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Postcolonial Masculinities
 The Feminist Imagination –
Europe and Beyond
Series Editors: Kathy Davis, Utrecht University, The Netherlands and
Mary Evans, London School of Economics, UK

With a specific focus on the notion of ‘cultural translation’ and ‘travelling theory’,
this series operates on the assumption that ideas are shaped by the contexts in
which they emerge, as well as by the ways that they ‘travel’ across borders and
are received and re-articulated in new contexts. In demonstrating the complexity
of the differences (and similarities) in feminist thought throughout Europe and
between Europe and other parts of the world, the books in this series highlight the
ways in which intellectual and political traditions, often read as homogeneous, are
more often heterogeneous. It therefore provides a forum for the latest work that
engages with the European experience, illuminating the various exchanges (from
the USA as well as Europe) that have informed European feminism. The series
thus allows for an international discussion about the history and imaginary of
Europe from perspectives within and outside Europe, examining not only Europe’s
colonial legacy, but also the various forms of ‘cultural imperialism’ that have
shaped societies outside Europe. Considering aspects of Europe ‘abroad’ as well
as Europe ‘at home’, this series is committed to publishing work that reveals the
central and continued importance of the genealogy of feminist ideas to feminism
and all those interested in questions of gender.

Also in this series

Repudiating Feminism
Young Women in a Neoliberal World
Christina Scharf

Transatlantic Conversations
Feminism as Travelling Theory
Edited by Kathy Davis and Mary Evans

Framing Intersectionality
Debates on a Multi-Faceted Concept in Gender Studies
Edited by Helma Lutz, Maria Teresa Herrera Vivar and Linda Supik
Postcolonial Masculinities
Emotions, Histories and Ethics

Amal Treacher Kabesh

University of Nottingham, UK
© Amal Treacher Kabesh 2013

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.

Amal Treacher Kabesh has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act,
1988, to be identified as the author of this work.

Published by
Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company
Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street
Union Road Suite 3-1
Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818
Surrey, GU9 7PT USA
England

www.ashgate.com

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:

Kabesh, Amal Treacher
Postcolonial masculinities : emotions, histories and ethics / by Amal Treacher Kabesh.
pages cm. – (The feminist imagination : Europe and beyond)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4094-2238-9 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-4724-1233-1 (ebook) – ISBN 978-
1-4724-1234-8 (epub) 1. Masculinity–Cross-cultural studies. 2. Masculinity–Developing
countries. 3. Masculinity–Western countries. I. Title.
HQ1090.K33 2013
155.3'32–dc23
2013005639

ISBN 9781409422389 (hbk)

ISBN 9781472412331 (ebk-PDF)
ISBN 9781472412348 (ebk-ePUB)

III
I dedicate this book to Ahmed Kabesh and Amir Hawash
with love and gratitude.
This page has been left blank intentionally
 Contents

Acknowledgements   ix

1 In the Shadow of the Other   1

2 Landscapes of Masculinities   25

3 The Necessity of the Other   43

4 Visceral Anxiety: Inhabiting Fear   65

5 Insidious Humiliation: Invidious Shame   85

6 Precarious Power   103

7 Cutting Tails   119

8 Silences, Spectres and Shards   141

Afterword   159

Bibliography   163

Index   175
This page has been left blank intentionally
 Acknowledgements

I am fortunate to work at the School of Sociology and Social Policy that provides
a collegiate and supportive atmosphere and a sabbatical both of which have
enabled me to develop this monograph. I am grateful to Srila Roy for the initial
idea for this book and to Nick Stevenson for suggesting two of the novels that
I have used. I am very thankful to Alison Pilnick and the late and much missed
Bill Loach who read the manuscript and due to their generous encouragement
and engagement provided a much needed boost of confidence. I also thank Clare
Hemmings for reading the final chapter and for her exceptionally useful advice.
My thanks to Rebecca Swift and Alison Haigh who tolerate my inefficiencies and
numerous administrative queries with good humour and have stepped into help
on far too many occasions.
Paul Cowdell is a gift of a copy editor and I am grateful to him for his careful
reading of the manuscript. I thank Agnes Bezzina who pulled together the
references with careful attention. I also thank Neil Jordan at Ashgate for his help
and efficiency and especial thanks are due to Neil for suggesting such an evocative
image for the cover. Kathy Davis and Mary Evans are exemplary editors and I
cannot thank them enough for their careful editorial suggestions, enthusiasm and
gentle encouragement and faith in this project.
I owe a long-standing debt to the Editorial Collective of Feminist Review for
thoughtful dialogue and disagreements over many years and these debates have
influenced my thinking and analysis – I thank them all. For standing by me and
providing cups of tea, conversation, distraction, support, laughs and numerous acts
of friendship and kindness I thank: Alice Bloch, Annabell Bell-Boule, Christian
Karner, Clare Hemmings, Clemens Scheidegger, Graham Lee, Helen Crowley, Ian
Greenway, Jan Lees, Julia O’Connell Davidson, Lucy Sargisson, Mandy Roland-
Smith, Nick Stevenson, Pauline Henderson, Sally Alexander (to whom I owe a debt
which reaches back to my days as an undergraduate), Sally Weintrobe, Stephanie
Newell, Susannah Radstone, Thomas Herzog, Tracey Warren and Volker Scheid.
This page has been left blank intentionally
 Chapter 1
In the Shadow of the Other

In the Spectre of the Postcolonial

A number of years ago I was on a long train journey, sharing a table with three men
who were immersed in conversation. I was absorbed in my novel, which I quickly
finished, so with nothing to do I started to eavesdrop on their conversation, that
mainly focused on sport. Initially I was bored, but something about the quality
of the conversation began to interest me and I listened more intently. I suddenly
recognised the variety and intensity of feelings being articulated by these men,
ranging from pleasure to hurt, anger to jealousy, betrayal to despair.
Postcolonial Masculinities: Emotions, Histories and Ethics started on that train
journey. It has had a long gestation since I first pondered the matter of masculinity
and emotion and my perceptions, feelings and thoughts changed thanks to my
shameless eavesdropping. It was through listening to these men (who I do not know
but I thank them nonetheless) that my previous thinking began to shift as I realised
the depth and sincerity of the emotions that they expressed. Before this incident
I had gone along unthinkingly with the commonplace assumptions that men are
rational, out-of-touch with their feelings and shy away from expressing affect. At the
beginning of my eavesdropping I was caught in the banal and dismissive views that
all men talk about is sport and while it is true that sport (specifically football) was
the focus of their discussion I began to recognise that it is through sport that so much
more is expressed. I then began to reflect on men that I know (family and friends)
and started to understand the various modes of expression that men use to express
themselves, engage with others and make themselves known and recognised.
This monograph is my engagement and attempt (at times struggle) to listen
differently and understand men anew in relation to emotions. If that was not
enough, my engagement has widened to thinking through Egyptian and British
masculinities and exploring what may be their distinctive and shared characteristics.
I am working across a web of interconnected themes – masculine subjectivity,
emotion and narrative, socio-political events – that at times coincide, and at
other times pull in different directions. Postcolonial Masculinities focuses on
exploring emotions and (I have to acknowledge) negative emotions. It elucidates
some beliefs and fantasies that men hold about each other and the complexity of
men’s relations to other men and to women, and it attempts to illuminate a few
internalised socio-cultural narratives and representations.
This book attempts to bring various shadows – emotions, fantasies, other
human beings, society, history – into relief. It is an attempt at understanding a few,
crucial, psychosocial themes relating to postcolonial masculinities. Interspersed
2 Postcolonial Masculinities

with these more abstract theoretical concerns is my attempt to understand those

men who are important to me – my father, stepfather, husband, brothers (half- and
step-), cousins and friends. These men are both Egyptian and English. My own
geo-emotional-historical-cultural location is Egyptian and English: my father was
an Egyptian Muslim, as is my husband, and my mother and stepfather were English
and Christian. Emotionally and politically I am concerned with developing a more
adequate theoretical understanding of the shared diversities and similarities of
these two seemingly different societies and cultures.
Shadows, haunting, mimicry, repetition despite the desperate attempts to
make something anew, loss and absence, grief, aggression, the drive to power,
vexed emotions and loaded beliefs are the stuff of this book and drive it, albeit
in jagged ways. I rely totally on a psychosocial framework with an emphasis on
psychoanalysis, as no other conceptual framework enables me to make sense of this
particular web of socio-cultural-emotional complexes.1 I rely on psychoanalysis,
moreover, because it offers a means of understanding the irrational and what
cannot easily be made sense of, the uncertain pushes and pulls that constitute so
much of human beings, our human relationships and social life. Psychoanalysis,
as is well known, does not deliver certainty, but rather explores the elusive and
precarious aspects of subjectivity; as I am attempting to understand subjectivity
this cannot, indeed should not, be pinned down and made concrete. I do not want,
however, to make a virtue out of uncertainty, as if the use of words such as fluidity,
complexity and nuanced permits us to write or speak anything that comes to mind.
There remains continually the relentless, concrete and problematic issue of the
societies and political spheres we all inhabit, and there is no easy analysis which
we can mobilise at will. This echoes a theme in the work of Avery Gordon (1997)
which describes partly the affective realm and partly what eludes understanding.
A strength of the psychosocial studies framework is its emphasis on history as
that which endures and resonates with tolerance and sufferance. We cannot make
sense of events without understanding the place of history and the impact of the
past, which bear down on the present and involve unyielding repetition despite our
best – perhaps our finest – intentions. Colonialism endures and cannot be safely
located in the past: as Carby argues, in this ‘contemporary age of imperial ventures
and colonial violence and exploitation, the “post” is increasingly redundant, if
not blatantly anachronistic’ (Carby 2007: 216). The contemporary troublesome
political context, the current invasions and the exploitations and abuses of civil
liberties require us to think through precisely what we mean by postcolonial. As
Hazel Carby argues, while the term postcolonial ‘suggests an historical break
or transition, actually much of what postcolonial theory seeks to understand is
either the residue of colonial and imperial history or evidence of its late modern
incarnation’ (Carby 2007: 215).

1 For a sustained discussion of the importance of the psychosocial framework see

Frosh: Psychoanalysis Outside the Clinic (2010) and the Work of the Midlands Psychology
Group which is easily accessible on the web.
 In the Shadow of the Other 3

Reference to 11 September 2001 cannot be avoided, as it was apparently the

event that changed the world. While I would wish to resist such emotively laden
language, this event has nonetheless had a powerful impact on representations,
discourses, imaginings of and feelings towards those who are or are perceived as
the Muslim/Arab other. Those of us identifying with the secular and the left in the
Middle East (and they are not necessarily the same) are caught and cornered, for
none of us wants to live under either the conservative regimes of the ‘West’ or those
of Al-Qaeda and, specifically in Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood or the Salafeen
(the ultra-Conservative political party). I have been and remain exhausted both
with Western imperialism and its self-righteous discourses and with the continual
resort to blaming Western imperialism for all that is corrupt in the Middle East.
Weariness aside, the relentless media portrayal that people of colour are at best
problematic and at worst people to be feared has to be of profound concern.
This is a snapshot of one day of news in early November 2010: the news was
dominated by a failed terrorist attack and the British government’s responses, mid-
term American election, with much time given over to the American political party:
The Tea Party, and a wedding that took place in the Maldives at which the officiator
apparently did not speak the wedding vows but rather uttered offensive language.
This story was represented as proof that you cannot trust a foreigner, and as if
somehow weddings in Europe never go adrift or the staff involved are never bored.
Worryingly, Margaret Thatcher was voted as the role model by and for women.
These categories – the West, Islam, the Arab Region and America – are terms
that obfuscate more than they reveal. As Diane Robinson-Dunn points out

Despite the underlying unity and stability implied by the terms English, British
or Muslim, they were used to describe people with diverse interests, perspectives
and concerns, as well as multiple ways of identifying themselves. The instability
of the terms is used to define identity as well as the continually fluctuating nature
of the imperial cultural system which belies the concrete material realities
which often resulted from these ideas, as well as the obstacles and limitations
experienced by individuals operating in this system. (2006: 4)

While Robinson-Dunn locates this in the past I would argue that matters of
representation and identity, and their various obstacles, persist into the present.
There is a theoretical and political difficulty centring on how to elucidate these
competing discourses that operate so powerfully. Moreover, there is a further
layer of complexity which focuses attention on understanding the specificities of
cultures without over-emphasising differences or similarities.
These precarious understandings exist within unequal power and material
relationships. It is all too easy to represent Egypt as an inferior culture to the
supposed superiority of England and to behave as if these two societies existed
without reference to each other. I am insisting that there is a process of entanglement
between the West and the Rest, which belies the dichotomies that both assert.
Representations of the Orientalised other and the Occidentalised subject are
4 Postcolonial Masculinities

frequently stereotypical and fix identities as secure and straightforward. The

narratives and representations of masculine identity that circulate deny complex
identities and force binary positions of victim/victimisers and oppressors/
oppressed. These representations have limited explanatory power as they do not
engage with the rich nuances of human life, everyday living and socio-political
complexity. Both political and social systems in the UK and Egypt are at risk of
being close to a ‘narcissism of self-bewitchment’, to use a poignant phrase of
Freud, in which there is little attempt to think about or respond to the other without
making the other into an objectified being.
This is an ethical and political matter which hinges on matters of recognition of
the centrality of other human beings to subjectivity. Psychoanalytic understandings
insist that all human beings, whatever our diverse heritages, live under the shadow
of the other. The other human being is crucial for our development from infancy
to adulthood, and the other human being is central to our sense of self. This
echoes Adriana Cavarero’s assertion (2000) that we are utterly dependent on the
other for life itself.2 The relationship with the other brings joy, pleasure, love and
sustenance, and provokes envy, fury, disappointment, hurt and betrayal. In short,
as Judith Butler (2004) asserts, we are done and undone by the other.
This emphasis on the irreducibility of the other has been taken up by various
intellectuals (Frosh 2002a, Eng and Kazanjian 2003, Ahmed 2004, Butler 2004)
to think through such diverse but interlinked issues as loss and melancholia, an
ethics based on recognition of the diversity of socio-political relationships and
analysis of the inter-relationships between people, and the vexed complex of
emotion and imaginings evoked. In his committed essay Stephen Frosh (2002a)
explores the crucial importance of the other human being on subjectivity and
on the troublesome socio-political context that we inhabit and internalise.
Frosh, drawing on the work of Jean Laplanche and Judith Butler, elucidates the
irreducible and alien otherness at the heart of subjectivity. This intricate otherness
consists of the unconscious, emotions, fantasies and other human beings: this
complex is powerfully omnipresent, and continually works within and through us,
acting on our feelings and imaginings towards others. Awareness of the existence
of the other inside us and of how this ‘dominates our existence is too painful, too
terrifying, to be maintained’ (Frosh 2002a: 396). While we spend most of our
time fending off this awareness and defensively sloughing off our dependencies
and obligations, we nevertheless have an ethical responsibility to acknowledge
the contempt, hatred, disappointment, envy and rage that frequently dominate our
relationships with others.
I am concerned with issues of recognition and identification, and with how we
can reach across to one another in ethical relatedness with understanding, if not

2 In Relating Narratives: Storytelling and Selfhood (2000) Cavarero, working from a

philosophical perspective and drawing on the work of Hannah Arendt, provides a sustained
discussion of how the self cannot come into being unless it is in the presence of another
human being.
 In the Shadow of the Other 5

with enjoyment. This is not to wipe out the difficulties of the persistent problem
of how we relate to the ‘fact of the other’s independent consciousness, a mind
that is fundamentally like our own but unfathomably different and outside our
control’ (Benjamin 1998: xii). Our capacity for misrecognition can, and frequently
does, ‘further impede our recognition of others, to bridge or obfuscate differences
between us’ (Benjamin 1998: xiii). At this current political conjuncture there
seems to be little recognition, understanding or identification. There is much talk
of the enemy, of threats from within and outside (mainly Muslim young men), and
of the continual danger of terrorism. The discourse of a ‘clash of civilisation’ is
implicit and yet powerful. Apparently no talk can take place. Only aggression and
defence will do. I want to adhere to Erlich’s plea that ‘it is probably as creative an
act as we may ever be able to perform, to be able to regard an enemy as part of us
and yet as existing separately and in his or her own right’ (1997: 125). As Erlich
(1997) puts it, our feelings and fantasies of the person who is deemed as other
can be marked by feelings of hatred and rivalry that can exist alongside positive
feelings of love, admiration, and the wish to identify and emulate.
There are different talks and a colony of difference between talk that reaches
across and talk that distances. Similarly, different motivations are at work
between what seeks to understand and to be changed by an encounter and what
searches for opportunities to dominate and subjugate. Recognition, identification
and knowledge are demanding, since to engage in that endeavour requires that
we pay attention to our intransigent fantasies, stubborn feelings, heartfelt beliefs
and those thoughts that flit across the mind that are seemingly innocuous but
problematic in their capacity to alienate and entrench the self and others in well-
worn tropes and empty representations.
The demand for ethical relatedness, which is taken up more closely in Chapter
8, calls upon us to draw on a different notion of the person who is other and who
is so often represented and positioned as the scapegoat. We should acknowledge
some historical lessons, for the scapegoat has changed meaning over time.
Eagleton explores how the scapegoat historically was a sacred thing, as

The scapegoat is both holy and cursed, since the more polluted it becomes by
absorbing the city’s impurities, the more redemption it brings. The redemptive
victim is the one who takes a general hurt into its own body, and in doing so
transforms it into something rich and rare. (2005: 131)

From a different angle Marina Warner explores the peculiarly modern phenomenon
of treating the other as different and as a threat. She explores how the new and the
strange did not always shock, for ‘they can lure, they can delight. The Other in
history has exercised a huge power of attraction, not repulsion’, and recognising
that there are different and enjoyable ways of living with otherness ‘can then stretch
and deepen the language of pleasure’ (2002: 20). In short, and optimistically, the
discourses that surround us at present are neither the only ones available nor are
they inescapable. There are, however, different investments at work; as the social
6 Postcolonial Masculinities

historian Catherine Hall argues, while in a sense postcolonial societies want to

know about their history of colonisation and slavery, in England there is more
ambivalence and the Empire is viewed as a source of guilt and embarrassment, as
a period of history best forgotten, or even as a source of nostalgia (2002: 5).
The matter of adherence to problematic beliefs does not just pulse through
the work of psychoanalysis. It is equally troubling for postcolonial theory, which
challenges many commonly held stereotypes and imagined relationships that
exist across societies. The challenge also exists for academics, and the gauntlet
was thrown down by Edward Said in his influential book Orientalism (1978).
Orientalism changed the landscape of much theoretical work, as Said forced
academics to think about and face up to their political allegiances and how those
loyalties (frequently to the West) informed their analysis despite the appearance
of objectivity. For Said nothing and no-one is immune from the effects of social
conditions. Furthermore, the ideologies which we inhabit (inevitably formed for
Said by colonial relations) permeate our thinking, and our seemingly objective
observations and perceptions. Said passionately believed in the importance of
thinking anew and continually striving for self-consciousness, and in the obligation
of beginning anew to revisit one’s previous beliefs and thinking. Said argues for
‘beginning as a state of mind’ to explore the world from a different vantage place.
This involves exploring the ‘very idea of what it means to be a human being
understood both locally and globally’ (Hussein 2002: 75).
The deepening of such understandings is urgent, as we all inhabit a troubled
and contentious political period which challenges us to re-think our assumptions,
perceptions and responses. At this period of social and political history there is much
assertion of identity, which frequently is expressed through the nation, tradition
and adherence to a particular group, and this can lead, if it ever did otherwise,
to a rigidity of beliefs and values, and an absence of emotional relatedness. A
prominent viewpoint divides the world into the superior West and the inferior
Rest, and this polarisation leads to other beliefs which focus on the ‘normal and
the abnormal, the developed and the undeveloped, the vanguard and the led, the
liberated and the salvable’ (Nandy 1983: x). Frequently these deeply held attitudes
permeate, consciously and unconsciously, identity itself.
We inherit socio-political belief systems and this becomes the stuff of who
we are – in short, we take in the social profoundly. Importantly this is not just a
psychological issue, for it impacts crucially on socio-political relationships. This
monograph is predicated on the conviction that we have to – we have no choice
emotionally, socially, politically and ethically but to – recognise our web of inter-
subjectivities. Rose speaks of the matter in this way:

Even when we dream, we are not alone. Our most intimate psychic secrets are
always embedded in the others – groups, masses, institutions and peoples – from
which they take their cue, playing their part in the rise and fall of actions. Not
to recognise this is, finally, the greatest, most dangerous, illusion of them all.
(2004a: xxxix)
 In the Shadow of the Other 7

Myths, illusions and profound fantasies exist in both the UK and Egypt, and I
frequently have difficulty translating across these two cultures. It is perhaps more
profound because I often do not understand the questions I am being asked, or,
perhaps more accurately, I have difficulty gleaning the motivations pulsing away
beneath the questions. I end up feeling suspicious and insecure, and frequently I
do not know what to think. I feel afraid of misrepresenting Egypt and the UK in
the face of these circulating beliefs and fantasies, and afraid that I will reinforce
the prevailing views of Egypt as a culture of oppression. Ironically I can feel
silenced both out of an anxiety of betrayal and also when I try to explore issues of
corruption, power, resistance or lack of resistance, by declarations of an ostensible
sympathy that maintains ‘it is like this in England’.
It is one-sided to present these simplistic representations as only circulating
in the West. As Said points out, myths exist in the Middle East towards America
and the West, and these centre on the beliefs that they are all oversexed, free
and liberated, they can do what they want, and everything is available (2004a:
pp 233–47). The beliefs of superiority and inferiority circulate in contradictory
narratives and belief systems. For example, as Salwa Ismail (2006) points out,
some conservative Islamic groups in Egypt profoundly believe in their own
superiority and purity thanks to their religious heritage and virtuous intent. The
other as inferior is not just the Westerner for these conservative Islamic groups,
as they also deem communism, Marxism, psychoanalysis and, needless to say,
feminism as part of what must be rejected. While these discourses are in powerful
circulation there is another which is as strong, called the khwagga complex.
Khwagga means foreigner, and the khwagga complex is used to indicate that
which is foreign is inherently superior and that which is Egyptian is intrinsically
inferior. As Marilyn Booth writes, in Egypt (if not the Arab world in general)
there is much ambivalence towards the West as al-gharb [the West] is ‘both the
focal point of admiration and emulation and the source of social disintegration and
decay … threat and as promise’ (1997: 832).
The issue of superiority and inferiority is closely tied into temporality. For
the Conservative Islamic Group in Egypt called Salafi (the nomenclature has
resonances of ancestry and a return to the past) the past is glorious and pure, and
superiority is guaranteed by a return to the time of the Prophet Mohamed. One
way, though, of insisting that one is a liberal democrat in Egypt is to insist that
‘I am modern’, where modernity is used to distance the self from conservatism
and to align the self with the avowed values of the West. The West, however, is
convinced both of its own progressiveness and the value of modernity. It berates
the Middle East generally for being outdated, and uses that chastisement as proof
of its own ‘progressive’ belief systems. The issue of temporality and loss is taken
up in closer detail in Chapter 8.
8 Postcolonial Masculinities

In the Presence of Emotions and the Word

This hierarchical world privileges whiteness, demarcates human beings into those
who are superior or inferior, and functions within a hierarchy of dominance and
subordination. There is nothing abstract or elusive about these categories, which
are felt intensely and known by all. As Fanon (1986) points out repeatedly, none of
us is outside these psychic and social structures. We are all embedded and formed
within them and transmit their messages consciously and unconsciously. To speak
of the unconscious here is not to render any of us exempt but, rather, is to address
the social institutions and practices that structure our lives. It is a continual matter
of subjection which, following Fanon, affects all men – and indeed women –
whatever the history of coloniser or colonised.
I use the term subjectivity to indicate how masculinities are formed and
inhabited within a particular socio-cultural period and how this has consequences
on men and how lives are lived. In this account, subjectivity indicates how men
are subject to the social order with all the attendant meanings, injunctions, beliefs
and values that are imbibed, inhabited and lived out. Masculinity as an identity
is gained not just from the family or individual predispositions but, much more
critically, from wider social structures, including language and social, economic,
and cultural institutions. In addition men inherit historical conditions which, as
Silverman (1992) argues, involve historical trauma. I widen this out to include
historical conditions that are not necessarily traumatic but events that have, and
continue to have, profound effects on masculinities no matter the discourses
or narratives to the contrary. This, importantly, involves a close analysis of the
coloniser and the colonised and the damage done to both. This monograph is
devoted to understanding masculine subjectivity, and Chapter 2 is given over to
a detailed account of contemporary understandings of masculinities. For now I
want to assert that I rely heavily on postcolonial theory and psychoanalysis that
argue that the black man and the white man, crudely defined, are both precarious,
subject to socio-political constraints, and complicit with problematic political
discourses and unequal power relations. I am mindful of Fanon’s imperative that
we do not deny interiority or resort to simplistic assertions of resistance, innocence
or victimhood. It is commonly argued that a preoccupation with interiority is a
Western concern. I am not convinced, and I hold firmly to the view that complexity
is the mark of being human. I should, however, acknowledge a problem that haunts
my thinking. This is the question of how to recognise and understand the unequal
power relations, and the power of the West, without reinforcing the West’s view of
itself as all-powerful and the centre of the universe.
I focus on emotions and narratives as a route into a partial – in both meanings
of the word – elucidation and analysis of certain aspects of masculine subjectivity.
There are two questions, at least, to be asked. The first must be why pay attention
to the emotions, which are seemingly the most private and individual aspects
of subjectivity? Put simply, I resist the common claim that men are rational
and either do not have feelings or, if they do, have difficulty expressing them.
 In the Shadow of the Other 9

Feelings, according to the stereotype, belong to women, who apparently feel

more and seemingly have no difficulty of expression. I have to acknowledge
that I have made my fair share of cheap cracks in relation to men and intimacy,
flippantly joking that the chapter on intimacy would be the thinnest chapter here.
The issue of intimacy is taken up in Chapter 3. There may be, however, a truth
(and I use truth here unashamedly) that men have difficulties in expressing their
emotions. Perhaps a better way of thinking it through is that men express emotions
and feelings covertly. I turn to novels and autobiographies here in the hope that
emotions are more readily expressed through fiction and autobiographies. The
novels are, of course, fiction but that does not mean that the emotions expressed
are either unreliable or false. I have used novels as my entry into male selfhood as
fiction enables me to elucidate male subjectivity more closely, than say interviews.
It is not that I mistrust men and what they will reveal about themselves or not,
though there are of course methodological issues to be thought through, it is more
I do not quite trust that I will be able to prise apart their narratives. I have always
been an avid reader and novels have enabled a necessary paradox of closeness and
distance for this project. This necessary paradox is essential as both closeness and
distance are required in order to explicate and analyse the various narratives and
discourses in operation.
The second question is why such a close focus on the negative emotions of
anxiety, shame, humiliation, loss and grief? Partly this is because, as Adam Phillips
rather ruefully points out, ‘intellectuals are rarely impressed by people who are
happy’ (1994: 135), and I am suspicious of some of the current moves towards
promoting happiness, hope and opportunity in whatever situation. Importantly I
argue that emotions and fantasies impact on the socio-political spheres in a variety
of ways. Emotions cause conflict, they bind people together, and they are both
caused by and have effects upon the societies we inhabit. Emotions are not just felt
within the private sphere but pulse powerfully through the body politic.
One challenge is to understand the language of emotions and the precise
meanings in a particular culture and at a particular historical period. For example,
the word ‘nervous’ in Arabic has a much more serious meaning than in English,
and it is used to indicate agitation, vulnerability and the possibility that a loss
of temper will occur. Joanna Bourke writes that as words change so too does
the meaning of the emotion within a particular culture. She quotes Wittgenstein
that ‘mental language is rendered significant not by virtue of its capacity to
reveal, mark, or describe mental states, but by its function in social interaction’
(Bourke 2005: 75). Emotions and narrative are inextricably linked: to draw on
Bourke again, the act of narrating emotions ‘to oneself as much as to others is
dependent upon the ordering mechanisms of grammar, plot and genre. To the
extent that these mechanisms are historical, the way emotions are experienced
have a history’ (2005: 288–9).
Emotions have a history and are felt within a socio-political context, and
to elucidate their various meanings and use requires – demands may be more
appropriate – the ‘art of listening’ (Back 2007). At the risk of appearing pretentious
10 Postcolonial Masculinities

I have attempted to listen carefully to various talk, I have noted down conversations
and, at the risk of offending people I am close to and to whom I am affectionately
tied, I have done my best to use anecdote and observation carefully. In any case
an issue remains: what are the social norms in expressions of emotions? There
are different talks and different demands. Different ‘technologies of the self’
(Foucault 1988) in operation are frequently missed in attempts to distinguish
Western and Arab identities. There are two further issues that need noting, firstly,
that the emphasis on difference problematically bypasses matters of similarity,
and secondly, that the conceptual work of distinguishing the emotions frequently
replicates superiority and inferiority. For example, many articles attempt to
distinguish between shame and guilt (see Pines 1995 for an example). This has
always irked me, mainly because embedded in these attempts is the judgement
that those in the West are psychologically more developed and possess a more
mature sensibility. Guilt is seen as a higher emotion than shame, and apparently
those in the West feel guilty while those in the Middle East are more prone to
feeling shame. These assertions have never felt right but I have not been able to
understand precisely why and what was being missed. It remained a puzzle until
recently, finally becoming clearer during a long and circuitous discussion with my
husband – Amir – about what we had done in our lives that made us feel guilty.
We spent much of the early part of the discussion not understanding one another. I
could not understand why he did not see that the numerous clumsy and thoughtless
examples I was providing were instances of guilt. I suddenly understood that
different meanings were in operation. This may seem obvious, but we cannot stop
discussion or thought on what might be self-evident as that moment of theoretical
interruption frequently obfuscates understanding. In Egypt guilt is used as a much
more legal term. It is taken very seriously, and the term cannot be used loosely.
While in the UK we may use the word guilt freely, or use it in everyday parlance,
in Egypt the term is used sparingly and with utmost respect.
Martha Nussbaum’s magisterial Upheavals of Thought (2008) explores
emotions primarily through a Winnicottian framework. Nussbaum argues that
we are always formed as human beings through the ‘shadow of the object’, a
phrase initially used by Freud to describe the formation of the ego and also the title
of a book by Christopher Bollas (1989). Nussbaum provides a deeply historical
account of the emotions, and argues that all relationships and objects of love and
affection ‘bear the traces of earlier objects; one’s emotions towards them are
frequently therefore also, in both intensity and configuration, emotions towards
one’s past’ (2008: 175). Nussbaum develops this to state that in a ‘deep sense all
human emotions are in part about the past, and bear the traces of a history that is
at once commonly human, socially constructed, and idiosyncratic’ (2008: 177).
I would extend her argument to argue for the impossibility of focusing on one
specific emotion, as one emotion bleeds into another emotion, just as one thought
merges into another thought, one fantasy fuses into another fantasy. This is the
complexity of being human and the ‘shreddedness of lived experience’ (Bollas
 In the Shadow of the Other 11

1995:118). Human beings are not always benign, and certainly never simple and
or straightforward. As Nussbaum’s account suggests

We are never dealing with a purely benign picture, into which hatred will
enter only if we put it there. The roots of anger, hatred, and disgust lie very
deep in the structure of human life, in our ambivalent relation to our lack of
control over objects and the helplessness of our own bodies. It would be naïve
to expect that projections of these negative emotions onto other people will
not take place – although we may certainly hope to moderate their number and
intensity. (2008: 234)

While emotions are like magic lanterns ‘colouring the room one is actually
in with the intense images of other objects, other stories’ (Nussbaum 2008:178),
they are never personal, never arise from the self and are always embedded within
socio-cultural-political spheres. Here it would be commonplace to reach out for
a social constructionist explanation and to draw on a narrative approach, both of
which imply that there is no body to the emotions at all: everything is reduced to
discourse, and human beings are only in thrall to socio-political discourses that
control all that can be spoken and felt. I do think emotions are gained from the
social spheres. I do think we inherit emotions, values and belief systems from our
families, and families in turn have gained their emotional system from society.
I do think emotions are visceral – we literally feel them. I do not know how to
make sense of the visceral quality of emotions and the bodily sensations that are
produced, and I do not want to place embodiment outside of the social. But – and
this is a big but – my continual difficulty with a social constructionist approach
is that it can strip us of surprises, as if somehow the world is already known and
understood. The strength of Back’s monograph The Art of Listening (2007) is that
in his subtle way he urges sociologists and cultural theorists to continually be
surprised, to be taken aback by what has not been glimpsed or understood, and
not to make concrete what is persistently elusive. Importantly, as Back writes,
‘being a partisan to the human story in all its manifold diversity does not exclude
maintaining a critical orientation to it’ (2007: 8).
I use novels and autobiographies, along with historical events and contemporary
examples, as a route into exploring the various emotions embedded in masculine
subjectivity. The novels and autobiographies are important as they allude to, and
gesture at, what is present and absent. The novels express, articulate and ‘suggest the
existence of other things, beyond or at least different from that articulation. In gender
formations, this means that the seeming security of, for instance, “masculinity”
hints at what else might have been, what is lost or hidden, what loves prohibited
and intimacies renounced’ (Frosh 2002b: 18). Novels and autobiographies are
different genres and yet I argue that they share important characteristics. First,
they are read through multiple, partial and fractured lenses. Second and perhaps
more important ‘literary texts reveal “traces” of their own history and of the many
other texts from which they derive … texts are part of a community of writings
12 Postcolonial Masculinities

that can only be read in conjunction with one another’ (Frosh 2010: 70). I read
these texts through an intertextual lens by attempting to elucidate unconscious
traces that belong not to the individual author but rather are possibly revealing
of this particular contemporary period as all narratives and stories told are not
just ‘a version of what might be, they hint, individually and collectively, at some
other demand, some hope for recognition and acknowledgement’ (Frosh 2002b:
18). Male subjectivities are complex, subtle and full of emotions and fantasies
and replete with a nuanced psychic life. The surface of male selfhood frequently
alludes to the bubbling cauldron of doubts, ambivalences and precariousness of
identity. We mistake surface with depth at our analytic, if not personal, peril.
This monograph is about too much and yet somehow too little, in that the issues
of misunderstanding, misrecognition and miscommunication are prevalent and
problematic. Postcolonial Masculinities: Emotions, Histories and Ethics is too jagged,
and yet somehow overly smoothed, and does not quite capture the complexity of
human lives and the ‘shreddedness of lived experience’. It is an attempt to challenge
the dominant discourses that reinforce a seeming clash of civilisations (Huntington
1996), and to provide the beginnings of a bridge between dangerous brown patriarchal
men and seemingly trouble-free white men. It endeavours to develop the beginnings
of a more sustained analysis of the links between these two societies.

In the Shadow of Numerous Histories

An important theme of Edward Said’s work is his insistence that the present is
always shot through with the past, and that the present cannot be made anew as if
history does not continue to influence current life. He asserted, importantly, that
social beliefs and attitudes to those who are represented as ‘other’ reside resolutely
within us. In short, it is not only ‘out there’: rather, the implications of being of
the West or of the Arab region have their effects. Inheriting a history of coloniser
or colonised persists in subjective life and internal experience. As Baldwin points
out, people are trapped in history and history is trapped in them (quoted in Hall
2002: 1). The past is problematic for while in one sense it is past, there is always
the continual threat of the repressed reappearing persistently. Colonialism haunts,
for, as Elliott argues, societies and present lived experience always risk becoming
haunted by what is excluded. The more rigid the position the greater the ghost,
and the more threatening it is in some way (Elliott 2002: 153). These insights were
not, for Said, a point of resignation, for he was convinced that one way forward
was to speak relentlessly of difficult truths. He drew upon Coetzee, who writes
‘perhaps it is the case that only that which has not been articulated has to be lived
through’ (Coetzee 2000: 70).
I spend much of my intellectual and emotional time attempting to make links
across and between Egypt and England. I have various moods, feelings and states of
mind that range across pleasure, bewilderment, contentment, love, disappointment
and anger. These feelings exist alongside the ordinary effort required to sustain
 In the Shadow of the Other 13

relationships and relatedness; I want to be truthful because I am preoccupied with

understanding masculinities, as I often find men perplexing. The attempt to bring
together in a robust relationship with each other two diverse societies – England
and Egypt – speaks to my autobiography. My father was Egyptian and Muslim and
my mother English and Christian. It is a mirror of my family, and is replete with
my emotional-political-theoretical investments. My loving and close relationships
are to Egyptian men – they get under my skin, cut through my being, penetrate
me in a way that European men do not, and my relationships with them are full
of ‘stuff’, fantasy and emotion; they ‘are with me, as it were, when no other can
be there’ (quoted in Suleri 2003: 68). I have spent much energy, both physical and
emotional, much time and much intellectual exploration remaining by my father’s
side. He and Egypt dominate my narrative, leaving my English stepfather and
England always in the shadow.
My father and mother met in London during the late 1940s when my father was
undertaking his Doctorate in nuclear physics at Imperial College. They met at the
Egyptian Embassy where my maternal grandfather was the caretaker, they fell in
love and decided to marry. In 1952 my mother travelled to Cairo to wed my father
and to make a new life there. I imagine and trust that they started their life together
with hope and optimism. 1952 is a significant year. It was the year of the Egyptian
Revolution, when the British were thrown out of Egypt. My young mother (she
was twenty) arrived knowing no Arabic and nothing of Egyptian social and cultural
mores and, as if that was not enough, entered a political atmosphere in which
the Egyptian people were full of triumph at achieving full independence from
the colonising nation, England. This mixed-race, mixed-class, mixed-religion
marriage did not cohere and they were divorced by the end of the 1950s. My
parents had two daughters, my sister Amany, born in 1959, and myself, born in
1954. Following their divorce, my father married a French and Catholic woman.
Their son Ashraf was born in 1964. In 1968 my mother married my stepfather, a
widower whose wife had died tragically when their two sons were very young.
My father was a complex man, full of pride, yearning and ambition and, above
all, dominated by disappointment and a subtle melancholia. On the extraordinary
occasions when he became emotional the intensity was startling. At those rare
moments he was overcome by his passions and his feelings broke through his
guard. While Sara Suleri (2003) describes her father as vocal, incorrigible and
irascible, my father possessed none of these attributes. He was much more
controlled and precise. He was proud that he only spoke when he had something
to say, that he never wasted a word and he certainly never indulged in idle chitchat.
My father was never banal. He possessed a precise and analytic intelligence, and
valued thought and ideas above all else; those who unthinkingly follow others
and ‘do not think for themselves’ infuriated him. Of course he also wanted to be
admired: in an ironic moment of oedipal reversal, coming across a quote from
Lyotard in something that he had written I declared my surprise that he had read any
postmodernism. My father was not offended by his daughter’s rather patronising
14 Postcolonial Masculinities

astonishment, but rather delighted that he had surprised me. Even more crucially
he was delighted that he was intellectually of the moment.
I remember my father’s authoritative tone when he spoke – although ‘declared’
might be a more honest description. Either way, he spoke with an authority that
did not always allow or facilitate discussion. In this way at times he could inhabit
patriarchal authority. In some ways, and much to my surprise, he shared many
traits with my stepfather. Both could be patriarchal, neither could countenance
disagreement, they could be enormously kind and while my stepfather had a
warmth, my father could be cold and at times ruthless. Both these patriarchal men,
who, as I have indicated, did not brook having their authority challenged, adhered
stubbornly to their beliefs and values. They were also facilitative and proud of
their children’s achievements, despite their ambivalence.
Politically, they believed in completely different political ideologies. My
father throughout his life held to a Marxist analysis and framework, although I
could never quite grasp his views on the corresponding role of the State, while
my stepfather was conservative and profoundly nationalistic, bordering on the
xenophobic. He voted Conservative for most of his life and towards the end of his
life voted, much to my shame, for the United Kingdom Independence Party. While
my father was resolute in a persistent political analysis, my stepfather was much
more given to clichés and repetition of socially and politically conservative, if not
racist, understandings of world events. For example he voiced the belief that the
Third World has been in a mess since Great Britain left, and verged on believing
that the map of the world should still be coloured pink.3
I am, though, unfair to my stepfather, who did not have the glamour and allure
of my father. He was solid, talkative, kind and generous, and my mother frequently
remarked that ‘he does not have a selfish bone in his body’. My mother’s
sentimentality aside, my stepfather gave much and wholeheartedly to his wife (my
mother), his family (all of whom he treated equally, including my sister and me),
and his community. He was a man of faith throughout his life and attended a High
Anglican church. My father was more complex when it came to religious practices.
I remember him praying when I was a child, and he became increasingly religious
as he got older. He would often use religious practices as a way of denying how his
body had aged. He used to enjoy drinking whisky, for example, but as he got older
it began to affect him adversely physically. He then declared that Islam forbade
alcohol and that, of course, was why he had given it up!
My investments work away while I explore these matters of masculinity. I
cannot bear to know about men’s failures and vulnerabilities, and when I know
about men’s humiliations and failings I weep copiously. Despite my feminism
I am invested in the fantasy of the phallus and I can rush to defend, every so
often unthinkingly, Egyptian men. I cannot abide the relentless representations of
Middle Eastern men as patriarchal and oppressive, and I am frequently exhausted
with the banal and empty rhetoric of the ‘clash of civilisations’. I witness men

3 For a careful discussion of these issues see Thomas (2012).

 In the Shadow of the Other 15

struggling to make a life with varying degrees of economic and professional

success. As will be obvious by now, I may live thousands of miles away but my
attachments are resolutely to Egyptian men and I remain, as I have always been,
my father’s daughter.
Interspersed with this family story are significant political events and a long
history of the interrelationship between Egypt and England going back to the
nineteenth century. Many popular representations of Egypt probably coincide
with most people’s primary school knowledge of the pharaonic era. These
representations reinforce an imaginary with images of an exotic Egypt like the
pyramids, the sphinx, the Sahara desert and the Nile. The history is nonetheless
complex. In 1882 Britain decided to occupy Egypt from its economic desire to
control the Suez Canal and thereby secure the trade route to India. As Osman
points out, Egypt never officially became a colony despite the occupation; this was
not from any honourable considerations, but because the British government could
not afford to offend the other European powers with a stake in Egypt (Osman
2010: 7). Osman argues that the image of internationalism had to be maintained:
Britain could not risk provoking Russia and France, thereby endangering access
to the Suez Canal.
The British exercised considerable power in Egyptian affairs, and British
officials expanded their involvement in the political, social, economic and
judicial life of the country. British advisors were installed in key ministries and
all Egyptian ministers (who, in any case, held inferior positions) were required
to obey their British ‘advisors’. Failure to do so resulted in dismissal (Osman
2010: 8). Egypt was in fact a veiled protectorate. The Governor Lord Cromer,
Earl of Baring, considered both Egyptians and Indians to be subject races in need
of leadership. He believed strongly that autocratic rule was necessary because the
people of these countries were used to ‘despotism’, and, fundamentally, he argued
that you cannot make a ‘Western silk purse out of an Eastern sow’s ear’ (Osman
2010: 8). Plus ça change, I caustically think. I am confronted, again, by how
offensive this is on so many levels, not least of which is the reference to pigs and
the sheer arrogance of the beliefs.
During the 1860s and 1870s British influence increased in Egypt, especially
economically. Britain instituted banks and merchant houses and continued to
invest heavily in the financing of the Suez Canal. Political and economic matters
continued with little resistance until 1919 when an Egyptian national party was
forged. This is a key date, as the national party Al-Wafd (meaning the delegation)
developed the struggle for independence from occupation by a European power
(Osman 2010: 25). The year 1919 was a milestone due to the ever-increasing
demand by Egyptian subjects for Egypt to rule itself. It was, of course, a nationalist
movement, and involved the demand for the creation of an Egyptian nation
state and the full representation and equality of its citizens. In 1922 the British
government recognised Egypt’s independence, but Britain continued to rule
powerfully by proxy until 1945. The struggle for independence did not abate, and
the slogan ‘the Devil take the English’ resonated throughout the 1930s and 1940s.
16 Postcolonial Masculinities

Many Egyptians supported the Germans during the Second World War. Partly they
were bombarded with German propaganda, but I suspect more importantly the
support was based on the well-known phrase ‘my enemy’s enemy is my friend’.
Egypt is an important country geographically and politically. Egypt is next door
to Europe yet in the North of Africa, and it is close to the oil reserves in the Gulf.
It controls the Suez Canal, the world’s most important trade route. It continues to
play a pivotal role in the Arab/Israeli conflict and reconciliation. In addition, as
Osman points out, it is the birthplace and centre of a number of trends and ideas,
including Arab nationalism (Osman 2010: 5). Egypt, though, has a long history of
being colonised and invaded, from the later Islamic empires to Napoleon’s France
and colonial Britain. As Osman pithily expresses it ‘geography and nature have
been generous but history has been harsh’ (Osman 2010: 15). Egypt has frequently
fallen to invaders, and throughout its long history its inhabitants have been second-
class citizens, at best.
An important turning point in the history of Egypt came in 1952. A group of
army officers, the Free Officers under Gamal Abdul Nasser, led a military coup
that overthrew the Egyptian monarchy, which had been continually embroiled
in scandal, British rule and the Wafd Government. The Free Officers came from
upper working class/lower middle class backgrounds and, like many Egyptians,
were disaffected with the monarchy, the government and the dominant influence
of the British. Strong protests and demonstrations took place throughout 1952,
culminating in the Cairo Fire, which destroyed much of central Cairo including
Western shops and businesses. Nasser became President of Egypt in 1954 as
a symbol of hope, defiance and a living embodiment of the Egyptian peoples’
desires and will. Nasser was – perhaps still is – represented (and liked to represent
himself) as the architect of a redemptive grand Egyptian and Arab strategy against
the imperialist powers (Osman 2010: 43). A programme of social justice was
instituted. This was momentous. It was the first opportunity for an Egyptian to
rule Egypt after hundreds of years of colonial history. Nasser’s reputation as a
charismatic anti-colonialist leader was secured especially after the Tripartite War
of 1956, or the Suez Crisis as it is usually called in Britain. Nasser was a thorn
in the side of Anthony Eden, who was outraged that ‘this colonial upstart’ could
threaten and mount an act of aggression against Britain. The Suez Crisis marked
the beginning of the end of British colonial power.
Gamal Abdel Nasser was the first Egyptian to rule Egypt for centuries, and the
excitement and hope this raised cannot be overestimated. From 1952 the military
government took power securely and began to change internal politics, attempting
to build a fairer society. As Osman points out, the economic underpinning of the
Nasserite transformation was twofold: reform of landownership and reform of the
public sector (2010: 45). Land reform, a fairer distribution of land away from the
landowners and towards the fellaheen (peasantry) was popular and had immense
social effects. The Nasserite economic revolution also created a new public sector
and a new class of state-owned factories, companies and enterprises. In addition
almost all of Egypt’s sizable businesses were nationalised in an attempt to remodel
 In the Shadow of the Other 17

the structure of wealth by transferring ownership from a narrow capitalist class to

millions of ordinary employees, poor labourers and struggling workers. Nasser’s
project was given an inclusive national appeal by its emphasis on civic notions
such as social equality, identification with the poor and Egypt’s role as the leader
of the Arab world free of an Islamic dimension (Osman 2010: 51).
However, greater emphasis was placed on Egypt’s place on the international
scene, and the years from 1958 to 1967 saw Nasser attempting to fend off
interventions in the Middle East by America and Britain. Much effort was made
to establish a coherent Arab Region with power and influence but following the
humiliating defeat in 1967 by Israel, Egyptian morale plummeted. It cannot be
stated enough that despite the many failures of the Nasser Regime – and there
were many – Nasser represented hope and optimism. He was seen as a symbol of
regeneration, the lifting of oppression from Arab nations generally and Egyptians
specifically and above all, as a symbol of the restoration of dignity.
Egyptian society did not progress despite the Nasserite efforts. To be frank, on
many fronts it actually regressed. After Nasser’s death in 1970 Anwar Sadat was
President until his assassination in 1981. Sadat introduced a more liberal capitalist
system for the economy, usually described as al-infitah (opening up). This move,
undertaken in 1974, was designed to open Egypt up to foreign trade, investment
and market economics. Sadat was an important figure in Nasser’s government but
he had no real power. It can be argued that in 1973, when he led Egypt’s attack on
Israel, he managed to overthrow Nasser’s shadow.
Despite the introduction of a multi-party system in the 1970s and the holding
since then, of a number of parliamentary elections, democracy and respect
for the rights of the citizen have been diluted over the past six decades. The
rule of oppressive law has dominated. The political system has descended to
frightening levels of corruption, coercion, oppression and cruelty. Corruption in
Egypt under Hosni Mubarak’s rule was phenomenal. (As an example, to which
I should perhaps not confess, obtaining my Egyptian ID card and passport,
even with the correct papers which were all legal and in order, cost me £3000
sterling minimum). Mubarak ruled Egypt from 1981 until February 2011. At
the beginning of his Presidency he was perceived as a leader who would bring
balance to Egypt. He seemed to manage this, and his ‘speeches, his choice of
words, the way he described himself and his vision for the country’s future
suggested a man who was concerned less with his legacy or with how he was
viewed as a leader and more with his capacity to deliver. Mubarak seemed
pragmatic, wholly concerned with Egypt’s immediate economic problems, the
inheritance of al-infitah’ (Osman 2010: 167).
Needless to say this changed powerfully (and, at the beginning, imperceptibly).
The lack of a national project weakened Egypt’s material conditions drastically.
Economically Egypt is in the bottom 40 per cent of all developing countries
according to the United Nations 2007 Human Poverty Index. Education,
healthcare and transportation have deteriorated dramatically. Public hospitals are
slum buildings: I wish I was exaggerating. There are over 60 children to a class in
18 Postcolonial Masculinities

state schools (all middle class parents send their children to private schools) and
transportation is poor. Egypt is marked by crushing socio-economic conditions
and corruption. There is a dearth of information on social policy in Egypt. Past
government reports have skimmed over the extreme problems of health, poverty
and education, and it is unclear whether this will change under the present Regime.
This has resulted in a wide chasm between the actual state of profound difficulties
and the false image provided by government agencies. It is difficult to provide
adequate statistics for Egypt as these are largely massaged to provide a better
image than is actually the case. It is worth underlining there were many driving
motivations that led to the 2011 revolution in Egypt, including the absence of
proper political participation, the high cost of living and ever increasing inflation,
corruption, and a dire lack of employment prospects, especially for young men.
In short, the protestors expressed the profound necessity for social justice and
a political fury at the complete lack of equal opportunities for all. Part of the
continuing anger is directed towards Emergency Rule, a series of repressive laws
suppressing any political engagement or criticisms of the government and President.
Emergency Rule has been in place since 1981, and despite an announcement from
SCAF (Supreme Council of Armed Forces) that the law would be lifted in January
2012 it continues to be covertly implemented.
At present (December 2012) there is little hope – inflation is rocketing, and
is threatening to rise even further, unemployment is severe, and the cost of food
is extremely high. The overwhelming feeling amongst my family and friends
is that the revolution was stolen. We waited with little optimism and little hope
for the Presidential elections. The first stage of the election took place and the
second and final round of the election was contested between Mohammed Morsi
(Freedom and Justice Party the political organisation of the Muslim Brotherhood)
and Ahmad Shafiq a former Prime Minister under the Mubarak regime. There
are accusations of vote rigging and corruption and these were investigated and
dismissed. Mohammed Morsi was elected President of Egypt by a margin of
2 per cent approximately and the Muslim Brotherhood dominate Parliament.
Morsi promised to appoint a cross-gender and religion Senate but at this present
conjuncture (December 2012) he only appointed men who belong to the Muslim
Brotherhood. In addition and very worryingly the new Constitution (which
was approved in December 2012 by only 17 per cent of the population) denies
fundamental rights to women, children and Christians.
It is impossible to provide an overview of the history of the UK from the
1950s to the present day and it is a folly to even imagine that such an endeavour
can be achieved. I will explore what is termed the ‘neoliberal revolution’ as a
route through to providing a framework. As Rutherford and Davison assert the
‘neoliberal revolution began in the 1970s, as an – extremely successful – attempt
to roll back the gains of the post-welfare state, reverse the gains of liberation
movements and restore the dominance of business interests across the world’
Exploring the Variety of Random
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 CANADIAN IMPERIAL BANK OF COMMERCE Over 1260
branches to serve you RAMSON Ramson Metal Crafters Ltd Mrs
Mildred Ramm pres, Fred V Thomas sec-treas ornamental iron
railings 1558 Howard RAILWAY Railway & Power Engineering Corp
Ltd T Jas Vernon dist mgr steel 504 Victoria av Rain Roy wtr Rex
Tavern r 1116-1118 Drouillard rd Rainbow Donut & Pie Bakery (Rene
A Miron) plant 1668 Langlois av --Inn (Paul Demacheski) rest 3448
Walker rd (Sand E Twp) Rainelli Jos (Maria) janitor Sep Schl Bd h
723 Elliott e Rainey Alan (Tillie) slsmn h 3318 Woodlawn av (Sand E
Twp) — David A (Geneva) h 1555 Gladstone av — Thos (Amelia) h
615 Charles (R P) Rainhard John G (Aileen) service mn Win Furnace
h 3551 Sandwich Rainone Annette Mrs elk Global Genl Ins r 643
Pierre av — Carmen (Alma) trk drvr Silverstein's Produce h 2732
Parent av (R P) --Dominic (Norma) h 3391 Sandwich — Doris hsekpr
r 3218 Linwood PI —Herman (Shirley) h 278 Marentette av --John
(Priscilla) emp Detroit r 1659 Benjamin av —Louis J dir - producer
CKLW - TV r 1322 Marentette av — Sami (Carmela) h 1322
Marentette av Raisbeck Jas (Rosella) sec-treas Dom Forge r 977
Gladstone av --Luke r 905 Marentette av — Robt G (Thelma) follow-
up man Chryslers h 4077 Mount Royal dr (Sand W Twp) Raison
Victor W Rev (Evelyn) minister Riverside Presbyterian Ch h 72 St
Louis av (R’Side) Raizin Abraham (Dora) cattle dir h 756 Hall av —
Irving A (Adele) sec-treas Capitol Egg & Poultry h 9 Prado pi (R'Side)
Rajamaki Viljo (Elsie) carp h 746 Goyeau Rajic Fedor (Myra) asst
editor Avala Prntg & Publishing r 115 Ford blvd (R'Side) Rajki Gizella
Mrs (Gizella Confy) res La Salle Rajkovic Srboslav (Maria) slsmn h 15,
1604 Goyeau Rajkovich John (Georgia) emp Chryslers h 1557
Goyeau Rajos Frank (East End Coffee Shop) h 1579 Erie e Rajsigl
Anthony (Elizth) emp Candn Bridge h 2479 Arthur rd (Sand E Twp)
Rak Jean (wid John) h 1459 Langlois av --Jos (Mary) h 2197 York --
Jos (Anastasia) mach Fords h 2302 Hall av --Walter (Juanita) dipper
Candn Bollard h 3747 Whitney av Rakay Bart studt case wkr Family
Serv Bur of Win res Detroit Rakich Vid (Helen) emp Chryslers h 923
Tuscarora Rakos Istvan (Mary) (Stop Inn Confy) h 2783 Howard av
(Sand W Twp) Rakovalis Anastasia (wid Nicolaos) r 464 Newbury
Rakus Michl (Mary) stkmn Fords h 1657 Hickory rd --Stanley M audit
elk Lorenzen & Lesonsky r 1657 Hickory rd Ralston Jack P assmblr
Lamb Industries res Harrow —Jean elk City Assess Dept r 1142
Assumption Ramage Geo h 575 California av —Jas F (Pearl) mach
opr Fords h 3624 Girardot av Ramay W H r 170 Wyandotte w Rambo
Alan G r 3816 Peter --John (Mary) emp Fords h 3816 Peter Ramdor
singh David A studt r 181 Askin av Ramey Barbara r 379 Oak av --
Harold D (Helen) emp Win Utilities Commn (Hydro Div) h 1446
Dougall av --John F (Iva) insp Fords h 2897 Everts av (Sand W Twp)
--Louis A (Lena) emp Candn Bridge h 379 Oak av --Ray (Francis)
body rprmn C & R Young r 954 Hall av Ramia Emile door & window
mkr Alsco of Win h 2645 Randolph av (Sand W Twp) —Jos r 2645
Randolph av (Sand W Twp) Ramin Chas H (Barbara) pres Welles
Corp h 1136 Devonshire rd — Robt F (Emily) sec Welles Corp h 2832
Rockwell av (Sand W Twp) Ramm Norman (Mildred) bus consultants
1560 Howard av h 2268 Victoria av Rampoini G nurse r 511 Pelissier
Ramsay Arthur A (Phillis) sis rep E B Eddy Paper h 3290 Woodlawn
av (Sand E Twp) —Bruce (Emily) investigator drawback claims Natl
Revenue, Drawbacks Br h 993 Cabana rd w (Sand W Twp) --Donald
G (Edith) h 3177 Donnelly --Jas (Mabel) h 893 Ellrose av --Jas (Nora)
millwright Fords h 851 Moy av — Roseann Mrs stenog Essex College,
Assumption Univ of Win h 851 Moy av — Simonne Mrs h 3, 968
Drouillard rd Ramsey Jas D (Margt) tchr Dougall Av Schl h 528
Isabelle pi (R'Side) avenue Ranahan Carol A tchr Corpus Christi Schl
r 2680 Academy dr (Sand W Twp) --Jas W (Dorothy) dist mgr Candn
Order of Foresters h 2680 Academy dr (Sand W Twp) --Robt J studt r
2680 Academy dr (Sand W Twp) Ranee Mary (wid Edwd) h 1947
Tourangeau rd Ranchuk Leo (Nastasia) h 3282 Clemenceau blvd
(Sand E Twp) --Steve (Phyllis) h 1308 Bernard rd Rancourt Clifford r
3901 Clairview av (R'Side) — Fernande elk CNIB Concession
Metropolitan Genl Hosp r 3901 Clairview av (R'Side) --Jeanne (wid
Hector) h 3901 Clairview av (R'Side) --Lillian r 3901 Clairview av
(R'Side) Rand's Royal Flower Shop (Peter Stats) 515 Ouellette av
Randal Lyman (Marjory) emp Detroit h 329 Pierre av Randall Chas
(Mabel E) mach Fords h 162 McKay av --Hugh W (Alma) material
controlmn Ford Motor h 1273 Lincoln rd --Kenneth R r 744 Randolph
av —Louise hrdrsr Woolco Beauty Salon h 2357 Howard av --Maurice
R (Gladys) lab Hiram Walkers h 2261 Grove av — May (wid Orthco)
emp Detroit h 1580 Bruce av — Raymond (Helen) elk CPR h 744
Randolph av --Rose (wid Jos) r 1065 Wellington av --Sharron I
stenog Bank of N S r 2261 Grove av — Wm H (Anne) mech Dept
Transp Civil Aviation h 1085 Partington av --Winifred M r 5928
Riverside dr (R'Side) Rande Wm emp Graveline Co h B, 4, 1518
University av w Randles Courtney C h 4162£ Riverside dr e Randma
Anna Mrs kitchen hlpr Hotel Dieu r 1969 Iroquois Randolph Confy (E
Cecil Scott) 2195 Wyandotte w Raney Laura (wid Wesley H) h 10,
1556 Goyeau Rangelaff Dennis apprentice plmbr r 1534 Elsmere av -
-Geo (Helen) emp Auto Specialties h 1534 Elsmere av Ranger
Amanda (wid Avellin) h 1117 Albert rd — Elie J (Jeanne) wtr Grand
Hotel r 1051 Windsor av —Emma (wid Lawrence) h 1128 St Luke rd
— Etienne (Bernadette) stkmn Fords h 2344 Pillette rd (Sand E Twp)
— Henry emp Fords h 356 Lauzon rd (R'Side) --Irene h 6, 655
Chilver rd --Lawrence h 890 Arthur rd — Walter emp Fords r 2756
Charles Raniwsky Michl (Hilda) carp Biltwell Constn h 1654 St Luke
rd —Theodore (Anne) metal fnshr Chryslers h 1863 St Luke rd
Rankin Annabell r 839 Chatham e --Barbara studt r 2774 Askin av
(Sand W Twp) --Beryl E (wid John) elk Amsterdam Press h 3B, 686
Argyle rd —Carl D (Doris) trk drvr A A Aczel h 839 Chatham e —
Edwd r 676 Gladstone av —Frank M engineer Ont Hydro r 1444
Arthur rd —Fredk H yard master Essex Term Rly h 1063 Rankin av --
H Dean (Lillian) mgr Inter City Truck Lines h 2266 Marentette
avenue — Ivie (Mary) emp Fords r 308 Jefferson blvd (R'Side) —
John M (Josephine) £ 318 Rankin av --Linda stenog Canada Life
Asscfe r 252 Frank av (R'Side) —Pearl K Mrs assmblr Young Spring &
Wire h 252 Frank av (R'Side) — Robt C (Doris) btehr N & D
Supermkt h 3502 Bliss rd (Sand E Twp) --Thos (Emma) utilitymn
Chryslers h 2774 Askin av (Sand W Twp) — Wm (Jessie) boilermkr
Ont Hydro h 1444 Arthur rd --Wm (Doris) foremn Ford Motor h 3981
Byng rd (Sand E Twp) Rankine Angus (Blanche) h 3211 Byng rd
(Sand E Twp) — Eoin L mach opr Genl Motors h 1304 Church —
Frances r 1509 Dougall av — Mary J h 1509 Dougall av — Wm G
(Shirley) emp Detroit h 2348 Gladstone av Rankins Annabelle Mrs r
839 Chatham e —Karl (Doris) drvr Axel's Furn h 839 Chatham e
Rann Barry H (Patricia) territory mgr Firestone Tire & Rubber res
Tecumseh Ranni Concetta slsldy Morris Dry Goods h 715 Cataraqui
Rannie Robt D (Jane) serv stn 680 Goyeau h 3303 Turner rd (Sand E
Twp) Ransem A Willis (Marie) officer Customs & Excise h 823
California av Ranson Chas H (Phoebe) h 3769 Riverside dr e —394—
 RANSON RAUTH —Claude W S milk slsmn Purity Dairies h
26, 372 University av west — Claudia studt r 309 Homedale blvd
(R'Side) — Lawrence r 874 Wellington av Rantamaki Urho E (Zaida)
mach Genl Motors h 2474 George av (Sand E Twp) Rapaic Rajmund
pntr Roy & Huebert r 1512 Lillian Rapaich Geo studt r 432 Lincoln rd
— Jovo (Dusanka) h 432 Lincoln rd —Nicholas studt r 432 Lincoln rd
Rapawy Andrew (Annie) tool grinder Dorn Twist h 1480 Benjamin
avenue Raper Donald J (Constance) tchr Amherstburg District High
Schl h 1696 Greenview cres Rapinchuk Andrew (Paraskovia) mach
opr Fords h 1707 Hickory road —Peter artist r 1724 Hickory rd —Ted
(Katherine) h 1724 Hickory rd — Wm r 1724 Hickory rd Rapko Mary
sec r 1356 Elsmere av — Michl (Pearl) h 1356 Elsmere av Rapp
Sandra information opr Bell Tel r 1742 Bernard rd Rappa Salvatore
(Franeesea) emp Mannina Cheese h 722 Tuscarora Rappe Zbigniew
S (Idalia) emp Bolton Ltd h 41 Giles blvd e Rapsey Melville H h 2286
Chilver rd Rapsky Jos (Mary) crane opr Fords r 2428 Meldrum rd
(Sand E Twp) Raseta Mile lab Chryslers h 2, 974 Langlois av Rash
Jacob (Bessie) mgr Win Finance h 209, 274 Giles blvd w Rashid
Steve officer Customs & Excise res Lasalle Rasmussen Carol A sec W
Gayner Powell r 3135 Morris dr (Sand W Twp) — Frank (Lillian) shpr
Wheel Trueing Tool h 3135 Morris dr (Sand W Twp) Rassilier Mary
(wid John) h 1738 Elsmere av Rast Allen J h 345 Westminster blvd
(R'Side) Ratajczyk Szymon (Veronika) mach rprmn Colonial Tool h
1972 Central av — Tony tool & die mkr Centre Tool & Mold r 1972
Central av — Zena hrdrsr Beauty Haven Hair Styles r 1972 Central av
Ratchky Jos (Laura) h 1470 Pillette rd Ratcliffe Ernest emp Chryslers
h 1582 Aubin rd — Ronald spray pntr Martin's Body & Paint Shop r
4249 Casgraindr (Sand W Twp) Rate H crtkr Candn Imp Bk
Commerce res RR #1 Maidstone Rathbone Annie (wid Wm) h 1242
Gladstone av Rathburn Alfred L (Mabel) emp Candn Bridge h 1386
George av — Ira (Aurora) janitor Fords h 1450 Aubin rd Rathwell
Murray L asst acct Candn Imp Bk Commerce h 2275 Grove av
Rathwell 's Cycle & Toy Shop (A Roy Macdonald) 510 Pelissier —
Kiddieland Ltd A Roy Macdonald pres toys 2451 Dougall av (Sand W
Twp) Ratko John W (Patricia) store front mech Guardian Glass h 807
Campbell av — Kathereen (wid Paul) r 1650 Grand Marais rd e (R P)
—Paul G (Olympia) elect Fords h 1640 Grand Marais rd e (R P)
Ratkus Jos janitor Drake Hotel r 193 Glengarry av Ratsoy Geo P
(Maud) tablet opr John Wyeth & Bro h 3918 Byng rd (Sand E Twp) --
Nigel W paint sprayer Production Painting r 1463 Tourangeau road —
Wasly (Muriel) meat ctr N & D Supermkt h 1463 Tourangeau road
Rattai Edwin C (Elizth) spot wldr Young Spring & Wire r 1551
Howard av —Gustave (Elsie) emp Brunner Mond Can h 2401
Princess av (Sand E Twp) — Margt mach opr Champion Spark Plug h
991 Raymo rd --Myrtle emp Detroit h 1591 Church —Raymond
drftsmn r 2401 Princess av (Sand E Twp) Rattenbury Gary B (Jean)
foremn Fords h 2580 Gail rd --Gerry wtr Riviera Motor Hotel
(Windsor) r 1100 Ouellette av Ratti Maria fnshr Lazare's Fur h 919
Pierre av Rattray Edwd (Mary) h 110, 395 University av e — Grace M
h 925 Bruce av Ratushny Michl (Anne) emp Detroit h 1543 Howard
av Rau David apprentice elect r 1361 Askin av —Fred E (Eleonore)
rep Confed Life h 1512 York —Geo (Dolores) emp Detroit r 1084
Hickory rd — Gerald E r 1039 Gladstone av — Gordon C (Nora) mach
Fords h 1039 Gladstone av --John h 1084 Hickory rd —Jos (Rose)
tool & die mkr Fords h 135 Lauzon rd (R'Side) --Louis G off Hiram
Walkers r 1371 Benjamin av — Richd F off Fords r 1039 Gladstone
av Raub Coin Equipment Ltd Wm Orser sis rep 504 Victoria av
Rauchwerk Philip J (Lillian) elect Chryslers h 2100 Tecumseh blvd w
—Valerie elk St Rose Mkt r 2100 Tecumseh blvd w Raush Henry
(Elizth) h 3866 Montcalm Rauth Frances filing elk Global Genl Ins r
1064 Marion av —John S mach Bendix-Eclipse h 2686 Clemenceau
blvd (Sand E Twp) --Michl I (Christine) slsmn Riverside Roofing h
415 Eastlawn blvd (R'Side) —Steve (Eva) lab Auto Specialties h 1660
Parent av Ravanello Angelo T (Maria) h 482 Logan av Raven Cecil N
(Lillian) mgr & suprvsr C H Smith h 1612 Rossini blvd — Mabel M
(wid Wm) h 343 Partington av Rawlick Betty r 2350 Elsmere av
Rawling Clayton B (Alice) pres & mgr Clayton B Rawling Ins Agency
h 1721 Richmond —Clayton B Insurance Agency Ltd Clayton B
Rawling pres & mgr, W Leslie Hadley sec genl ins 501, 76 University
av west — Kurt (Ericka) pntr Natl Paint h 1409 Marentette av
Rawlings Caleb (Mildred) emp Chryslers h 1231 Drouillard rd — Chas
F (Bernice) trim line Chryslers h 1429 Redwood av — Craig J (Joy)
acct Hiram Walker's h 1803 Malta rd —Donald studt r 1664 Hall av --
Edwd elect Northern Crane & Hoist res McGregor —Frank H (AUce) h
449 Elliott w — Gloria elk typist Border Brkrs r 3526 Matchette rd --
John D (Geraldine) opr in training Ont Hydro h 1347 Ellrose av — Jos
H (Dorothy) foremn Dept Parks & Recreation h 3526 Matchette rd —
Robt (Maureen) tank wagon slsmn Texaco Can h 1830 Dominion
blvd (Sand W Twp) —Robt (Helen) trkr 1888 Victoria av (Sand W
Twp) h same —Robt J (Jean V) prntr Win Star h 1167 Felix av --
Ronald A L (Geraldine) emp Detroit h 1596 Bett's av (Sand W Twp) -
-Violet (wid John) h 390 Pierre av — W Gregory (Margt) claims
officer UIC h 1664 Hall av Rawlins Blake studt r 201 Homedale blvd
(R'Side) —Blake R (Germaine) compressor opr Union Gas h 201
Homedale blvd (R'Side) —Donald G (Catherine) emp UIC h 2429
University av w --Geo A (Ivy) h 1787 Windermere rd --Helen nurse
Grace Hosp res Essex —Howard D (Elsie) lab Carling Breweries h
1034 McEwan av —Ivan (Ilene) lab Carling Breweries res RR #1
Cottam Rawlinson Edwd r 386 Curry av --Percy A (Pearl) slsmn Natl
Gro h 386 Curry av --Richd Candn Army r 386 Curry av Rawluk Edwd
C (Leona) servicing machines Automatic Canteen h 1803 Femdale av
(Sand E Twp) Rawson Cliff J (Yvonne) mach opr Genl Motors h 1881
Glendale av (Sand E Twp) —Clifford (Beatrice) elk Win Ice & Coal h
1575 Moy av —Harold (Margt) h 2541 Alexis rd (Sand E Twp) --Wm
H (Kathleen) h 579 Wellington av Ray Albt F timestudymn Fords r
210 Oak av —Arthur P (Lillian) foremn Chryslers h 1621 Marentette
av --Denis K (Paulina) h 1280 Prince rd --Dorothy Mrs tchr Essex Co
Assoc for Retarded Children h e s Highway 3 (Sand W Twp) —
Genevieve Mrs lab Fords h 3239 Edison av --Irene h 2376 Elsmere av
—Jessie M D (wid Geo) h Unit H-60, 620 Wyandotte (R'Side) —John
L (Joan) emp Win Utilities Commn - Water Div h 2011 Norman rd —
John S r 2578 Clemenceau blvd (Sand E Twp) --Judy A nurse IODE
Hosp r 57 Villaire av (R'Side) — Lena (wid John H) h 2007 Norman
rd — Linda nurse r 4345 Pleasant pi — Marvin J (Lillie) vice-pres Ray
& Sons (Windsor) h 1914 Francois rd — Michl J studt r 4345 Pleasant
pi — N Jos civil engineer Sterling Constn r 57 Villaire av (R'Side) —
Norman J (Bernadette) planning dept Chryslers h 57 Villaire av
(R'Side) —Paul A (Paulette) elk Chryslers h 2911 Wyandotte (R'Side)
—Paul J (Myrtle) pres Ray & Sons (Windsor) h 4345 Pleasant pi —
Richd A (Evelyn) elk Ford Motor h 3370 Millen — Stella Mrs nurse
Metro Genl Hosp h 9, 561 Louis av — Susane Mrs h 2578
Clemenceau blvd (Sand E Twp) — Thos D (Mary E) engineer Dorn
Forge & Stamping h 2205 Hall avenue —Thos R studt r 1914
Francois rd — & Sons (Windsor) Ltd Paul J Ray pres, Marvin J Ray
vicepres, Myrtle Ray sec, Lil Ray treas cement contrs 4345 Pleasant
pi Ray's Barber Shop (Raymond Lefrancois) 2501^ Wyandotte
(R'Side) — Printing (Raymond J Suominen) comml prntg 235
Wyandotte e —Snack Bar (Rene G & Mrs Greta Simard) rest 925
Tecumseh blvd w — Texaco Service (Raymond A Burrell) serv stn
2900 Howard av (R P) Raydon Wm studt case wkr Family Serv Bur of
Win res Detroit Raye Judith A sec Detroit r 4215 Dougall av (Sand W
Twp) --Patrick D stk elk Griswold Sports Equip r 4215 Dougall av
(Sand W Twp) Raymond Aileen Mrs dietary wkr Riverview Hosp r 776
Langlois avenue — Albt (Jeannine) wldr mech Detroit h 510 Langlois
av Alphabetical. White Page 395
 RAYMOND REAUME —Andre J (Shirley) (R & R Serv Stn) h
430 Belle Isle View blvd (R'Side) —Bernard (Jean) utilitymn Fords h
1708 Tourangeau rd — Donald A studt r 1390 Tourangeau rd —
Donald C (Ann) staty engineer Kelsey Wheel h 1390 Tourangeau rd -
-Eric P (Nora) maintenance foremn Dept Transp Civil Aviation h 1820
Arthur rd — Gary studt r 738 Giles blvd e —Harvey V (Betty) staty
engineer Hiram Walker & Sons h 1544 Bernard rd --Hector
(Germaine) mach opr Fords h 1850 Westcott rd --Ivan L (Mildred)
emp Detroit r 930 Hall av — J Oliver (Dorothy) h 2592 Turner rd —
Jack (Marion) emp Bali-Hi h 2, 240 Aylmer av --Jean Mrs h 687
Bruce av --John H (Gloria) with Inti Brotherhood of Electrical Wkrs h
2374 Rossini blvd (Sand E Twp) --Peter M (Aline) mach opr
Marentette Constn h 1452 Francois road —Rene H (Jo -Anne) elk N
& D Supermkt h 2387 Aubin rd (Sand E Twp) — Richd (Sharon)
apprentice Cope & Gurr Machy h 890 Gladstone avenue — Roger J
(Judy) installer Jas D.O'Neill h 2860 Tecumseh blvd e --Theodore A
(Elizth) h 428 Belle Isle View blvd (R'Side) Rayner Carl D officer
Customs & Excise res RR #3 Harrow --Earl W (Kathryn) employment
interviewer Chryslers h 327 Isack dr (R'Side) — Edwd A (Vera)
maintenancemn Fords h 433 Cameron av — Theo L (Loretta) elk Can
Steamship Lines h 317 Glidden av (R'Side) Rayson Robt S Rev
Cannon (Frances) prin Canterbury College Assumption Univ of Win h
2973 Peter Rayzak John (Stella) tool wldr Dom Forge h 931
Roselawn dr (Sand W Twp) --Robt J studt r 931 Roselawn dr (Sand
W Twp) Razlog Jos h 1181 Drouillard rd Rea Anthony bread slsmn
Stiemar Bread r 416 Parkview av (R'Side) —Anthony (Filomena) lab
h 500 Janette av --Geo F (Joan) pharmacist Grace Hosp h 479
Sunset av --Guido (Benedetta) h 273 McKay av — Martha h 14, 1640
Niagara --Melvin (Sarah A) h4, 1519 Riverside dr e —Natale (Norma)
bread slsmn Steimar Bakeries h 416 Parkview av (R'Side) —Robt
(Chiara) h 483 Janette av — Ulderico (Maria) lab Ryan Bldrs r 1159
Lillian Reaburn Edwin M (Betty) elect Parr Bros h 3509 Girardot av
♦Read, see also Reed, Reid & Reade — Elma Mrs sis elk Red Robin h
1763 Riverside dr e —Frank C (Sophia) h 1315 Prince rd —Harold L
(Elizth) ertkr Lincoln Rd United Ch h 659 Lincoln rd --Henry C
(Susan) emp Customs & Excise h 989 Lawrence rd —Robt C (Mary)
emp C N Tel h 430 Campbell av --Robt C (Jean) emp CNR h 262
Gladstone av —Verna (wid Henry) h 1034 Prince rd — Wilbert (Rose)
miner Candn Rock Salt h 1794 Norman rd — Wm G (Edith) whse
suprvsr J T Wing & Co h 2419 Tourangeau rd (Sand E Twp) — Wm H
(Joyce) emp Genl Foods h 1020 California av — Wm J (Yvonne)
acting foremn Bell Tel h 3534 Rockwell av (Sand W Twp) ♦Reade,
see also Read, Reed, Reid —Gerald (Mignonne) h 381 Partington av
—Stanley N (Helen) drftsmn Fords h 3530 Morris dr (Sand W Twp)
Reade 's Photographic Service (Tony Colarossi & Tibor Barta) photo
finishing 2167 Wyandotte w Reader Ernest L (Phyllis) off mgr
Macdonald & White Varnish & Paint h 1959 Arras --Harry (Retta) h
2266 Turner rd —Harry (Verna) metal patternmkr Fords h 3265
Morris dr (Sand W Twp) Reading Evelyn Mrs h 650 Dougall av --
Gordon r 478 Caron av --Jas r 989 Windsor av Reagan Jos mach opr
Chryslers h 1370 Cadillac Real Lace & Linen Store (Sidney Leon) 266
Ouellette av Reale Albirego (Natalino) emp Ace Paint Finisher r 1562
Parent av Reardon Doreen Mrs h 3763 Riberdy rd (Sand E Twp) --
Herman R Rev priest St Christopher's RC Church h (rear) 3335
Woodward blvd (Sand E Twp) --John F (Esther) h 841 Ouellette av --
Osborne J (Carmel) shpr Natl Gro h 953 Cadillac --Ronald D studt r
3763 Riberdy rd (Sand E Twp) --Willard J (Theresa) lab Chryslers h
1654 Aubin rd Reaume Adelard W (Jean) lab Genl Motors h 5097
McDonald ct (Sand E Twp) — Adele (wid Tancrede) r 1, 269 Castrain
pi —Adeline (wid Henry) h 1082 Campbell av --Adolphe J (Gladys)
slsmn James Chev & Olds h 784 Moy av --Alfred (Melano) h 697
Memorial dr —Alfred mech hlpr Kingsway Transp r 3473 Peter --Alice
P (wid Oswald) opr Bell Tel h 1195 Walker rd --Allan p c Pol Dept r
3126 Wyandotte w — Alzina (wid Archie) h 221 Cameron av —
Ambrose G h 845 Albert rd — Anna Mrs r 2856 Riverside dr w --
Arthur (Shirley) lab Chryslers h 3309 Woodlawn av (Sand E Twp) --
Arthur J (Jane) pres Arthur J Reaume Investments h 51 Buckingham
rd (R'Side) --Arthur J Investments Ltd Arthur J Reaume pres 1209,
374 Ouellette av --Barbara emp Hiram Walkers r 1512 Bernard rd —
Bernard (Rita) brakemn NYC Rly h 647 Indian rd —Bernard
(Florence) mach Fords h 1260 Wyandotte e --Bernard A (Henriett)
attdt Fred Chalmers Serv h 208 Riverdale av (R'Side) — Betty (wid
Floyd) suprvsr Champion Spark Plug h 928 Moy av --Carol h 202
McKay av —Carol legal sec Simon & Brody r 1474 Lincoln rd — Chas
A (Melvina) emp Fords h 1512 Bernard rd — Chas A (Elizth) r 356
Lauzon rd (R'Side) —Chas J (Salome) h 2606 Wyandotte (R'Side) --
Cliff Service (Clifford Reaume) serv stn 3725 Seminole —Clifford
(Cliff Reaume Service) h 2465 St Louis av (Sand E Twp) —Corine P
bottler Hiram Walkers h 845 Albert rd — Danl (Bonita) mgr N & D
Supermkt h 1709 Westcott rd —Dianne elk Win Community Fund r
1422 Westcott rd --Dolores Mrs wtrs Tops Dairy Bar r 2841 McKay av
(Sand W Twp) — Donald (Margt) motor dismantler Pazner Scrap
Metals h 1719 Ford blvd (Sand E Twp) --Donald D wrehsemn Murphy
Tobacco res La Salle --Donald J (Irene) pres Win Match Plate h 158
Isack dr (R'Side) — Doris A Mrs bkpr Producers Cold Storage res RR
# 1 Tecumseh --Douglas R studt r 784 Moy av —Dudley (Lucille)
mach opr Fords h 450 Mill — Earl (Grace) h 1850 Jefferson blvd
(Sand E Twp) --Earl (Bernice) drvr Fords h 2328 Wellesley --Edgar
(Blanche) parts & access Fords h 1724 Central av —Ernest (Lois)
metermn Sand East Pub Utilities h 2057 Ferndale av (Sand E Twp) —
Ethel (wid Geo) h 773 McEwan av —Evelyn D Mrs elk Burroughs Bus
Mach res LaSalle —Frances emp Detroit r 221 Cameron av — Francis
X (Helen) elk Fords h 855 Francois ct — Frank C (Phyllis) asst mgr
shipping dept Henry Birks & Sons h 440 Reedmere av (R'Side) --Fred
N (Elizth) metal fnshr Fords h 1842 Kildare rd —Fuels Ltd Louis
Monforton mgr coal & oil 1573 Langlois av —Garnet W (Shirley) drvr
Candn Linen h 3158 Sandwich —Garry J tchr r 158 Isack dr (R'Side)
--Gary L studt r 224 Cadillac —Gary M emp Loury Textile r 277 Pratt
pi — Geo R (Mary) assmblr Chryslers h 2717 Wyandotte (R'Side) —
Gerald P (Rosemary) acct Capital Bldg Industries h 2820 Randolph
av (Sand W Twp) --Gerald W (Lorraine) tool & die mkr Candn
Engineering & Tool h 1608 George av --Gilbert h 2825 Walker rd
(Sand E Twp) --Glenn D (Edna) tool engineer Fords h 233 St Mary's
blvd (R'Side) —Guy B (Jeanne) emp Detroit h 1613 Riverside dr
(R'Side) —Guy B emp Bendix r 1613 Riverside dr (R'Side) — Harold
(Hazel) drvr Dominion Forge & Stamping h 775 Sunset avenue --
Harold L (Jacqueline) sec Win Match Plate h 217 Isack dr (R'Side) —
Harvey A (Margt) trimmer Genl Motors h 2433 Francois rd (Sand E
Twp) — Herbt (Emma) trk drvr Fords h 1750 Westcott rd —Jas
(Stella) lab Walker Metal Products h 1422 Westcott rd — Jas D
(Geraldine) off mgr Win Plumbing & Heating h 3698 Academy dr
(Sand W Twp) — Jeane A (Evelyn) serv mgr Detroit h 3871 Mt
Carmel dr (Sand W Twp) —Jeannette L emp Detroit h 861 Pelissier
— Jetty C studt r 1667 Jefferson blvd (Sand E Twp) --John H r 867
Arthur rd —John R (Bernadette) vice-pres Win Match Plate h 2796
Buckingham dr (Sand E Twp) —Jos (Alice) suprvsr Can Bread h 3559
McKay av (Sand W Twp) —Jos L acct h 658 Mill —Katherine (wid
Robt) r 4400 Menard (R'Side) — Kenneth (Rosemary) stkrm wkr Genl
Foods r 773 McEwan av —Kenneth J studt r 1589 Tourangeau rd --
Lawrence (Margt) jr assessor City Assess Dept h 3070 Walker rd
(Sand E Twp) --Lawrence A (Mildred) assmblr Chryslers h 859
Francois ct —Lawrence E (Irene) lab h875£ Albert rd --Lawrence J
(Monica) firemn Win Fire Dept h 3327 Peter --Leonard W pekr Win
IGA Foodliner Laine Food Sis r 2841 McKay av (Sand W Twp) —396
—
 REAUME REDDAM --Lorene Mrs r 1017 St Rose av (R'Side) -
-Louise (wid Eddie) r 221 Cameron av — Lucien (Laura) shipping elk
Chryslers h 1667 Jefferson blvd (Sand E Twp) --Mabel (wid Jos) h
3126 Wyandotte w — Marcel (Bernice) lab Welles Corp h 1287
Westcott rd — Marcella Mrs emp Dominion Tavern r 3140 Sandwich
— Margt (wid Leon) janitoress City of Windsor h 224 Cadillac --Marie
(wid Jos E) h 277 Pratt pi --Marie Mrs social wkr R C Children's Aid
Soc h 8, 74 Shepherd w --Mary Jo studt lab techn Metro Genl Hosp r
1395 Albert rd --Melvin J (Gail) lather h 3803 Turner rd (Sand E Twp)
--Milton U (Dorothy) shpr Rinshed- Mason h 1589 Tourangeau rd --
Minnie Mrs r 440 Reedmere av (R'Side) --Neil J (Mary) sis rep C E
Marley h 3610 Rockwell av (Sand W Twp) — Nelson R (Josephine)
emp Detroit h 1115 Dot av —Norbert (Shirley) trk drvr Oldcastle Co-
op h 2590 Chandler rd (Sand E Twp) --Norman A (Theresa)
hammermn Dominion Forge h 2689 St Louis av (Sand E Twp) —
Norman P (Leona E) elect contr 173 Lauzon rd (R'Side) h same —
Park after 4670 Riverside dr e --Philip L (Maureen) dist rep Fibre
Glass of Can h 2355 Gladstone av --Phyllis studt nurse r 2606
Wyandotte (R'Side) --Raymond A (Loma) h 725 Marentette av --
Raymond E (Jenette) mach Huron Steel h 3540 Girardot av — Richd
C blueprint opr Candn Bridge r 1512 Bernard rd — Richd E treas Win
Match Plate h 207, 111 Westminster blvd (R'Side) — Robt D
(Carmine) stk elk Beauty Counselors of Can h 315 St Rose av
(R'Side) —Robt J (Jean P) h 929 Wyandotte e —Ronald drvr r 816
Pierre av — Ronald N (Doreen) rprmn Chryslers h 36 St Rose av
(R'Side) --Rosario J (Felicie) coal & oil dir h 2472 Windermere rd —
Roseanna Mrs r 2856 Riverside dr w —Rosemary Mrs medical elk
Win Medical Services r 2820 Randolph av REAUME U G LIMITED,
Ulysses G Reaume President and Manager, Thomas C Chauvin
Assistant Secretary, Insurance Agents, Appraisers, Real Estate, 802
Canada Trust Building, 176 University Avenue West, Phone 254-9289
(see card Insurance Agents; also card Real Estate) — Ulysses G
(Emelie) pres & mgr U G Reaume Ltd h 1712 Riverside dr (R'Side) —
Urbain J (Lydia) bus drvr SWA Rly h 3473 Peter --Vincent h 17, 815
University av w --Wallace H J elk Bank of Mont r 1512 Bernard rd --
Wilfred studt r 1287 Westcott rd — Wilfred A (Vida) chkr Brewers
Whse h 2841 McKay av (Sand W Twp) --Wilfred A (Edna) emp
Chryslers h 1834 Jefferson blvd (Sand E Twp) — Wm claims elk H D
Bryant Motors res RR #1 Belle River — Woodrow J assmblr H V
Welles h891 Wyandotte e — Zephire A (Dorothy) drvr Chryslers h
3860 Turner rd (Sand E Twp) Reavely Margt (wid Melbourne) h 406
Bruce av Reay Sami (Eva) gatemn Walker Metal h 149 Crawford av
Rebbeck Alfred J (Violet) car insp Essex Terminal Rly h 2422
McDougall Rebkowec Lorraine L Mrs export elk Russell A Farrow res
RR #3 Maidstone — Michl J janitor Central Bakery r 1536 Albert rd --
Mike (Vera) trimmer Chryslers h 1536 Albert rd Rebner Adolf cement
fnshr r 249 Reedmere av (R'Side) —Bertha (wid Gus) h 249
Reedmere av (R'Side) — Gustaf (Elizth) tool & die mkr h 934 Howard
av — Waldemar pntr Roy & Huebert r 249 Reedmere av (R'Side)
Recchia Angello mech Fords r 1153 Pierre av — Thos (Anna M) h
1153 Pierre av Rech Peter W r 2500 Grand Marais rd w (Sand W
Twp) Rechenuc Steve (Catherine) mixer Walker Metal h 675 Sunset
av Rechwan Joe L (Mary) h 1138 Howard av Recker Bernard A
(Mary) barber 1405 Tecumseh blvd w h same — Marvin J
(Mauricette) enjp Detroit h 1162 Rankin av Recommended Baby
Sitting Service (Islay Lumley) 152 Elm av Record Credit & Collection
Co Ltd John Dunlop pres 603, 76 University av w Red Line Chemicals
of Canada Ltd R V Maxwell sis rep industrial sanitation products 504
Victoria av — Robin Ltd Harry R Schwartz mgr ladies wear 331
Ouellette av --Rose Grill (Jean Woo) rest 475 University av w Red's
Recreation (Mrs Florida Hendricks) 4881 Tecumseh blvd east (Sand E
Twp) Redburd Harry (Pearl) fainting contr h 1639 Cherrylawn cres
(Sand W Twp) Reddam Do.iald elk CPRh 1084 Bruce av — Irene M
(wid Jas) r 1084 Bruce av —John (Grace) emp Income Tax Dept h
777 Josephine av --Laura (wid Jos) h 4, 807 Wellington av --Robt J
(Julia) emp Chryslers h 1802 Cadillac —Ronald J (Ruth) tchr Sacred
Heart Schl h 155 Oak av --Wm T (Shirley) stkmn Chryslers h 232
Frank av (R'Side) Reddin Eric J (Margt) credit mgr Conklin Lumber h
605 Ducharme (Sand S Twp) — Geo E (Rosalie) deputy city elk Corp
of City of Windsor h 4288 Sutherland av (Sand W Twp) Redding
Arthur (May) h 1280 Wellington av Reddy Jean r 512 Janette av
Redeker B Robina (wid Chas E) h 457 Wyandotte w Reder Arthur
(Mary) car insp NYC Rly h 1110 Curry av Redfern Elizth (wid Harold)
h 636 Church —Irene Mrs h 1477 Felix av Redford John (Elsie)
engineer J Clark Keith Steam Plant h 271 Sterling cres Redman
Kenneth A (Lenora) drvr Goodrich Whse h 1042 Elm av Redmile Alan
studt r 414 Josephine av — Bonnie Mrs elk Candn Imp Bk Commerce
r 1168 Moy av —Geo (Edith) insp Win Social Services Dept h 414
Josephine av --Jack C studt r 414 Josephine av --John h 408
Josephine av —John J (Beatrice) emp Win Utilities Commn - Water
Div h (rear) 270 Strabane av --John W (Marlene) priv chauf h 233
Parent av --Wm (Bernice) maintenancemn Win Match Plate h 555
Gladstone av Redmond Karen Mrs stenog Macdonald & White
Varnish & Paint h 12214 Riverside dr (Tecumseh) —Mae L tchr St
Clare's Schl h 29, 1382 Ouellette av — Marlin (Lois) emp Detroit h
1634 Ferndale av (Sand E Twp) —Philip H h 454 Church —Philip H r
131 Elliott w --Sally D r 1709 Glendale av (Sand E Twp) --Vernon A
(Marjorie) personnel mgr Walker Metal Products res RR #2 River
Canard — Wayne Candn Navy r 1709 Glendale av (Sand E Twp) —
Wm A teaching fellow Essex College, Assumption Univ of Win r 329
California av Redu Violet wtrs Volcano Pizzeria Rest r 920 Lillian
Reduce Guerrino (Pina) hlpr Inti Baking h 948 Langlois av — Luigia
elk Michel's Dry Goods r 948 Langlois av —Rina slsldy Inti Bakeries r
948 Langlois av Reducha Edwd (Evalue) photo Edmar Studio h 1850
Victoria av (Sand W Twp) Reeb E Clare (Lucille) officer Customs &
Excise h 3510 Woodland av (Sand W Twp) --Lawrence guard Essex
County Jail res Essex --Violet Mrs Indry wkr Grace Hosp h 4, 212-214
Curry av Reece M Olive (wid Harry) h 872 Jos Janisse av --Madeline
A h 1617 Howard av ♦Reed, see also Read & Reid — Alice (wid
Edwd) h 1489 Everts av (Sand W Twp) —Clarence (Viola) 1 c PO h
1542 Janette av —David R studt r 2417 George av (Sand E Twp) —
Glenn K (Harriet) rate elk Morrice Cartage h 6816 Riverside dr
(R'Side) --Howard A (Mildred) emp Candn Bridge res Detroit --Jack C
(Verna) transp drvr Vernor's Ginger Ale h 2780 Dandurand blvd
(Sand W Twp) --Leo (Geraldine) r 359 Goyeau --Mary J (wid Thos) h
355 Campbell av — Mary W Mrs h 2417 George av (Sand E Twp) —
Murray E (Patricia) personnel mgr Win Utilities Commn h 3135
Radisson av (Sand W Twp) — Susan inventory stk elk Howitt Battery
& Elect Serv r 2417 George av (Sand E Twp) Reed-Lewis Mary (wid
Ellis) h 1292 Victoria av Reekie Geo T (Helen) mech Sterling Constn
res La Salle Reely Sidney J (Margt I) acoustical applicator Tricon
Acoustics h 235 Pratt pi —Sidney R prntr Win Star r 235 Pratt pi --
Wm J applicator Tricon Acoustics r 235 Pratt pi Rees Edwd (Edna)
certified public acct 916 Erie e r 4666 Montgomery (Sand W Twp) —
Kenneth J (Marjorie) (Rees & Weatherbie) h970 Campbell av — &
Weatherbie (Kenneth J Rees & Harold Weatherbie) pntrs &
decorators 607 Randolph av Reeve Bert (Audrey) staff mgr
Prudential Ins of America h 3519 Woodland av (Sand W Twp) --
Bertram carp h 576 Crawford av — Bruce H studt r 3519 Woodland
av (Sand W Twp) —Erie B (Theresa) p c PO h 3406 Woodland av
(Sand W Twp) — Ernest H (Margt) excisemn Dept Natl Revenue h
615 Mo rand (Sand S Twp) --Geo (Lilly) h 1561 Benjamin av —
Kenneth (Cecile) elect Chryslers h 2428 Cadillac (Sand E Twp)
Reeves A1 trk drvr Chryslers r 1294 Dufferin pi — Beatrice Mrs h
2056 Balfour blvd (Sand E Twp) —Emily r 1475 Huron Line —Henry
E (Marie) mach McKerlie Automotive (Windsor) h 2404 Meighen rd
(Sand E Twp) — Jack A (Olive) cash Liquor Control Bd #33 h 3253
Woodland av (Sand W Twp) Alphabetical, White Page 397
 REEVES REID —John T (Ludivine) personnel mgr
Metropolitan Genl Hosp res RR #1 Belle River — Leslie C (Edna)
material chkr Chryslers h 2591 Alexis rd (Sand E Twp) --Phyllis
comptometer opr Ford Motor r 1781 Ellrose av —Robt G (Donna)
slsmn Wonder Bakeries h 53 Lauzon rd (R'Side) — Susan r 3966
Woodward blvd (Sand E Twp) —Theresa (wid Henry) h 3691 Byng rd
(Sand E Twp) — W Mark Rev (Miora) minister Trinity United Ch h
1966 Tourangeau rd — Wm C (Kathleen) millwright Chryslers h 2296
Meldrum rd (Sand E Twp) Reffle Jos F (Anne) (Schuster & Reffle Real
Estate Brokers) h 2510 Gail rd —Regina (wid Antone) h 2177
Parkwood av — Wendel (Mary) set-up man Young Spring & Wire h 4,
561 Parent av Refractories Engineering Supplies Ltd Kenneth Heilig
mgr fireplace clay 1250 Drouillard rd Refrigeration Sales Co (Geo
Pundsack) 1007 Lena Regal Paint & Wallpaper Co (Aaron H
Katzman) 1304 Wyandotte east —Recreation (Peter Lozowchuk)
1226 Drouillard rd Regan Geo r 344 Caron av — Margt r 304, 2345
University av w — Monica h 304, 2345 University av w — Noreen r
304, 2345 University av w Regehr Ernest W (Barbara) prod engineer
Fords h 2549 Dominion blvd (Sand W Twp) Regent Manor apts 706
Victoria av —Plywoods Ltd Bertrand M B Smith mgr 985 St Luke rd
Reger Conrad (Magdeleine) carp Gillis Constn h 1048 Marion av --
Erich (Wanda) tool & die mkr Ford Motor h 2346 Tourangeau rd
(Sand E Twp) Regier Godfrey C (Patricia) (Air- Way Sis & Service) h
460 St Louis av (R'Side) —Lome D (Bemadine) grinder Genl Motors h
448 Belleperche pi (R'Side) --Raymond (Mable) emp Detroit h 1766
Dominion blvd (Sand W Twp) Regimbald Marie Mrs r 543 Askin av
Reginella Giuseppe (Maria) h 675 Hall av — Pietro (Margherita)
brklyr h 652 Langlois av Regini Giuseppe (Albina) roofer h 1861
Central av Regni Agnes Mrs drvr Deluxe Clnrs & Dyers res La Salle
Regnier Alphonse A (Barbara) punch press opr Huron Steel h 811
Felix av —Anne M social wkr Catholic Family Service Bur h 8, 1534
Ouellette av --Barbara sis elk Metropolitan Stores r 3495 Girardot av
— Danl H (Beverly) lab Fabricated Steel h 3720 Montcalm --Donald
(Betty) lab Karco Co h 1843 Jefferson blvd (Sand E Twp) — Donald
mech Inti Trucks (Windsor) res Emeryville — Florence (wid Hervey)
h 3495 Girardot av — Frank W (Beverly) mech Warder Texaco Serv h
3786 Glenfield — J Morris (Pearl) h 207 Bertha av (R'Side) --Leonard
(Rose -Mae) drvr Dons Transp h 1944 Jefferson blvd (Sand E Twp) —
Mederic (Rose A) h 1312 Chappell av Regts Egbert studt r 1141
Monmouth rd --Sarah Mrs asst mgrss Brown's Silk Shoppes r 1175
Dougall av Rehberger John (Jamie) spot wldr Chryslers h 1024 Moy
av Rehill Lorraine (wid Osborne) h 899 Victoria av Rehman Adam
(Henrietta) mach opr J & C Tool & Die h 1140 Parent av --Anna (wid
Jacob hsekpr St Michl's (RC) Ch r 2153 Parkwood avenue --Edmund
(Catherine) h 564 Shepherd e --Jos (Virginia) meat mgr Loblaws h
3539 Virginia Pk av (Sand W Twp) Rehmen John (Colleen) drvr
Candn Linen h 1607 Westminster av (Sand E Twp) Rehner John
assmblr Genl Motors h 943 Raymo rd --John utilitymn Chryslers h
1356 Pillette rd — Katherina Mrs r 1435 Elsmere av — Michl
(Suzanna) janitor Waddell's Sound & Radio h 871 Pillette rd — Michl
(Katharina) mach Dom Forge h 2348 Bernard rd (Sand E Twp)
Rehorek Rudy apprentice Hercules Tool & Die res RR #1 River
Canard Reich Michl S chauf PO r 93 Riverside dr e Reiche John C
(Hedwia) h 2391 Rossini blvd (Sand E Twp) Reichert Barbara (wid
David) r 3032 Bruce av (Sand W Twp) *Reid, see ^lso Read, Reade
& Reed --A W & Son (Bernard G & Kathleen Reid) hdwre 4781-83
Wyandotte e — Addie (wid Roy E) h 4, 1375-79 Martin --Anne J Mrs
r 1132 Windermere rd --Arthur B (Margt) sec-treas & mgr Essex
Hybrid-Seed Co h 2510 Riverside dr (R'Side) —Audrey A sec Detroit r
125 Esdras pi (R'Side) —Barbara J r 1215 Chilver rd --Bernard G
(Phyllis) (A W Reid & Son) res St Clair Beach --Bertram (Iona)
foremn Chryslers h 783 Gladstone av —Bessie Mrs h 1087 Lillian --
Beverly R pres Allied Travel Serv (Windsor) res Tecumseh --Birdie
(wid Orville) h 1062 Church --Bruce L (Marilyn) elect Fords h 1741
Durham pi —Carl N (Kathleen) emp Win Utilities Commn (Hydro Div)
h 2292 Chari (Sand W Twp) --Carmen (Minnie) janitor Genl Motors h
629 Grand Marais rd e (R P) — Chas A (Sylvia) suprvsr Bell Tel h
2540 Dominion blvd (Sand W Twp) — Chesley (Joan) emp Win Star
h 1760 Moy av — D H Edwin messr Royal Bank h 399 Edinborough
(Sand W Twp) --David A (Julie) staty engineer - wtchmn Toledo
Scale h 4015 Roseland dr e (Sand W Twp) --Donald B (June) hdwre
slsmn Detroit h 1847 Arthur rd --Donald W (Joan) chemist Chryslers
h 8, 1375-79 Martin --Edna (wid Harry) h 9, 316 Chippawa — Elizth
asst hsekpr Grace Hosp r 1447 Hickory rd — Elizth L bkpr Arcadia
Press r 196 Oak av --Ethel (wid Melvin) h 1451 Lillian —Everett C
(Jean) mgr Fords h 1215 Chilver rd --Everett M (Rita) assmblr -
mechanical Burroughs Bus Mach h 2659 Alexander av (Sand W Twp)
—Florence I Mrs receptionist Y MCA -YWCA h 1270 Bruce av --Frank
(Marilyn) h 558 Windermere rd — G Lloyd (Florence) fendermn
Chryslers h 749 Charlotte (R P) —Geo (Christian) slsmn Dowie Real
Est & Mortgages h 1589 Hall av — Geo E (Shirley) stmftr Hussey
Plumbing h 380 Caron av --Gerald (Sadie) cribmn Fords h 667 Hall
av — Gerald A (Isabelle) buffer Detroit h 1938 Francois rd --Glen
(Metta) mach opr Fords h 244 Prado pi (R'Side) --Glenn h 325-325^
Salter av --Gordon A (Ivy) stkmn Gold Star Products h 1429 Elsmere
av — Gordon O drvr Veterans Taxi r 1062 Church —Greta E emp Red
Cross h 2292 Dougall av —Harold E (Ruby M)i supt Customs &
Excise h 361 Belleperche pi (R'Side) —Harold J (Anna) servicemn
Union Gas h 1225 Grand Marais rd east (R P) --Harry h 324
Westminster blvd (R'Side) --Harry C (Lucille) auto slsmn Dingwall
Motors h 1849 George avenue —Hazel Mrs h 1107 Marion av —
Helen teller Guaranty Trust r 2259 University av w --Howard E (Ruth)
pres Reid Industries h 1406 Riverside dr (R'Side) —Ian K studt r
1167 Argyle rd --Ida (wid Irving) h 2393 Fraser av — Industries Ltd
Howard E Reid pres, Chas W Stephens sectreas serv packaging &
distributors 1857 Riverside dr e —Islay S (Edith) h 430 Sunset av --
Jack E (Katherine) rep North American Life Assce h 3120 Radisson
av (Sand W Twp) — Jas A (Alma) compressor opr Union Gas h 1235
Grand Marais rd e (R P) --Jas C h 11, 1 Buckingham rd (R'Side) —Jas
C (Alice) emp Chryslers h 3782 Poplar av —Jas M (Mary) emp
Chryslers h 1511 York —Jas R (Kay) elk Wm James & Son r 749
Charlotte (R P) --Jane (wid Robt) r 3603 Riberdy rd (Sand E Twp) —
Jennie (wid I Fred) r 601, 395 University av e --John (Viola) bell capt
Norton Palmer Hotel res Detroit --John (Nellie) insp Fords h 476
McKay av —John studt r 1008 Victoria av --John A (Elizth) master
mech Candn Rock Salt res Ojibway --John B (Margt) emp Detroit h
657 Sunset av --John K (Margt) slsmn London Life h 1167 Argyle rd -
-John W r 430 Sunset av —Kathleen M (A W Reid & Son) h 805
Lawrence rd --Katie (wid Chas) h 1123 Lillian --Keith G (Donna)
mech h 550 Belleperche pi (R'Side) --Kenneth F (Carlene)
supervisory 1 c PO h 2361 Arthur rd (Sand E Twp) —Kenneth L
(Elizth) dir of taxation Income Tax h 1008 Victoria avenue —Lillian
Mrs h 726 Hildegarde (R P) --Lloyd C (Edna) emp Win Utilities
Commn (Hydro Div) h 1572 York — Margt (wid Thos) h 2259
University av w — Margt opr Moxon Beauty & Gift Shoppe r 3174
Riberdy rd (Sand E Twp) — Mary A personal services dir YMCA-YWCA
r 511 Pelissier — Mary E studt r 1215 Chilver rd — Maude A Mrs
cosmetician Roy Paterson Pharmacy h 303, 1361-1381 Assumption
— Morris J (Beatrice) switchmn NYC h 69 Hanna e — Murray R
(Doris) slsmn Natl Gro h 2460 Dominion blvd (Sand W Twp) —
Murrel H (Pearl) suprvsr Chryslers h 2329 Wellesley --Neil rpr mech
Burroughs Bus Mach res Emeryville —Norman G (Christine) foremn
Hiram Walker & Sons h 125 Esdras pi (R'Side) —Orville mach Fords r
190 Janette av —398—
 REID REITZ EL — Ray V (Nora) parts elk Webster Motors
Windsor h 1330 Janette Reitzel Edwin L (Madeline) serviceran Union
Gas h 1780 avenue — Regd r 667 Windsor av — Richd r (rear) 1860
Drouillard rd --Richd (Beverley) lather J M Troup h 3540 Rankin av
(Sand W Twp) — Robt drvr Sterile Bleach r 2329 Wellesley — Robt E
(Mary) foremn Chryslers h 2364 University av w --Robt G (Eileen) elk
A & P h 2169 Secord av —Roy (Mary) h 704 Wyandotte e — Roy C
(Florence) foremn CNR h 546 Lincoln rd —Roy J (Pearl) dentist 1510
Ottawa h 1896 Dacotah dr —Russell L (Elizth) vice-pres Lincoln
Casket h 2870 Virginia Pk av (Sand W Twp) —Russell R (Alice) mach
setter Fords h 128 St Mary's blvd (R 'Side) — Sarah (wid Wm) h
3174 Riberdy rd (Sand E Twp) --Thelma r 749 Charlotte (R P) — W
Russell (Violet) h 3534 Sandwich — Waldo r 667 Windsor av --Walter
I (Ivy) mgr Fords h 2530 Virginia Pk av (Sand W Twp) -- Walter K
(Lillian) h 2002 Willistead cres --Wm (Margt) bartender Drop In
Tavern h 1057 Josephine av — wm (Eileen) radio techn Walter
Coulter h 2061 Ford blvd (Sand E Twp) --Wm C dist agt Ogilvie Five
Roses Sis h 4069 Mount Royal av (Sand W Twp) — wm C (Lillian)
shpr Whiteman Fum h 1221 Grand Marais rd east (R P) — Wm D
(Elizth) foremn Fords h 449 Wyandotte w — Wm G (Olive) lab Fords
h 1240 Howard av — Wm G (Beatrice) utilitymn Chryslers h 931
Merritt dr — Wm P h Bl, 286 Pitt w Reidel John (Gertrude) lab
Eastern Constn h 705 Dougall av Reidl Henry (Emma) lab Chryslers h
3982 Mount Royal dr (Sand W Twp) —Theresa sec Ivan W Thrasher
Realty r 1835 Alexis rd Reidy Bernadine emp Hiram Walkers r 835
Bridge av --Jos Candn Army r 835 Bridge av --Kathleen sec Sandwich
Coal & Oil r 835 Bridge av --Patricia studt r 835 Bridge av — Patrick J
(Mary) mach opr Fords h 835 Bridge av — Timothy P r 835 Bridge av
Reif Theo (Belie) mech Detroit h 1223 Aubin rd Reilingh Albt
(Johanna) pres & genl mgr C H Mclnnis Co h 1144 Devonshire rd
Reilly Irvine G (Nancy) teaching fellow Essex College, Assumption
Univ of Win h 362 Campbell av --Wm r 749 Dougall av Reimer Chas
W (Patricia) engineer's asst John Wyeth & Bro h 3152 Riberdy rd
(Sand E Twp) —Edwin D (Elfrieda) tchr Cahill Schl h 3631
Roxborough av (Sand W Twp) — Express Lines Ltd transp 1117
George av —Frank K (Anna) mach opr Fords h 1732 Elsmere av
Reimneitz Jules (Dorothy) emp Dom Auto Carriers h 2596 Meighen
rd (Sand E Twp) Rein Lawrence (Anne) barber Artistic Barber Salon h
1861 St Luke rd Reinbold Hilda off wkr Bell Tel h 4, 523 Caron av
Reiner John Ltd John R Reiner pres, Patricia A Reiner vicepres & sec-
treas auto body rprs 1596 University av w — John (Patricia) pres
John Reiner h 3835 Avon dr (Sand W Twp) — Mathias (Elizth) h
1243 Shepherd e — Mathias (Theodora) trk drvr C H Mclnnis h 1384
Pierre av — Patricia vice-pres & sec-treas John Reiner r 3835 Avon dr
(Sand W Twp) Reinhardt Augustus ( Mary) h 904 Oak av —Gerald
studt r 3510 Rankin av (Sand W Twp) — Mervin J (Ina) foremn Unit
Precast Windsor h 3510 Rankin av (Sand W Twp) — Stephen
(Frances) wldr American Standard h 174 Janette av Reis Hildigarde
studt r 1190 Monmouth rd — Michl (Caroline) mech Joe's Bicycle
Shop h 1190 Monmouth rd Reisch Frank J (Edna) drvr Inter City
Truck Lines h 1894 George av —Jos (Mary) with Traub Mfg h 2180
Secord av Reisenberger Rupert (Gerlinda) tool & die mkr Inti Tool h
930 Hall av Reiser Frank (Mary) tool insp Chryslers h 339 Logan av
— Frank J (Josephine) elk Chryslers h 953 Scofield av (Sand S Twp)
—Ronald R studt r 339 Logan av --Werner G (Ruth) mech Central
Chrysler Plymouth h 3244 Baby Reiss John (Hilda) lab Standard
Fndry h 1570 George av --Jos (Emma) core mkr Auto Specialties h
432 Hall av —Michl h (basement) 1382 Drouillard rd Reissner Alonzo
A (Florence) r 3138 Byng rd (Sand E Twp) — Forest G emp Candn
Bridge h 3774 Birch Reiter Geo (Katherine) h 2318 Louis av --John
(Katherine) mach r 2890 Askin av (Sand W Twp) Reith Jos h 1860
Moy av Reitman's (Ontario) Ltd ladies ready to wear branches 2451
& 3120 Dougall av (Sand W Twp), 1399 Grand Marais rd w (Sand W
Twp), 1350 Ottawa & 459 Ouellette av Ell rose av Reive Wm
(Delores) lab Morris Constn h 705 Vimy av Rekers John r 1527 Pierre
av — Mary (wid John H) h 1527 Pierre av Rekush Jos r 1524 Langlois
av Rele Thos (Beatrice) h 816 Chatham e Relf Geo (Teresa) h 641
Chatham e —Geo (Theresa) pntr Natl Paint h 824 Chatham e —
Lawrence W (Edna) mgr Liquor Control Bd #33 h 117 Laporte av
(R'Side) —Robt E studt in accts Arthur S Fitzgerald & Co r 117
Laporte av (R'Side) Reliable Jewellery Mfg Co (Jack M Shanfield)
188-190 Ouellette avenue —Plumbing & Heating (Thos J Checaloski)
1720 Tecumseh blvd w Reliance Auto Sales ( Wallace J Beaudoin)
used cars 1556 Tecumseh blvd w —Steel Fabricators Ltd Walter S
Joiner pres & vice-pres, Wm T Huntingford sec-treas & mgr 385
Salter av Relich Caroline off elk Hiram Walker r 1388 Erie e — Emil
(Mary) mach opr Fords h 1388 Erie e Rembish Earl (Gail) studt r
3340 Mark av (Sand W Twp) Remdenok Peter (Leona) slsmn London
Life h 1667 Arthur rd Remedial Speech Assn Mrs Melanie Panczyk
speech therapist 1226 Ouellette av Remi Akerib slsmn h 2161
Dougall av Remillong Michl (Rose) pntr Smart Decorating h 1831
Chilver rd — Mike (Ann) forging insp Dom Forge h 975 Hall av
Remington Auto Parts Ltd Michl Mutter pres, Michl P Mutter Jr vice-
pres, Mrs Margt Mutter sec-treas used & new auto parts 2875
Howard av (Sand W Twp) — Bakery Anthony Elmer mgr 639
Charlotte (R P) —Billiards (Thos Kwoka) 2590 Elsmere av (R P) --Dry
Cleaners (Paul Ciurysek) 780 South Pacific av (R P) —Hardware
(Stephen Freisinger) 2714 Howard av (R P) --Park Tabernacle Rev J
Grundy pastor 602 Charles (R P) —Provisions (Pierre Beasse)
grocery & meat 604 Williams (RP) --Rand Ltd Earl J Pattison mgr
typewriters & bus machines 699 Wyandotte w Remmert Marid
(Remmert's Toys of Canada) res St Clair Beach Remmert's Toys of
Canada (Marie Remmert) 3395 Sandwich Remsing Anton (Margt) h
3587 Howard av (Sand W Twp) --Catherine A studt nurse
Metropolitan Hosp r 3581 Howard av (Sand W Twp) --Joanne studt r
3581 Howard av (Sand W Twp) — Jos (Catharine) insp Colonial Tool
h 3581 Howard av (Sand W Twp) Renaldo Wm (Ruth A) emp Leo
Ferri Serv h 2277 Elsmere av Renard Andre (Elizth) tool & die mkr
Fords h 683 Windermere Renaud Abel E (Lucille) sec Capital Bldg
Industries h 2690 Askin av (Sand W Twp) —Albt J (Ellaleine) (Bert
Renaud Barber Shop) h 5198 Tecumseh blvd e (Sand E Twp) —Albt J
(Nora) mach hand Fords h 2057 Buckingham rd (Sand E Twp) --Albt
J mach opr Fords r 167 Elm av --Alex (Marietta) pntr Butcher
Engineering Enterprises h 1610 Laing —Alex E (Elizth) h 429 Isabelle
pi (R’Side) —Alex J hlpr Merrifield's Custom Body Shop r 2534
Howard av (R P) --Alex R (Margt) attdt Monty's Fina Serv h 1381
Arthur rd --Alfred (Flora) (Renaud Electric) h 872 Marentette av —
Alfred (Beatrice) maintenancemn Fords h 3477 Peter — Alfonse (Ida)
h 461 Rosedale av —Alphonse J (Irene) insp Fords h 1477 Dufferin
pi —Alice Mrs h 1175 Hickory rd —Anthony A br mgr Russell A
Farrow r 461 Rosedale av —Archie V (Margt) elk Fords h 432 Erie w
— Armand (Marie) locker attdt Beachgrove Country Club h 2603
Lloyd George blvd (Sand E Twp) —Arthur h 2526 Tourangeau rd
(Sand E Twp) --Arthur (Etta) insp Chryslers h 332 Fairview blvd
(R'Side) --Arthur punch press opr Natl Radiator r 3477 Peter —Arthur
C (Claire) (Duke's Barber Shop) r 156 Westminster blvd (R'Side) —
Arthur J (Joan) genl contr h 3655 Glenwood av (Sand W Twp) —
Arthur J (Joan) suprvsr timestudymn Candn Bridge h 1575 Dougall
av —Arthur P (Edna) trimmer Ideal Auto Trim h 2591 Chandler rd
(Sand E Twp) — Audrey Mrs slsldy Love's Ladies Wear r 5710
Riverside dr (R'Side) — Aurele (Marie) elect John Keith h 1242
Lincoln rd — Aurelle (Lucie) emp Chryslers h 2055 Jefferson blvd
(Sand E Twp) —Austin A (Agnes) elk PO h 1752 Jefferson blvd (Sand
E Twp) --Barbara sec Assumption Univ of Win res RR #2
Amherstburg —Bernard J serv slsmn Webster Motors Windsor res
Essex — Bernard P serv rep Burroughs Bus Mach res Maidstone —
Bernice wtrs Mariotti & Curti Rest r 1020 Marion av —Beryl (wid
Geo) elk Hotel Dieu Hosp h 1029 Raymo rd --Bert Barber Shop (Albt
J Renaud) 4881 Tecumseh blvd e (Sand E Twp) Alphabetical, White
Page 399
 RENAUD RENAUD --Betty studt r 2603 Lloyd George blvd
(Sand E Twp) —Beverley wtrs r 521 Church —Beverley I stenog Tor-
Dom Bank r 2057 Buckingham rd (Sand E Twp) --Blanche r 634 Hall
av --Blanche Mrs r 1477 Tourangeau rd — Blanche (wid Ivan) elk
Scarfone's Mkt h 1020 Marion av --Brian studt r 1242 Lincoln rd —
Camille (Mary A) h 2178 Highland av --Carol wtrs Helen's Fish &
Chips & Confy —Carol A nurse h 1376 Union —Carole r 3331 Bliss rd
(Sand E Twp) — Cecile h 12A, 1604 Goyeau — Cecile M r 839 Ellrose
av —Cecilia sec Candn Tire r 1320 Shepherd e —Charlene tchr St
Hubert's Schl r 2332 Moy av — Chas r 2240 Park pi (Sand E Twp) —
Chas H (Rose M) spot wldr Young Spring & Wire h 1787 Ellrose av —
Clarence shpr Central Beauty Supply res Tecumseh —Clarence J
(Jeannette) h 830 Jos Janisse av —Clarence J (Ileane) foremn Ford
Motor h 2896 Lloyd George blvd (Sand E Twp) --Clarence S (Angela)
pipe ftr Grinnell Co h 2552 Chandler rd (Sand E Twp) —Clarence T
elect Rorison Industrial Electric h 329 Parkview av (R 'Side) —
Clarence Z (Barbara) drvr Essex Pckrs h 1077 Moy av —Clement E
(Sophie) emp Fords h 1960 Jefferson blvd (Sand E Twp) — Cleophas
mgr Gem Management Co res Tecumseh —Clifford (Mary) emp
Candn Bridge h 3235 Riverside dr (R'Side) —Clifford W clipper Young
Spring & Wire res La Salle —Clyde h 434 Indian rd —Cyril (Margt)
emp Detroit h 26, 951 Riverside dr w --Cyril W (Dorthea) h 1247
Richmond --D S r 93 Riverside dr e --Dale A (Shirley) suprvsr Detroit
h 1029 Raymo rd — Danl E (Judith) chem lab techn Hiram Walkers h
9, 2891 University av w — Dennis new car slsmn Downtown Motor
Sis (Windsor) r 429 Isabelle pi (R'Side) --Dianna emp Detroit r 1610
Laing --Dolores stenog D W Jolly r 2055 Jefferson blvd (Sand E Twp)
--Donald Army r 2188 Wellesley —Donald studt r 3437 Erskine —
Donald M (Marguerite) emp Purity Dairies h 2188 Wellesley --Dora
(wid Henry) h 1239 Niagara —Doreen cash Dom Stores h 718 Mill —
Dorothy slsldy Agnew Surpass Shoe Stores r 4259 Roseland dr (Sand
E Twp) —Douglas (Margt) elk Chryslers h 1473 Pelissier — E Jack
(Lena) mgr French-Candn Club h 2, 1257 Wyandotte e —Edgar L
(Jean) dispenser rprmn Vernor's Ginger Ale h 3624 Matchette rd —
Edmund r 3660 Mulford ct —Edmund N (Dorothy) h 2484 St Louis av
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