th

Type equation here.

Basic Concepts of Fuzzy Sets

Research Project

Submitted to the department of (Mathematic) in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of BSc. in (Mathematic)

By:

Sumaya Sardar

Supervised by:

Dr.Neshtiman N. Sulaiman

April-2022
 Certification of the Supervisors

I certify that this work was prepared under my supervision at the Department of
Mathematics / College of Education / Salahaddin University-Erbil in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of philosophy of Science
in Mathematics.

Signature:
Supervisor: Dr. Neshtiman N. Sulaiman
Scientific grade: Assist. Professor
Date: 7 / 4 / 2022

In view of the available recommendations, I forward this work for debate by the
examining committee.

Signature:
Name: Dr. Rashad Rasheed Haje
Scientific grade: Assist. Professor
Chairman of the Mathematics Department
Date: 7 / 4 / 2022

i
 Acknowledgment
Primarily, I would like to thanks my god for helping me to complete this research
with success.

Then I would like to express special of my supervisor Dr. Neshtiman N. Sulaiman

Whose valuable to guidance has been the once helped me to completing my

research.

Words can only inadequately express my gratitude to my supervisor for patiently

helping me to think clearly and consistently by discussing every point of this
dissertation with me.

I would like to thank my family, friend and library staff whose support has helped
me to conceive this research

ii
 Abstract
In this work, the basic concepts and definitions of fuzzy sets will be study, with
some illustrative examples. These concepts includes the -level sets, fuzzy set
algebra, arithmetic fuzzy set and fuzzy relation.

iii
Table contents
Certification of the Supervisors ................................................................................ i
Acknowledgment .................................................................................................... ii
Abstract.................................................................................................................. iii
Table contents........................................................................................................ iv
Introduction............................................................................................................ 1
Chapter One ........................................................................................................... 2
1.1. Background ................................................................................................. 2
Chapter two ............................................................................................................ 4
Some Concepts of Fuzzy Sets .................................................................................. 4
2.1. Definition and examples ................................................................................ 4
2.2. Fuzzy Sets Algebra ......................................................................................... 6
2.3. Fuzzy Arithmetic .......................................................................................... 11
2.4. Fuzzy Relation ............................................................................................. 13
Conclusion. ........................................................................................................... 14
References ............................................................................................................ 15
‫ پوخته‬........................................................................................................................ a
‫ الخالصة‬..................................................................................................................... a

iv
v
Introduction
The classical set theory is built on the fundamental concept of “set” of which an
individual is either a member or not a member. The concept of fuzzy sets was
introduced by (Zadeh, 1965) is an extension of classical set theory. Since 20 years
ago, the theory of fuzzy sets has advanced in a variety of ways and in many
disciplines.. Applications of this theory can be found, for example, in artificial
intelligence, computer science, control engineering, decision theory, logic,
management science.

Several research studies were conducted on the generalizations of fuzzy sets.

In (Zadeh, 1968), was introduceed fuzzy logic into algorithms it has proven
effective in many applications such as automatic control and image understanding
because of its flexibility and tolerance in dealing with imprecise data.
In the early 1970s, fuzzy systems and fuzzy control theories added a new
dimension to control systems engineering (Dubois & Prade, 1980) (Zimmermann
H., 2001).
Fuzzy notions describe the degrees of possession of a given property. The
popularity of fuzzy set theory in solving control problems results from its ability to
treat some situations which are difficult to deal with by the classical control theory.
In the framework of fuzzy arithmetic (Kaufmann, 1991) various operations as,
e.g., addition, subtraction, etc., are realized. Arithmetic operations are also
performed under the assumption which was introduced by (Zadeh, 1971) that the
membership function of a fuzzy set is of a possibilistic character and that each
element of the universal set, with a non-zero membership grade, belongs to a fuzzy
set. (Kosinski & Prokopowicz, 2004), try to develop new implementations of fuzzy
arithmetic operations.

1
 Chapter One
1.1. Background

Definition 1.1.1: (David & Setwart, 2015) 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴 if every

element of 𝐵 is an element of A.

We write 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 or 𝐴 ⊇ 𝐵.

Definition 1.1.2: (David & Setwart, 2015) A set is empty if it has no

members. For instance, the set

{𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 | 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1}

Definition 1.1.3: (David & Setwart, 2015)The union of two sets A and B is
the set whose elements are those of A together with those of B. We write A ∪ B to
denote the union of A and B. Now

𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 (𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ)}.

Proposition: Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 be sets. Then

(𝑎) 𝐴 ∪ ∅ = 𝐴

(𝑏) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴 = 𝐴

(𝑐) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴

(𝑑) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)

2
Definition 1.1.4: (David & Setwart, 2015)The intersection of A and B is the
set whose elements belong both to A and to B. The symbol for the intersection is A
∩ B. In this case,

𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}

Proposition :

(𝑎) 𝐴 ∩ ∅ = ∅

(𝑏) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴 = 𝐴

(𝑐) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴

(𝑑) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶).

Definition 1.1.5: (David & Setwart, 2015)The set difference 𝐴\𝐵 is

defined to be the set of all those elements of 𝐴 that do not belong to 𝐵. In
symbols,

𝐴\𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐴| 𝑥 ∈/ 𝐵}

If 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴, then we call 𝐴\𝐵 the complement of 𝐵 relative to 𝐴.

Definition 1.1.6: The universal set, at least for a given collection of set theoretic
computations, is the set of all possible objects.

3
 Chapter two

Some Concepts of Fuzzy Sets

2.1. Definition and examples
Definition 2.1.1: (Zadeh, 1965) A fuzzy set 𝐴 on universe (domain) 𝑋 is
defined by the

membership function 𝜇𝐴 (𝓍)) which is a mapping from the universe 𝑋 into the unit

interval:

𝜇𝐴 (𝓍) :X → [0,1].

Example 2.1.1: let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} and 𝜇: 𝑋 → 𝐼 defined as 𝜇𝐴 (𝑎) = 0.5, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑏) =

0.25, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑐) = 0.2 representaion fuzzy set of X .

But 𝜇𝐵 (𝑎) = 0.15, 𝜇𝐵 (𝑏) = 2.5, 𝜇𝐵 (𝑐) = 2 is not fuzzy set

There are different types of fuzzy sets. Discrete fuzzy set as in the following
0.3 1 0.6
example: 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) = { , , } , 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

In this example set X was finite but there are discrete fuzzy sets in case set X is
infinite. For example, if 𝑋 = 𝑅 where R is the set of real numbers and 𝜇𝐴 is a fuzzy
𝜆 𝜆2 𝜆10
set in R so that 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥)≠0for every 𝑥 ∈ {1,2, … ,10}then 𝜇𝐴 = { 1 , ,…, }is a
1 2 0

discrete fuzzy set where 𝜇𝐴𝑖 = 𝜆𝑖 for each 𝑖 = 1,2, … ,10 on the other side are
discrete fuzzy set. They are the continuous fuzzy set. The fuzzy sets in which the
function of belonging to them is continuous, which is a continuous fuzzy set.

0.25𝑥 , 0≤𝑥<4
𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) = {
0.25(8 − 𝑥), 4≤𝑥≤8

is a continuous fuzzy set.

4
Fig : Graphical representation of crisp set Fig : Graphical representation of
fuzzy set

Definition 2.1.2: (Zimmermann, 1996) (support) The support of a fuzzy set

𝜇𝐴 is the crisp subset of X whose elements all have nonzero membership grades:

𝑠𝑢𝑝(𝐴) = {𝑥 |𝜇𝐴 (𝑋) > 𝑂}.

Definition2.1.3: (Zimmermann, 1996)The (crossover point) of a fuzzy set 𝜇𝐴 is

that point in 𝑋, whose grade of membership in 𝜇𝐴 is 0.5

Definition2.1.4: (height) The height of a fuzzy set 𝜇𝐴 is the supermom of the

membership grades of elements in A:

ℎ𝑔𝑡(𝐴) = 𝑠𝑢𝑝{ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑋): 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋}

Definition2.1.5:(normal fuzzy set) 𝐴 fuzzy set 𝐴 is normal if ∃𝓍 ∈ 𝑋 such that

𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) = 1. The operator norm (A) denotes normalization of a fuzzy set

i.e , A' = norm (A) ↔ 𝜇𝐴` (x) = 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥)/ hgt (A), ∀𝑥

Definition2.1.6: (empty fuzzy set) The empty fuzzy subset of 𝑋 is defined as

the fuzzy subset 𝜇 of 𝑋 such that μ(x)=0 for each 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋

5
Definition2.1.7: if the membership grade of each element of fuzzy set 𝐴 is less
than or equal its membership grade in fuzzy set 𝐵, then 𝐴 is called a subset of 𝐵.

𝐴⊆𝐵 𝑖𝑓 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑋

Example 2.1.2: Let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} and let 𝜇 the fuzzy set in 𝑋 be the defined as
follows 𝜇𝐴 (𝑎) = 0.5, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑏) = 0.33, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑐) = 0 then
1 − 𝜇 ∗ = 𝑠𝑢𝑝{𝑥 ∈ 𝑋: 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) > 0} = {𝑎, 𝑏}

2 − 𝑎 is crossover point since 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) = 0.5

3 − 𝜇𝐴 is not normal since ∄𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) = 1

4 − ℎ𝑡( 𝜇𝐴 ) = sup{𝜇𝐴 (𝑥): 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} = sup{0.5,0.33,0} = {0.5}

2.2. Fuzzy Sets Algebra

Definition 2.2.1. Union and Intersection of Fuzzy Sets

The classical union (∪) and intersection (∩) of ordinary subsets of 𝑋

can be extended by the following formulas,

∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝜇𝐴∪𝐵 (𝑥 ) = max{ 𝜇𝐴 ( 𝑥) , 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥 )}

∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝜇𝐴∩𝐵 ( 𝑥) = min{ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥 ) , 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥 ) },

where 𝜇𝐴∪𝐵 and 𝜇𝐴∩𝐵 are respectively the membership functions of 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵

and 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵

Theorem 2.2.1:Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be a fuzzy set in set 𝑋

(1) 𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐵 ⊆ 𝜇𝐴 ⊆ 𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐵 as well 𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐵 ⊆ 𝜇𝐵 ⊆ 𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐵

(2) 𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐵 = 𝜇𝐵 if and only if 𝜇𝐴 ⊆ 𝜇𝐵 as well 𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐵 = 𝜇𝐴 if and only if 𝜇𝐴 ⊆

𝜇𝐵
6
(3) 𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐴 = 𝜇𝐴 , 𝜇𝐴 ∪ ∅ = 𝜇𝐴 , 𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝑋 = 𝑋 as well 𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐴 = 𝜇𝐴 , 𝜇𝐴 ∩ ∅ =
∅, 𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝑋 = 𝜇𝐴

(4) 𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐵 = 𝜇𝐵 ∪ 𝜇𝐴 as well 𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐵 = 𝜇𝐵 ∩ 𝜇𝐴

(5) 𝜇𝐴 ∪ (𝜇𝐵 ∪ 𝜇𝐶 ) = (𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐵 ) ∪ 𝜇𝐶 as well 𝜇𝐴 ∩ (𝜇𝐵 ∩ 𝜇𝐶 ) = (𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐵 ) ∩ 𝜇𝐶

(6) 𝜇𝐴 ∪ (𝜇𝐵 ∩ 𝜇𝐶 ) = (𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐵 ) ∩ (𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐶 ) , 𝜇𝐴 ∩ (𝜇𝐵 ∪ 𝜇𝐶 )

= (𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐵 ) ∪ (𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐶 )

Example2.2.1:𝜇𝐴 (𝑎) = 0.2, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑏) = 0.5, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑐) = 0.1, 𝜇𝐵 (𝑎) = 0.25, 𝜇𝐵 (𝑏) =
0.1, 𝜇𝐵 (𝑐) = 0.3

𝜇𝐴∪𝐵 (𝑎) = max{𝜇𝐴 (𝑎), 𝜇𝐵 (𝑎)} = max{0.2,0.25} = 0.25

𝜇𝐴∩𝐵 (𝑎) = min{𝜇𝐴 (𝑎), 𝜇𝐵 (𝑎)} = min{0.2,0.25} = 0.2

𝜇𝐴∪𝐵 (𝑏) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝜇𝐴 (𝑏), 𝜇𝐵 (𝑏)} = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{0.5,0.1} = 0.25

𝜇𝐴∩𝐵 (𝑏) = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝜇𝐴 (𝑏), 𝜇𝐵 (𝑏)} = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{0.5,0.1} = 0.2

Definition2.2.2: Let each of 𝜇𝐴 , 𝜇𝐵 be a fuzzy set in(𝑋) the (Difference)

between two sets is denoted by the symbol 𝜇𝐴 |𝜇𝐵 or 𝜇𝐴 − 𝜇𝐵 and is defined by the
form (𝜇𝐴 |𝜇𝐵 )(𝑥) = min{𝜇𝐴 (𝑥), 1 − 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥)} for each 𝑥 the (Complement) of the
set 𝜇𝐴 with respect to the universal set X is X|𝜇𝐴 and is denoted by it has the
symbol (𝜇𝐴 )͑ and it has the symbol (𝜇𝐴 )ʿ = min{𝑋(𝑥), 1 − 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥)} =
min{1,1 − 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥)} = 1 − 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) for each the (Symmetric Difference) between the
two sets A,B is denoted by symbol 𝜇𝐴 ∆𝜇𝐵 and is defined 𝜇𝐴 ∆𝜇𝐵 = (𝜇𝐴 |𝜇𝐵 ) ∪
(𝜇𝐵 |𝜇𝐴 ).

Theorem 2.2.2:

(1) 𝜇𝐴 |𝜇𝐵 = 𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐵 ʿ (2) 𝑋 ʿ = ∅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ʿ =X (3) (𝜇𝐴 ʿ )ʿ=𝜇𝐴

(4) (𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐵 )ʿ = 𝜇𝐴 ˓ ∩ 𝜇𝐵 ʿ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐵 )ʿ = 𝜇𝐴 ʿ ∪ 𝜇𝐵 ʿ

7
(5) 𝑖𝑓 𝜇𝐴 ⊆ 𝜇𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜇𝐵 ʿ ⊆ 𝜇𝐴 ʿ

Proof:

(1) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 → (𝜇𝐴 |𝜇𝐵 )(𝑥) = min{𝜇𝐴 (𝑥), 1 − 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥)} = min{𝜇𝐴 (𝑥), 𝜇𝐵 ʿ (𝑥)}
= (𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐵 ʿ)(𝑥)

(2) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 → 𝑋ʿ = 1 − 𝑋(𝑥) = 1 − 1 = 0 = ∅(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ʿ(𝑥) = 1 − ∅(𝑥) =

1 − 0 = 1 = 𝑋(𝑥)

(3) 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 → (𝜇𝐴 ʿ)ʿ = 1 − 𝜇𝐴 ʿ(𝑥) = 1 − (1 − 𝜇𝐴 )(𝑥)) = 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥)

(4) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 → (𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐵 )ʿ(𝑥) = 1 − (𝜇𝐴 ∪ 𝜇𝐵 )(𝑥)

= 1 − max{𝜇𝐴 (𝑥), 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥)} = 1 − {1 − min{1 − 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥), 1 − 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥)}

= min{𝜇𝐴 ʿ(𝑥), 𝜇𝐵 ʿ(𝑥)} = 𝜇𝐴 ʿ ∩ 𝜇𝐵 ʿ(𝑥)

similarly, we prove (𝜇𝐴 ∩ 𝜇𝐵 )ʿ = 𝜇𝐴 ʿ ∪ 𝜇𝐵 ʿ

(5) 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 → 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜇𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵

𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) → −𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) ≤ −𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) → 1 − 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) ≤ 1 − 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) → 𝐴𝐵 ʿ(𝑥)

⊆ 𝜇𝐴 ʿ(𝑥)

Note: If 𝐴 is a fuzzy set in 𝑋 then 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴ʿ ≠ ∅ , 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴ʿ ≠ 𝑋 becouce

1
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐴ʿ)(𝑥) = max{𝐴(𝑥), 𝐴ʿ(𝑥)} = max{𝐴(𝑥), 1 − 𝐴(𝑥)} ≥
2
1
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐴ʿ)(𝑥) = min{𝐴(𝑥), 𝐴ʿ(𝑥)} = min{𝐴(𝑥), 1 − 𝐴(𝑥) ≤
2

Definton2.2.3: Let { 𝐴𝜆 }𝜆∈𝛬 be a family of fuzzy sets of a set 𝑋. the family of

union of fuzzy sets denoted by ⋃𝜆∈𝛬 𝐴𝜆 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 and defined

8
as (⋃𝜆∈𝛬 𝐴𝜆 )(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑢𝑝{𝜇𝜆 (𝑥), 𝜆 ∈ 𝛬} .and intersection denoted by
⋂𝜆∈𝛬 𝐴𝜆 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 and defined as (⋂𝜆∈𝛬 𝐴𝜆 )(𝑥) = inf{𝜇𝜆 (𝑥), 𝜆 ∈ 𝛬}.

Definition2.2.4:The classical set 𝐴𝛼 called Alpha-cut set is the set of elements

whose degree of membership in 𝐴 is no less than 𝛼. It is defined as:

𝜇𝛼 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑋|𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≥ 𝛼}

The classical set 𝐴′𝛼 is called strong alpha-cut set . it is defined as:

𝜇𝛼′ = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑋|𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) > 𝛼}

Remark:

(1) 𝜇0 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑋|𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≥ 0} = 𝑋

(2) 𝜇′1 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑋|𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) > 1} = ∅

Example.2.2.2:

let 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒} and 𝜇: 𝑋 → 𝐼 defined as 𝜇𝐴 (𝑎) = 0, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑏) = 0.7, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑐) = 1,

𝜇𝐴 (𝑑) = 0.5, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑒) = 0.2. Then

{ 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒} 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝛼 ≤ 0.2
{ 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} 𝑖𝑓 0.2 < 𝛼 ≤ 0.5
𝜇𝛼 = { 𝑏, 𝑐} 𝑖𝑓 0.5 < 𝛼 ≤ 0.7
{𝑐} 𝑖𝑓 0.7 < 𝛼 ≤ 1
{

Example 2.2.3: Find 𝐴𝛼 , ∀ 𝜶 ∈ 𝐼, if

9
 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 20
(𝑥 − 20)⁄15 𝑖𝑓 20 < 𝑥 ≤ 35
1 𝑖𝑓 35 < 𝑥 ≤ 45
𝜇𝑥 =
(60 − 𝑥)⁄15 𝑖𝑓 45 < 𝑥 ≤ 60
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 60
{

If 20 < 𝑥 ≤ 35, then 𝛼 = (𝑥 − 20)/15 ⇒ 𝑥 = 15𝛼 + 20

60−𝑥
If 45 < 𝑥 ≤ 60, then 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝑥 = 60 − 15𝛼.
15

Hence 𝜇𝛼 = [15𝛼 + 20, 60 − 15𝛼] and 𝜇′𝛼 = (15𝛼 + 20, 60 − 15𝛼).

Theorem 2.2.3: Let 𝜇𝐴 , 𝜇𝐵 be two fuzzy sets on 𝑋 and let 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 𝐼. Then

(1) 𝜇′𝛼 ⊆ 𝜇𝛼 (2) (𝜇𝛼 )𝑐 = (𝜇′1−𝛼 )𝑐

(3) if 𝛼 ≤ 𝛽, then 𝜇𝛽 ⊆ 𝜇𝛼 and 𝜇′𝛽 ⊆ 𝜇′𝛼

(4) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)𝛼 = 𝐴𝛼 ∪ 𝐵𝛼 and (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′𝛼 = 𝐴′𝛼 ∪ 𝐵′𝛼 .

(5)(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)𝛼 = 𝐴𝛼 ∩ 𝐵𝛼 and (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′𝛼 = 𝐴′𝛼 ∩ 𝐵′ 𝛼 .

Proof.

(1) Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝜇′ 𝛼 ⇒ 𝜇′ (𝑥) > 𝛼 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝜇𝛼 ⇒ 𝜇′𝛼 ⊆ 𝜇𝛼 .

(2) Let 𝑥 ∈ (𝜇𝛼 )𝑐 ⇒ (𝜇(𝑥))𝑐 ≥ 𝛼 ⇒ 1 − 𝜇(𝑥) ≥ 𝛼 ⇒ 𝜇(𝑥) ≤ 1 − 𝛼
⇒ 𝑥 ∉ 𝜇′1−𝛼 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (𝜇′ ′1−𝛼 )𝑐 ⇒(𝜇𝛼 )𝑐 ⊆ (𝜇′1−𝛼 )𝑐 .
By the same way we obtain (𝜇′1−𝛼 )𝑐 ⊆ (𝜇𝛼 )𝑐 . Hence (𝜇𝛼 )𝑐 = (𝜇′1−𝛼 )𝑐 .
(3)

Definition2.2.5:For a finite fuzzy set A, the cardinality |𝐴| is defined as

|Ã| = ∑ 𝜇Ã(𝑥)
𝑥∈𝑋

10
 |Ã|
||Ã|| = |𝑥| is called the relative cardinality of Ã.

2.3. Fuzzy Arithmetic

Before we go to the fuzzy calculation method, you must or may not learn some of
the basics of calculating intervals. Let 𝜇𝐴 = [𝑎, 𝑏], 𝜇𝐵 = [𝑐, 𝑑] be two closed terms
of the real numbers. If *∗= ±, . ,÷ then

𝜇𝐴 ∗ 𝜇𝐵 = {𝑥 ∗ 𝑦: 𝑥 ∈ 𝜇𝐴 , 𝑦 ∈ 𝜇𝐵 }

Definition 2.3.1: Let 𝜇𝐴 = [𝑎, 𝑏], 𝜇𝐵 = [𝑐, 𝑑] be two closed terms of the real
numbers. The four arithmetic operations are known as:

(1)𝜇 𝐴 + 𝜇𝐴 = [𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑]

(2)𝜇𝐴 − 𝜇𝐵 = [𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑏 − 𝑐]

(3)𝜇𝐴 . 𝜇𝐵 = [𝛼. 𝛽] 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛽 = max{𝑎𝑐, 𝑎𝑑, 𝑏𝑐, 𝑏𝑑} ‚𝛼

= min{𝑎𝑐, 𝑎𝑑, 𝑏𝑐, 𝑏𝑑}

1 1
(4) 𝜇𝐴 ÷ 𝜇𝐵 = [𝑎, ̇ 𝑏]. [ , ] 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 ≠ 0, 𝑑 ≠ 0
𝑑 𝑐

Example 2.3.1: If 𝜇𝐴 = [2,4] , 𝜇𝐵 = [1,5] then

𝜇𝐴 + 𝜇𝐵 = [2 + 1,4 + 5] = [3,9]

𝜇𝐴 − 𝜇𝐵 = [2 − 1,4 − 5] = [−3,3]

𝜇𝐴 . 𝜇𝐵 = [𝑚𝑖𝑛{2,10,4,20}, 𝑚𝑎𝑥{2,10,4,20}] = [2, 20]

1 2 4 2 4 2
𝜇𝐴 ÷ 𝜇𝐵 = [2,4]. [ ,1] = [𝑚𝑖𝑛 { , 2, , 4} , 𝑚𝑎 𝑥 { , 2, , 4}] = [ , 4]
5 5 5 5 5 5

Theorem 2.3.1: Let 𝜇𝐴 = [𝑎, 𝑏] , 𝜇𝐵 = [𝑐, 𝑑] be two closed terms of the real
numbers.

(1) 0 ∈ 𝜇𝐴 − 𝜇𝐴 (2) 1 ∈ 𝜇𝐴 ÷ 𝜇𝐴
11
(3) 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 ≥ 0 , 𝑐 ≥ 0 , 0 = [0,0 ]𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜇𝐴 . 𝜇𝐵 = [𝑎𝑐, 𝑏𝑑]

(4) 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 < 0 , 𝑐 ≥ 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜇𝐴 . 𝜇𝐵 = [𝑎𝑑. 𝑏𝑐]

(5) 𝑖𝑓 1 = [1,1], 0 = [0,0] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜇𝐴 . 1 = 𝜇𝐴 , 𝜇𝐴 + 0 = 𝜇𝐴

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇:

(1) 𝜇𝐴 − 𝜇𝐴 = [𝑎 − 𝑎, 𝑏 − 𝑎]

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⇨ 𝑎 − 𝑏 < 0, 𝑏 − 𝑎 > 0 ⇨ 𝑎 − 𝑏 < 0 < 𝑏 − 𝑎 ⇨

0 ∈ 𝜇𝐴 − 𝜇𝐴

1 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
(2) 𝜇𝐴 ÷ 𝜇𝐴= [𝑎. 𝑏]. [ , ] = [𝛼, 𝛽] 𝛼 = min { , 1, } , 𝛽 = max { , 1, }
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⇨ < 1,
𝑏
𝑏
> 1 ⇨ 𝛼 ≤ 1, 𝛽 ≥ 1 ⇨ 𝛼 ≤ 1 ≤ 𝛽 ⇨ 1 ∈ 𝜇𝐴 ÷ 𝜇𝐴
𝑎
(3) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⇨ 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐 < 𝑑 ⇨ 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏,
𝑐 < 𝑑 ⇨ 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑑 ⇨ 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑎𝑐, 𝑎𝑑, 𝑏𝑐, 𝑏𝑑} = 𝑎𝑐
𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝛽 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑎𝑐, 𝑎𝑑, 𝑏𝑐, 𝑏𝑑} ⇨ 𝜇𝐴 . 𝜇𝐵 = [𝑎𝑐, 𝑏𝑑]

(4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐 ≥ 0, 𝑐 < 𝑑 ⇨ 𝑑 ≥ 0

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏 , 𝑑 ≥ 0 ⇨ 𝑎𝑑 < 𝑏𝑑

𝐴𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑠 𝑐 < 𝑑 , 𝑏 < 0 ⇨ 𝑏𝑑 < 𝑏𝑐 ⇨ 𝑎𝑑 < 𝑏𝑑 < 𝑏𝑐

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑏 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐 < 𝑑, 𝑎 < 0 ⇨ 𝑎𝑑 < 𝑎𝑐

𝛼 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑎𝑐, 𝑎𝑑, 𝑏𝑐, 𝑏𝑑} = 𝑎𝑑 , 𝛽 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑎𝑐, 𝑎𝑑, 𝑏𝑐, 𝑏𝑑} = 𝑏𝑐

𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜇𝐴 . 𝜇𝐵 = [𝑎𝑑, 𝑏𝑐]

12
 (5)𝜇𝐴 + 1 = [𝑎, 𝑏] + [0,0] = [𝑎 + 0, 𝑎 + 0] = [𝑎 + 𝑏] = 𝜇𝐴

𝜇𝐴 . 1 = [𝑎, 𝑏]. [1,1] = [𝛼. 𝛽] , 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑖 𝑛{𝑎, 𝑏} = 𝑎 , 𝛽 = max{𝑎, 𝑏} = 𝑏

⇨ 𝜇𝐴 . 1 = 𝜇𝐴

2.4. Fuzzy Relation

Fuzzy relations are fuzzy sets which have been studied by anumber of authors, in
particular by (Zadeh, 1965) (Zadeh, 1971) and (Kaufmann, 1991).

Definition 2.4.1. Let 𝑋, 𝑌  ℝ be a universal sets, then

ℛ {((𝑥, 𝑦), 𝜇ℛ (𝑥, 𝑦)) | (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑌} is called a fuzzy relation on 𝑋𝑌.

Example 2.4.1:Let 𝑋  {𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 } and 𝑌  {𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 , 𝑦4 }, and define the

relation by

ℛ {𝑥 considerably larger than y}With membership function as follows:

ℛ(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 0.8, ℛ(𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) = 1, ℛ(𝑥1 , 𝑦3 ) = 0.1, ℛ(𝑥1 , 𝑦4 ) = 0.7,

ℛ(𝑥2 , 𝑦1 ) = 0, ℛ(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 0.8, ℛ(𝑥2 , 𝑦3 ) = 0, ℛ(𝑥2 , 𝑦4 ) = 0,

ℛ(𝑥3 , 𝑦1 ) = 0.9, ℛ(𝑥3 , 𝑦2 ) = 1, ℛ(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) = 0.7, ℛ(𝑥3 , 𝑦4 ) = 0.8,

Then

𝜇ℛ (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4

𝑥1 0.8 1 0.1 0.7

𝑥2 0 0.8 0 0

𝑥3 0.9 1 0.7 0.8

13
Definition 2.4.2:Let 𝑋, 𝑌  ℝ and define two fuzzy sets 𝓐 and 𝓑 by

𝒜  {(𝑥, 𝜇𝒜 (𝑥)) | 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} and ℬ  {(𝑦, 𝜇ℬ (𝑦)) | 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌}. Then

ℛ {((𝑥, 𝑦), 𝜇ℛ (𝑥, 𝑦)) | (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑌} is fuzzy relation on 𝓐 and 𝓑, if

𝜇ℛ (𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 𝒜(𝑥) and 𝜇ℛ (𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ ℬ(𝑦),  (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑌.

Definition 2.4.3: Let 𝑋, 𝑌  ℝ be a universal sets, then ℛ be a fuzzy relation

from X into Y. Then ℛ −1 is the inverse fuzzy relation defined as ℛ(𝑥, 𝑦) =
ℛ −1 (𝑦, 𝑥), for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌.

Lemma 2.4.1: If ℛ is a fuzzy relation from 𝑋 into 𝑌, then (ℛ−1 )−1 = 𝓡.

Proof: Let 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 such that

𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦) = ℛ −1 (𝑦, 𝑥) =(ℛ −1 )−1 (𝑥, 𝑦) ⇒ (ℛ −1 )−1 = 𝓡.

Definition 2.4.5: Let ℛ be a fuzzy relation from X into Y. The domain of 𝓡 is X

and denoted by 𝑑𝑜𝑚(ℛ) defined as 𝑑𝑜𝑚 R x 𝑚𝑎𝑥R x , y : y Y , for all
𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. The range of 𝓡 is Y and denoted by 𝑅𝑎𝑛(ℛ) defined as
Ran R y 𝑚𝑎𝑥R x , y : x X for all 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌.

Conclusion.
In this work, we illustrative the concept fuzzy sets with some definitions about it
as -level sets, fuzzy set algebra, arithmetic fuzzy set and fuzzy relation, also we
geive some examples about these.

14
References
Almeahi, N. F., 2021. Fuzzy Mathematics. [Online]
Available at: Pdf

David, T. & Setwart, I., 2015. the fundation of mathematic. 2nd edtion, UK: OXF Universi.

Dubois, D. & Prade, H., 1980. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Theory and Applications. New york: s.n.

Kaufmann, 1991. Introducation to fuzzy Arithmetic. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Kosinski, W. & Prokopowicz, P., 2004. Algebra of fuzzy numbers. Matematyka Stosowana, 5(46), pp. 37-
63.

Zadeh, L. A., 1965. Fuzzy sets. Inform and Control, Volume 8, pp. 338-353.

Zadeh, L. A., 1968. Fuzzy Alogrithms. Inform and Control, 2(12), pp. 94-102.

Zadeh, L. A., 1971. Similarity relations and Fuzzy Ordering. Inf. Sci., Volume 3, pp. 177-200.

Zimmermann H., J., 2001. Operators in models of decision making. In: Dubois D, Prade H, Yager RR, eds..
Fuzz inf.eng.y, pp. 471-496.

Zimmermann, H. J., 1996. Fuzzy set theory and Applications. 4th Rev ed. Bostan: Kluwer academic
Publishers.

15
 ‫پوخته‬
‫وە ‪ fuzzy‬مەبەست لەم توێژینەوە دراسەکردنە لەسەرچەمکە بنەرەتیەکان و پێناسەکردنی کۆمەلەی‬
‫ھەندەک نمونەی روون ئەم چەمکانە پێک دێن لە ‪a-level set ,algebra fuzzy set ,‬‬
‫‪arithmetic fuzzy set‬‬

‫الخالصة‬
‫في ھذا العمل ‪ ،‬تمت دراسة المفاھیم والتعریفات األساسیة في المجموعات الضبابیة ‪ ،‬مع بعض األمثلة‬
‫ومجموعة الجبر الضبابي ومجموعة الضبابیة 𝛼 ‪-‬التوضیحیة‪ .‬تتضمن ھذه المفاھیم مجموعات المستوى‬
‫الحسابیة‪.‬‬

‫‪a‬‬
b