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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Common trees
of Pennsylvania
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Common trees of Pennsylvania

Author: Joseph E. Ibberson

J. E. Aughenbaugh
A. B. Mickalitis
C. L. Morris

Illustrator: J. M. Francis

Release date: November 16, 2016 [eBook #53535]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMMON TREES

OF PENNSYLVANIA ***
 COMMON TREES of
PENNSYLVANIA

PREPARED BY
J. E. Ibberson, A. B. Mickalitis, J. E. Aughanbaugh and
C. L. Morris

ILLUSTRATIONS BY
J. M. Francis

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
··
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA
 DIAGRAM SHOWING FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF A TREE
Courtesy of the New Tree Experts Manual by Richard R. Fenska

MEDULLARY RAYS
CONDUCT FOOD AND WATER RADIALLY, SERVE IN FOOD STORAGE
PITH
ANNUAL RINGS
INDICATE GROWTH, NORMALLY ONE RING PER YEAR
LEAVES
THE AIR SUPPLIES CARBON, THE PRINCIPAL FOOD OF THE TREE,
WHICH IS TAKEN IN ON THE UNDER SURFACE OF THE LEAVES.
HEARTWOOD (INACTIVE CELLS)
ADDS STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
SAPWOOD
CARRIES FOOD AND WATER UPWARD
CAMBIUM
GROWING LAYER, CELLS DIVIDE HERE TO FORM BOTH BARK AND
WOOD.
INNER BARK
CARRIES FOOD MADE IN THE LEAVES DOWNWARD TO CAMBIUM AND
STORAGE CELLS.
OUTER BARK
INACTIVE CELLS FORM PROTECTION FOR INNER BARK
SOIL
BACTERIA AND FUNGI MAKE AVAILABLE SOIL NUTRIENTS
ROOTS
ABSORB FOOD ELEMENTS THROUGH THE TINY ROOT HAIRS, ALSO
PROVIDE ANCHORAGE

i
 FOREWORD

The purpose of this booklet is to make the reader’s life more

enjoyable by being able to identify, through leaf, twig and bark
characteristics, the important trees of Pennsylvania at various
seasons of the year.

Today, more than ever before, trees play an increasingly important

part in our lives.

Trees produce wood, one of the essentials of our everyday life. The
uses for wood are rapidly increasing.

Trees provide shade and solace for man; they help to beautify the
places where we live; help purify the air we breathe and the water
we drink; enrich the soil and retard the earth from sliding into our
streams, and provide food and shelter for wildlife.

In a few words: Trees live to give.

We sincerely hope the brief study of tree features described in this

publication will help you to develop a closer feeling for our mutual
friends of the plant kingdom—the trees of our land.

Many a tree is found in the wood,

And every tree for its use is good;
Some for the strength of the gnarled root,
Some for the sweetness of flower or fruit;
Some for shelter against the storm,
And some to keep the hearthstone warm,
Some for the roof and some for the beam,
And some for a boat to breast the storm;
In the wealth of the wood since the world began
The trees have offered their gifts to man.
—HENRY VAN DYKE

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
Department of Environmental Resources
Harrisburg, 1971

ii
 INTRODUCTION

Pennsylvania, with its unique geographical position, has 102 kinds of

trees native to the State, although there are numerous introduced
species growing and thriving in this latitude and climate. In addition,
at least 21 large native shrubs sometimes grow to tree size and form.

Less than half of these native trees are presently classified as

important timber species. But research in wood uses is rapidly
progressing and some of the so-called “weed trees” may assume
considerable importance in the future.

The selection of 50 native trees and 4 introduced species described in

this booklet was based chiefly on numerical occurrence and value for
timber, shade or ornamental purposes.

The first two plates (pages iv and v) show the types and
arrangements of leaves. Outstanding features of individual trees are
described in simplified wording and illustrated by accompanying
sketches.

Interesting is the fact that pine cones and acorns of the “red or
black” oaks ripen in two seasons while fruit from all other trees
discussed herein mature in one season.

It is commonly known that no two persons are exactly alike in

physical makeup. This is also true of trees since there is some
variation in the features within each species.
 iii

EXPLANATION OF WORDS, TERMS AND SIGNS

WHICH MAY BE UNFAMILIAR TO READERS

Common and scientific names are from “Standardized Plant Names,

1942.”

Capsule. A dry fruit which contains more than one seed and splits
open when ripe.
Catkin. A compound bloom consisting of scaly bracts and flowers
usually of one sex.
Downy. With very short and weak soft hairs.
Drupe. A fleshy one-seeded fruit, with the seed enclosed by a hard
covering.
Evergreen (leaves). Remaining green throughout the year (older
leaves die after 2-15 years).
Fissure. Furrow. A groove or crack.
Leaflet. A leaflike part or blade of a compound leaf.
Leaf Scar. A mark or impression at the point where a leaf had been
attached.
Lenticel. A pore on young trunks and branches through which air
passes to interior cells.
Lobe (of a leaf). A division or projecting part.
Pith. The spongy material in the center of twigs and young trunks.
Stalked. Having a stem.
Witches’-broom. Abnormal bushy growth of small branches.
Whorl. Three or more leaves or other parts encircling a stem at
about the same point.

Small-sized tree. Usually not over 40′ in height when mature.

Medium-sized tree. Usually not over 60′ in height when mature.
Large-sized tree. Usually over 60′ in height when mature.

″ Inch or inches.
′ Foot or feet.

iv
 Types of Leaves

NON-EVERGREEN
SIMPLE
ALL SPECIES INCLUDED IN TEXT, AND NOT LISTED ON THIS PLATE,
HAVE SIMPLE LEAVES
COMPOUND
ASH, BLACK
ASH, WHITE
BUTTERNUT
HICKORY, BITTERNUT
HICKORY, MOCKERNUT
HICKORY, PIGNUT
HICKORY, SHAGBARK
HICKORY, SHELLBARK
HONEYLOCUST, COMMON
LOCUST, BLACK
WALNUT, EASTERN BLACK
PALMATELY COMPOUND
HORSECHESTNUT, COMMON
EVERGREEN
HEMLOCK, EASTERN
LARCH, EASTERN (Non-evergreen, single needles arranged in spirals.—
See text.)
SPRUCE, NORWAY
SPRUCE, RED
REDCEDAR, EASTERN
PINE, RED
PINE, VIRGINIA
PINE, PITCH
PINE, EASTERN WHITE

v
 Arrangement of Leaves and Buds on Twigs

OPPOSITE
ASH, BLACK
ASH, WHITE
DOGWOOD, FLOWERING
HORSECHESTNUT, COMMON
MAPLE, NORWAY
MAPLE, RED
MAPLE, SILVER
MAPLE, SUGAR
ALTERNATE
ASPEN, BIGTOOTH
ASPEN, QUAKING
BEECH, AMERICAN
BIRCH, GRAY
BIRCH, PAPER
BIRCH, RIVER
BIRCH, SWEET
BIRCH, YELLOW
BLACKGUM
BUTTERNUT
CHERRY, BLACK
ELM, AMERICAN
ELM, SLIPPERY
HACKBERRY, COMMON
HICKORY, BITTERNUT
HICKORY, MOCKERNUT
HICKORY, PIGNUT
HICKORY, SHAGBARK
HICKORY, SHELLBARK
HONEYLOCUST, COMMON
LINDEN, AMERICAN
LOCUST, BLACK
MAGNOLIA, CUCUMBERTREE
OAK, BLACK
OAK, CHESTNUT
OAK, EASTERN RED
OAK, PIN
OAK, SCARLET
OAK, WHITE
PAWPAW, COMMON
PERSIMMON, COMMON
 PLANETREE, AMERICAN
SASSAFRAS, COMMON
TULIPTREE
WALNUT, BLACK
WILLOW, BLACK
WHORLED
CATALPA, NORTHERN

EASTERN HEMLOCK
(Tsuga canadensis)

Leaves: Evergreen needles occur singly, spirally arranged on twigs

but appear 2-ranked; flattened, about ½″ long; dark
green, glossy and often grooved above: light green with 2 white lines
below.

Twigs: Slender, rough, yellowish brown to grayish brown. Buds

egg-shaped, ¹/₁₆″ long, reddish brown.

Fruit: A cone, ¾″ long, egg-shaped; hangs singly from the tips

of the twigs; usually remains attached all winter after
ripening in the fall. Under each rounded scale are 2 small winged
seeds.

General: Bark on young trees flaky, thick and roughly grooved

when old, grayish brown to reddish brown; used in
tanning; inner bark cinnamon-red. A large tree, long-lived; shade-
enduring. Wood is important for construction lumber.

The Eastern Hemlock is the official State Tree of the Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania.

2
 EASTERN WHITE PINE
(Pinus strobus)

Leaves: Evergreen needles in clusters of 5, soft, flexible, 3-sided,

2½″-5″ long, bluish green in appearance due to whitish
lines. This is the only 5-needle pine native to Pennsylvania.

Twigs: Slender, flexible, with rusty hairs when young, finally

smooth. Buds egg-shaped, usually less than ½″ long;
gray-brown.

Fruit: A cone, 5″-8″ long, about 1″ thick, no prickles, stalked,

drooping, slightly curved, resinous, remains attached for
one to several months after ripening in autumn of second season.
Each scale usually bears 2 winged seeds which is characteristic of all
native pines.

General: Bark on young trees and branches greenish brown and

smooth, later darker, grooved and scaly. Produces one
whorl of about 3 to 7 side branches each year, a feature which is
useful in estimating age. A large and very important timber tree.
Wood probably has more uses than that of any other species.

PITCH PINE
(Pinus rigida)
Leaves: Evergreen needles in clusters of 3, stiff, 2½″-5″ long,
yellowish green.

Twigs: Stout, brittle, rough, angled in cross-section, golden-

brown. Buds egg-shaped, about ½″ long, resinous, red-
brown.

Fruit: A cone, 1½″-3½″ long with short stiff prickles, nearly

stalkless, often remains attached for 5 years or more after
ripening.

General: Thick, rough, grayish brown bark on older trees. A

medium-sized tree. Common on poor, sandy soils and
areas where forest fires have killed most other trees. Wood used
chiefly for railroad ties, mine props, construction lumber, posts and
fuel.

4
 VIRGINIA PINE
(Pinus virginiana)

Leaves: Evergreen needles in clusters of 2, twisted, stout,

relatively short (1½″-3″ long), not numerous on twigs.
Twigs: Slender, curved, flexible, brown to purple with bluish white
coating. Buds egg-shaped, usually less than ½″ long,
brown, resinous.

Fruit: A cone, 2″-3″ long, prickles small but sharp, edge of

scales with darker bands; usually without a stalk; remains
attached for 3 or 4 years.

General: Smooth, thin, reddish brown, scaly bark. A small tree;

able to grow on poor, dry soils. Common on abandoned
farm lands where shale soils predominate. Usually grows in dense
pure stands. Often called scrub pine. Wood used chiefly for paper
pulp, fuel and mine props.

5
 RED PINE
(Pinus resinosa)

Leaves: Evergreen needles in clusters of 2, slender, 4″-6″ long,

dark green, borne in dense tufts at the ends of
branchlets; snap easily when bent double.

Twigs: Stout, ridged, yellow-brown to red-brown. Buds egg-

shaped, about ½″ long, brown at first and later silvery.

Fruit: A cone, about 2″ long, without prickles, nearly stalkless,

remains attached until the following year.
General: Comparatively smooth, reddish brown bark. Like white
pine, it develops one horizontal whorl of side branches
each year. A medium to large-sized tree. Valuable timber tree in the
northern part of the State; wood used chiefly for construction lumber.

NORWAY SPRUCE
(Picea abies)

Leaves: Evergreen needles occur singly, spirally arranged on twigs,

sharp-pointed, four-sided, usually ¾″ long, dark green.

Twigs: Bright, golden-brown. Buds egg-shaped, darker than

twigs.
Fruit: A cylindrical cone, 4″-7″ long, light brown; scales with
finely toothed margin, broader than long.

General: Bark relatively thin, reddish brown, scaly, becoming gray-

brown but seldom furrowed on old trees. Branchlets on
older trees droop. A large tree with a dense, conical crown. A
European species that has become a valuable naturalized member of
our forests, and extensively planted as an ornamental. Wood used
chiefly for paper pulp, boxes, crates and lumber.

7
 RED SPRUCE
(Picea rubens)

Leaves: Evergreen needles occur singly, spirally arranged on twigs,

stiff, four-sided, usually ½″ long, dark green; less sharp
than Norway spruce.

Twigs: Orange-brown with very fine hairs. Buds egg-shaped,

about ⅓″ long, red-brown.

Fruit: A cone, 2″ or less in length, reddish brown, remains

attached for one to several months after ripening in the
fall.

General: Bark red-brown, rough, scaly. A medium to large-sized

tree. Wood used chiefly for paper pulp, boxes, crates and
lumber. Frequents swamps; chiefly in northeastern parts of the State.
Black spruce (P. mariana) is a similar but smaller native tree.

8
 EASTERN LARCH
(Larix laricina)

Leaves: Needles not evergreen; occur singly near the ends of the
twigs, elsewhere in clusters of 10 or more; about 1″ long,
pale green, turning yellow and falling from the tree during the
autumn.

Twigs: At first covered with a bluish white coating, becoming dull

brown and with numerous short spurs. Buds round, small,
¹/₁₆″ long, dark red.

Fruit: A cone, about ¾″ long, egg-shaped, upright, often

remains attached for several years after ripening in the
fall.

General: Bark smooth at first, later becoming scaly, dark brown. A

medium-sized tree. Only cone-bearing tree native to
Pennsylvania that loses its needles annually. Found locally in moist
situations. Wood used chiefly for paper pulp, lumber, posts and
railroad ties. European larch (L. decidua) and Japanese larch (L.
leptolepis) are more commonly planted in the State. Eastern larch is
also known as tamarack.

EASTERN REDCEDAR
(Juniperus virginiana)

Leaves: Evergreen, opposite, two types (often on the same tree):

the older more common kinds are scale-like and only ¹/
₁₆″-³/₃₂″ long, while the young sharp-pointed ones may be up to ¾″
in length; whitish lines on the upper surface.

Twigs: Slender, usually 4-sided, becoming reddish brown. Buds

small and not readily noticeable.

Fruit: Bluish berry-like, covered with a whitish powder, about

¼″ in diameter; flesh sweet and resinous: contains 1-2
seeds. Ripens the first year.

General: Bark reddish brown, peeling off in stringy and flaky strips.
Usually has a conical crown. Prefers limestone and shale
soils. A small to medium-sized tree. Wood used chiefly for fence posts
and “cedar chests.” Slow of growth; long-lived.

10
 WHITE OAK
(Quercus alba)

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 6″-9″ long, 5-9 rounded lobes, not

bristle-tipped, smooth above and below. Violet-purple in
autumn.

Twigs: Red-gray, often with a grayish coating. Buds rounded,

reddish brown, smooth, small; end bud about ⅛″ long,
often with gray margins on the scales.
Fruit: A sweet acorn, ¾″-1″ long; cup bowl-like, enclosing ¼ of
the nut; cup scales warty.

General: Bark gray, usually with shallow fissures and flat scaly
ridges but occasionally roughly ridged without scales. A
large and valuable tree. Wood uses similar to those of red oak; in
addition, used extensively for liquid containers, including whiskey
barrels.

11
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