BASI

SOFSELECTI
ON(
Cri
ter
iaofSel
ect
ion)
Inaselect
ionprogrammes,t hefirststepistodecidewhi chtrai
tsshouldbe
i
mproved.Thesetr
ait
saredi f
fer
entindif
ferentty
peofanimalsv i
z.
,dai
ryanimals,meat
ani
mals,woolandfurbearinganimalsandeggpr oduci
ngbirds.Theeffect
ivenessof
sel
ect
iondependsupontheaccurateeval
uat i
onofthebreedi
ngv al
uesoftheanimals.
Thebreedi
ngv al
ueofani ndividualcanbeest i
matedei t
heront hebasisof
i
ndiv
idual
’sownperf
ormance(phenotypicvalueoftheindiv
idualforthet
rait
)oront he
basi
softheperf
ormanceoft
her el
ati
vesoft heindi
vidual
.Therelati
vesoftheindi
vi
dual
maybei t
s
1.di
rectr
elat
ives(
ancest
orsandt
hepr
ogeny
)or
2.col
l
ater
alr
elat
ives(
ful
landhal
f-
sibs)
.
Theref
ore,t
hesourcesofi
nfor
mati
onbasedonwhichthebr
eedi
ngv al
ueofthe
i
ndivi
duali
sestimatedar
ecall
edasthebasi
sofsel
ect
ionorai
dtosel
ecti
onorcri
teri
a
ofsel
ecti
on.
Basedonthesour
cesofi
nfor
mationf
orest
imat
ionofbr
eedi
ngv
alue,t
hebasi
s
ofsel
ect
ionmaybeofthefol
l
owi
ngtypes:

Basi
sofsel
ect
ion

I
nfor
mat
ion

I
ndi
vi
dual
itsel
f Rel
ati
ves

Ancest
ors FS&HS(
fami
l
y) Pr
ogeny
I
ndivi
dual
or
phenot
ypi
c
Pedi
gree Famil
y Progeny
sel
ect
ion select
ionor
progenytest
ing
Si
b

Sel
ect
ionunit
:Iti
suni
tonwhichtheselect
ioni
sbased.Forexampl
e:Acowpr
oduci
ng
15kgmilk.Her
e,acowisaselect
ionunit
.
3Ty
pesofbasi
sofsel
ect
ion
I
ndiv
idualselect
ionorPhenot
ypi
csel
ect
ion
Pedi
greeselecti
on

Dr
.N.Shy
amsanaSi
ngh,
Assoc.Pr
of.
,Dept
.ofAni
mal
Breedi
ng&Genet
ics,
C.V.
Sc.&A.
H.,Ai
zawl, 1
Mi
zoram
 Familysel
ect
ion(Si
bselecti
on)
Progenysel
ecti
on(Progenytest
ing)

1.I
ndi
vi
dual
sel
ect
ionorPhenot
ypi
csel
ect
ion
Iti
st heselect
ionofanimal sont hebasi sofi tsownphenot ypi
cper formance.
Therefore,i
tisalsoknownasPhenot ypicsel ect
ion.
Iti
st hemostcommonl yusedbasi sforsel ecti
veimpr ov ementinl iv
est ock.
Inplantsandloweror ganisms,itisknownasMasssel ect i
onast hesel ected
i
ndividualsareusuall
yputt ogether“en- masse”f ormat ing.
Here, i
tassumedt hatthephenot ypicv alue(P)ofani ndi viduali
sthet rue
i
ndicatorofitsbreedi
ngv alue(A).
As,weknowt hatthesquar erootofh2i sthecor r
elati
onbet weenbr eedi ngval
ue
andphenot ypicval
ue( r
AP)

Ifh2ishighforat r
ait
,thenthephenot ypicv al
ueisv er
ycl osetoitsbr eedingval
ue
2
Thus, t
rait
shav i
nghighh canbesel ectedt ogetdesiredgenet i
cr esponse.
Mer
it
sofI
ndi
vi
dual
sel
ect
ion
I
tistheeasiest
,quickestandcommonl yusedbasi
sofsel
ecti
on.
I
tisalsothenaturalmethodofselecti
on.
I
tisusedf orhi
ghher i
tabl
etrai
ts.
I
tisusefulfort
rait
s(growthrates,woolt
rai
ts)whi
chexpr
essedi
nbot
hthesexes
I
tpermitstoevaluateallt
heindivi
dual
satat i
me.
Demer
it
s
Itcannotbeusedforsexl
i
mit
edt
rai
tssuchassel
ect
ionofmal
esf
ormi
l
kyi
eld,
eggproduct
ionetc.
I
tisnotpr
efer
abl
efortr
ait
swhichexpr
essedaf
termatur
it
yorlat
einli
feasi
twi
l
l
i
ncreaset
hegener
ati
oninter
val
.
eg.Mil
kyiel
donl
yaft
ersexual
mat ur
it
y.
I
twi
l
lgi
vel
owgenet
icgai
nfort
rai
tshav
ingl
owher
it
abi
l
ity
.
2.Pedi
greeSel
ect
ionandFami
l
ysel
ect
ion
Asi
ndi
vi
dual
sel
ect
ioncannotbeusedf
or
Lowh2t r
aits
Sexli
mitedtrait
s
Trai
tsexpressedaf
termat
uri
tyorl
atei
nli
fe
I
tnecessi
tat
essomeot
heral
ter
nat
ivebasi
sofsel
ect
ion,
whi
chmaybe
Familyselecti
on
Pedigreeselecti
on
Progenyselecti
on
Dr
.N.Shy
amsanaSi
ngh,
Assoc.Pr
of.
,Dept
.ofAni
mal
Breedi
ng&Genet
ics,
C.V.
Sc.&A.
H.,Ai
zawl, 2
Mi
zoram
 I
tist
hebasi
sofselect
ioni
nwhi
cht
hesel
ect
ioni
sbasedont
heper
for
manceof
t
hefami
lyorr
elat
ives.
Theassumpti
oni
sthatr
elat
iveshav
esomecommongenesduet
othei
rcommon
ancest
ors.
Rel
ati
vesmaybe
Ancest
ral
(pedi
gree)(
Par
ent
s,grandpar
ent
set
c):
Suchbasi
sofsel
ect
ion
i
sknownasPedi gr
eeSel
ect
ion.
Col
l
ater
al(
Ful
lsi
bs,
hal
fsi
bs)
:Suchsel
ect
ioni
sknownasSi
bsel
ect
ion.
Pedi
greeSel
ect
ion
I
tisthesel ectionofindivi
dualsbasedont heinf
ormat i
onofitspedigr
ee.
Forexampl e:
Select ionofhei f
ersont hebasisofherdam’sperformance.
Select ionofy oungmal esont hebasi
sofhisdam’ smilkyi
eldrecords.
Pedigreesel ect i
onismor eaccur at
ewhent heheri
tabil
it
yofthetrai
tishigh.
I
thascer tainlimitat
ions,butitisparti
cul
arl
yadvantageousfori
niti
alselect
ion
fortr
aitswhi chareexpr essedbyonl yonesex.
Suchsel ect i
oni snowmosti mpor t
antinthesel
ecti
onofdai r
ysir
es( young)for
progenyt esting.
Fami
l
ySel
ect
ion
Iti
sdefi
nedast heselect
ionofindiv
idual
sonthebasi
sofi
nfor
mati
onofit
s
col
lat
eralr
elat
ivessuchasf ul
lsibsandhalf
-si
bscommonl
yknownasfamil
y
member s.
I
tcanbeconsi
der
edasapar
tofpedi
greesel
ect
ion.
Si
bsel
ect
ion:
Iti
stypeoffami
lysel
ecti
onwher
etheinf
ormat
ionoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
tobesel
ect
ed
i
snoti
ncl
udedintheesti
mati
onoffami
lymean.
ForExampl
e:
Sel
ecti
onofmalesforcarcasst
rai
tsont
hebasi
sofi
nfor
mat
ionav
ail
abl
e
ofhi
sfull
-si
bsorhal
f-
sibs.
Sel
ecti
onofyoungmalesformil
kyi
eldont
hebasi
sofmi
l
kyi
eldr
ecor
ds
ofhi
sfull
sist
ersorhal
fsi
ster
s(asi
nONBS)
Mer
it
s
I
ndi
vi
dual
canbesel
ect
edbef
orer
eachi
ngsexual
mat
uri
ty.
I
tcanbeusedforsexl
i
mit
edtr
ait
s.E.g.sel
ecti
onofyoungmal
esf
ormi
l
kyi
eld
onthebasi
sofhi
sdam’sr
ecor
dorsister’
srecor
ds.
I
tincr
easest
heaccur
acyofsel
ect
ionf
orsel
ect
ionofl
owher
it
abl
etr
ait
sast
he

Dr
.N.Shy
amsanaSi
ngh,
Assoc.Pr
of.
,Dept
.ofAni
mal
Breedi
ng&Genet
ics,
C.V.
Sc.&A.
H.,Ai
zawl, 3
Mi
zoram
 i
nfor
mat
ionoft
her
elat
iveswi
l
lbet
hesuppl
ementt
oindi
vi
dual
sel
ect
ion
Demer
it
s
I
ngener al
,t heinformat ionofancest orsarenotavai
labl
e.
I
tmaymi sleadi nselect i
onofi ndi
v idualonthebasisofremoter
elati
ves
perf
ormance.
Undueemphasi sonr elatives,par
ticularl
yremoterel
ativ
es,wi
ththeresul
tthat
i
ntensi
tyofsel ectioni sr educed.
Unwarrantedf avorit
ism t owardst hepr ogenyofanyfavoredi
ndi
vidualwi
llal
so
misl
eadt hesel ecti
on.
Ther
elat
iveef
fect
ivenessoft
hreemet
hodsdependsupon
1.R,
thegenet
iccor
rel
ati
onorr
elat
ionshi
pamongf
ami
l
ymember
s
2.t
,thephenot
ypi
ccor
rel
ati
onamongf
ami
l
ymember
sand
3.n,
thenumberperf
ami
l
y
Choi
ceofsel
ect
ionmet
hods:
1.Indivi
dualsel
ect ioni smor eaccur atewhenti slargeandrissmal l
.Thesmal l
valueofrreflectt hatthereislittl
ef ami l
ydisti
nctness.
2.Fami l
yselectioni smor eeffect i
vewhen‘ t’i
ssmal landrislarge.Iffamil
y
selecti
onistobeef fect
ive,thent hef i
rstrequir
ementi st
ohav edisti
nctfamil
ies
amongwhi cht osel ect.
3.Ifr=t,
thenindividual sel
ectionandf ami l
yselectionareequall
yef fecti
ve.
4.Ifrandtar enotequal ,t
henacombi nati
onoff ami l
yandindividualsel
ectionwil
l
bemor eeff
ect i
vet hanindividual selecti
onal one.
5.Combi nati
onsel ect i
onisofgr eatestv al
uewhenri srel
ati
velyhighandti slowor
whentgr eatl
yexceedsr .
Pr
ogenySel
ect
ionorPr
ogenyTest
ing
I
ndi
vi
duali
tyt
ell
suswhatanani
malseemstobe,
hispedi
greet
ell
suswhatought
t
obe,butt
heperfor
manceofhi
spr
ogenytel
l
swhatheis…
Thus,progenysel
ect
ioni
sthewi
del
yappl
i
edbasi
sofsel
ect
ioni
nani
mal
breedi
ng.
I
tisat
ypeoff
ami
l
ysel
ect
ion
I
nprogenysel
ect
ion,
thesel
ect
ionofi
ndi
vi
dual
isdoneont
hebasi
sofmean
per
for
manceofit
sprogeny.
Themeanperfor
manceofthepr
ogenygivesmorer
eli
abl
eest
imat
eoft
he
breedi
ngv
alueofthei
ndi
vi
dualt
obeselected.
Thecor
rel
ati
onbet
weent
hesi
re’
sbr
eedi
ngv
alueandt
heav
erageof‘
n’pr
ogeny
i
s
h n

Dr
.N.Shy
amsanaSi
ngh,
Assoc.Pr
of.
,Dept
.ofAni
mal
Breedi
ng&Genet
ics,
C.V.
Sc.&A.
H.,Ai
zawl, 4
Mi
zoram
 rGO=… …. √…………. .
2 1+( n–1)t
Wher e, tist heobser v edcor relationbet weent heprogeny( =h2/
t 4).
MethodsofPr ogenyTest ing
1.Sel ect i
onofy oungbul l
s-
byf ami lyorpedi greesel ect i
on.
Exami nephenot y pically
Rej ectt hemal eshav inganat omi cal orphysiologicalabnor malities
2.Rear ingofy oungbul l
s
Pr ov idebestmanagementandopt i
mum nut rit
ionsoast or eachsexual
mat urityat2–3y ear s
3.Ev aluat ionofsemen
Phy sical
Bi ochemi cal
Fr eezi abi li
tyet c.
4.Artificial insemi nation
Atl east40cowsf orabul lshoul dbei nsemi natedwi thinashor test
possi bl et i
me.
5.Daught ersbor n
Wi t hconcept i
onr at eof50%, atleast20cal vesar eexpect edfrom each
bul l.
Wi t hasexr atioof1: 1,10f emal ecal vesarebor n.
6.Insemi nat ionofdaught ers
Wi t hopt imum car eandmanagement ,thefemal ecalv esmat uredatthe
ageof21/ 2-3y ear s.
Theyar ei nsemi nat edwi tht hesemenofanyot herbul l
.
7.Mi lkr ecor di ngofdaught er s
Af ternor mal gest at i
onper iods, t
hedaught er sgav ebi r
tht oy oungones.
Pr operr ecor dingoft heirmi l
kpr oduct ionforf i
rstlactati
on.
8.Ev aluat ionofBr eedi ngv aluesoft heBul ls(sires)
Inci denceofst eril
ityandgenet i
cdeat hupt o40%, fi
nallyeachbul lwi
llbe
ev al uat edont hebasi sofper formanceof6daught ers.
Resul
tsofPr ogenyTest i
ng
SireI ndex:
Itist henumer ical expr essi onofpr ogenyt est ingresultsofasi r
e.
Itist het ransmi tti
ngabi lityofabul landi tsnumer i
cal expressionofpr ogeny
test i
ngr esul ts.
Prov enbul ls: Sireswi thknownsi r eindexi .e.itstr
ansmi t
tingabi li
tyhasbeen
progenyt est ed.

Dr
.N.Shy
amsanaSi
ngh,
Assoc.Pr
of.
,Dept
.ofAni
mal
Breedi
ng&Genet
ics,
C.V.
Sc.&A.
H.,Ai
zawl, 5
Mi
zoram
Merit
s
Iti
st hei deal basisofsel ect ionast hemeanv alueoft hepr ogenygi vesan
accur ateest imat eoft hebr eedi ngv alueoft heirsire.
Mal escanbeev aluatedf orchar acterswhi char enotexpr essedi nmal es(
sex
l
imit edt r
ai t
s).Eg.Bul l
scanbeev aluatedf ormi l
ky i
eld.
Demerits
Thepar ent sbychancemaygi v ebet tert hanav erageormor ethanav eragegenes
toitspr ogeny .
Onlyaf ewi ndi v
idualscanbesel ectedatat ime.
Iti
ncr easesgener ati
oni nt erval ast hei ndi vidualsar eev aluat edont hebasisof
theirpr ogenyper f
ormance.
Itcannotbedonef orf emal esi nmostcases.
Iti
sv erycost l
yandt imeconsumi ngpr ocess.
Probl
emsofPr ogenyTest ingI nI ndianCondi tion
Inadequat eMi lkrecor ds
Ver yfewani mal sar emi lkr ecor dedunderv ill
agecondi ti
onbecauseof
ill
it
eracyandi gnor anceoff armer sandal sot hef armer sdonotknowi ts
uses.
Remedy :
Wor kcanbeunder takenbyVi l
lagePanchay ats.
Mont hl
yorbi mont hlymi l
kr ecor dingcanbedoneasi nUSA.
Longgener ati
onI nter val
Itisduet oslowgr owt hr ate, delay edmat urityandpoorbr eedingeffi
ciency
Remedy :
Repl acingol dcowswi thhei f
ers.
Usi ngy oungbul ls
Impr ovingmanagementandnut ritional aspect s.
Smal lHerdsi ze
UnderA. I.i
nanuni tof2, 000cows, ther ateofpr ogresscoul dbeexpect ed
1.7%perannum byopt i
mum usedofpr ogenyt esti
ng.
Mostofouror gani zedf armsatv ill
agehast hesmal l herdsize.
Remedy :
Her dsi zecanbei ncr easedbyi ncl udingmor enumberofv i
ll
ages
Associ atedpr ogenyt est i
ng.
Disposal ofbul l
s
Duet olonggener ationi nter val,thet imebet weent het estmat ingand
progenyi nformat ioni squi t
el ong.
So, bullsmaybemai nt ainedwi thmuchmor ecost .
Remedy :
Dr
.N.Shy
amsanaSi
ngh,
Assoc.Pr
of.
,Dept
.ofAni
mal
Breedi
ng&Genet
ics,
C.V.
Sc.&A.
H.,Ai
zawl, 6
Mi
zoram
 Iti
salsopr oposedt hatsemenf rom thebull
sundert estcol
l
ected,
processedandkeptunderDFSt il
l t
hetestcompl et
es.
Bydoi ngso, bull
smaybedi sposedof f
.
Costofprogenyt esti
ng
Progenyt esti
nginv olves.
Maintenanceoft hebul l
s.
A.I
.cost
Ast hereturnfrom pr ogenytesti
ngcomesaf teraboutadecade,the
accumul ati
ngcostneedscar ef
ul consi
derat
ions.

Dr
.N.Shy
amsanaSi
ngh,
Assoc.Pr
of.
,Dept
.ofAni
mal
Breedi
ng&Genet
ics,
C.V.
Sc.&A.
H.,Ai
zawl, 7
Mi
zoram