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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

ocial
S
Psychology
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

ocial
S
Psychology
1
Roy F. Baumeister
Florida State University

Kathleen D. Vohs
University of Minnesota
EDITORS
Copyright © 2007 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For information:

SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of social psychology/editors, Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D. Vohs.

p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4129-1670-7 (cloth)
1. Social psychology—Encyclopedias. I. Baumeister, Roy F. II. Vohs, Kathleen D.

HM1007.E53 2007
302.03—dc22 2007014603

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Publisher: Rolf A. Janke

Acquisitions Editor: Michael Carmichael
Developmental Editors: Carole Maurer, Paul Reis
Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez
Project Editor: Tracy Alpern
Copy Editors: Colleen B. Brennan, Robin Gold
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Indexer: Julie Sherman Grayson
Cover Designer: Candice Harman
Marketing Manager: Carmel Withers
Contents

Editorial Board, vi
List of Entries, vii
Reader’s Guide, xv
About the Editors, xxv
Contributors, xxvi
Introduction, xiv

Entries

Volume 1: A–I
1–506
Volume 2: J–Z
507–1018

Index, I-1–I-76
Editorial Board
Editors

Roy F. Baumeister Kathleen D. Vohs

Florida State University University of Minnesota

Managing Editor
Nicole L. Mead
Florida State University

Advisory Board

Galen V. Bodenhausen Douglas T. Kenrick

Northwestern University Arizona State University

Ap Dijksterhuis Antony S. R. Manstead

Radboud University Nijmegen Cardiff University

Wendi L. Gardner Sandra L. Murray

Northwestern University State University of New York at Buffalo

Michael A. Hogg Abraham Tesser

Claremont Graduate University University of Georgia

Jay Hull Penny S. Visser

Dartmouth College University of Chicago

vi
List of Entries

Accessibility Attitudes
Accountability Attitude Strength
Achievement Motivation Attraction
Action Identification Theory Attributional Ambiguity
Actor–Observer Asymmetries Attribution Cube. See Kelley’s Covariation Model
Adaptive Unconscious Attributions
Affect Attribution Theory
Affect-as-Information Authenticity
Affect Heuristic Authoritarian Personality
Affect Infusion Authority Ranking. See Relational Models Theory
Affordances Autobiographical Narratives
Aggression Automatic Processes
Agreeableness Auto-Motive Model
Alcohol Myopia Effect Autonomy
Altruism Availability Heuristic
Altruistic Punishment Aversive Racism
Ambivalence Awe
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
Androgyny Babyfaceness
Anger Bad Is Stronger Than Good
Anonymity. See Deindividuation Balance Theory
Anticipatory Attitude Change Barnum Effect
Antisocial Behavior Base Rate Fallacy
Anxiety Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing)
Apparent Mental Causation Behavioral Contagion
Applied Social Psychology Behavioral Economics
Approach–Avoidance Conflict Belief Perseverance
Arousal Beliefs
Assimilation Processes Benevolent Sexism
Associative Networks Bennington College Study
Attachment Styles Betrayal
Attachment Theory Big Five Personality Traits
Attention Binge Eating
Attitude–Behavior Consistency Biopsychosocial Model
Attitude Change Blaming the Victim
Attitude Formation Bobo Doll Studies

vii
viii———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Bogus Pipeline Coping

Brainstorming Correctness of Personality Judgments. See
Brainwashing Personality Judgments, Accuracy of
Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions Correspondence Bias
Buffering Effect Correspondent Inference Theory
Bulimia Counterfactual Thinking
Bullying Counterregulation of Eating
Bystander Effect Creativity
Critical Social Psychology
Catharsis of Aggression Cross-Lagged Panel Correlation
Central Traits Versus Peripheral Traits Crowding
Cheater-Detection Mechanism Cultural Animal
Choking Under Pressure Cultural Differences
Close Relationships Culture
Cognitive Consistency Culture of Honor
Cognitive Dissonance Theory Curiosity
Cohesiveness, Group
Collective Self Date Rape
Collectivistic Cultures Debiasing
Commons Dilemma. See Social Dilemmas Deception (Lying)
Communal Relationships Deception (Methodological Technique)
Communal Sharing. See Relational Models Theory Decision and Commitment in Love
Companionate Love Decision Making
Compassion Decision Model of Helping
Complementarity, of Relationship Partners Defensive Attribution
Compliance Defensive Pessimism
Confirmation Bias Deindividuation
Conflict Resolution Delay of Gratification
Conformity Demand Characteristics
Consciousness Dependence Regulation
Consensus, in Attribution Theory. See Kelley’s Depression
Covariation Model Depressive Realism
Consistency, in Attributions. See Kelley’s Deviance
Covariation Model Diagnosticity
Construal Level Theory. See Temporal Construal Diffusion of Responsibility
Theory Dilution Effect
Consumer Behavior Discontinuity Effect
Contact Hypothesis Discounting, in Attribution
Content Analysis Discourse Analysis. See Discursive Psychology
Contingencies of Self-Worth Discrimination
Contingency Model of Leadership Discursive Psychology
Contrast Effects Disgust
Control Displaced Aggression
Control Condition Distinctiveness, in Attribution
Controlled Processes Distributive Justice
Control Motivation Dominance, Evolutionary
Cooperation Door-in-the-Face Technique
 List of Entries———ix

Downward Comparison. See Downward Social Expertise

Comparison Extraversion
Downward Social Comparison Extrinsic Motivation
Drive Theory Eyewitness Testimony, Accuracy of
Dual Attitudes
Dual Process Theories Facial Expression of Emotion
Dynamical Systems Theory Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
False Consciousness
Ecological Rationality False Consensus Effect
Ecological Validity False Uniqueness Bias
Effort Justification Falsification
Egocentric Bias Fast and Frugal Heuristics
Ego Depletion Fear Appeals
Ego Shock Feedback Loop
Elaboration Likelihood Model Fight-or-Flight Response
Elevation Focalism
Embarrassment Foot-in-the-Door Technique
Emotion Forced Compliance Technique
Emotional Contagion Forensic Psychology
Emotional Intelligence Forewarning
Empathic Accuracy Forgiveness
Empathy Free Will, Study of
Empathy–Altruism Hypothesis Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis
Encoding Fundamental Attribution Error
Endowment Effect. See Mere Ownership Effect
Entitativity Gain–Loss Framing
Environmental Psychology Gambler’s Fallacy
Envy Gender Differences
Equality Matching. See Relational Models Theory Genetic Influences on Social Behavior
Equity Theory Goals
Erotic Plasticity Gossip
Error Management Theory Gratitude
Escape Theory Grim Necessities
Ethnocentrism GRIT Tension Reduction Strategy
Ethology Group Cohesiveness
Evolutionary Psychology Group Decision Making
Exchange Relationships Group Dynamics
Excitation-Transfer Theory Group Identity
Excuse Group Performance and Productivity
Executive Function of Self Group Polarization
Exemplification Groups, Characteristics of
Expectancy Effects Groupthink
Expectations Guilt
Experimental Condition Guilty Pleasures
Experimental Realism
Experimentation Habits
Experimenter Effects Halo Effect
x———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Happiness Interpersonal Cognition

Hardiness Intimacy
Health Psychology Intimate Partner Violence
Hedonic Treadmill Intimidation. See Self-Presentation
Helping Behavior Intrinsic Motivation
Helplessness, Learned Introspection
Heuristic Processing Introversion
Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion Ironic Processes
Hindsight Bias
History of Social Psychology Jealousy
Home-Field Advantage and Disadvantage Jigsaw Classroom
Hope Justice Motive
Hormones and Behavior Just-World Hypothesis
Hostile Attribution Bias
Hostile Masculinity Syndrome Kelley’s Covariation Model
Hostile Media Bias Kin Selection
Hot Hand Effect
Hyperbolic Discounting Law of Small Numbers
Lay Epistemics
Identity Crisis Leadership
Identity Status Learned Helplessness
Ideology Learning Theory
Illusion of Control LISREL
Illusion of Transparency Locus of Control
Illusory Correlation Logical Positivism
Implementation Intentions Loneliness
Implicit Association Test Looking-Glass Self
Implicit Attitudes Loss Aversion
Implicit Personality Theory Lost Letter Technique
Impression Management Love
Independence of Positive and Negative Affect Lowballing
Independent Self-Construals
Individual Differences Marital Satisfaction
Inference Market Pricing. See Relational Models Theory
Influence Masculinity/Femininity
Informational Influence Matching Hypothesis
Ingratiation Meaning Maintenance Model
Ingratiator’s Dilemma Media Violence and Aggression
Ingroup–Outgroup Bias Memory
Inoculation Theory Mental Accounting
Integrative Complexity Mental Control
Interdependence Theory Mere Exposure Effect
Interdependent Self-Construals Mere Ownership Effect
Intergroup Anxiety Meta-Analysis
Intergroup Emotions Meta-Awareness
Intergroup Relations Metacognition
Interpersonal Attraction Processes. See Attraction Metatraits
 List of Entries———xi

Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Studies Organizational Behavior

Mimicry Ostracism
Mindfulness and Mindlessness Other–Total Ratio
Mind-Wandering Outgroup Homogeneity
Minimal Group Paradigm Overconfidence
Minority Social Influence Overjustification Effect
Misattribution of Arousal
Modeling of Behavior Path Analysis
MODE Model Peace Psychology
Modern Racism. See Symbolic Racism Personalities and Behavior Patterns,
Moral Cognitions. See Moral Reasoning Type A and Type B
Moral Development Personality and Social Behavior
Moral Emotions Personality Judgments, Accuracy of
Moral Hypocrisy Personal Space
Moral Reasoning Person Perception
Mortality Salience Person-Positivity Heuristic
Motivated Cognition Persuasion
Motivated Reasoning Phenomenal Self
MUM Effect Placebo Effect
Mundane Realism Planned Behavior Theory. See Theory of
Planned Behavior
Naive Cynicism Planning Fallacy
Naive Realism Pluralistic Ignorance
Name Letter Effect Polarization Processes
Narcissism Political Psychology
Narcissistic Entitlement Pornography
Narcissistic Reactance Theory of Sexual Coercion Positive Affect
Need for Affiliation Positive Illusions
Need for Closure Positive–Negative Asymmetry
Need for Cognition Positive Psychology
Need for Power Power
Need to Belong Power Motive
Negative-State Relief Model Preference Reversals
Neuroticism Prejudice
Nonconscious Emotion Prejudice Reduction
Nonconscious Processes Primacy Effect, Attribution
Nonexperimental Designs Primacy Effect, Memory
Nonverbal Cues and Communication Priming
Normative Influence Prisoner’s Dilemma
Norms, Prescriptive and Descriptive Procedural Justice
Procrastination
Objectification Theory Projection
Omission Neglect Propinquity
Operationalization Prosocial Behavior
Opponent Process Theory of Emotions Prospect Theory
Optimal Distinctiveness Theory Prototypes
Order Effects Psychological Entitlement
xii———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Psychology of Terrorism. See Terrorism, Self-Affirmation Theory

Psychology of Self-Attribution Process
Public Goods Dilemma Self-Awareness
Self-Categorization Theory
Quasi-Experimental Designs Self-Complexity
Self-Concept
Racial Resentment. See Symbolic Racism Self-Concept Clarity
Racism Self-Control Measures
Rape Self-Deception
Reactance Self-Defeating Behavior
Realistic Group Conflict Theory Self-Determination Theory
Reasoned Action Theory Self-Disclosure
Recency Effect Self-Discrepancy Theory
Reciprocal Altruism Self-Efficacy
Reciprocity Norm Self-Enhancement
Reductionism Self-Esteem
Reference Group Self-Esteem Stability
Regret Self-Evaluation Maintenance
Regulatory Focus Theory Self-Expansion Theory
Rejection Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Rejection Sensitivity Self-Handicapping
Relational Models Theory Self-Monitoring
Relationship Violence. See Intimate Partner Violence Self-Perception Theory
Religion and Spirituality Self-Presentation
Representativeness Heuristic Self-Promotion
Research Methods Self-Reference Effect
Resisting Persuasion Self-Regulation
Responsibility Attribution Self-Reports
Ringelmann Effect Self-Schemas. See Schemas
Risk Appraisal Self-Serving Bias
Risk Taking Self-Stereotyping
Risky Shift Self-Verification Theory
Robbers Cave Experiment Semantic Differential
Roles and Role Theory Sensation Seeking
Romantic Love Sequential Choice
Romantic Secrecy Sex Drive
Rosenthal Effect. See Experimenter Effects Sexism
Rubicon Model of Action Phases Sex Roles
Rumor Transmission Sexual Desire
Sexual Economics Theory
Salience Sexual Harassment
Satisficing Sexual Selection
Scapegoat Theory Sexual Strategies Theory
Scarcity Principle Shame
Schemas Shifting Standards
Scripts Shyness
Search for Meaning in Life Similarity-Attraction Effect
Self Simulation Heuristic
 List of Entries———xiii

Simultaneous Choice Subtyping

Sleeper Effect Suicide
Social Anxiety Sunk Cost
Social Categorization Supplication
Social Cognition Surprise
Social Cognitive Neuroscience Symbolic Interactionism
Social Comparison Symbolic Racism
Social Compensation Symbolic Self-Completion
Social Desirability Bias System Justification
Social Dilemmas Systems Theory. See Dynamical Systems Theory
Social Dominance Orientation
Social Exchange Theory Teasing
Social Exclusion Temporal Construal Theory
Social Facilitation Tend-and-Befriend Response
Social Identity Theory Territoriality
Social Impact Theory Terrorism, Psychology of
Social Influence. See Influence Terror Management Theory
Social Justice Orientation Testosterone
Social Learning Thematic Apperception Test
Social Loafing Theory of Mind
Social Neuroscience Theory of Planned Behavior
Social Power Thin Slices of Behavior
Social Projection Threatened Egotism Theory of Aggression
Social Psychophysiology Three-Dimensional Model of Attribution
Social Relations Model Token Effects
Social Support Traits
Social Trap. See Social Dilemmas Transactive Memory
Social Value Orientation Triangular Theory of Love
Sociobiological Theory Trust
Sociobiology Twin Studies
Socioeconomic Status Type A Personality. See Personalities and
Sociological Social Psychology Behavior Patterns, Type A and Type B
Sociometric Status Type B Personality. See Personalities and
Spontaneous Trait Inferences Behavior Patterns, Type A and Type B
Spotlight Effect
Spreading of Alternatives Uniqueness
Stanford Prison Experiment Unrequited Love
Stealing Thunder Urban Myth. See Rumor Transmission
Stereotypes and Stereotyping
Stereotype Threat Validity of Personality Judgments. See Personality
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love. Judgments, Accuracy of
See Triangular Theory of Love Value Pluralism Model
Stigma Value Priorities
Stress and Coping Values
Stress Appraisal Theory (Primary and Visceral Influences
Secondary Appraisal) Volunteerism
Structural Equation Modeling
Subliminal Perception Zeal
Reader’s Guide

This Reader’s Guide performs two functions within the encyclopedia. One, the headings alone describe, at a
broad level, the kinds of topics covered in the field of social psychology. Looking at the overarching categories,
one can see that social psychology studies cognition (thought) and action, helpful and hurtful behaviors, emo-
tions and decisions, culture and evolution, the self and social relationships, as well as health and problematic
behaviors. That’s quite a range of topics! The second purpose of the Reader’s Guide is related to the first in that
it helps readers who are already interested in a topic find new topics that may be of interest. In this way, the
Reader’s Guide provides links among topics. Either way it is used, we hope that you find yourself reading entries
from all of the general categories, given the wealth of interesting and important information to learn here.

Action Control Hormones and Behavior

Implementation Intentions
Action Identification Theory Intrinsic Motivation
Adaptive Unconscious Ironic Processes
Apparent Mental Causation Learned Helplessness
Approach-Avoidance Conflict Learning Theory
Authenticity Locus of Control
Auto-Motive Model Mental Control
Autonomy Meta-Awareness
Behavioral Contagion Mindfulness and Mindlessness
Choking Under Pressure Modeling of Behavior
Control Nonconscious Processes
Controlled Processes Overjustification Effect
Decision Making Procrastination
Delay of Gratification Reasoned Action Theory
Drive Theory Regulatory Focus Theory
Ego Depletion Risk Taking
Excitation-Transfer Theory Rubicon Model of Action Phases
Extrinsic Motivation Scripts
Feedback Loop Self-Awareness
Free Will, Study of Self-Control Measures
Goals Self-Defeating Behavior
Grim Necessities Self-Determination Theory
Guilty Pleasures Self-Discrepancy Theory
Habits Self-Efficacy
Helplessness, Learned Self-Handicapping
Home-Field Advantage and Disadvantage Self-Regulation
xv
xvi———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Social Facilitation Attitude Formation

Social Learning Attitudes
Social Loafing Attitude Strength
Stereotype Threat Balance Theory
Stress Appraisal Theory (Primary and Beliefs
Secondary Appraisal) Brainwashing
Temporal Construal Theory Cognitive Consistency
Theory of Planned Behavior Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Zeal Dual Attitudes
Effort Justification
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Antisocial Behaviors Forced Compliance Technique
Aggression Forewarning
Antisocial Behavior Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion
Aversive Racism Implicit Attitudes
Betrayal MODE Model
Bobo Doll Studies Motivated Reasoning
Bullying Polarization Processes
Catharsis of Aggression Satisficing
Cheater-Detection Mechanism Theory of Planned Behavior
Conflict Resolution Values
Date Rape
Deception (Lying) Culture
Displaced Aggression
Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis Collective Self
GRIT Tension Reduction Strategy Collectivistic Cultures
Hostile Masculinity Syndrome Cultural Animal
Intimate Partner Violence Cultural Differences
Media Violence and Aggression Culture
Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Studies Culture of Honor
Moral Hypocrisy Erotic Plasticity
Narcissistic Reactance Theory Ethnocentrism
of Sexual Coercion Ideology
Ostracism Independent Self-Construals
Rape Interdependent Self-Construals
Rejection Moral Development
Sexual Harassment Mortality Salience
Social Exclusion Objectification Theory
Stanford Prison Experiment Pornography
Terrorism, Psychology of Relational Models Theory
Threatened Egotism Theory of Aggression Sexual Economics Theory
Terror Management Theory

Attitude
Emotions
Anticipatory Attitude Change
Attitude–Behavior Consistency Affect
Attitude Change Affect-as-Information
 Reader’s Guide———xvii

Affect Heuristic Evolution

Affect Infusion
Affordances
Ambivalence
Cheater-Detection Mechanism
Anger
Cultural Animal
Anxiety
Dominance, Evolutionary
Arousal
Ecological Rationality
Awe
Error Management Theory
Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Affect
Ethology
Buffering Effect
Evolutionary Psychology
Companionate Love
Fight-or-Flight Response
Decision and Commitment in Love
Genetic Influences on Social Behavior
Disgust
Kin Selection
Elevation
Sexual Selection
Embarrassment
Sexual Strategies Theory
Emotion
Sociobiological Theory
Emotional Contagion
Sociobiology
Emotional Intelligence
Empathy
Envy
Groups
Facial Expression of Emotion
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis Brainstorming
Fear Appeals Bystander Effect
Forgiveness Close Relationships
Gratitude Cohesiveness, Group
Guilt Collective Self
Happiness Communal Relationships
Hedonic Treadmill Conformity
Hope Contact Hypothesis
Independence of Positive and Negative Affect Contingency Model of Leadership
Intergroup Anxiety Crowding
Intergroup Emotions Deindividuation
Jealousy Deviance
Loneliness Diffusion of Responsibility
Love Discontinuity Effect
Mere Exposure Effect Distributive Justice
Moral Emotions Entitativity
Nonconscious Emotion Gossip
Opponent Process Theory of Emotions Group Cohesiveness
Positive Affect Group Decision Making
Regret Group Dynamics
Romantic Love Group Identity
Shame Group Performance and Group Productivity
Social Anxiety Group Polarization
Stress and Coping Groups, Characteristics of
Surprise Groupthink
Unrequited Love Ingroup-Outgroup Bias
Visceral Influences Intergroup Anxiety
xviii———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Intergroup Emotions Social Neuroscience

Intergroup Relations Social Psychophysiology
Jigsaw Classroom Stress and Coping
Leadership Tend-and-Befriend Response
Minimal Group Paradigm Testosterone
Minority Social Influence
Optimal Distinctiveness Theory
History
Organizational Behavior
Other–Total Ratio Bennington College Study
Outgroup Homogeneity Bobo Doll Studies
Polarization Processes History of Social Psychology
Power Logical Positivism
Procedural Justice Reductionism
Realistic Group Conflict Theory Robbers Cave Experiment
Ringelmann Effect Stanford Prison Experiment
Risky Shift Thematic Apperception Test
Robbers Cave Experiment
Roles and Role Theory
Rumor Transmission Influence
Scapegoat Theory Compliance
Self-Categorization Theory Conformity
Self-Stereotyping Debiasing
Sex Roles Door-in-the-Face Technique
Social Compensation Fear Appeals
Social Dominance Orientation Foot-in-the-Door Technique
Social Identity Theory Forced Compliance
Social Impact Theory Forewarning
Social Justice Orientation Heuristic-Systematic
Social Loafing Model of Persuasion
Social Power Influence
Socioeconomic Status Informational Influence
Subtyping Ingratiation
System Justification Ingratiator’s Dilemma
Territoriality Inoculation Theory
Token Effects Mere Exposure Effect
Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Studies
Minority Social Influence
Health
Normative Influence
Binge Eating Norms, Prescriptive and Descriptive
Biopsychosocial Model Persuasion
Buffering Effect Reactance
Bulimia Reciprocity Norm
Coping Reference Group
Depression Resisting Persuasion
Hardiness Scarcity Principle
Health Psychology Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Sexual Desire Sleeper Effect
 Reader’s Guide———xix

Social Power Social Support

Stealing Thunder Social Value Orientation
Supplication Teasing
Transactive Memory
Triangular Theory of Love
Interpersonal Relationships Trust
Attachment Theory Unrequited Love
Betrayal
Close Relationships
Judgment and Decision Making
Communal Relationships
Companionate Love Behavioral Economics
Complementarity, of Relationship Partners Decision Making
Decision and Commitment in Love Fast and Frugal Heuristics
Dependence Regulation Free Will, Study of
Empathic Accuracy Grim Necessities
Equity Theory Group Decision Making
Exchange Relationships Group Polarization
Forgiveness Hindsight Bias
Gossip Hot Hand Effect
Interdependence Theory Hyperbolic Discounting
Interpersonal Cognition Illusion of Transparency
Intimacy Illusory Correlation
Intimate Partner Violence Ingroup-Outgroup Bias
Loneliness Integrative Complexity
Love Law of Small Numbers
Marital Satisfaction Loss Aversion
Matching Hypothesis Mental Accounting
Mimicry Mere Ownership Effect
Need to Belong Naive Cynicism
Nonverbal Cues and Naive Realism
Communication Omission Neglect
Ostracism Overconfidence
Pornography Planning Fallacy
Propinquity Pluralistic Ignorance
Rejection Preference Reversals
Romantic Love Prisoner’s Dilemma
Romantic Secrecy Prospect Theory
Self-Disclosure Public Goods Dilemma
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Recency Effect
Self-Expansion Theory Representativeness Heuristic
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Risk Taking
Sex Drive Risky Shift
Sexual Desire Satisficing
Sexual Economics Theory Sequential Choice
Similarity-Attraction Effect Simulation Heuristic
Social Exchange Theory Simultaneous Choice
Social Exclusion Social Dilemmas
xx———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Spreading of Alternatives Social Relations Model

Sunk Cost Sociometric Status
Visceral Influences Structural Equation Modeling
Thematic Apperception Test
Twin Studies
Methods
Autobiographical Narratives
Personality
Behavioral Economics
Bennington College Study Achievement Motivation
Big Five Personality Traits Agreeableness
Bobo Doll Studies Androgyny
Bogus Pipeline Attachment Styles
Content Analysis Authoritarian Personality
Control Condition Babyfaceness
Critical Social Psychology Big Five Personality Traits
Cross-Lagged Panel Correlation Central Traits Versus
Deception (Methodological Technique) Peripheral Traits
Demand Characteristics Control Motivation
Discursive Psychology Curiosity
Dynamical Systems Theory Defensive Pessimism
Ecological Validity Depression
Ethnocentrism Expertise
Experimental Condition Extraversion
Experimental Realism Gender Differences
Experimentation Genetic Influences on Social Behavior
Experimenter Effects Hardiness
Falsification Hostile Masculinity Syndrome
Forced Compliance Technique Identity Status
Identity Status Implicit Personality Theory
Implicit Association Test Individual Differences
Individual Differences Introversion
LISREL Locus of Control
Logical Positivism Masculinity/Femininity
Lost Letter Technique Metatraits
Meta-Analysis Narcissism
Mundane Realism Narcissistic Entitlement
Nonexperimental Designs Need for Affiliation
Operationalization Need for Closure
Order Effects Need for Cognition
Path Analysis Need for Power
Placebo Effect Neuroticism
Quasi-Experimental Designs Personalities and Behavior Patterns,
Reductionism Type A and Type B
Research Methods Personality and Social Behavior
Self-Reports Power Motive
Semantic Differential Rejection Sensitivity
Social Desirability Bias Self-Complexity
 Reader’s Guide———xxi

Self-Concept Clarity Self-Handicapping

Self-Control Measures Shyness
Self-Esteem Social Loafing
Self-Esteem Stability Suicide
Self-Monitoring
Sensation Seeking
Sex Drive Prosocial Behaviors
Sex Roles Altruism
Shyness Altruistic Punishment
Social Desirability Bias Attraction
Testosterone Bystander Effect
Thematic Apperception Test Compassion
Traits Cooperation
Uniqueness Decision Model of Helping
Distributive Justice
Empathic Accuracy
Prejudice
Empathy
Aversive Racism Empathy–Altruism Hypothesis
Benevolent Sexism Gratitude
Contact Hypothesis GRIT Tension Reduction Strategy
Discrimination Helping Behavior
Jigsaw Classroom Negative-State Relief Model
Prejudice Positive Psychology
Prejudice Reduction Prisoner’s Dilemma
Racism Prosocial Behavior
Scapegoat Theory Public Goods Dilemma
Sexism Reciprocal Altruism
Stereotypes and Stereotyping Religion and Spirituality
Stereotype Threat Search for Meaning in Life
Stigma Volunteerism
Symbolic Racism

Self
Problem Behaviors Actor–Observer Asymmetries
Binge Eating Apparent Mental Causation
Bulimia Barnum Effect
Bullying Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing)
Coping Brainwashing
Counterregulation of Eating Close Relationships
Date Rape Collective Self
Deception (Lying) Contingencies of Self-Worth
Depression Deindividuation
Narcissistic Reactance Downward Social Comparison
Theory of Sexual Coercion Egocentric Bias
Objectification Theory Ego Shock
Rape Escape Theory
Self-Defeating Behavior Executive Function of Self
xxii———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Exemplification Self-Esteem Stability

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis Self-Evaluation Maintenance
Identity Crisis Self-Expansion Theory
Illusion of Control Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Illusion of Transparency Self-Handicapping
Impression Management Self-Monitoring
Independent Self-Construals Self-Perception Theory
Ingratiator’s Dilemma Self-Presentation
Interdependent Self-Construals Self-Promotion
Introspection Self-Reference Effect
Looking-Glass Self Self-Regulation
Mental Control Self-Reports
Mere Ownership Effect Self-Serving Bias
Misattribution of Arousal Self-Stereotyping
Moral Development Self-Verification Theory
Mortality Salience Social Comparison
Name Letter Effect Social Identity Theory
Objectification Theory Spotlight Effect
Optimal Distinctiveness Theory Stigma
Overjustification Effect Symbolic Self-Completion
Personal Space Terror Management Theory
Phenomenal Self Threatened Egotism
Positive Illusions Theory of Aggression
Procrastination Uniqueness
Projection Value Priorities
Psychological Entitlement Zeal
Reactance
Regulatory Focus Theory
Social Cognition
Roles and Role Theory
Schemas Accessibility
Self Accountability
Self-Affirmation Theory Action Identification Theory
Self-Attribution Process Actor–Observer Asymmetries
Self-Awareness Adaptive Unconscious
Self-Categorization Theory Alcohol Myopia Effect
Self-Complexity Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
Self-Concept Assimilation Processes
Self-Concept Clarity Associative Networks
Self-Control Measures Attention
Self-Deception Attributional Ambiguity
Self-Defeating Behavior Attributions
Self-Determination Theory Attribution Theory
Self-Disclosure Automatic Processes
Self-Discrepancy Theory Availability Heuristic
Self-Efficacy Bad Is Stronger Than Good
Self-Enhancement Barnum Effect
Self-Esteem Base Rate Fallacy
 Reader’s Guide———xxiii

Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing) Justice Motive

Belief Perseverance Just-World Hypothesis
Blaming the Victim Kelley’s Covariation Model
Central Traits Versus Peripheral Traits Lay Epistemics
Confirmation Bias Lowballing
Consciousness Matching Hypothesis
Contrast Effects Meaning Maintenance Model
Controlled Processes Memory
Correspondence Bias Metacognition
Correspondent Inference Theory Mimicry
Counterfactual Thinking Mind-Wandering
Creativity Misattribution of Arousal
Curiosity Moral Emotions
Debiasing Moral Reasoning
Defensive Attribution Motivated Cognition
Depressive Realism Motivated Reasoning
Diagnosticity MUM Effect
Dilution Effect Nonconscious Processes
Discounting, in Attribution Norms, Prescriptive and Descriptive
Distinctiveness, in Attribution Omission Neglect
Downward Social Comparison Personality Judgments, Accuracy of
Dual Process Theories Person Perception
Egocentric Bias Person-Positivity Heuristic
Emotional Intelligence Positive–Negative Asymmetry
Encoding Primacy Effect, Attribution
Excuse Primacy Effect, Memory
Expectancy Effects Priming
Expectations Projection
Eyewitness Testimony, Accuracy of Prototypes
False Consciousness Recency Effect
False Consensus Effect Responsibility Attribution
False Uniqueness Bias Risk Appraisal
Focalism Salience
Fundamental Attribution Error Satisficing
Gain–Loss Framing Schemas
Gambler’s Fallacy Scripts
Halo Effect Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Heuristic Processing Self-Reference Effect
Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion Self-Serving Bias
Hostile Attribution Bias Self-Verification Theory
Hostile Media Bias Shifting Standards
Hot Hand Effect Similarity-Attraction Effect
Illusory Correlation Social Categorization
Implicit Personality Theory Social Cognition
Inference Social Cognitive Neuroscience
Integrative Complexity Social Comparison
Interpersonal Cognition Social Impact Theory
xxiv———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Social Projection Environmental Psychology

Spontaneous Trait Inferences Ethology
Spreading of Alternatives Evolutionary Psychology
Subliminal Perception Eyewitness Testimony, Accuracy of
Subtyping Forensic Psychology
Symbolic Interactionism Health Psychology
Theory of Mind History of Social Psychology
Thin Slices of Behavior Organizational Behavior
Three-Dimensional Model of Attribution Peace Psychology
Transactive Memory Personality and Social Behavior
Value Pluralism Model Political Psychology
Positive Psychology
Religion and Spirituality
Subdisciplines
Social Cognitive Neuroscience
Applied Social Psychology Social Neuroscience
Consumer Behavior Social Psychophysiology
Critical Social Psychology Sociobiology
Discursive Psychology Sociological Social Psychology
About the Editors

Roy F. Baumeister holds the Eppes Eminent Kathleen D. Vohs is Assistant Professor in the
Professorship in the Department of Psychology at Department of Marketing, Carlson School of Manage-
Florida State University. He received his Ph.D. in ment, University of Minnesota. Vohs received her Ph.D.
experimental social psychology from Princeton in psychological and brain sciences from Dartmouth
University in 1978. He has also taught and conducted College in 2000, after which she conducted research at
research at the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Utah and Case Western Reserve
Case Western Reserve University, University of University. In 2003, she joined the Marketing Division
Texas, University of Virginia, the Max-Planck at the University of British Columbia, where she was
Institute in Munich (Germany), and Stanford’s Center awarded the Canada Research Chair in Marketing
for Advanced Study. He has contributed more than Science and Consumer Psychology. In 2007, Vohs was
300 professional publications (including 18 books), named a McKnight Land-Grant Professor at the
spanning such topics as self and identity, perfor- University of Minnesota. Vohs has contributed to more
mance under pressure, self-control, self-esteem, find- than 80 professional publications, including coediting
ing meaning in life, sexuality, decision making, 3 books. Her theories highlight the role of the self, and
thoughts on free will, aggression and violence, suicide, her research has been extended to the domains
interpersonal processes, social rejection, the need of chronic dieting, bulimic symptoms, sexuality, and
to belong, and human nature. His research on self- impulsive and compulsive spending. Her work has been
regulation has been funded for many years by the funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Social
National Institute of Mental Health and the Templeton Sciences and Humanities Council of Canada, and the
Foundation. American Cancer Society.

xxv
Contributors

Lyn Y. Abramson Robert M. Arkin

University of Wisconsin Ohio State University

Anja Achtziger Arthur Aron

Universitat Konstanz Stony Brook University, SUNY

Gerald Robert Adams Joshua Aronson

University of Guelph New York University

Reginald B. Adams, Jr. Ximena B. Arriaga

Pennsylvania State University Purdue University

Christopher R. Agnew Danny Axsom

Purdue University Virginia Tech

Icek Ajzen Jodene R. Baccus

University of Massachusetts, Amherst McGill University

Maria Logli Allison Pamela L. Bacon

University of California, Berkeley College of St. Benedict/St. John’s University

Lauren B. Alloy Michael Baker

Temple University Florida State University

Nalini Ambady Mark W. Baldwin

Tufts University McGill University

Craig A. Anderson Mahzarin R. Banaji

Iowa State University Harvard University

Kathryn B. Anderson Yoav Bar-Anan

Our Lady of the Lake University University of Virginia

Kristin J. Anderson Jamie Barden

University of Houston, Downtown Howard University

xxvi
 Contributors———xxvii

Mark A. Barnett Hart Blanton

Kansas State University Texas A&M University

Robert S. Baron Jim Blascovich

University of Iowa University of California, Santa Barbara

Daniel W. Barrett Thomas Blass

Western Connecticut State University University of Maryland, Baltimore County

C. Daniel Batson Herbert Bless

University of Kansas University of Mannheim

Monika Bauer Galen V. Bodenhausen

Northwestern University Northwestern University

Roy F. Baumeister Prashant Bordia

Florida State University University of South Australia

Andrew P. Becker Marc A. Brackett

Northwestern University Yale University

James K. Beggan Laura A. Brannon

University of Louisville Kansas State University

Sian L. Beilock William E. Breen

University of Chicago George Mason University

Theodore W. Bender Marilynn B. Brewer

Florida State University Ohio State University

L. Brooke Bennett Thomas W. Britt

Florida State University Clemson University

Leonard Berkowitz Brandon I. Brockmyer

University of Wisconsin–Madison (Retired) Reed College

Monica Biernat Jonathon D. Brown

University of Kansas University of Washington

George Y. Bizer Amy B. Brunell

Union College University of Georgia

Ginette C. Blackhart Sabrina Bruyneel

Florida State University Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

Kevin L. Blankenship Roger Buehler

Purdue University Wilfrid Laurier University
xxviii———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Laura E. Buffardi Adrienne R. Carter-Sowell

University of Georgia Purdue University

Jerry M. Burger Charles S. Carver

Santa Clara University University of Miami

Jeni L. Burnette Bettina J. Casad

Virginia Commonwealth University California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Kathleen C. Burns Kathleen R. Catanese

University of Massachusetts, Amherst Saint Leo University

Jeremy Burrus Justin V. Cavallo

Columbia University University of Waterloo

Brad J. Bushman Jennifer L. Cerully

University of Michigan University of Pittsburgh

David M. Buss Shelly Chaiken

University of Texas New York University

Jonathan Butner Jesse J. Chandler

University of Utah University of Michigan

James P. Byrnes Tanya L. Chartrand

Temple University Duke University

John T. Cacioppo Kevin A. Chavarria

University of Chicago California State University, Fullerton

W. Keith Campbell Jonathan M. Cheek

University of Georgia Wellesley College

Nicole M. Capezza Zhansheng Chen

Purdue University Pennsylvania State University

Kevin M. Carlsmith Troy Chenier

Colgate University University of California, San Diego

Donal E. Carlston Jason Chin

Purdue University University of British Columbia

Dana R. Carney Karen Choi

Harvard University University of Waterloo

Travis J. Carter P. Niels Christensen

Cornell University Radford University
 Contributors———xxix

Charlene Christie Dee Lisa Cothran

Indiana University–Purdue University at Columbus University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Daniel J. Christie Catherine A. Cottrell

Ohio State University University of Florida

Natalie Ciarocco Andrew Cox

Florida Atlantic University Central Michigan University

Margaret Clark Elizabeth L. Cralley

Yale University American University

Jason K. Clark Chris Crandall

Purdue University University of Kansas

Jennifer A. Clarke Clayton R. Critcher

United States Air Force Academy Cornell University

Gerald L. Clore Faye J. Crosby

University of Virginia University of California, Santa Cruz

Dov Cohen Sara A. Crump

University of Illinois University of California, Santa Barbara

Geoffrey L. Cohen Sheila Cunningham

University of Colorado at Boulder University of Aberdeen

Elizabeth C. Collins Amy N. Dalton

University of Kansas Duke University

C. Randall Colvin Jennifer R. Daniels

Northeastern University University of Connecticut

Regina Conti Peter Darke

Colgate University University of British Columbia

Joel Cooper John Darley

Princeton University Princeton University

Thomas E. Cooper Kristy K. Dean

Ohio State University California State University, San Bernardino

Leda Cosmides Mark Dechesne

University of California, Santa Barbara University of Maryland, College Park

Paul T. Costa, Jr. Edward L. Deci

National Institute on Aging University of Rochester
xxx———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Carsten K. W. de Dreu Elizabeth W. Dunn

University of Amsterdam University of British Columbia

Natascha de Hoog David Dunning

International Graduate College Cornell University

Jan De Houwer Anna P. Ebel-Lam

Ghent University Queen’s University

Kenneth G. DeMarree Collette Eccleston

Ohio State University Syracuse University

M. C. DeSoto John Edlund

University of Northern Iowa Northern Illinois University

C. Nathan DeWall Jacob Eisenberg

Florida State University University College Dublin

Lisa Diamond Nancy Eisenberg

University of Utah Arizona State University

Sally S. Dickerson John H. Ellard

University of California, Irvine University of Calgary

Stephan Dickert Andrew J. Elliot

University of Oregon University of Rochester

Amanda B. Diekman Nicholas Epley

Miami University University of Chicago

Nicholas DiFonzo K. Anders Ericsson

Rochester Institute of Technology Florida State University

Ap Dijksterhuis Elsa Ermer

Radboud University Nijmegen University of California, Santa Barbara

Mallory Dimler Gary W. Evans

College of New Jersey Cornell University

Celeste E. Doerr Julie Exline

Florida State University Case Western Reserve University

John F. Dovidio Diane Felmlee

University of Connecticut University of California, Davis

Geraldine Downey Florian Fessel

Columbia University University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 Contributors———xxxi

Klaus Fiedler Shane Frederick

University of Heidelberg Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Eli J. Finkel Barbara L. Fredrickson

Northwestern University University of Michigan

Catrin Finkenauer Ron Friedman

Free University University of Rochester

Agneta H. Fischer Irene Hanson Frieze

University of Amsterdam University of Pittsburgh

Helen E. Fisher Kentaro Fujita

Rutgers University New York University

Alan Page Fiske Shelly L. Gable

University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Los Angeles

Garth Fletcher Simon Gächter

University of Canterbury University of Nottingham

Joseph P. Forgas Samuel L. Gaertner

University of New South Wales University of Delaware

Noah Forrin Matthew T. Gailliot

St. John’s College Florida State University

Jens Förster Steven W. Gangestad

International University Bremen University of New Mexico

Friedrich Försterling Stephen M. Garcia

University of Munich University of Michigan

Donelson R. Forsyth Wendi L. Gardner

University of Richmond Northwestern University

Craig Foster Danielle Gaucher

United States Air Force Academy University of Waterloo

Joshua D. Foster Bertram Gawronski

University of South Alabama University of Western Ontario

R. Chris Fraley David C. Geary

University of Illinois University of Missouri

Stephen L. Franzoi Robert Gifford

Marquette University University of Victoria
xxxii———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Thomas Gilovich Jodi Grace

Cornell University University of Florida

Roger Giner-Sorolla Loranel M. Graham

University of Kent Our Lady of the Lake University

Seth Gitter Steven M. Graham

Florida State University Yale University

Peter Glick Richard H. Gramzow

Lawrence University Northeastern University

Ayelet Gneezy Elizabeth K. Gray

University of Chicago North Park University

Jennifer Goetz Kurt Gray

Carnegie Mellon University Harvard University

Gregg Gold William G. Graziano

Humboldt State University Purdue University

Jamie L. Goldenberg Jeff Greenberg

University of South Florida University of Arizona

Brian M. Goldman Anthony G. Greenwald

Clayton State University University of Washington

Lizabeth Goldstein Rainer Greifeneder

College of New Jersey University of Mannheim

Peter M. Gollwitzer Igor Grossmann

New York University University of Michigan

Karen Gonsalkorale Rosanna E. Guadagno

University of California, Davis University of California, Santa Barbara

Stephanie A. Goodwin Meara M. Habashi

Purdue University Purdue University

Amir Goren Geoffrey Haddock

Princeton University Cardiff University

Anke Görzig Carolyn L. Hafer

University of Mannheim Brock University

Shelly Grabe Jonathan D. Haidt

University of Wisconsin University of Virginia
 Contributors———xxxiii

Judith A. Hall Curtis Haugtvedt

Northeastern University Ohio State University

Mark Hallahan Louise Hawkley

College of the Holy Cross University of Chicago

Michael J. Halloran Michelle R. Hebl

La Trobe University Rice University

David L. Hamilton P. J. Henry

University of California, Santa Barbara DePaul University

Elliott D. Hammer C. Peter Herman

Xavier University of Louisiana University of Toronto

Kyunghee Han Anthony D. Hermann

Central Michigan University Willamette University

Karlene Hanko E. Tory Higgins

Cornell University Colombia University

Nina Hansen Robert Thomas Hitlan

University of Jena, Germany University of Northern Iowa

Cindy Harmon-Jones Sara D. Hodges

Texas A&M University University of Oregon

Eddie Harmon-Jones Ulrich Hoffrage

Texas A&M University University of Lausanne

Monica J. Harris Michael A. Hogg

University of Kentucky Claremont Graduate University

Christine R. Harris Rob W. Holland

University of California, San Diego Radboud University Nijmegen

Bryan J. Harrison Andrea B. Hollingshead

University of Michigan University of Southern California

Martie G. Haselton John G. Holmes

University of California, Los Angeles University of Waterloo

S. Alexander Haslam Ann E. Hoover

University of Exeter Purdue University

Elaine Hatfield Crystal L. Hoyt

University of Hawaii University of Richmond
xxxiv———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Jay Hull Eric E. Jones

Dartmouth College Purdue University

Li-Ching Hung Robert Josephs

Mississippi State University University of Texas at Austin

Jeffrey R. Huntsinger John T. Jost

University of Virginia New York University

Mark Huppin Will Kalkhoff

University of California, Los Angeles Kent State University

Janet Shibley Hyde Joanne Kane

University of Wisconsin University of Colorado at Boulder

William Ickes Jan Kang

University of Texas at Arlington Columbia University

Chester A. Insko Richard I. Kaplan

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill George Washington University

Carmen R. Isasi Frank R. Kardes

AECOM University of Cincinnati

Linda M. Isbell Todd B. Kashdan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst George Mason University

Alice Isen Saul Kassin

Cornell University Williams College

Jay W. Jackson Pamela K. Keel

Indiana University–Purdue University at Columbus University of Iowa

Lauri A. Jensen-Campbell Janice R. Kelly

University of Texas at Arlington Purdue University

Blair T. Johnson Dacher Keltner

University of Connecticut University of California, Berkeley

Kerri L. Johnson Douglas T. Kenrick

New York University Arizona State University

Thomas E. Joiner, Jr. Peter Kerkhof

Florida State University Free University Amsterdam

Kai J. Jonas Michael H. Kernis

University of Jena University of Georgia
 Contributors———xxxv

Holly Ketterer Alison M. Kramer

Central Michigan University George Washington University

Saera R. Khan Joachim I. Krueger

University of San Francisco Brown University

Shelley Dean Kilpatrick Justin Kruger

Southwest Baptist University NYU Stern

Chu Kim-Prieto Arie W. Kruglanski

College of New Jersey University of Maryland

Anthon Klapwijk Doug Krull

Free University Amsterdam Northern Kentucky University

William M. P. Klein Elizabeth A. Krusemark

University of Pittsburgh University of Georgia

Jennifer M. Knack Koichi Kurebayashi

University of Texas at Arlington University of Omaha

Eric S. Knowles Sangil Kwon

University of Arkansas Michigan State University

Megan L. Knowles Simon Laham

Northwestern University University of New South Wales

Brittany Kohlberger Jessica L. Lakin

College of New Jersey Drew University

Sara Konrath Mark J. Landau

University of Michigan University of Arizona

Sander Koole Ellen Langer

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Harvard University

Brandon Kopp Carrie Langner

Ohio State University University of California, San Francisco

Spee Kosloff Jeff T. Larsen

University of Arizona Texas Tech University

Robin M. Kowalski Randy J. Larsen

Clemson University Washington University in St. Louis

Adam D. I. Kramer G. Daniel Lassiter

University of Oregon Ohio University
xxxvi———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Alvin Ty Law Richard E. Lucas

Purdue University Michigan State University

Alison Ledgerwood John Lydon

New York University McGill University

Justin J. Lehmiller Tara K. MacDonald

Purdue University Queen’s University

John M. Levine M. Kimberly MacLin

University of Pittsburgh University of Northern Iowa

Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr. Otto H. MacLin

Monmouth University University of Northern Iowa

Nira Liberman C. Neil Macrae

Tel Aviv University University of Aberdeen

Debra Lieberman James E. Maddux

University of Hawaii George Mason University

Matthew D. Lieberman Juan M. Madera

University of California, Los Angeles Rice University

Susan P. Limber Lynda Mae

Clemson University Western Nevada Community College

Lisa Linardatos Gregory R. Maio

McGill University Cardiff University

Matthew J. Lindberg Brenda Major

Ohio University University of California, Santa Barbara

Patricia Linville Neil Malamuth

Duke University University of California, Los Angeles

David A. Lishner Bertram F. Malle

University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh University of Oregon

Ido Liviatan Jon K. Maner

New York University Florida State University

Corinna E. Löckenhoff Antony S. R. Manstead

Stanford University Cardiff University

Chris Loersch William D. Marelich

Ohio State University California State University, Fullerton
 Contributors———xxxvii

Aimee Y. Mark Sal Meyers

University of Kentucky Simpson College

Douglas Martin Mario Mikulincer

University of Aberdeen Bar-Ilan University

E. J. Masicampo Carol T. Miller

Florida State University University of Vermont

Amy Mast Geoffrey Miller

Illinois State University University of New Mexico

Marianne Schmid Mast Norman Miller

Université de Neuchâtel University of Southern California

David M. Mayer Rowland Miller

University of Central Florida Sam Houston State University

Dan P. McAdams Marianne Miserandino

Northwestern University Arcadia University

Michael McCaslin Scott J. Moeller

Ohio State University University of Michigan

Robert R. McCrae Arlen C. Moller

National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS University of Rochester

Todd McElroy Benoît Monin

Appalachian State University Stanford University

Ian McGregor Matthew M. Monin

York University University of Pittsburgh

Nicole L. Mead Margo J. Monteith

Florida State University University of Kentucky

Pranjal Mehta Kathryn A. Morris

University of Texas at Austin Butler University

Barbara Mellers Kimberly Rios Morrison

University of California, Berkeley Stanford University

Wendy Berry Mendes Gabriel Moser

Harvard University Paris Descartes University

Katherine Merrill Gordon B. Moskowitz

Florida State University Lehigh University
xxxviii———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Judith Tedlie Moskowitz Laurie T. O’Brien

University of California, San Francisco Tulane University

Patrick A. Müller Heather N. Odle-Dusseau

University of Mannheim Clemson University

Mark Muraven Kathryn C. Oleson

University at Albany, SUNY Reed College

Sandra L. Murray Michael A. Olson

University at Buffalo, SUNY University of Tennessee

Peggy J. Mycek An T. Oskarsson

University of California, Irvine University of Colorado at Boulder

Michael W. Myers Christopher Oveis

University of Oregon University of California, Berkeley

Stacey L. Nairn Mario Pandelaere

University of Prince Edward Island Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

Jenae M. Neiderhiser Bernadette Park

George Washington University University of Colorado at Boulder

Noelle M. Nelson Craig D. Parks

University of Minnesota Washington State University

John D. Newman Elizabeth J. Parks-Stamm

National Institutes of Health New York University

Leonard S. Newman Anthony M. Pascoe

University of Illinois at Chicago Duke University

Christopher P. Niemiec Delroy L. Paulhus

University of Rochester University of British Columbia

Bernard A. Nijstad Paul B. Paulus

University of Amsterdam University of Texas at Arlington

Jessica M. Nolan Richard E. Petty

University of Arkansas Ohio State University

Julie K. Norem Ethan Pew

Wellesley College University of Colorado at Boulder

Brian A. Nosek Mark V. Pezzo

University of Virginia University of South Florida
 Contributors———xxxix

Michael Pfau Catherine D. Rawn

University of Oklahoma University of British Columbia

Valerie K. Pilling Joseph P. Redden

Kansas State University University of Minnesota

Dante Pirouz Jason T. Reed

University of California, Irvine Morrisville State College

David A. Pizarro Glenn D. Reeder

Cornell University Illinois State University

E. Ashby Plant Pamela C. Regan

Florida State University California State University, Los Angeles

Vicki Pollock Torsten Reimer

The Brian Othmer Foundation Max Planck Institute for Human Development

David B. Portnoy Chris P. Reinders Folmer

University of Connecticut Free University, Amsterdam

Tom Postmes Harry T. Reis

University of Exeter University of Rochester

Jonathan Potter Nancy Rhodes

Loughborough University University of Alabama

Anthony R. Pratkanis Frederick Rhodewalt

University of California, Santa Cruz University of Utah

Deborah A. Prentice Jennifer A. Richeson

Princeton University Northwestern University

Travis Proulx Cheryl A. Rickabaugh

University of British Columbia University of Redlands

John B. Pryor Jörg Rieskamp

Illinois State University Max Planck Institute for Human Development

Kate A. Ranganath Dan D Riner

University of Virginia University of Arkansas

Richard L. Rapson Jane L. Risen

University of Hawaii Cornell University

Jennifer J. Ratcliff Timothy D. Ritchie

Ohio University Northern Illinois University
xl———Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Tomi-Ann Roberts Peter Salovey

Colorado College Yale University

Neal J. Roese Viktoriya Samarina

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign University of San Francisco

Meg J. Rohan Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks

University of New South Wales University of Michigan

Paul Rose Lawrence J. Sanna

Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Robert Rosenthal Alecia M. Santuzzi

University of California, Riverside Syracuse University

Paul Rozin Aislinn R. Sapp

University of Pennsylvania University of Rochester

Derek D. Rucker Ken Savitsky

Northwestern University Williams College

Lana Rucks Roger C. Schank

Ohio State University Northwestern University

Nicholas O. Rule Svenja K. Schattka

Tufts University University of Mannheim

Caryl E. Rusbult Steve Scher

Free University Amsterdam Eastern Illinois University

Janet B. Ruscher Brandon J. Schmeichel

Tulane University Texas A&M University

Carey S. Ryan Kristina R. Schmukler

University of Nebraska at Omaha University of California, Santa Cruz

Richard M. Ryan Jonathan W. Schooler

University of Rochester University of British Columbia

Richard Saavedra Michela Schröder-Abé

University of New Hampshire Chemnitz University of Technology

Delia S. Saenz Astrid Schütz

Arizona State University Chemnitz University of Technology

Brad J. Sagarin Lori A. J. Scott-Sheldon

Northern Illinois University University of Connecticut
 Contributors———xli

David O. Sears Paul Slovic

University of California, Los Angeles Decision Research

J. Patrick Seder Rachel Smallman

University of Virginia University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Ya Hui Michelle See Jonathan Smallwood

Ohio State University University of Aberdeen

Nancy L. Segal Laura Smart Richman

California State University, Fullerton Duke University

Todd K. Shackelford Cary Stacy Smith

Florida Atlantic University Mississippi State University

David R. Shaffer Richard H. Smith

University of Georgia University of Kentucky

Phillip R. Shaver Steven M. Smith

University of California, Davis Saint Mary’s University

Kennon M. Sheldon Natalie D. Smoak

University of Missouri–Columbia University of Connecticut

J. Nicole Shelton C. R. Snyder

Princeton University University of Kansas, Lawrence

James A. Shepperd Erin Sparks

University of Florida Florida State University

David K. Sherman Russell Spears

University of California, Santa Barbara Cardiff University & University of Amsterdam

Itamar Simonson Steve Spencer

Stanford University University of Waterloo

Dean Keith Simonton Jennifer R. Spoor

University of California, Davis Butler University

Stacey Sinclair Susan Sprecher

University of Virginia Illinois State University

Royce A. Singleton, Jr. Christoph Stahl

College of the Holy Cross University of Freiburg, Institute for Psychology

Erica Slotter Maureen T. Steckler

Northwestern University Reed College
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 316 HISTORY OF HADLEY Stoves do not appear in
Hampshire county and other parts of Massachusetts until about
1730. For a long time, most of them were made of wood, and partly
or wholly lined with tin, and the coals were placed within, in a small
iron vessel. Towards the close of the last century, tin stoves,
confined in a neat, wooden frame, became more common.* Heated
stones, bricks or pieces of plank may have been used long before
stoves. The people of former generations in these and other towns
were hardy, and inured to the cold, and they suffered much less in
the meetinghouse in the winter, than some persons imagine. The
ministers were hardy also, and their sermons in cold weather were
seldom very short. f Neither the first nor second meeting-house in
Hadley was formally dedicated, and there were no unmeaning
ceremonies at the laying of corner stones. Meeting-houses in New
England were not dedicated for more than a century. They were
"opened" with prayers, and sometimes with a sermon. The people of
New England were too knowing to believe that any ceremony or
solemnity could make wood, brick or stone holy, and they did not
esteem their meeting-houses too holy to be used for useful civil
purposes. The people of Hadley held town meetings in their
meeting-houses near 150 years, though more often perhaps in the
school-house. J In Hadley, persons were appointed to sweep and
take care of this second meeting-house, and ring the bell, but they
are not named in the records. On the north post of the eastern door,
was the place for publishments, and many persons as they entered
the house, stopped on the steps long enough to see who were going
to be married. *Eliakim Smith of Hadley, made wooden stoves, from
1757 to 1775; they were perforated with holes, and entirely or
partially lined with tin. The price of a stove was from zs. to 2S. 8d.,
and of the lining from is. to is. 6d. Samuel Gaylord also made
wooden stoves lined with tin. Tin stoves were sold in this vicinity in
1793, from 5s. 6d. to 6s. Stephen Kellogg, who died in Hadley in
1738, had a stove which was valued at two shillings, the only one
noticed in Hampshire before 1745. Roxbury meeting-house took fire
from a foot-stove in 1744, and was burnt. — Foot stoves were
derived from Holland, where the women still carry them into the
churches. ■j-The writer attended meeting in houses not warmed,
until he was 33 years old, and is not conscious that he and those
about him were seriously incommoded by the cold, except on a few
Sabbaths. There were a few keenly cold Sabbaths in the winter,
when young men and boys in the gallery knocked their feet together
and made some noise. The experience of some Hadley men has
been similar to that of the writer. J"The idea of a special sanctity
transfused through the boards and timbers of a meetinghouse by
the mystic ceremony of a dedication, or by the grace of priestly
benediction, to make it a sacrilege to use it for any other purpose, is
repugnant to common sense and the simplicity of Christ." N. T.
Evnngelist, July 17, 1851.
 HISTORY OF HADLEY 317 Plan of the Aisles, Pews, &c. On
the Ground-floor of the second Meeting-house in Hadley, as they
were after 1788. No old plan is found; this is made from information
derived from elderly people. Steeple. North Door. Boys' Stairs. Stairs.
0
 318 HISTORY OF HADLEY CHAPTER XXIX The second, third
and fourth Ministers of Hadley — Ordinations — Inscriptions on the
Gravestones of four Ministers — Texts and Sermons — The Lord's
Supper — Baptisms — Lectures— Whitfield — Ministers' wood. Rev.
Isaac Chauncey, the second minister of Hadley. The town of Hadley
voted, Aug. 27, 1693, to send two messengers to procure a minister;
they desired one to come "upon trial for some time." Not long after
this, Mr. Samuel Moody* was preaching there, and Jan. 11, 1694, a
rate was voted to pay him. Almost eleven months later, Dec. 3,
1694, the town voted to give Mr. Moody £^5, in wheat, peas and
corn for his labors. These votes indicate that he preached there a
few months in 1693, and a longer time in 1694. Mr. Simon
Bradstreetf began to preach in Hadley in the early part of 1695, and
April 26, 1695, a committee was appointed to treat with him about
settling as their minister, and there was a vote about his pay to that
time. No agreement was made with him. Mr. Isaac Chauncey began
to preach in Hadley not far from July, 1695, and on the i6th of
October, 1695, the town earnestly desired Mr. Chauncey to settle
among them as their minister, and offered to him the homelot of
about ten acres and buildings, that belonged to their former pastor,
Mr. Russell, and twenty acres of meadow land, to be to him and his
heirs forever, and a salary of 70 pounds for three years "in provision
pay," and after that, 80 pounds per year in the same pay. It appears
from subsequent votes that he was to be supplied with fire-wood.
These fair propositions were evidently accepted. His acceptance and
the time of his ordination are not recorded in the town records. $ Mr.
Chauncey's salary of 80 pounds in provision pay, was not equal to 60
pounds or 200 dollars in proclamation money. His houselot of ten
acres and the buildings with 20 pounds for repairs, and twenty acres
of meadow land, were worth in money about 700 dollars, and the
getting of his wood cost the town six or seven pounds. He was well
provided for and never complained. Jan. 5, 1713, after province bills
were in circulation, Mr. Chaun*This Samuel Moody is supposed to
have been a son of Rev. Joshua Moody, of Portsmouth and Boston,
H. C. 1689. j-This was a son of Rev. Simon Bradstreet of New
London, H. C. 1693. H^ settled in Charlestown. jThe church records
were burnt in 1766. — The date of his ordination, in Allen's
Biographical Dictionary, is Sept. 9, 1696; this seems too late.
 HISTORY OF HADLEY 319 cey requested the town to pay
his salary in money, that is, in province bills, and said he would
accept of ;^6o in money instead of ;{^8o "in pay." The town
consented to do this for ten years. The value of the bills had fallen
some before 1713, and ;{^6o did not equal 200 silver dollars. As the
province bills continued to depreciate, the town increased his salary
to £']0, £^0, £%^, and from 1720 to 1725 to ;^ioo, he providing his
own firewood; and to ;{^iio the next three years. In 1729 they
voted ;^I20, adding ;^io, "in consideration of the difficult
circumstances of his family." In 1730, they voted ;^I30. In 1731, the
town granted ;^I20, and added £\o "for the support of two indigent
persons in his family."* In 1732, 1733 and 1734, they gave him
;^I20, and £^0 more yearly, on account "of the ill circumstances of
his family," or "of the indigent persons in his family," and in 1735,
they added £i^o "in consideration of his son, &c." In 1736, they
added, ;^20 for his son.f In 1637, the precinct granted ;(^I70, and
in 1738 and 1739, ;^i6o. After Mr. Chauncey ceased to preach, his
salary was reduced to £'j^ in 1740, ;^6o in 1741, and ;^70 a year
for the succeeding years of his life. This reduction was apparently
made with his consent. Mr. Chauncey is represented as studious in
his habits, and attentive to his duties. He evidently led a peaceable
and quiet life with the people of Hadley. There is no intimation that
there was ever any difficulty or misunderstanding between them.
When he made a request, it was reasonable, and they readily
complied. Several short letters from him are recorded, in which he
expresses his satisfaction with what the town had done. Very few
events of his ministry are known. Four of his sermons were
published, viz., A Sermon at the ordination of Rev. William Rand at
Sunderland, May 20, 1724, from 2 Cor. xii. 15. A Sermon on the
death of Rev. John Williams, at Deerfield, June 12, 1729. A Sermon
preached at Hadley upon a Lord's day, 1731, on the *There is some
uncertainty regarding the "two indigent persons" in Mr. Chauncey 's
family. One may have been his distracted son. There is an error on
234th page; Mr. Chauncey's son is not mentioned as one of the
indigent in 1735, though he seems to have been one of them. •[•Mr.
Chauncey's son Israel graduated at Harvard College in 1724. He
taught the grammar school in Hadley, and preached acceptably in
several towns. He preached in Northampton nine months previous to
August, 1726. He was invited to settle at Glastenbury, in March,
1727, but declined. Norwalk sent for him in 1727. He preached
atHousatonnuck. The Boston Weekly Journal of Dec. 7, 1736, thus
notices the derangement and death of this promising young man.
"At Hadley something over a week ago, a small outhouse of Mr.
Chauncey was burnt, and in it one of his sons, who was liberally
educated and had preached some time, but of late was distracted,
and was confined in the building consumed. He used frequently to
cry fire, in the night, and for this reason, his cry now was not
heeded till too late."
 320 HISTORY OF HADLEY vanity of superficial religion, from
Joshua xxiv. 19. A LectureSermon preached at Hadley on the i6th of
February, 1732, on the loss of the soul, from Matthew xvi. 26; this
was delivered on a week-day.* Mr. Chauncey assisted at the
ordination of Rev. Robert Breck, of Springfield, and gave the charge,
Jan. 26, 1736, after a previous council of ministers from Hampshire
had refused to ordain him, because they thought him to be heretical.
Rev. Isaac Chauncey was a son of Rev. Israel Chauncey, of Stratford,
Conn, and grandson of Rev. Charles Chauncey, President of Harvard
College. Rev. Nathaniel Chauncey, the second minister of Hadley,
was his uncle; and Rev. Charles Chauncey, of Stratfield, now
Bridgeport, an ancestor of Commodore Chauncey, was his brother.
Mr. Chauncey of Hadley was born Oct. 5, 1670, graduated at
Harvard College, 1693, and died May 2, 1745 in his 75th year. He
became so infirm as to require assistance in the pulpit, in his 69th
year, and preached but little after 1738. His estate was settled
without the aid of the probate court. Four of his daughters married
ministers. f Rev. Chester Williams, the third minister of Hadley. After
Mr. Chauncey became infirm, the first precinct paid for preaching in
1739, to Mr. Edward Billings, £^4, 15s. (he was ordained pastor at
Cold Spring, May 7, 1740;) and to Mr. Hobart Estabrook, ;^39, 13s.
(he was ordained at Millington in East Haddam, 1745.) In 1740, to
Mr. Daniel Buckingham, £^4., (he was settled in the ministry at
Green's Farms, (Greenfield,) Fairfield Co.) to Mr. Benjamin Dickinson,
who resided in Hadley, ;^22, 4s., to Mr. Noah Merrick, £j, los. (he
was the first *Prof. W. C. Fowler's interesting "Memorials of the
Chaunceys," mention only these four publications of Mr. Chauncey of
Hadley. These are not now to be found in Hadley. Many years since,
the late Dr. Brown, of Hadley, had a printed Lecture or Sermon by
Mr. Chauncey, to the young people of Hadley, and he read it in a
conference meeting, a century from the time it was delivered. He
and those who heard it, thought it an excellent discourse. Possibly it
was the same as the Lecture-Sermon, preached Feb. i6, 1732.
Allen's Biographical Dictionary says Mr. Chauncey's sermon at the
funeral of Rev. John Williams of Deerfield, "displays very
considerable learning and taste, uncommon for the time." •|-Mr.
Chauncey, as well as his predecessor and successor, offended
against right, by holding persons in bondage. Arthur Prutt and his
wife Joan are said to have been slaves of Mr. Chauncey. They had
seven children. His son, Josiah Chauncey, sold the homestead of 10
acres and 14 acres of meadow land, to Samuel Gaylord, Nov. 23,
1749, for 2770 pounds, old tenor, equal to 1231 dollars. Most of the
homelot is still owned by Mr. Gaylord's posterity, and the Academy
and the Meetinghouse of the west parish stand on the same lot.
 HISTORY OF HADLEY 321 minister of Wilbraham, 1741,)
and to Mr. John Woodbridge, who settled in South Hadley, £"2, los.*
Mr. Williams began to preach at Hadley, about September, 1740, and
at a precinct meeting held Nov. 3, 1740, the inhabitants desired Mr.
Chester Williams of Pomfret to settle among them in the work of the
gospel ministry, and voted to give for his encouragement, the town
homelot of ten acres, and 300 pounds in money; and during Mr,
Chauncey's life, an annual salary of 140 pounds, and the use of the
town land, or instead thereof 30 pounds, as he shall choose; and
after Mr. Chauncey's decease, 180 pounds in money and the use of
the town land or 30 pounds in money. The salary to be made equal
to silver at 28 shillings per ounce. They voted to provide a
sufficiency of fire-wood. The following is the answer of Mr. Williams
if "To the church of Christ in Hadley first Precinct, and to said
Precinct — Beloved Brethren; I have before me your call to the work
of the gospel ministry in this place; and your several votes
respecting a settlement and support, bearing date Nov. 3, 1740, to
which I would reply as follows:^! have a grateful sense of what you
offer for a settlement and support during the Rev. Mr. Chauncey's
life; believing it to be your duty to minister to his support as long as
God shall lengthen out his life among you, and mine to encourage
and assist you therein. But I am in doubt whether what you offer for
an annual salary after the Rev. Mr. Chauncey's death, be sufficient to
support a minister in his work, so free from the entanglements of life
as would be most for his and the people's comfort and interest, as
he should be. Yet being unwilling to insist on any terms that should
look unreasonable or mercenary or that threaten the peace of this
place, but desiring only to be supported as it shall be for a minister's
honour and the honour of the people, hoping I covet you more than
yours, I accept of your call upon the terms you have proposed,
having confidence in your honour, justice and readiness to do for my
support at all times as my circumstances shall call for, and shall
appear to be your duty. Begging your united prayers, that I may
come to you always in the fullness of the blessing of the gospel of
Christ, and be a faithful and successful labourer in this part of his
harvest. CHEST'R WILLIAMS." Hadley, 5th December, 1740. *Pay of
preachers. — Hadley paid to men who preached one, two or ten
Sabbaths, in 1739 and 1740, from 40 to 50 shillings a Sabbath, in
the first old tenor, or from 13s. 4d. to i6s. 8d., in silver at 6s. per
dollar. Mr. Josiah Pierce, the grammar school-master, preached
occasionally at 13s. 4d. a Sabbath; in 1754, the precinct gave to him
and others 20 shillings each Sabbath. Northampton paid to
preachers, for three years after the dismission of Mr. Edwards in
1750, from 7 to 10 pounds a Sabbath, in old tenor, or from 18s. 8d.
to 26s. 8d. in lawful money. Mr. Benjamin Dickinson, a native of
Hatfield, and Mr. Josiah Pierce, anativeofWoburn, men of collegiate
education and licensed preachers, resided in Hadley most of their
lives. They often supplied vacant pulpits in Hadley and the towns
around. •j-I have supplied as well as I could a few words torn from
the answer in the record.
 322 HISTORY OF HADLEY Mr. Williams was ordained* Jan.
21, 1741, "to the great satisfaction of the people," says the Boston
News-Letter. His salary of 180 pounds, payable in province bills at
the rate of 28 shillings for an ounce of silver, did not exceed 150
silver dollars, or 45 pounds in the specie currency of 1750. He
consented to the moderate salary proposed, trusting that the people
would give more for his support, if necessary. His confidence was
not misplaced. The precinct paid him almost every year, more than
they had engaged to pay, and he appears to have been fully
satisfied. As province bills fell, his salary was increased until it was
;^385 in old tenor, for 1747 and 1748. In 1752 and 1753, it was
£^^ in lawful money. The precinct continued the salary to his family
through the year 1753, though he died in October, and they gave to
his widow the use of the precinct land which he had occupied, for
the year 1754. It is not known that any thing was published by Mr.
Williams. Tradition attributes to him energy of character, and
earnestness as a preacher. He is said to have used plainness of
speech, both in the pulpit and in conversation. f He evidently lived in
harmony with the people, and was highly esteemed by them. In the
controversy that took place in Hampshire, respecting the
qualifications for communion, Mr. Williams was conspicuous on the
lax side of the question, and was opposed to the sentiments
*Ordinations were very rare in the last century, in most towns; there
were only two in the old parish of Hadley in the whole century. They
were commonly on Wednesday. They were occasions of joy and
festivity, and there was a great collection of people from many
towns. An ordination dinner was provided at the expense of the
town or parish, for the ministers and many invited guests. These
entertainments were quite expensive in many towns. After the
installation of Mr. Gumming, in the Old South, Boston, in 1761, the
guests at the feast were so numerous, that it required two houses to
hold them. The people of Hampshire were more moderate than
those of some other counties. Northampton expended at Mr.
Hooker's ordination, Dec. 5, 1753, 52i)43, including 19 shillings for
wine. At Mr. Williams's ordination, June 4, 1778, the expense was
really less, though nominally more; 106 pounds of beef, pork and
veal were provided for the dinner. Thetown paid for no liquor. There
is no record of ordination expenses at Hadley, but it may be
concluded that they did not exceed those at Northampton. In some
places the young people had a supper and dance in the evening
after an ordination. Miss Caulkins, in her History of New London,
says "an ordination ball was as common as the ordination itself."
There was sometimes dancing in Hampshire after an ordination.
After Mr. Wells was ordained under the oak trees at Whately, Sept.
25, 1771, some gay, young men came back to Hubbard's inn at
Hatfield, and had a supper, succeeded by fiddling and dancing. It is
believed that dances after ordinations have been very few in this
part of the country since 1800. •j-He is said to have told a parish
tale-bearer who came to his house, that if he came as a tell-tale,
there were two doors in the room, and he might take which he
pleased. Mr. Edwards of Northampton, was sometimes led astray by
the exaggerated reports of officious persons. Some of his troubles in
regard to the young people in 1744 came from this source.
 HISTORY or MADLEY 323 of Rev. Jonathan Edwards of
Northampton on this subject, as were ahnost all of the Hampshire
ministers. Mr. Williams was a member and the scribe of the Council,
that dismissed Mr. Edwards, and he and Mr. Enos Nash, the delegate
from Hadley, voted for his dismission, June 22, 1750. He and those
who acted with him were of opinion that the Lord's Supper was a
converting ordinance, and that persons believing themselves to be
unconverted, might be admitted to the Lord's table. Mr. Edwards did
not believe that the Lord's Supper was a converting ordinance, and
insisted that those received into the church should make a credible
profession of piety.* Mr. Williams was a son of Rev. Ebenezer
Williams of Pomfret, Conn, and his mother's maiden name was
Penelope Chester; she was from Wethersfield. His father was from
Roxbury, and was a nephew of Rev. John Williams of Deerfield, and
a relative of Rev. William Williams of Hatfield. Mr. Williams of Hadley
graduated at Yale College in 1735 and was a tutor two years. He
made his will Oct. i, 1753, being then "visited with grievous
sickness" and died on the 13th of the same month in the 36th year
of his age, and in the 13th of his ministry. He was buried on the
15th. f He gave his property to his wife, two sons, and three
daughters — to the latter ;^ioo or 333 dollars each when 21 or at
marriage. His estate as appraised, was worth £1200 or 4000 dollars,
after paying his debts. There were not many so large estates in the
town. Much of his property must have been derived from his father
or some other source besides the parish. Some came from his wife's
father, Hon. Eleazar Porter, who was the most wealthy man in
Hadley. Mr. P. gave to his daughter in household stuff and in-door
goods, ;^I72 or 573 dollars, and these things with the additions,
were still prized at £\']'l. The library of Mr. Williams was valued at
;^55.ii.i; his homestead and buildings at ;^346; 18 acres of meadow
land at ;^I40; debts due to the estate, chiefly in Connecticut, at
;^490. — He rode a *The Hampshire ministers found it more easy to
assist the disaffected in Northampton and to dismiss Mr. Edwards,
than to refute his arguments. They did not attempt to reply to him in
print. The belief of the minister and the people of Hadley in regard
to qualifications for communion, differed widely from that of Mr.
Russell and their fathers. They had become less strict than Mr. Stone
and the church at Hartford, in the preceding century. The change
must have begun under Mr. Chauncey. From the "Life of President
Edwards," it appears that not more than three ministers and two
churches in Hampshire county, partly agreed with Mr. Edwards as to
the Lord's Supper, in 1750. He thought that only one minister was
fully of his mind, and no church. •j-It is not known who preached his
ordination sermon, or his funeral sermon.
 324 HISTORY OF HADLEY valuable horse, and was well
dressed. He was apparently attentive to his dress and appearance.*
Rev. Samuel Hopkins, the fourth minister of Hadley. After the death
of Mr. Williams, each minister of the association appears to have
supplied the pulpit of Hadley one Sabbath. Mr. Pierce preached 21^
Sabbaths in 1753 and 1754. Mr. Mills preached several Sabbaths. Mr.
Abel Newell preached six Sabbaths as a candidate in May and June,
1754, and the precinct requested him to preach longer as a
"probationer," but he did not comply. f Mr. Samuel Hopkins preached
at Hadley the first time Sept. 22, 1754. He preached six Sabbaths,
and the precinct desired him to preach longer as a "probationer." He
came again and preached in December. On the 23d of December,
1754, after the first church in Hadley had made choice of Mr.
Hopkins, the first precinct concurred with the church and chose him
for their minister, and voted to give him a settlement of 200 pounds,
lawful money, 60 pounds salary, to be governed by the necessaries
of life, the use of all the precinct land, and his fire-wood. December
31st, Mr. Hopkins signified that he doubted the sufficiency of the
salary and proposed that after two years, ;^6.i3.4 (fifty pounds, old
tenor,) should be added. The precinct concurred with his proposal,
and voted that the annual salary should be ;^66.i3.4, (222 dollars
22 cents. )$ *His horse was valued at £20 or 66| dollars. No horse
so valuable is found in any previous Hampshire inventory. — His
apparel was appraised at £34, los. or 115 dollars. He had a cloak, a
gown, 2 great coats, 6 coats, 6 waistcoats (one was of leather,) 5
pairs breeches (one of leather,) 7 shirts, 6 neckcloths, 3 cotton hkfs.,
3 bands, 5 stocks, 5 caps, 2 hats, 4 wigs, 4 pairs gloves, i pair
mittens, 17 pairs stockings (2 pairs were of silk,) i pair garters, I pair
boots, 2 pairs shoes, i pair moccasons, gold sleeve buttons, 26s. 8d.,
silver shoe, knee and stock buckles, i8s., 2 gold rings, 20s., a
tobacco boi and a snuff box. Some of his garments were much worn.
— He had a silver tankard valued at 22 dollars, a cane with a gold
ferule, i6s. and a cane with a white head, 5s. 4d. Mr. Williams gave
to his wife, in one line, "my negro woman Phillis, my cows and
sheep," and Phillis was appraised at £40, in connection with the
cows and sheep. ■[■Mr. Abel Newell was settled as pastor at
Goshen, Conn, in 1755. jMr. Hopkins and the committee agreed, and
the precinct voted, that the salary should rise or fall, from £66.13.4,
as the following eight articles should rise or fall from the prices now
agreed upon, viz., ist, English goods at wholesale, which cost ;Ci°o
sterling are now £170 lawful; 2d, husbandman's labor in summer,
two shillings per day; 3d, men's shoes, six shillings per pair; 4th,
wheat, four shillings per bushel; 5th, rye, two shillings and eight
pence per bushel; 6th, Indian corn, two shillings per bushel; 7th, fall
beef, one penny two farthings half farthing per pound; 8th, pork,
two pence two farthings per pound; in the town of Hadley or county
of Hampshire. Each eighth part of the salary to rise or fall as each of
said articles shall rise or fall.
 HISTORY OF HADLEY 325 Mr. Hopkins returned the
following answer: "To the Church of Clirist in Hadley first Precinct,
and to said Precinct. — Beloved Brethren; I am informed by some of
your committee of your compliance with what I proposed to you. I
have a grateful sense, gentlemen, of your generosity, and am
obliged to you for the respect you have shown me, and do accept of
your call on the terms you have proposed; and beg your prayers that
I may come to you at all times in the fullness of the blessing of
Christ, and be a faithful and successful labourer in this part of his
harvest. SAM'L HOPKINS." Hadley, Dec. 31, 1754. The town voted
Jan. 6, 1755, to raise money "for charges of the designed
ordination." Mr. Hopkins was ordained on Wednesday, Feb. 26, 1755.
His father, Rev. Samuel Hopkins of West Springfield, preached the
sermon, from i Thess. 2:7 to 12, and Rev. Stephen Williams of
Longmeadow, gave the charge. There was a fast the preceding
week, in reference to the ordination, and two sermons. Mr. Hopkins
married Mrs. Sarah Williams, the widow of his predecessor, Feb. 17,
1756, and lived in the same house. On the 2ist of March, 1766, the
house was burnt, and almost all its contents. Liberal contributions
were made in Hadley and elsewhere, and the people of Hadley
erected a new frame in eleven days. Madam Porter, the mother of
Mrs. Hopkins, was in the house on the night of the fire, and she thus
notices the fire and some other events, in her interleaved almanac
for that year. "1766, March 21. A little before one in the morning, the
house of Mr. Hopkins was burnt, amazingly quick after it was first
discovered. The family being fourteen, had but a few minutes to
escape. Most of us were almost naked, and all except Chester
Willimas went out at windows." March 26. The family came together
to housekeeping. March 30, Sabbath. Mr. Hopkins's first sermon after
the fire was from Job. i: 21. "The Lord gave and the Lord hath taken
away; blessed be the name of the Lord." April i. The new house was
raised. Nov. 24. Mr. Hopkins removed into his new house.* Rev.
Parsons Cook relates that, "while, amid the consternation of the
scene, Mr. Hopkins bore away from the flames the last of his rescued
children, he turned and addressed the fire as a living agent, saying,
'now burn and welcome.' " His youngest child was only 15 days old.
Mr. Hopkins's salary, whenever noticed in the records, before 1789,
is £66.1 ^.^.\ Some addition was made in later years. ♦August 10,
1768, Mr. Hopkins purchased the houselot of 10 acres and buildings
for £266.13.4. Mrs. Hopkins previously had a right to the use of one-
third. The town added half an acre in 1773. ^" '814, John Hopkins
sold this homestead, called 11 acres, and buildings, to Rev. John
Woodbridge, for 3100 dollars, reserving his shop on the S. W. corner.
This house of Dr. Woodbridge, which is now, 1859, 93 years old, is
still a fair and commodious dwelling. ■j-The salary of Rev. John
M'oodbridge of South Hadley was the same many years. This sum,
£66.13.4, was £500, in old tenor, turned into lawful money.
Northampton gave Mr. Hooker a salary of 100 pounds after 1758.
Jan. 6, 1783, when the times were hard, the town of Hadley sent a
committee to Mr. Hopkins, "to see whether he is willing to have any
part of his estate taxed; or otherwise to bear any of the burthens of
the present war, with his parishioners." His answer is not recorded 
 326 HISTORY OF HADLEY Omitting the years of the
Revolution, the prices of produce and labor did not advance very
much between 1754 and 1789. The great rise did not begin until
about 1789. Mr. Hopkins was a son of Rev. Samuel Hopkins of West
Springfield, who was a native of Waterbury, Conn. His mother,
Esther, was a sister of Rev. Jonathan Edwards of Northampton. He
was a cousin of the Rev. Samuel Hopkins, from whom "Hopkinsians"
derived their name. He was born Oct. 20, 1729, and graduated at
Yale College in 1749, where he was a tutor three years. He received
from Yale College the degree of D.D. in 1802. He preached in Hadley
54 years, or until February, 1809, when he was struck with paralysis,
which impaired his mental faculties. He died March 8, 181 1, and
Rev. Dr. Lyman, of Hatfield, preached his funeral sermon, March 12,
which was published. Silk gloves were given to the pall-bearers who
are named on 241st page. Dr. Hopkins published two Discourses on
the church membership of infants, 1799; and a Half-century Sermon,
1805.* His first wife, Mrs. Sarah (Porter) Williams, the mother of his
nine children, died Feb. 5, 1774. He married Miss Margaret Stoddard
of Chelmsford, Oct. 1776, and she died Oct. 3, I796.t Dr. Hopkins
was a man of economical habits and a good manager. With a salary
of 222 dollars aided by his settlement, &c. he brought up a
numerous family, entertained much company, educated a son at
college, and added to his estate. Extracts from a communication in
Sprague's "Annals of the American Pulpit," contributed by Rev.
Parsons Cook, D.D., a native of Hadley, dated Lynn, Oct. 29, 1854.
"Remarkable as Dr. Hopkins was for facetiousness among his friends,
he was never otherwise than dignified. And as he walked abroad, he
carried with him such an amount of gravity and dignity, as inspired
with reverence, all juvenile spectators, to say the least. The children
just let loose from school, when he was passing, checked in mid-
volley the explosion of their mirth, held their breath, formed a line
and took off their hats for their customary token of reverence." "His
manner in the pulpit was entirely without action; his reading of his
sermons was slow and drawling. His hearers had occasion to be
something more than passive receivers. It needed laborious
attention to draw from him what he produced. His mind was
remarkable for sound judgment and practical wisdom. A
distinguished lawyer, after hearing him preach, remarked that he
would make a good judge. *01d people in Hadley who knew Dr.
Hopkins, always speak of him with respect. They say that his
delivery in the pulpit, was dull and languid. They are confident that
he did not wear a wig, and many say that he did not wear a cocked
hat. His common dress was a straight-bodied coat, a vest with skirts
or lappets, breeches, long stockings, and shoes with buckles.
Wherever he called, he was a welcome visitor, and in some places a
long pipe was kept for him. He stooped considerably in his latter
years. ■{•The families of the ministers will be noticed in the
genealogical part of the work.
 HISTORY OF HADLEY 327 In his Theology, he was
Calvinistic, but he held views of the means of grace different from
those which now obtain among Calvinists. He placed among the
sinner's means of conversion, his attendance on the Lord's supper.
He felt it to be his duty to urge all persons whose lives were not
immoral to connect themselves with the church. [He held the views
of Mr. Stoddard, and not those of President Edwards.] The Half-way
Covenant was not in use under his ministry. There was no occasion
for it. As unconverted men found admission to full communion, it
was not necessary for them to enter the church half-way, to secure
the baptism of their children. . From what I have said, it must not be
inferred that Dr. Hopkins was lax in doctrine or discipline. He held
the main body of Calvinistic Divinity, and he was not wont to hold
back from his people, what he himself received. One fact which
contributed not a little to change the sentiments of his people
against some of his peculiarities, was the frequent preaching of his
sons in law in his pulpit. Dr. Emmons married his step-daughter. Dr.
Austin, Dr. Spring, Mr. Worcester and Mr. Riddel — all Hopkinsian
preachers, married daughters of his. These were frequently visiting
him and preaching in his pulpit. In Dr. Hopkins's day, the whole town
formed but one congregation. No other sect had gained a foot-hold
in it. And though there are now three congregations, they are all of
the same denomination. In his day, it was a great point of interest to
keep out other sects. And no small part of the minister's duty was to
watch against interlopers. He had a rare sagacity in this matter.
[When it became needful for his people to settle a colleague he
expressed great interest to secure the settlement of Rev. Dan
Huntington, who resided in Hadley and was a popular preacher.] Dr.
Hopkins's social qualities were of the highest order. His wit and
pleasantry were abundant, yet always tempered with prudence. He
was an attractive companion for persons of all ages and all grades,
and especially for young men. He would not unfrequently invite to
dinner parties, young students and others, and of such parties he
was himself the centre and life. His anecdotes and sallies of wit on
such occasions were exhaustless. But his conversation, however
facetious, was carefully guarded as to its religious tendency. He was
remarkable for his talent at conveying reproofs when needed, in a
way not to give offence. He loved a timely joke, and it mattered little
whether the laugh was with him or at him. He used to tell such as
this. On visiting an invalid, he said to him — "It is a long time since
you have been able to attend meeting; would you not like to have
the neighbors called in, and have me preach a lecture at your
house?" The invalid replied — "I should like it much, for I have not
been able for a long time to get any sleep, and I know from much
experience that your preaching will give me essential aid in this
respect." He used to tell a similar compliment which he received
from Governor Strong. When on an exchange in Northampton, he
dined with the Governor, and Mrs. S. offered him some pudding
which he declined, saying that pudding before preaching made him
dull. Gov. S. instantly replied, — "Did you not eat pudding for
breakfast, sir?"* He was to receive annually so many cords of good
hard wood. On one occasion, a parishioner brought a load, about
which he raised a question if there were not some soft wood in the
load. To which the other replied — "and do we not sometimes have
soft preaching?" He would not have received such missiles if he had
not been expert in throwing them. Another communication in
Sprague's American Pulpit says: "From all that I have been able to
gather, I conclude that Dr. Hopkins must have been a man of
excellent judgment, of fine moral qualities, an evangelical and
instructive, but not very popular preacher, a faithful pastor; and held
in high estimation by his brethren in the ministry and by the
community at large." *I heard this anecdote in Northampton 30
years ago. Dr. Hopkins related it to Doct. Ebenezer Hunt the next
time that he came over. It is presumed that the Governor's question
was asked in a whisper, and not in the hearing of his family. Gov.
Strong and Doct. Hunt were familiar friends of Dr. Hopkins.
 328 history of hadley Inscriptions on the Grave-stones of
the first four ministers OF Hadley. The three oldest stones are
sandstone; Dr. Hopkins's is marble. Three are upright; Mr. Russell's is
a table. The inscription on Mr. Russell's is not in good taste. Q
REVEREND RVS ^ ^ THE FLOCK OF ^ O CHRIST IN HADLEY 1^ ^
TIL THE CHEIF g >H SHEPHERD J ;j SVDDENLY BVT g >
MERCIFVLLY ^ K CALLED HIM OFF ^ H TO RECEIVE HIS ffi < R E
WAR D IN TH E O ^ 66YEAROFHIS [^ ^ AGE DECEMBER 5 < I O I
6q2 > Here lies interred, the body of the Rev'd Mr. Isaac Chauncey,
pastor of the first church of Christ in Hadley, who was of a truly
peaceable and catholick spirit, a good scholar, an eloquent orator, an
able divine, a lively, pathetick preacher, a burning and shining light in
this candlestick, an exemplary christian, an Israelite indeed, in whom
was no guile. He departed this life May ye 2nd, A.D. 1745, ^^^-
74* Here rests ye body of ye R'd Mr. Chester Williams, in whom
bright parts, solid learning, unfeigned piety, happy elocution,
universal benevolence, hospitality, and christian love, combined to
form the exemplary pastor, the kind husband, the tender parent, the
dutiful companion, and the faithful friend, who departed this life,
October ye 13th, 1753, anno 36 aetat. suae. Sacred to the memory
of the Rev'd Samuel Hopkins, D. D. who in christian duty exemplary,
in friendship frank and sincere, for prudence and meekness eminent;
able in counsel, a pattern of piety and purity, ever upright and
honourable in conduct, the epitome of the heart ; as a peace-maker
blessed, as a minister of Christ skillful and valiant in the truth;
having with ability and charity long magnified his holy office, and
served God and his generation faithfully, fell asleep, March 8th, A.D.
181 1, in the 82 year of his age and 57 of his ministry.
 HISTORY OF HADLEY 329 Texts and Sermons. — It appears
from Madam Porter's interleaved Almanacs, between 1751 and 1770,
that Mr. Williams and Mr. Hopkins preached double sermons, or two
sermons from one text, about two-thirds of the Sabbaths. This
seems to have been a common practice in the country. Mr. Hopkins
sometimes preached three, four, and even six sermons, from one
text. His exchanges were not very numerous; were most frequent
with Mr. Hooker of Northampton and Mr. Parsons of Amherst.
Ministers often adapted their sermons to events and seasons. Mr.
Hopkins preached two sermons in reference to the earthquake* of
Nov. 18, 1755. His new year's sermons, Jan. i, 1764, were from Jer.
28: 16 — "This year thou shalt die." May 13, 1764, he preached a
spring sermon from Psalms 104: 30 — "And thou renewest the face
of the earth." April 26, 1 761, Mr. Parsons of Amherst, preached at
Hadley a spring sermon, from the beautiful description of spring in
Solomon's Songs 2: 10 to 13. f Mr. Hopkins preached about singing,
April 10, 1763, from i Cor. 14: 15- ^ The Lord's Supper was
administered by Mr. Williams and Mr. Hopkins six times in a year, but
the intervals were not equal previous to 1770, being sometimes
more or less than two months. The Sacramental Lecture was
commonly on Friday. — In the 17th and 1 8th centuries, the quantity
of wine used on sacramental occasions was much greater than now,
for the same number of communicants.! Baptisms were formerly
administered in the meeting-house, and commonly the next Sabbath
after the birth of the child. Mr. Hopkins's record of baptisms begins
after the church record was burnt, March 21, 1766. For some years,
a large portion of the children baptized by him were only from one
to seven days old; some were older. A number were born on
Saturday and baptized ♦Madam Porter says — "Nov. 18, 1755, an
awful earthquake about four o'clock in the morning." j-In the last
century, ministers took texts from Canticles, as Solomon's Songs
were called , mostly for sermons preceding the Lord's Supper. Mr.
Williams of Hadley preached such a sermon, Feb. z, 1752, from
Cant. 8: 7— "Many waters cannot quench love," &c. Mr. Hopkins
preached a sacramental lecture, March 20, i76i,from Cant. 2: 16—
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