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Manual of Equine Gastroenterology 1st Edition Tim Mair
Bvsc Phd Deim Dests Dipeceim Mrcvs Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Tim Mair BVSC PhD DEIM DESTS DipECEIM MRCVS, Thomas
Divers DVM Dipl ACVIM ACVECC, Norm Ducharme DVM
ISBN(s): 9780702024863, 0702024864
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 33.11 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
WB SAUNDERS
An imprint of Elsevier Science Limited

© Harcourt Publishers Limited 2002

© Elsevier Science Limited 2002. All rights reserved.

� is a registered trademark of Elsevier Science Limited

The right of Tim Mair, Tom Divers and Norman Ducharme to be identified as editors of this work has been asserted
by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior per­
mission of the publishers (Permissions Manager, Elsevier Science Limited, Robert Stevenson House, 1-3 Baxter's
Place, Leith Walk, Edinburgh EHI 3AF), or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by
the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LP.

First published 2002

Reprinted 2002

ISBN 0 7020 2486 4

BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

NOTE
Medical knowledge is constantly changing. As new information becomes available, changes in treatment, proce­
dures, equipment and the use of drugs become necessary. The editors/authors/contributors and the publishers
have taken care to ensure that the information given in this text is accurate and up to date. However, readers are
strongly advised to confirm that the information, especially with regard to drug usage, complies with the latest legis­
lation and standards of practice.

Existing UK nomenclature is changing to the system of Recommended International Nonproprietary Names

(rINNs). Until the UK names are no longer in use, these more familiar names are used in this book in preference to
rINNs, details of which may be obtained from the British National Formulary.

Typeset by Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham, Kent

Printed in the UK by Bath Press Limited
The
publisher's
policy is to use
paper manufactured
from sustainable forests

I
Contributors

Jennifer E Adolf Christina 5 Cable

Internist Private Practitioner Private Practitioner
Ledgewood Equine Medical Center Early Winter Equine Medicine and Surgery
Ontario, New York, USA Lansing, New York, USA

Dorothy Ainsworth Gary Carlson

Associate Professor of Medicine Professor of Equine Medicine
Department of Clinical Sciences Department of Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine
Cornell University University of California, Davis
Ithaca, New York, USA Davis, California, USA

Fairfield T Bain Noah D Cohen

Internal Medicine Practitioner Associate Professor of Medicine
Haygard-Davidson-McGee Associates LA Medicine and Surgery, CVM
Lexington, Kentucky, USA Texas A and M University
College Station, Texas, USA

Michael A Ball
Private Practitioner Thomas J Divers
Early Winter Equine Medicine and Surgery Professor of Medicine
Lansing, New York, USA Department of Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
Cornell University
Jacqueline Bartol
Ithaca, New York, USA
Private Practitioner
Rochester Equine Veterinary Clinic
Rochester, New Hampshire, USA Richard Drolet
Professor of Pathology

William V Bernard Universite de Montreal

Private Practitioner Departement de Pathologie et Microbiologie

Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital Saint Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada

Lexington, Kentucky, USA

Normand G Ducharme

Mark Bowen Professor of Surgery

HBLB Resident in Equine Thoracic Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences

Sefton Equine Referral Hospital College of Veterinary Medicine

Royal Veterinary College Cornell University

University of London Ithaca, New York, USA

Hatfield, Herts, UK

G Barrie Edwards
T Douglas Byars Professor of Equine Studies
Director of Internal Medicine University of Liverpool
Haygard-Davidson-McGee Associates Leahurst
Lexington, Kentucky, USA Neston, South Wirral, UK

xi
CONTRIBUTORS

Ryland B Edwards III Laurie R Goodrich

Clinical Assistant Professor of Large Animal Surgery PhD candidate for cellular and molecular biology
University of Wisconsin Department of Clinical Sciences
Madison, Wisconsin, USA Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Andrew T Fischer Jr
Private Practitioner Richard Hackett
Chino Valley Equine Hospital Professor of Large Animal Surgery
Chino, California, USA
Department of Clinical Sciences
Cornell University
Lisa A Fortier
Ithaca, New York, USA
Assistant Professor of Surgery and Molecular Medicine
Department of Clinical Sciences
Reid Hanson Jr
College of Veterinary Medicine
Associate Professor of Surgery
Cornell University
Department of Large Anrmal Surgery and Medicine
Ithaca, New York, USA
Auburn University
David E Freeman Auburn, Alabama, USA
Associate Professor of Equine Surgery
Head of Equine Surgery and Medicine Philip D Van Harreveld
University of Illinois Associate
College of Veterinary Medicine Vermont Large Animal Clinic
Urbana, Illinois, USA Milton
Vermont, USA
Sarah L Freeman
Lecturer in Equine Surgery
Mark H Hillyer
Department of Farm Animal and Equine Medicine and
Lecturer in Equine Soft Tissue Surgery
Surgery Studies
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Royal Veterinary College
University of Bristol
University of London
Langford House, Bristol, UK
Hatfield, Herts, UK

John Freestone J Geoff Lane

Resident Veterinarian Senior Lecturer in Veterinary Surgery

Coolmore Australia School of Veterinary Science

Jerry's Plains University of Bristol

New South Wales, Australia Langford House, Bristol, UK

Susan L Fubini Jean-Pierre Lavoie

Professor of Surgery Professor of Equine Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine Departement de Science Cliniques
Cornell University Universite de Montreal
Ithaca, New York, USA Saint Hyacinth, Quebec, Canada

Earl Gaughan
Sandy Love
Professor of Large Animal Surgery
Head of Division of Equine Clinical Studies
Department of Clinical Sciences
Kansas State University Department of Veterinary Medicine
University of Glasgow
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
Manhattan, Kansas, USA

Robin D Gleed J Lyons

Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Veterinary Student
Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Cornell University University College Dublin
Ithaca, New York, USA Dublin, Republic of Ireland

xii
 CONTRIBUTORS

Tim S Mair Claude A Ragle

Private Practitioner Associate Professor of Equine Surgery
Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic College of Veterinary Medicine,
Mereworth, Maidstone Washington State University
Kent, UK Pullman, Washington, USA

Celia Marr Peter Rakestraw

Head of Equine Division Assistant Professor of Large Animal Surgery
Department of Farm Animal and Equine Medicine and Texas A and M University
Surgery Large Animal Medicine and Surgery
Royal Veterinary College College Station, Texas, USA
University of London
Hatfield, Herts, UK Sarah Ralston
Associate Professor of Animal Sciences
PO Eric Mueller Department of Animal Science
Associate Professor of Surgery Rutgers University
Department of Large Animal Medicine New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Georgia Johanna M Reimer
Georgia, USA Private Practitioner
Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital
Michael J Murray Lexington, Kentucky, USA
Professor in Equine Medicine
Marion Dupont Scott Equine Medical Centre BA Rucker
Leesburg, Virginia, USA Private Practitioner
SW Virginia Vet Services
James A Orsini
Lebanon, Virginia, USA
Associate Professor of Surgery
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary
Elizabeth Santschi
Medicine
Clinical Associate Professor of Large Animal Surgery
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison Wisconsin, USA
Simon F Peek
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
Jim Schumacher
Department of Medical Sciences
Professor of Equine Surgery
The University of Wisconsin-Madison
Department of Clinical Sciences
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama, USA
Gillian Perkins
Instructor in Large Animal Medicine
Chris M Schweizer
Department of Clinical Sciences
Lecturer in Therogeniology
Cornell University
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Ithaca, New York, USA

Scott Pirie
Lecturer in Veterinary Medicine Stacey A Semevolos

Easterbush Veterinary Centre Lecturer in Large Animal Surgery

University of Edinburgh LA Medicine and Surgery, CVM

Rosylin, Midlothian, UK Texas A and M University

College Station, Texas, USA
Chris J Proudman
Lecturer in Equine Surgery Kim Sprayberry
University of Liverpool Practitioner of Internal Medicine
Leahurst, Neston Haygard-Davidson-McGee Associates
South Wirral, UK Lexington, Kentucky, USA

xiii
CONTRIBUTORS

Frank GR Taylor R Weller

Senior Lecturer in Equine Medicine Student in Equine Surgery
Division of Companion Animals Department of Farm Animal and Equine Medicine
University of Bristol and Surgery Studies
Langford, Bristol, UK Royal Veterinary College
University of London
Beth Valentine Hatfield, Herts, UK
Assistant Professor
Department of Biomedical Sciences Jamie Whiting
College of Veterinary Sciences Internist
Oregon State University Dubai Equine Hospital
Corvallis, Oregon, USA Dubai, UAE

Catherine Walsh Alison A Worster

Resident in Anaesthesiology Resident in Animal Surgery
Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences
University of Cambridge Cornell University
Cambridge, UK Ithaca, New York, USA
 -

Plate 2.1 Normal peritoneal fluid sample showing neu­ Plate 2.4 Yellow-green discoloration of peritoneal fluid
trophils and large mononuclear cells (macrophages and caused by leakage of bile into the abdomen
mesothelial cells). A small number of red blood cells are
present caused by iatrogenic bleeding during collection of
the sample

Plate 2.2 Peritoneal fluid from a horse with early bowel

rupture showing the presence of plant material in the
fluid in the absence of an increase in neutrophils

Plate 2.5 Normal endoscopic view of the stomach of a 2-

week-old foal. The stomach is seen along the right side
and greater curvature. The squamous mucosa (top) is nor­
mally pale, and because the stomach wall of foals is rela­
tively thin, submucosal vessels can be seen. Often the
spleen can be observed through the relatively translucent
stomach wall of foals. The glandular mucosa (bottom) is
normally red

Plate 2.3 Peritoneal fluid from a horse with hemoperi­

toneum showing free red blood cells and erythrocyto­
phagia by a macrophage
 Plate 4.1 Transillumination of large colon wall showing
mucosal stages of cyathostome larvae

Plate 2.6 Normal endoscopic view of the stomach of an

adult horse. The stomach is seen along the greater curva­
ture. The squamous mucosa (top) is normally pale and the
glandular mucosa (bottom) is normally red

Plate 4.2 Tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata)

Plate 4.3 Strongylus vulgaris arteritis. Section through

mesenteric artery showing S. vulgaris larvae and
associated arteritis (courtesy JL Duncan)
Plate 2.7 Normal endoscopic view of the stomach of an
adult horse, seen along the lesser curvature of the stom­
ach. Gastric secretions can be seen at the bottom of the
plate and the antrum and pylorus lie underneath the shelf
of squamous mucosa along the lesser curvature. The
cardia, through which the endoscope has entered the
stomach, is just out of view at the top of the photograph
(arrow)
Plate 4.4 Ascarid impaction. Post-mortem appearance
showing numerous ascarids causing obstruction of the
small intestine (courtesy MJ Martinelli)

Plate 12.1 A large area of ulceration of the gastric squa­

mous mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus along the
right side of the stomach in a 3-year-old Standardbred
racehorse that had poor appetite, weight loss, and inter­
mittent abdominal discomfort

Plate 11.1 In the early stage of distributive shock mucous

membranes become brick red and can form a dark red line
bordering the teeth

Plate 12.2 Generalized erosion and ulceration of the

gastric squamous mucosa along the lesser curvature in a
Plate 11.2 During the late stages of distributive shock
4-year-old Thoroughbred race horse with a poor appetite
mucous. membranes become cyanotic
and low-grade intermittent abdominal discomfort. The
endoscope can be seen entering the cardia at the top left
of the photograph
( Plate 12.5 Squamous cell carcinoma in a 15-year-old
Plate 12.3 The antrum of a 6-year-old Thoroughbred
horse that presented because of tachypnea and recent
steeplechase horse that presented because of poor perfor­
poor appetite. Multiple neoplastic masses can be seen in
mance and poor appetite. There is thickening with ulcera­
the gastric squamous mucosa. The neoplasia had extended
tion of a ruga
into adjacent abdominal viscera

Plate 12.4 Ulceration and inflammation with fibrosis of

the pylorus of the horse in Plate 12.1. There is pyloric
.
stenosis because of chronic ulceration and fibrosis. This
resulted in delayed gastric emptying and the ulceration
seen In Piate 1 L.l (among other sites of ulceration). The
tissue surrounding the pylorus felt very stiff when
manipulated with a biopsy forceps

Plate 13.1 Adhesions of jejunum causing kinking of

intestine and partial obstruction
Plate 13.2 Pedunculated lipoma originating closed to the Plate 13.5 Mid-jejunal intussusception. Surgeon's finger
mesenteric attachment to jejunum. This horse suffered present at the point of invagination of intussusceptum
recurrent colic as a result of partial obstruction caused by into intussuscipiens
this lipoma

Plate 13.3 Short loop of ileum and distal jejunum

entrapped and strangulated through the epiploic foramen

Plate 16.1 Type 4 rectal prolapse

Plate 13.4 Edema and sub-serosal hemorrhage of small

intestine. These changes are characteristic of anterior
enteritis
Plate 17.1 Post-mortem appearance of extensive fibrin Plate 17.4 Omental and mesenteric adhesions to a mesen­
deposition in diffuse septic peritonitis teric abscess caused by foreign body penetration of the
jejunum

Plate 17.2 Thick, turbid, orange peritoneal fluid typical of Plate 17.5 Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen causing hemo­
acute septic peritonitis (left) compared with peritoneal peritoneum in a pony
fluid sample from a normal horse (right)

Plate 17.3 Large mesenteric abscess due to Streptococcus Plate 17.6 Focal annular lymphosarcoma lesion of the
equi subsp. equi ('bastard strangles'), post-mortem small intestine causing partial bowel obstruction and
appearance recurrent colic
 Plate 18.2 Preputial edema in a gelding, caused by
Plate 17.7 Large mesenteric abscess which caused chronic hypoproteinemia secondary to small intestinal
and recurrent colic (post-mortem appearance) malabsorption (alimentary lymphosarcoma)

Plate 17.8 Gross post-mortem appearance of the large Plate 18.3 Severe alopecic skin lesions secondary to
colon of a case of sub-acute grass sickness, note the black small intestinal malabsorption (chronic inflammatory
coating over the firm fecal impaction exposed following bowel disease)
reflection of the colonic wall

Plate 18.1 Post-mortem appearance of granulomatous

enteritis showing enlargement of the mesenteric lymph
nodes
 Plate 19.2 Gross lipemia in a plasma sample (left) com­
pared with a normal plasma sample (right)

Plate 18.4 Severe coronitis as part of the skin lesions

associated with multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic Plate 19.3 Fatty infiltration of the liver
disease

Plate 19.1 Large calcium bilirubinate choledocholith Plate 21.1 Large colon of a horse with phenylbutazone
(arrow) obstructing the common bile duct at the junction toxicosis. Note the line of demarcation between the
of left and right hepatic ducts affected right dorsal colon and the remainder of the large
colon
 Plate 23.3 Linear erosions and ulcers in the antrum,
Plate 23.1 Multifocal erosions and ulcer in the gastric
extending to the pylorus in a 5-month-old foal with inter­
squamous mucosa in a 4-week-old foal with no clinical
mittent, mild to moderate abdominal discomfort
signs of gastric ulcers. The ulcer at the top of the photo­
graph has contracting margins and is healing

Plate 23.4 Severe duodenitis in a 4-month-old foal that

presented with fever for 5 days, diarrhea, and acute
abdominal discomfort. There was severe, hemorrhagic
ulceration of the gastric squamous and glandular mucosal
Plate 23.2 Bleeding ulcer in the gastric glandular mucosa
surfaces. The duodenal mucosa was replaced by a fibrino­
of a 4-month-old foal that had been treated for pneumo­
necrotic exudate. A large blood clot is at the lower right of
nia but had a poor appetite that persisted after a favor­
the photograph
able clinical response to the pneumonia
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