and the older, quieter, more
subtle areas that lie alongside it. The first is plain for all to see, and it is often
reported in the world’s media, but the second needs a little ferreting out, a
search nevertheless well worth taking on, and I hope this book will provide
the reader with a useful and trusty companion for that task.
The first cause for celebration as Japan entered the twenty-first century is
a more positive attitude than recently towards diversity among the people
who live there. So many tired texts have repeated a largely mythological
(though politically inspired) idea of homogeneity amongst Japanese people.
This notion was never actually a fact, but represented a position largely
adopted relative to the melting pot that is America, which for a while during
living memory has been the main source of comparison, from both inside
and out. Now books are instead emphasising the diversity that is to be found
in Japan: the excitement of cultural and historical regional variation, a
slightly nervous regard for increasing numbers of immigrants – some with
Japanese origins – and the way that the formerly marginalised Ainu and
Okinawan people are at last being given a proper voice.
A second, related cause for celebration is derived from an opposing
 Preface to the third edition xv
spread of Japanese people in other parts of the world – making a living,
making art and making a contribution towards alleviating world poverty
and other problems arising in the global village to which Japan now
belongs. Back in Japan, people know much more about Europe, the Middle
East and other Asian countries than they did ten years ago, and they use
that knowledge when choosing food to eat, a place to visit or when booking
long-distance travel. In Japan, too, foreign visitors are more abundant and
better accepted outside big cities than they were then, and the friends they
make (which was never a problem) are more likely to know something about
where they come from.
The Crown Princess gave birth recently, after eight years of childless
marriage. In a country where the Imperial Line claims over two thousand
years of continuity this was a cause for considerable celebration – except
that the baby was a girl. In the second edition of this book I looked to the
recently married Princess Masako, a potentially brilliant diplomat who gave
up her career to become the wife of the Crown Prince, to pave a new way
for women in Japan. Now perhaps she has a chance through her daughter
to do just that. She has some models from more than one reigning Empress
in ancient Japan, but the present Constitution allows only a male heir, so the
first task is clear.
In fact there have been several changes at an official level for women in
twenty-first-century Japan, and this situation would seem to be an example
of a silver lining to one of the clouds of concern, namely the recent drastic
drop in the birth rate. To encourage women back into giving birth, and men
too to take time off and help rear their small children, new policies have
been passed and support facilities have multiplied. This book addresses the
effects of these new policies, but it finds even highly educated mothers
preferring to remain in their communities rather than commute to work,
and they are also contributing to a new wave of volunteering that has taken
off in the past few years.
Volunteer work provides occupations for some of the increasing numbers
of retired people at the other end of the worrying population pattern, too,
and it contributes to a related new emphasis on the development of an
active and responsible ‘civil society’ in Japan. Advocates of this movement
see it as a way for Japan to take a maturer role of global citizenship and a
general move towards achieving world peace and well-being for people
throughout the world. Volunteering and the ideas of civil society were not
unknown before in Japan, but reactions to the dreadful loss of the Kobe
earthquake triggered a new impetus, and some dubbed 1995 as a ‘first year
of the volunteer’. Japan has also signed up for a greater commitment to
United Nations Security and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights
in the past few years.
xvi Preface to the third edition
The economic recession that has plagued Japan for the past decade has
of course also brought about changes to employment practices, and indeed
to employment possibilities, and these will be considered in some detail in
this new edition. There is something of a silver lining here too, in my
opinion, for new ideas have a better chance of being adopted in formerly
conservative firms, and have contributed towards the creation of a more
flexible political system. Some of the so-called frivolous young people are
also making a virtue out of change by choosing short-term temporary
employment while they consider paths for lives that they hope will be less
stressful than those they saw their parents suffer. Many place a priority on
the fun they can have, rather than the long hours of work and commuting
that characterised the secure life of the previous generation, and for this
they are criticised – of course. It will be interesting to see how they fare in
the long run.
A superabundance of new material has appeared on Japanese society in
the past few years and several authors have devoted themselves to that
element of fun. Leisure, play and consumption are terms that abound in the
titles of new volumes, but there is also serious work that has addressed
darker topics of child abuse, school refusal and the shocking sarin gas attack
in the Tokyo underground in 1995. The bankruptcy of a big chain store
provided an illuminating theme for one important anthropological study,
and others have examined the lives of workers in small firms and those
seeking labouring positions for only a day at a time. Numerous authors have
addressed the new emphasis on regional diversity and the immigrant com-
munities that have burgeoned recently, and others have focused on chan-
ging attitudes to gender and sexuality, and to the imaging and practice of
homosexuality in Japan.
So much anthropology of Japan has appeared in the past few years that it
has been difficult to represent fairly all the material, or to do justice to those
works I have cited. I hope that the snippets I have managed to include will
whet your appetites and point the way to follow up your own interests more
deeply. Another new source of material since the second edition is of course
the Internet, and there are innumerable useful websites issued from Japan,
particularly for statistics and up-to-date news stories, though the role of
anthropological work for background, context and a deeper understanding
remains unchallenged.
Acknowledgements for the
third edition

I have received support from an enormous number of people while putting

together this updated version of Understanding Japanese Society, and it is
impossible to mention them all by name, though I am no less grateful for
that. The Japan Foundation Endowment Committee funded an invaluable
trip to Japan to visit all the sites of my previous research to get a feeling for
change that has taken place since my last visits and sojourns in those places.
I am therefore also indebted again to many of the same people who have
helped me over the years, and I thank them once again for their patience
with my questions and their willingness to chat. I would like to express
special gratitude to those who gave me practical help and hospitality. These
include Laura and Giichi Inoue and their friends in Okinawa, particularly
the Kubas and Michiko Ikehara; Yukifumi Makita and her friends, the
Sugiyamas, in Ishigaki-jima, for introducing me to a ‘freeter’ life; the whole
Kumagae family in Yame, who welcomed me into their midst as always
despite being in the throws of a family reunion; the Kawaguchis in Kurot-
suchi, Kazuko Onishi in Tsu, where I made a reluctant brief foray into
academic life but also discovered real evidence of a long-awaited return to
the country; Yoko Hirose in the heart of fashionable Tokyo; Tom Gill
in Yokohama, who entertained me along with students currently doing
fieldwork; and Ushio Takahashi and the staff of Shirayuri Kindergarten
in Tateyama. Jane Wilkinson introduced me to many of her good
friends and contacts in the Ainu community in Hokkaido, where I was
also reacquainted with Masahiro Nomoto, who gave me much useful
information as well as hospitality in Shiraoi.
Many friends, students and colleagues, as well as six anonymous readers,
have made suggestions and comments, initiated ideas, and directed me to
readings I might not otherwise have found, and I list them with trepidation
in case I have missed anyone, but I am grateful to you all. They are Cather-
ine Atherton, Brian Bocking, Naomi Brown, Rupert Cox, whom I must also
thank for arranging several wonderful side-trips in Japan, Matt Field, Tim
xviii Acknowledgements
Fitzgerald, Hiroko Ford, Daniel Gallimore, Roger Goodman, who also read
and commented on a whole draft of the text, Peter Grimshaw, Ruth Martin,
Lola Martinez, Louella Matsunaga, Ayami Nakatani, Ian Neary, who also
kindly commented on the last two chapters, Ian Reader, James Roberson,
Glenda Roberts, Ayumi Sasagawa, Phil Sawkins, Mitch Sedgwick, who also
gave a critical eye to Chapter 9, Katsunobu Shimizu, Kimie Shin, Carolyn
Stevens, Noriya Sumihara, Nobue Suzuki, Ayumi Takenaka, James Valen-
tine and Bruce White. Thanks also to Yoko Ono-Revidon and Simon
Wright for suggesting some of the films at the end of the chapters. All errors
of fact and judgement of course remain my own.
Introduction

There is plenty of access to information about Japan these days. It features

abundantly in radio and television programmes, in newspaper articles and
in splendid and spectacular films. Then there are exhibitions of Japanese
art, live concerts, theatre, shows and demonstrations. There are also large
numbers of Japanese people in most of the major cities of the world and
they are usually happy to talk about and ‘explain’ their country. The image
we receive is still one of industry and efficiency, even if the startling post-
war economic success has now received a battering. We hear of the astound-
ing, if sometimes shocking, achievements of the education system, but we
can also see photographs of Japanese young people dressed up and even
painted in bright and cheerful ways. For many foreigners, however, the
Japanese people remain difficult to understand. How can this be?
One of the problems is that we generally apply our own standards of
judgement when we look at other countries. It is, of course, difficult to do
anything else. The press is trained to report on matters that are of interest to
its consumers, and foreign correspondents are often summoned home when
their reporting becomes too ‘native’, wherever they come from. They need
to be tuned in to the perceived needs of their audience. Japanese people,
themselves, are extremely adept at presenting themselves and their country
in the way they think appropriate to a local audience, and they may also be
keen to present a good image of their country even if they have private
doubts. Many Japanese people abroad actually spend considerable time
comparing themselves with other people and they formulate ways to pres-
ent aspects of their own society which can be easily assimilated even if they
are somewhat stereotyped.
Academics spend years studying Japan. They learn the language, they
visit the country, they read Japanese books and they become experts in an
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and informative books about their particular specialities, and these books
are usually good sources for further study, but they are often written for
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 Microsoft Microsoft* Expression Web 4 Build exactly the
skills you need. Learn at the pace you want. Chris Leeds ■■■a "'■
Get practice files and online edition of this book See back
 Microsoft Microsoft Expression8 Web 4 Step by Step Chris
Leeds
 Published with the authorization of Microsoft Corporation
by: O'Reilly Media, Inc. 1005 Gravenstein Highway North Sebastopol,
CA 95472 Copyright © 2010 by MediaCarbon, Inc. All rights
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of O'Reilly Media, Inc. 123456789 WC 543210 Microsoft, Microsoft
Press, the Microsoft Press brand, Access, ASP.NET, DirectX,
DreamSpark, Deep Zoom, Excel, Expression Blend, Expression
Design, Expression Encoder, Expression Studio, Expression Web,
FrontPage, .NET, Office, Silverlight, SQL Server, Visual Basic, Visual
C++, Visual C#, Visual Studio, Visual Web Developer, Web Platform,
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Acquisitions and Developmental Editor: Russell Jones Production
Editor: Teresa Elsey Editorial Production: Online Training Solutions,
Inc. Technical Reviewers: Kathleen Anderson and Gerry Tiegrob
Illustrator: Robert Romano Indexer: Ellen Troutman Zaig Cover:
Karen Montgomery 978-0-735-63902-7
 Contents at a Glance Introduction xi 1 Understanding How
Expression Web 4 Works 1 2 Capitalizing on Expression Web 4
Functionality 47 3 Capitalizing on the Template Options in Expression
Web 4 107 4 It's All About Content 157 5 Understanding Validity and
Accessibility 231 6 Creating a Web Site from Scratch 257 7 Adding
Client-Side Functionality 323 8 Adding Functionality with jQuery and
PHP 351 9 Adding Functionality with ASP.NET and AJAX 381 10
Managing and Publishing Your Work 435
 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi 1
Understanding How Expression Web 4 Works 1 Understanding the
Expression Web 4 Interface 2 Opening a Site 9 Using Site Views 14
Opening a Page 20 Using Page Views 22 Using the Snapshot Panel
29 Using Visual Aids 33 Using Browser Preview 36 Using
SuperPreview 41 Key Points 46 2 Capitalizing on Expression Web 4
Functionality 47 Changing Site Settings 48 Changing Application
Options 54 Changing Page Editor Options 61 Using the Expression
Development Server 65 Using PHP with the Expression Development
Server 71 Creating a New Site with Expression Web 80 Creating a
New Site from an Expression Web Template 80 Creating an Empty
Site and Importing Files and Folders 91 Using the Import Site Wizard
96 Configuring Add-ins 101 Key Points 105 3 Capitalizing on the
Template Options in Expression Web 4 107 Understanding Template
Concepts 108 Using Dynamic Web Templates 109 Using the Include
Page Feature 128 Using ASP.NET Master Pages 136 Using ASP.NET
Web User Controls 145 Using PHP Include Files 150 Key Points 156
 vi Table of Contents 4 It's All About Content 157 Using
Tables Properly 158 Using Lists to Group Information 163 Using
Semantic Markup 173 Styling the Presentation of Your Content 177
Adding Images to a Web Page 188 Editing Images with Expression
Design 198 Using Photoshop Files in a Web Page 209 Using
Silverlight Video in a Web Page 213 Using Deep Zoom Composer
Projects in a Web Page 222 Key Points 229 5 Understanding Validity
and Accessibility 231 Understanding and Changing a DOCTYPE 232
Verifying and Addressing W3C Validity 238 Verifying and Addressing
Accessibility 244 Styling Text with Cascading Style Sheets 247 Key
Points 256 6 Creating a Web Site from Scratch 257 Working with a
Graphics Template 257 Creating an HTML Layout 272 Styling Major
HTML Elements 284 Designing the Site Architecture and Navigation
297 Styling for Alternative Media 316 Key Points 322 7 Adding Client-
Side Functionality 323 Understanding Server-Side vs. Client-Side
Scripting 323 Using Layers and Behaviors 324 Using Data View in an
HTML Page 332 Creating and Using HTML Forms 343 Key Points 349
8 Adding Functionality with jQuery and PHP 351 Using jQuery in
Expression Web 351 Using the Expression Web PHP Tools 362 Key
Points 379
 Table of Contents 9 Adding Functionality with ASP.NET and
AJAX 381 Using ASP.NET Tools in Expression Web 382 The ASP.NET
Segment of the Toolbox 382 Converting a DWT to a Master Page 383
Using Site Navigation Controls 400 Using the AdRotator Control 411
Linking to Data Sources and Using Data Controls 415 Using ASP.NET
Ajax Features 430 Key Points 434 10 Managing and Publishing Your
Work 435 Considering Hosting Requirements 436 Reseller Accounts
437 Finding and Registering a Domain Name 437 Using Microsoft
Office Live Small Business 439 Understanding the Publishing
Protocols Available in Expression Web 439 Considering Security
Requirements 441 Publishing with FTP 441 Publishing Using HTTP
(FrontPage Server Extensions) 449 File System Publishing 454
Managing a Web Site 459 Backing Up Server-Based Sites 459 Editing
Server-Based Sites 465 Using Site Settings 472 Publishing Selectively
478 Using Subsites 485 Import and Export Web Packages 489 Use
SEO Reports 493 Key Points 497 Index 499 About the Author 521 VII
What do you think of this book? We want to hear from you! G
Microsoft is interested in hearing your feedback so we can
continually improve our books and learning resources for you. To
participate in a brief online survey, please visit:
www.microsoft.com/learning/booksurvey
 Acknowledgments I want to thank the readers of my
previous edition of this book, and the visitors to my support site
(www.expressionwebstepbystep.com). I'd like to include a special
thanks to Russell Jones (O'Reilly Media, project editor), Kathleen
Anderson and Gerry Tiegrob (technical reviewers), and all the people
at Microsoft Press and O'Reilly Media who really had more to do with
the physical manifestation of this book than I did. Last but not least,
I'd like to thank the people on the Expression Web product team for
their commitment to deliver a truly technology-agnostic Web design
tool that makes modern, standards-based Web authoring so much
easier than it used to be. Thank you all! — Chris Leeds IX
 Introduction Microsoft Expression Web 4 is the newest Web
editing and management application from Microsoft. It is a
professional design tool used to create modern, standards-based
sites that deliver superior quality on the Web. From the perspective
of a designer or developer, the modern Web bears only a slight
resemblance to the Web of even as little as five years ago.
Expression Web 4 is an effort by Microsoft to provide a tool that
helps designers attain modern Web design standards and practices.
Expression Web 4 includes features that help ensure your output
adheres to World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) validity standards,
and that help you to cleanly separate content from presentation by
taking advantage of the functionality and capabilities of cascading
style sheets (CSS). As you drill deeper into Expression Web 4, you
will find tools to make working with Microsoft ASP.NET much more
comfortable than ever before, such as the ASP.NET Development
Server that installs with Expression Web and the ASP.NET Controls
group in the Toolbox panel. In addition, Expression Web helps you to
easily use some of the features that ASP.NET offers, specifically,
ASP.NET Master Pages, Navigation Controls, and Data Controls. It's
refreshing that tools with this type of power are available in a user-
friendly designer-centric application like Expression Web 4 as
opposed to being limited to programmer-oriented tools such as
Microsoft Visual Web Developer or Microsoft Visual Studio. System
Requirements To perform the exercises in this book, your computer
should meet the following requirements: ■ Windows XP with Service
Pack 3, Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Windows Server 2008
operating system ■ PC with 1 GHz or faster processor ■ 1 GB of RAM
or more ■ 2 GB or more of available hard disk space ■ Microsoft
.NET Framework 4 ■ Microsoft Silverlight 4 ■ A monitor capable of
1024x768 or higher resolution with 24-bit color XI
 xii Introduction ■ Support for Microsoft DirectX 9 graphics
with Windows Vista Display Driver Model (WDDM), 128 MB of
graphics RAM or more, Pixel Shader 3.0 in hardware, 32 bits per
pixel ■ Internet access (additional fees may apply) ■ Some product
features require Firefox 3.0 or later and Internet Explorer 8 Actual
requirements and product functionality may vary based on your
system configuration and operating system. Information for Readers
Running Windows XP or Vista The graphics and the operating
system-related instructions in this book reflect the Windows 7 user
interface, but you can also use a computer running Windows Vista or
Windows XP with Service Pack 3 (SP3) installed. Most of the
differences you will encounter when working through the exercises
in this book on a computer running Windows Vista or Windows XP
relate to appearance rather than functionality. For example, the
Windows 7 and Windows Vista Start buttons are round rather than
rectangular and are not labeled with the word Start; window frames
and windowmanagement buttons look different; and if your system
supports Windows Aero, the window frames might be transparent.
For the most part, differences in navigating to or through menus and
dialog boxes in Windows Vista or Windows XP are small enough that
you will have no difficulty in completing the exercises. Who Is This
Book For? This book is intended for existing or new Web designers.
Although the book intends to provide lessons to new Web designers,
experienced practitioners will be able to quickly gain familiarity with
the Expression Web 4 user interface and features. Former Microsoft
FrontPage users should also find this book helpful in making a
transition from FrontPage to Expression Web. Assumptions This book
expects that you have at least a minimal understanding of basic
computer use and file operations with your chosen operating system.
No experience in Web design or development is required.
 Introduction xiii What's New in Expression Web 4
SuperPreview Online Service The Microsoft Expression Web
SuperPreview online service is a beta service that extends the
capability of SuperPreview to include support for additional browsers
and operating systems. For example, you can preview your pages in
Apple Safari running on an OSX system "in the cloud." SEO Checker
The SEO Checker feature of Expression Web analyzes your site
against the best practices for getting the highest possible search
engine rankings for your site. You can choose SEO options, display
an SEO report, filter the results in the SEO report, and step forward
and back through the list of results in the SEO report to see more
detail for individual list items. Acquiring Expression Web 4 You can
purchase Expression Web 4 as part of Microsoft Expression Studio 4
Web Professional, which is an integrated group of applications that
includes: ■ Expression Web 4 and SuperPreview Expression Web is a
professional design tool used to create engaging, Web-connected
multimedia experiences for Windows. SuperPreview speeds browser
compatibility testing by not only showing a high-fidelity rendering of
how pages will look on different browsers, but it also identifies the
element's tag, size, and position; applied styles; and location in the
Document Object Model (DOM) tree so you can quickly fix the error.
■ Expression Design 4 Microsoft Expression Design 4 is the perfect
companion to Microsoft Expression Blend or Expression Web. Use
existing artwork or intuitive vector drawing tools to quickly build
sophisticated vector and image assets. Seamlessly transfer them to
your Expression Blend or Expression Web projects knowing that their
fidelity and live effects will be maintained throughout the entire
designer-developer workflow. ■ Expression Encoder 4 Microsoft
Expression Encoder simplifies publishing video to Silverlight. Encode
a wide array of video file formats, stream live from Web cams and
camcorders, and screen capture on your computer. Make simple
edits to video files and enhance your media with overlays and
advertising. Choose encoding settings, select from a range of player
templates, and publish rich media experiences with Silverlight.
 xiv Introduction You can also purchase Expression Web 4 as
a component of Microsoft Expression Studio 4 Ultimate, which
includes all that the professional version contains, plus these
additional products: ■ Expression Blend 4 Utilizing the industry-
proven technologies in Silverlight, WPF, XAML, Microsoft Visual C#
and Microsoft Visual Basic, Expression Blend enables you to deliver
applications that are stable, scalable, accessible, reliable, and highly
secure, while maintaining optimum performance. SketchFlow, a
feature of Expression Studio Ultimate, revolutionizes how quickly and
efficiently you can demonstrate your vision for an application. It
provides an informal and quick way to explore, iterate, and
prototype user interface scenarios, allowing you to evolve your
concepts from a series of rough ideas into a living and breathing
prototype that can be made as real as a particular client or project
demands. ■ Expression Encoder 4 Professional The professional
version of Expression Encoder contains more import and export
codecs and unlimited screen recording duration, whereas the basic
version of Expression Encoder is limited to 10-minute screen
recordings. Additionally, you can purchase both versions of
Expression Studio as an upgrade — and the upgrade isn't limited to
users of just Expression Web 3, but is available to owners of any
previous Microsoft Expression product as well as any version of
Adobe Creative Suite or Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 or later. Beyond
that, you can get Expression Studio as part of the Microsoft Partner
program, at https://partner.microsoft.com/40043420, and through
the Microsoft WebsiteSpark program at http://websitespark. com.
Finally, if you're a student, you can get Expression Studio 4 and a
huge collection of other Microsoft development software through
Microsoft DreamSpark, at http://www.dreamspark .com. With
DreamSpark, students can download Microsoft developer and design
tools at no charge, making it easier for them to learn the skills they
need to excel both during school and after graduation. Code
Samples Most of the chapters in this book include exercises that let
you interactively try out new material learned in the main text. All
sample projects are available for download from the book's page on
the Web site for the Microsoft publishing partner, O'Reilly Media:
http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780735639027 Click the Companion
Content link on that page under the book cover image. When a list
of files appears, locate and download the examples.zip file.
 Introduction xv Installing the Code Samples Unzip the
examples.zip file that you downloaded from the book's Web site to a
location on your hard drive. In order for your screen to match the
images in this book, we recommend that you unzip the folder to
\User\Documents\Microsoft Press\Expression Web 4 SBS\. What's in
the Sample Code? This book's sample code contains the main site
called "SampleSite" with a page for each chapter of this book,
several Deep Zoom Composer projects, videos, an Expression Design
graphics template, and all the other assets required to complete the
chapter exercises you will encounter. Organization of This Book ■
Chapter 1, Understanding How Expression Web 4 Works □ Identify
and use the Expression Web 4 user interface elements □ Open a site
□ Use Site Views □ Open a page □ Use page views □ Use the
Snapshot Panel □ Use Visual Aids □ Use browser preview □ Use
SuperPreview ■ Chapter 2, Capitalizing on Expression Web 4
Functionality □ Change site settings □ Change Application Options □
Change Page Editor Options □ Use the Expression Development
Server □ Use PHP with the Expression Development Server □ Create
a new site with Expression Web □ Use the Import Site Wizard □
Configure add-ins
 xvi Introduction ■ Chapter 3, Capitalizing on the Template
Options in Expression Web 4 □ Understand template concepts □ Use
Dynamic Web Templates □ Use the Include Page feature □ Use
ASP.NET master pages □ Use ASP.NET Web user controls □ Use PHP
include files ■ Chapter 4, It's All About Content □ Use tables properly
□ Use lists to group information □ Use semantic markup □ Style the
presentation of your content □ Add images to a Web page □ Edit
images with Expression Design □ Use Photoshop files in a Web page
□ Use Silverlight Video in a Web page □ Use Deep Zoom Composer
projects in a Web page ■ Chapter 5, Understanding Validity and
Accessibility □ Understand and change a DOCTYPE □ Verify and
address W3C validity □ Verify and address accessibility □ Address
problems within HTML/XHTML code □ Style text with cascading style
sheets ■ Chapter 6, Creating a Web Site from Scratch □ Work with a
graphics template □ Create an HTML layout □ Style major HTML
elements □ Design the site architecture and navigation □ Style for
alternative media
 Introduction xvii Chapter 7, Adding Client-Side Functionality
□ Understand server-side versus client-side scripting □ Use layers
and behaviors □ Use Data View in an HTML page □ Create and use
HTML forms Chapter 8, Adding Functionality with jQuery and PHP □
Use jQuery in Expression Web □ Use the Expression Web PHP tools
Chapter 9, Adding Functionality with ASP.NET and AJAX □ Use
ASP.NET tools in Expression Web □ Convert a DWT to a master page
□ Use site navigation controls □ Use the AdRotator control □ Link to
data sources and use data controls □ Use ASP.NET Ajax features
Chapter 10, Managing and Publishing Your Work □ Understand
hosting requirements and publishing protocols □ Find and register a
domain name □ Use Microsoft Office Live Small Business □
Understand the publishing protocols available in Expression Web □
Understand and evaluate security requirements □ Publish with FTP,
HTTP, or File System □ Create a subsite □ Import and export Web
packages □ Use SEO reports
 xviii Introduction Conventions and Features in This Book
This book has been designed to lead you step by step through all
the tasks you are most likely to want to perform in Microsoft
Expression Web 4. If you start at the beginning and work your way
through all the exercises, you will gain enough proficiency to be able
to create complex Web sites and pages. However, each topic is self-
contained. If you have worked with another HTML or Web page
editor, such as FrontPage, and simply need a quick guide to
performing a task in Expression Web, or if after you complete all the
exercises, you need a fast way to find the information to perform a
procedure, the following features of this book will help you locate
specific information: ■ Detailed table of contents Scan this listing of
the topics and sidebars within each chapter to quickly find the
information you want. ■ Detailed index Look up specific tasks,
features, and general concepts in the index, which has been
carefully crafted with the reader in mind. ■ Companion content
Install the practice files needed for the step-by-step exercises
through this book's Web site. See the "Code Samples" section of this
Introduction for instructions on getting and installing the practice
files. In addition, this book presents information using conventions
designed to make the information readable and easy to follow. ■
Most chapters include step-by-step exercises that you can follow to
get guided exposure and practice to completing tasks. ■ Each
exercise consists of a series of tasks, presented as numbered steps
(1, 2, and so on) listing each action you must take to complete the
exercise. ■ Boxed elements with labels such as "Note," "Tip,"
"Important," and so on provide additional information, directions for
starting or ending the step-by-step exercises, or alternative methods
for completing a step successfully. ■ Text that you are supposed to
type (apart from code blocks) appears in bold. ■ A plus sign (+)
between two key names means that you must press those keys at
the same time. For example, "Press Alt+Tab" means that you hold
down the Alt key while pressing Tab.
 Introduction xix Errata and Book Support We've made every
effort to ensure the accuracy of this book and its companion
content. If you do find an error, please report it on our Microsoft
Press site at oreilly.com: 1. Go to http://microsoftpress.oreilly.com.
2. In the Search box, enter the book's ISBN or title. 3. Select your
book from the search results. 4. On your book's catalog page, under
the cover image, you'll see a list of links. 5. Click View/Submit Errata.
You'll find additional information and services for your book on its
catalog page. If you need additional support, please email Microsoft
Press Book Support at [email protected]. Please note that
product support for Microsoft software is not offered through the
addresses above. The author also maintains a support site for this
book and Expression Web in general. Visit
www.expressionwebstepbystep.com. Visit the site for links to this
book's Facebook Fan Page, Live.com group, additional content, and
contact information for the author. As a long-term member of the
Microsoft MVP Community, Chris has been personally helping users
with Microsoft Web design and development software for more than
10 years. We Want to Hear from You At Microsoft Press, your
satisfaction is our top priority, and your feedback is our most
valuable asset. Please tell us what you think of this book at:
http://www.microsoft.com/learning/booksurvey The survey is short,
and we read every one of your comments and ideas. Thanks in
advance for your input! Stay in Touch Let's keep the conversation
going! We're on Twitter: http://twitter.com/MicrosoftPress
 Chapter 1 Understanding How Expression Web 4 Works
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: ■ Identify and use
the Expression Web 4 user interface elements ■ Open a site ■ Use
Site Views ■ Open a page ■ Use page views ■ Use the Snapshot
Panel ■ Use Visual Aids ■ Use browser preview ■ Use SuperPreview
Microsoft Expression Web is an incredibly versatile tool. Almost
anything you could imagine doing with a Web page or Web site is
possible with Expression Web 4. Due to its broad versatility, there
are hundreds of menu items, buttons, and other interface objects.
The Expression Web software developers have grouped all these
interface objects into three basic types, which are menus, toolbars,
and panels. Menus are logical groupings of commands; there are 12
menus on the menu bar and they are always present in the
Expression Web 4 interface. Toolbars are composed of button
elements. There are 11 different toolbars available in the interface.
Some toolbars, such as the Common or Standard toolbars, are
appropriate for almost any working scenario, whereas some are
intended for very specific tasks such as the Dynamic Web Template
or Master Page toolbars. Panels are interface objects for which
neither a button nor a menu would be sufficient. There are no less
than 20 different panels available in Expression Web 4. In addition,
you can apply several Views to either a page or a site. Finally, there
are also more than 100 keyboard shortcuts available! To use an
application with such broad use scenarios and such a vast collection
of interface elements effectively, it is imperative that you learn not
only what features are available but
 Microsoft Expression Web 4 Step by Step where to find the
tools to deploy those features from within Expression Web 4. After
you understand the logic behind how Expression Web groups these
various interface objects, you'll be able to find what you are looking
for quickly. In addition, your comfort level will improve with much
less effort than if you tried to memorize the interface objects'
locations. This chapter focuses on how to adjust the Expression Web
user interface (Ul) to suit your personal preferences and to simplify
how you perform specific tasks. Expression Web 4 has a default
layout that appeals to a maximum number of users in the widest
range of work scenarios. This type of generalized layout means that
it'll most likely work for you no matter what type of task you're
performing. However, when you customize the interface to your
workflow processes, you'll increase your efficiency, speed, and
comfort. w Important Before you can use the practice files in this
chapter, you need to download and install them from the book's
companion content Web site to their default location. For more
information about downloading and installing the practice files, see
the "Code Samples" section at the beginning of this book.
Troubleshooting Graphics and operating system-related instructions
in this book reflect the Windows 7 user interface. If your computer is
running Windows XP or Windows Vista and you experience trouble
following the instructions as written, please refer to the "Information
for Readers Running Windows XP or Vista" section at the beginning
of this book. Understanding the Expression Web 4 Interface This
section walks you through the Expression Web 4 default screen
layouts so you can familiarize yourself with the various parts of the
user interface. \ !/ Important Be sure to install Expression Web 4
before beginning this exercise. Take a clockwise tour of the
Expression Web 4 default layout 1. Click the Start button, click All
Programs, click Microsoft Expression, and then click Microsoft
Expression Web 4. A page named Untitled_l.htm opens when you
start Expression Web 4 for the first time. You may also be prompted
as to whether you want to make Expression Web 4 your default
HTML editor.
 Chapter 1 Understanding How Expression Web 4 Works
Troubleshooting By default, Expression Web will automatically
display the last site you opened. To close that site and open another
site, select Close from the Site menu, choose Exit from the File
menu, and then restart Expression Web 4. ) ^. IPntitlrcn
(LJnlrlliriJ.html] - hforrcurvrt F ~^~At this point, Expression Web 4
is open and a page is displayed without a site. It's actually a rare
instance that you'll use the interface in this way. Think about it.
What's a Web page without a "site," or at the very least without
folders containing images and other assets that the page uses? Such
an arrangement would be considered a "one-page site." 9 Tip This
topic of an open page without a site or an open page that is part of
a site is very important. Not understanding the page/site concept will
result in unnecessary confusion. Even without an open site, take the
opportunity to explore the default workspace layout.
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