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International Legal English Student s Book 2nd Edition
Amy Krois-Lindner Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Amy Krois-Lindner, TransLegal
ISBN(s): 9780521279451, 0521279453
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 39.58 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
International
Legal English
A course for classroom or self-study use

Amy Krois-Lindner
and

TransLegalO
~CAMBRIDGE
::, UNIVERSITY PRESS
www.cambridge.org
 Introduction

the glossary at the back of the book. In the main body of each
unit. there are vanous types of authentIC text material of the
InternaflOtlai Legal Engl,sh (ILE) is an uppef"lnlenned.ate to kmd commonly encounlered by practISing lawyers In their work.
These texts. both written and spoken. are accompamed by a
advanced level course fOf" leamefS who need to be able 10 use
English in the legal profession. The course is intended fOf law WIde range of tasks. all designed to build the core ~ills 01
stUdents and practising lawyers alike. The book has been reading. wntlng, listerllng and speaking.
written to prepare candidates for the new International Legal At the end of each unit, there is a link to an online task which
English Certificate (llEC) examina\lOn develope<:! by Cambridge is Intended to improve your online legal English research skills.
ESOL and TransLegal. but il can also be used effectively in Each of the 15 tasks presents an aUlhentic language problem
legal English courses of all kinds. ILE is SUitable for both self- that a commercial lawyer may encounter while at work. You are
study and classroom use. then shown a research strategy. usmg the Internet. that leads
you to a soMion to the problem.
The final part 01 each unit is the Language Focus section.
which contains exercises on the vocabulary and language
topics covered in the unit. This section offers an opportunity to
Since the vast majority of practising lawyers m the world deal
consolidate the language work done in the unit.
With commercial law. ILE focuses on the use of English for this
purpose. Within the field of commercial law. a number of Interspersed at intervals through the book. there are three
important tOpICS (such as company law, contract law. legal case studies based on actual cases. featuring text
Intellectual property. real property law, employment law and material of the kioo lawyers need to consult when preparing a
sale of goods, to name a few) have been selected as the legal case. The purpose of these case studies IS to prOVide an
subtect matter of the umts. ParlJcular emphasIs IS placed on opponuOily to apply the language skills developed in the main
the areas of company law and contracts - With three units units to authentic commuOicative tasks.
dedICated 10 each - as the rnaJOllty of commercial lawyers following the maIO units. there IS an Exam Focus sectIon which
practIse Ir'l these areas. explains what kind of tasks appear in the ILEC exam. (See
The authors of ILE are well aware that most students USing the How does the course help you to prepare for lLEe? below.)
book need to be able to provide adviCe regarding their own At the back of the book, you WIll find the Audio transcripts of
legal system In English as opposed to mastering US or UK all the IIsterllng exercises. as well as the Answer key to the
legal concepts. Thus. while the legal coocepts introduced in exercises. There is also an extensIVe glOSsary of all the legal
thiS book are those found in the legal systems of the UK and terms which appear in bold in the UOitS and an IndeX to help
the USA. It also Includes texts about legal matters in other you lioo your way around the book.
countnes and legal systems. It is imporlant to emphasise that
nearly all of the legal concepts covered are found in legal
systems and Jurisdictions the world over. Smce many of the '-' To Improve your ability to write common legal text types 10
tasks encourage you to compare aspects of the law in your English. such as letters or memoranda.
own JUrisdiction with those presented in the book, an '-' To Improve your ability to read and understand legal texts,
international perspective is fostered. such as legal periodicals, commercial legislation, legal
correspondence and other commercial law documents.
\"..< To increase your comprehension of spoken English when it
is used to speak about legal topics in meetings.
It is important to bear in mind that ILE is intended 10 help law
presentations, InterViews. discussions. etc.
students and lawyers learn English In a legal context and to
'-' To strengthen your speaking skills aoo to enable you to
prepare for the ILEe exam. Therefore. ILE should only be used
engage more effectively in a range of speaklOg situations
for the purpose of learning Jegal English and should not be
typical of legal practice, such as client interviews,
relied upon lor legal advice or assIstance in the practice of law.
discussions With colleagues and contract negotiations.
'-' To familiarise you with the kinds of ta~s you Will encounter
on the ILEC examination and improve your perlormance on
ILE conSISts of 15 units, these tasks.
UnIt 1 grves you an introductIon 10 baSIC legal coocepts in ..... To introduce yoo to some of the Ianguage-related aspects of
English, WIth a focus on general aspects of the legal system as the work of a commercial lawyer.
well as SpecIfIC matters connected With a career In the law.
Units 2-15 deal WIth a dIfferent area of commefClallaw.
Each Unit begins With a reading ten which prOVIdes you With an To achieve these aims. the course fOClJses on several aspects
cwervlew of the topIC area in question. These overview texts of legal English at the same time. These aspects Include
introduce crucial legal concepts while presentmg a variety of 1) the analysis and production of authentIC legal texts.
relevant vocabulary In the topic area. The maIO concepts 2) language functions comroon to legal texts. and 3) vocabulary
covered in this text appear In bold. meaning that they appear in learning that goes beyond mere terminology acquisition. and
which takes larger chunks of language into account.
The written and spoken texts in each unit have been chosen to explanation of what the candidate is expected to do. what
represent a wide range of text types in use in legal contexts. skills the task in question is deSigned to test. as well as what
These include texts which lawyers have to produce. read or the candidate should bear in mifld while working on each task.
listen to. such as letlers of advice. proposals, client Interviews These lipS are intended to help you avoid common pitfalls and
or presentatIons. In each umt. the typical structure of a text improve your performance in the exam.
type is analysed and the text type broken down into Its Finally. the book includes an ILEe practICe test. ThiS sample
coostltuent parts. You are encouraged to idenlJfy these parts,
paper offers you the opportunity to test your Legal English
and to recogmse the language funclJons typteally used In each
skills and to prepare lor the exam by slmulatmg the test
of these parts of a text. (The term 'language function' refers to
expenence.
phrases which express a specific meaning In a text, for
example. the language function of 'suggesting' can be
eKP!"essed WIth phrases like 1"(1 recommend ... or l4Ihy oorn
If you are using the book for self-study. how you proceed
you ... 1) The result is a kind of template of a common legal
text type. EQUipped WIth this template and with useful language through the book Will depend on your goalS and the amount of
funclJons. you are then given the opportumty to produce such a time and effort you WIsh to devote to the study of legat
Enghsh.
text. either by WritIng a letter or email. by taking part in a role-
play interview. or by diSCUSSing a legal issue. 'or example. If you wish to improve your command of legal English for
While a selection of legal terminology in each legal topic area general work or study-related purposes afld are Willing to
is presented In every unit. mastering legal English requires devote several weeks of concentrated study to the task. it is
more than simply improving your knowledge of specialise<! recommended that you proceed through the book from
beginning to end.
vocabulary. For this reason. every unit includes exercises that
focus on largor Chunks of language, common phrases and word However. if you are planning to take the ILEC examination and
combinations that are not specialised legal terms. but which would like to improve your legal English more quickly. you
are necessary for successful communication. should work through the Exam Focus section first in order to
get an idea of the requirements of the exam. You can then
a consult the COntents pages at the beginning of the book to
The lntematlonal Legal English Certificate examination (ILEC) is locate the tOPiCS, tasks and skills you need to work on.
the world'S first and only internationally recogmsed test of legal Whatever your goals might be. bear in mind that the glossary
English. ILEC has been developed to test the ability of lawyers afld the answer key are prOVIded to help make your self-study
to use English for profeSSional purposes. It is a test of eaSier. Note that sample answers 'or all of the wnllng tasks
language. and not a test of legal knowledge. The examination are prOVIded and that legal terms found In the glossary appear
IS a product of the collaboratIon of TransLegal, Europe's in bold throughout the book.
leading firm of lawyer-linguists. and Cambridge ESOe producer Naturally. the speaking tasks will be more diffICUlt to carry out
of the world's leading certificates in English. when you are wonung through the course on your own.
The ILEC examInation is primarily intended for law students and However. when gJVefl the task of prepan~ a presentation, It is
young IaY.yers at the beginmf€ of their legal careers. It provides a good idea to prepare and to hold the presentation. You may
legat emplo'fers With an accurate means of assesSing the legal be able to find an audience to tisten to you and offer
English skills or,oo applicants. white offenng law students and coostruetJVe CfIlJClsm. If possible. record yourself gMng the
YOUf€ lawyers a means of proYing their legal english skills to presentation and listen back to It. nolJng areas for
prospectwe employers. The IlEC certifICate IS recognised by improvement. Discussion actMtleS and role-plays pose an even
leading law firms, umvefSlty law faculties, language centres. greater challenge when you are working on the course on your
lawyer associations and government employers. own. However. you should not miss them out altogether. Look
For more information about the IlEC exam. visit at the discussion activity and decide what you would say in
www.legalenglishtest.org this discussion. Say your ideas aloud. Then try to think what
an opposing view might be and say this aloud as well. Pay
For more information about TransLegal, viSit
close attention when listening to the diSCUSSions on the CD to
www.translegal.com
how people offer opinions. agree and disagree. Practise these
phrases alOUd. Of course, the ideal solution is to ask a friend
or colleague to discuss these questions WItt, you.
Above all. enjoy uSing ILE!
ILE offers thorough and systematic preparation for lhe IlEC
exam. The topic areas in commercial law featured In the units
are all topic areas to be found on the ILEC exam. Thus you are
gwen the opportunity to become familiar With important
subject'SpeclflC vocabulary. As the texts in the book represent
the kInds of texts that are found In the exam. you WIll be well
prepared to deal wrth the texts in the actual exam.
Furthermore, sInce some of the exercises in the book are
modelled on the tasks found on the ILEC exam. you can
become familiar WIth these tasks. Beyond this. all of the
exercIses In the book are intended to Slfengthen the
fundamental language skills you need to succeed In the exam.
The Exam Focus section of the book is specifically intended to
prepare you for the exam. This section covers each of the four
parts of the ILEC examinallon - Reading. Listening. Wrillng and
Speaking - and introduces the individual exam tasks in detail.
An example of each task is provided. along with a complete
 + r')

TransLegal Amy Krois-Lindner

www.translegal.com I\sTrf Krois-lindner has taught language competence at the
University of Vienna for over ten years. She teaches BuSiness
TransLegaJ IS Europe's leadlOg firm of lawyer·lInguists.
English and academiC writing and is also a teacher-trainef.
pl'oVlChng the legal community With:
In additIon. she has played a role m the development of a
'-' online legal English courses: departmefltal ESP module WIth certifICation and has been
online legal language resources; Involved In the curriculum deYelopment of several ESP courses
at the Vienna UniverSity of Applied Technology.
"-' live legal English CO\.lrses and seminars:
..... translatKlrls of legal and commercial documents:
..... legal language coosultancy services.
TransLegal has collaborated With Cambridge ESOL. a
dlVlSlOl1 of the University of CalTlbodge. In the development
of the Cambridge ILEe examination, the world's only
intematiooally recognised test of legal English.
For more information about TransLegal and for online
legal language resources. visit www.translegal.com

Auth(lr n

I would like to extend my special gratitude to my colleagues at I would especially like to thank our edItor. Clare Abbott. for her
TransLegal. PartICular thanks are due to Robert Houser fOf his expert gUidance. for helpmg to keep the whole prQJect on track,
unfailing hard woO< and sound thinking In Wfltlflg this boot<. for communicating so well, and for motIVating all of us.
MarTt thanks to Jotvl Kokko. who coocerved and wrote the Thanks are due to editor Catriooa watson-Brown for her"
Internet research sectiOns of the book. and Robin Bernstein excellent work. I am also grateful to Annette Capel for her
and Wilham Yeago. whose valuable ,nslghts and dedICation valuable assistance with the wm Focus sectton. to Kathy
over many years are a part of thiS book. I'd also hke to thank Gude lor her Input on the wm Focus Speaking section. and to
JanICe Carling for her wor1I on the glossary and case studies, MIChelle Simpson for working hard to ootaln permission for the
Graham P1utz for hiS proofreading, and Randy Sklaver for her texts used m the book.
help, I am also grateful to Howard Sussman, v.1lOse sharp
Many thanks are due to my family: to Adrian. for all his support
legal mll1(l has been a tremendous resource.
and his honest opmlOns. to Fabio and linus for their
I would also like to thank my partners at TransLegal. David understandmg. and to Chiara for sleepmg long and well.
Kellermann. Thomas Mann, Bill Hamson and Ingvar Pramhall. Many thanks are due to Estera Satmarean for all her help.
for ali of their expertise. wisdom, hard work and support over Finally. I wish to thank my personal proofreader and coach.
so many years of building TransLegal. Goorge Lindner.
Finally, Illy deepest thanks to Marie and Llam Lindner for all
their love and support ttlrougl1out this project.

The authors and publishers would like to thank; the teachers who commented on the material; Dorthe
G.A. Engelhardt, Monica Hoogstad. Michael Thompson, Jill Northcott and Caroline Hare: Melissa Good.
who provided guidance on the law content of the book throughout the project: Craig Duncan. who
reYIeWed the online tasks in their imtlal stages: and Matt Firth for his Immense and ongoing input on
the online tasks.

This book is dedicated fo our parents, June and Geotge Lindner.

who Inspired us with their love of the English language.
 Contents

Reading listening Writing and Language

speaking
..... Bodies of law 1 Documents in court Speaking ..... Types of courts
Unit 1
..... Types 01 laws 2 Lawyers 1 ExpialOlIlg what a ..... Persons 10 court
The lHactice of
law
..... legal educatIOn: 3 Law firm structure ..... legal latin
1- "'"
A call to the Bar 4 Proctice areas 2 CIVil court systems
pag.8

Unit 2
....
..... A lawyer's curnculum

1 IntrOOUCtlOll to
5 Law firm culture

1 Company formatlOll
3 DeSCriblflg a law
fi~
Writing ..... Key terms: Roles In company
Company law; company law 2 Forming a business A letter of advice management
company 2 Memotandum of In the UK Speaking ..... Language use: Shall and may
formation and aSsocIatIOn Informal presentatIOn: ..... Text analysis: A letter of advice
management 3 limited Uabilrty a type of company
pag.2O PartnershIp 6111
4 Corporate
govetnance

Unit 3 1 lntrodoction 10 1 A rights issue Writing \",;Key terms: Shares

Company law: oomp"" 2 Plain language Summarising ..... Language use 1: Contrasting
capitalisation capitalisation Speaking mlormatlOfl
2 SIlarehoiders and Paraphrasing and ..... Language use 2: Common
"". . 34 supervisory boards expressIng opmlons cotloctlOOS (verb plus noun)
3 New legislation ..... Text analysis: Understanding
legalese

Unit 4 1 Introduction to 1 Explaining legal Writing ...... Key terms: OPPOsing concepts
Company law: changes in aspects of an Standard phrases for In company law
fundamental companies acquisition opening and closing ..... Text analysis: Beginning a
changes in a 2 Spin-offs 2 A checklist letters and emails presentation
company 3 The minutes of a Speaking ...... Language use 1: Explaining a
page 48 meeting Presenting a spin-off procedure
4 Shareholder rights ...... Language use 2: Collocations

u, l

IUnit 5
Contracts:
1 Introduction to
contract formation
1 Negotiating
2 Contract
Writing
An informative memo
...... Key terms: Defences
to contract formation
[ ...... Text analysis: Understanding
contract
2 A covenant negotiation Speaking
formation
3 E-<:ontracts 1 ParaphraSing contracts
page 64 clauses ...... Language use 1:
2 Role-play: GIVIng emphasis
negotiating an ..... Language use 2: Negotiating
agreement expresSlOfls
v Language use 3: Adverbs

Unt') ng a eFot s
 Reading listening Writing and r Language
speaking
I
Unit 6
Contracts.:
remedies
_'8
1 Introduction to
contract remedies
2 liqUIdated damages
3 Understanding
contract clauses
1 A Danish remedy
2 Remedies
""-.
Writing

correspondence to
a client
Speaking
..... Io<ey terms: Types of damages
..... language use 1: Talking about
court actions and rulings
.... language use 2: USing
repetition to aiel understanding
4 Types of breach 1 Presentation: ...... Text analysis: Inllial Interview
WIth a client

L
contract remedies
2 Initial interview With
a client

r
U, '"9·
F ,.
1 Introduction to 1 Preparing a laWSUit Writing 1'-'
Unit 7 contract assignation and developing an Memo giving advice
Key terms: Contracts
'-' Language use 1: Nouns ending
Contracts:
2 Understanding argument In -or and -ee
assignment Speaking
and third-party corllract clauses 2 A closing argument 1 Explaining third- \,; Language use 2: verb + -ing
3 FoIlow.up email party rights f~m
"girts
page 92 4 A cloSIng argument 2 Emphatic stress '-' Text analysis: PerSuaSIVe
5 ~Plng Informed 3 Discussing and writing aod spealung
evaluating sources ...... language use 3: Phrases
of information referring to evidence

1 Introduction to 1 An employment WritIng ...... Key terms: Employment

Unit 8 employment law tnbunal claim 1 Attachments and ...... language use: Expressing an
Employment

".
page 106
2 EU directives on
employment
2 Liability risks formality
2 Advising on
opinion. agreeing and
disagreeing
3 A sex discrimination advantages and
case disadvantages in
4 Unfair dismissal an email
Speaking
Agreeing and
disagreeing

1 IntroductK>n to sale 1 legal writing Writing and SpeakIng ...... Key terms: Sale of goods
Unit 9 of goods legislation seminar on drafting A case brief ..... language use 1: Terms and
Sale of goods
2 Retention of title clauses conditions of sale
page 120
2 A case brief ...... Text analySIS: A case brief
...... language use 2: Talking about
corresponding laws and
institutions

U, , , L

1 Introduction to 1 Easements Writing ...... Key terms: Parties referred to

Unit I. property taw 2 Buying a house In 1 Describing a firm's in real property law
Real property
2 A law firm's practiCe Spain practice areas ...... language use 1: ConrmslJng
1- areas 2 Summarising and ideas
page 134 3 Understanding a requesting ...... language use 2: Classllylng
lease or tenancy SpeakIng and dlStlngUIStllng lypes or
"",~f 1 Preseotatlon: an categories
4 Case revIeW aspect of real ...... language use 3: GIVing a
5 Reference email property law preseotation - structunng and
2 Case discussion signalling lransltioos
 Reading Listening Writing nd
!aking
1 Introduction to 1 Training of junior Writing Key terms: Intellectual property
Unit 11
intellectual property lawyers Notes for a case brief Text analysIs: Discourse
Intellectual 2 The State Street 2 Discussmg Issues - Writing and Speaki"g markers as sentence openers
property
~" copyright and fair Paraphrasing in plain
page 148
3 Busmess method
patents "" language
Speaking
4 Traoe-mark statutes
Phrases for
discussions

1 Introduction to 1 Drafting a Writing I<ey terms: Negotiable

Unit 12 negotiable promissory oole 1 SummanslIlg mstnJments
Negotiable
Instruments 2 Advice from a reqUirements language use: Making
instrument. 2 PromiSsory note 2 Providing advice
senIOr partner suggestions and
page 164
3 l.eg,islahon governmg and making recommendations
electrorllC negot,able soggeslJons
Instruments Speaking
1 Descnbmg the legal
situation: usury
2 ExpIaU'llllg Ideas to
a chent

1 InlfOCluctlOll to 1 Creating a securiry Writing Key terms: Compelnng and

Unit 13 secured transactIons interest A polite refusal contrastJng concepts
Secured
2 A security agreement 2 Intellectual property Speaking Language use 1: Anticipating
transaetionti
3 5emmar on revised in secured Requesting and events and planmng
page 176
legislatlOfl transactions presenting information cOfltmgencles
4 Internat email Text analYSIS: formality /
5 An unsettled area of Adverb-verb collocations
the law "'" Language use 2: Requesting
information

1 Introduction to debtor· , 1 Protecting assets Writing Key terms: Types of liens

Unit 14 creditor from judicial liens 1 A covenng Icttcr '"' Tcxt analysis: A covering letter
Debtor-
2 Statutes governing 2 A job interview 2 A thank-you notc
creditor
attachment Speaking
page 190
3 A career as an 1 Discussing
insolvency practitioner insolvency work
4 Job opportunities in 2 A job interview
insolvency 3 Discussion on
5 Making a case

.
restructuring
,
1 Introduction to 1 Aetvlsing on Writing '"' Key terms: Antl-competitive
Unit 15 competition law competition law 1 Using passive actiVity
Competition law
2 Antl-compeUtlve risks constructions Language use: Warning a client
page 204
activitieS and antitrust 2 Merger control 2 A proposal of risks
measures In the EU 3 An informative '-' Text analysis: A proposal
3 A high-profile antitrust email
~" Speaking
4 Report on changes In Giving opmions: a
merger regulation competition law case

t ,

Exam Focus p 3e Answer key

ILEC practice test p e Glossary 7
Audio transcripts 2 Index
 The practice of law
1
PART I: THE LEGAL SYSTEM
a
1 Read the excerpts below from the course catalogue of a British university's
summer·school programme in law and answer these questions.
1 Who is each course intended for?
2 Which course deals with common law?
3 Which course studies the history of European law?
A B
LAW 121: Introduction to English law LAW 221: Introduction to civil law

This course provides a general overview of More individuals in the world solve their
English law and the common-law system. legal problems in the framework of what is
The course will look at the sources of law called the civil-law system than in the
and the law-making pl'"ocess, as well as at Anglo-saxon case~law system. This course
the justice system in England. Students will introduce students to the legal systems
will be introduced to selected areas of of Western Europe that have most
English law, such as criminal law, contract influenced the civil-law legal systems in
law and the law of torts. The relationship the world. It aims to give students an
between the English common law and EC insight into a system based on the
law will also be covered. superiority of wnllen law. The course will
cover the application and development of
The course is designed for those
Roman law in Europe to the making of
international students who will be studying
national codes all over the world.
at English universities later in the academic
year. Other students with an interest in the The course is intended to prepare students
subject are also welcome to allend. as the who are going to study in a European
contact points between English law and university for the different approaches to
civil law are numerous. The seminars and law that they are likely to face in their year
all course materials are in English. abroad.

2 Match these bodies of law (1-3) with their definitions (a-c).

1 civil law a area of the law which deals with crimes and their punishments. including
fines and/or imprisonment (also penal law)
2 common law b 1) legal system developed from Roman codified law. established by a state
for its regulation: 2) area of the law concerned with nOrH:riminal matters,
rights and remedies
3 criminal law c legal system which is the foundation of the legal systems of most of the
English-speaking countries of the world, based on customs, usage and court
decisions (also case law, judge-made law)
 3 Complete the text below contrasting civil law, common law and criminal law
using the words in the box.

based on bound by codified custom disputes legislation

non--eriminal precedents provisions rUlings

The term 'civil law' contrasts with both 'common law' and 'criminal law'. In the
first sense of the term. civil law refers to a body of law 1) written
legal codes derived from fundamental normative principles. Legal 2)
are settled by reference to this code, which has been arrived at through
3) . judges are 4) the written law and its 5)

In contrast, common law was originally developed through 6) . at a

time before laws were written down. Common law is based on 7)
created by judicial decisions. which means that past 8) are taken
into consideration when cases are decided. It should be noted that today
common law is also 9) . i.e. in written form.

In the second sense of the term. civil law is distinguished from criminal law.
and refers to the body of law dealing with 10) .. matters. such as
breach of contract.
4 Which body of law. civil law or common law, is the basis of the legal system
of your jurisdiction?

The word law refers gener, lly to legal documellts which set forth rules gc /erni 19
particular kind of activity.
5 Read the following short texts, which each contain a word used to talk about
types of laws. In which kind of document do you think each appeared? Match
each text (1-5) with its source (a-e).

1 3
TIle n~w Ell \\'orking "OUI"> Directive The purpose of this Ordinance I is to regu.late
is reponed to t~ c:lusin~ controvcr:iY tral1ic upon the Streets and Public Places 10 the
:l1l1ongst the llK'dic:11 profe.s~ion, Town of Hanville, New Hampshire, for the .
promotion of the safety and welfare of tile publiC.

2 When a statute is plain and 4

unambiguous, the court must give effect The.s e workplace safety and health regulations are
to the intention of the legislature as deSigned t~ pr~vent personal injuries and illnesses
expressed, rather than determine what from occurring In the workplace.
the law should or should not be_

5 Mr Speaker, I am pleased to have the opportunity 10 present the Dog Control

Amendment Bill to the House. II is a further milestone in meeting the
changing expectations we have about what is responsible dog ownership.

1 (UK) bye-law

a court ruling
b local government document
c newspaper
d parliamentary speech
e brochure for employees
 Find words in Exercise 5 which match these definitions. Consult the glossary if
necessary.
1 rules issued by a government agency to carry out the intent of the law;
authorised by a statute. and generally providing more detail on a subject
than the statute
2 law enacted by a town. city or county government
3 draft document before it is made into law
4 legal device used by tlle European Union to establish policies at tlle
European level to be incorporated into the laws of the Member States
S formal written law enacted by a legislative body
Complete the sentences below using the words in the box.

bill directive ordinance regulations statutes

1 The Town Council will conduct a public hearing regarding a proposed

concerning property tax.
2 According to the concerning working time. overtime work is work
which is officially ordered in excess of 40 hours in a working week or in
excess of eight hours a day.
3 Early this year, the government introduced a new on electronic
commerce to Parliament.
4 A number of changes have been made to the federal ..._ governing
the seiZing of computers and the gathering of electronic evidence.
S The European Union on Data Protection established legal principles
aimed at protecting personal data privacy and the free flow of data.

There are several ways to refer to what a law says. look at tlle following
sentences:
The law stipulates that corporations must have three governing bodies.
The law provides that a witness must be present.
The patent law specifies that the subject matter must be 'useful'.

These verbs can also be used to express what a law says:

The law states / sets forth / determines / lays down / prescribes that .•.

8 Choose a law in your jurisdiction that you are familiar with and explain what it
says using the verbs listed in the box above.

f courts
(Ot rt' can be distinguished with regard to the type of cases they heal

9 Match each of the following types of court (1-9) with the explanation of what
happens there (a-i).
1 appellate court (or court of a This is where a person under the age of 18 would be tried.
appeals. appeals court) b This is the court of primary jurisdiction. where a case is heard
2 crown court for the first time.
3 high court (or supreme c This is where small crimes are tried in the UK.
court) d This is where law students argue hypothetical cases.
 4 juvenile court e This is where a case is reviewed which has already been heard
5 lower court (or court of in a lower court.
first instance) f This is where cases involving a limited amount of money are
6 magistrates' court handled.
7 moot court g This is where serious criminal cases are heard by a jUdge and a
8 small-claims court jury in the UK.
9 tribunal h This is where a group of specially chosen people examine legal
problems of a particular type, such as employment disputes.
This is usually the highest court in a jurisdiction, the court of
last resort.

o
10 Work in small groups.
1 Describe the different types of court in your jurisdiction and the areas of
law they deal with.
2 Select one type of court in your jurisdiction and explain what kinds of cases
it deals with.

11 Complete this diagram with the

words and definitions below
public official who has
(a-O. -~_ the authority to hear
and decide cases person who
1)
initiates a civil
lawsuit

defendant!
clalmant1
respondent
2) .

reasonably
I-----{ COURT }----{ 3) .
prudent person person who has
specialised knowledge
of a particular subject
4) . who is called to
5) .
testify in court

'"
employee who takes
records, files papers person who
and issues processes 6) . appeals a decision
to a higher court
a expert witness
b appellant 2 1 (US) plaintiff
c person who is sued in a civil lawsuit 2 (US) also petitioner
d officer of the court whose duties include keeping order and assisting
the judge and jurors
e person who pleads cases in court
f hypothetical person who uses good jUdgment or common sense in handling
practical matters: such a person's actions are the guide in determining
whether an individual's actions were reasonable U" 1 The practice of law
12.. listen to a lawyer telling a client about some of the documents involved ;n
his case and answer these questions.

1 What claim has been filed against the client?

2 Will the case go to trial?
13 Match these documents (1-9) with their definitions (a-i).

1 affidavit a a document informing someone that they will be

involved in a legal process and instructing them what
they must do
2 answer b a document or set of documents containing the details
about a court case
3 brief c a document providing notification of a fact, claim or
proceeding
4 complaint d a formal written statement setting forth the cause of
action or the defence in a case
5 injunction e a written statement that somebody makes after they
have sworn officially to tell the truth. which might be
used as proof in court
6 motion f an application to a court to obtain an order. ruling or
decision
7 notice g an official order from a court for a person to stop
doing something
8 pleading h in civil law. the first pleading filed on behalf of a
plaintiff, which initiates a lawsuit. setting forth the
facts on which the claim is based
9 writ the principal pleading by the defendant in response to
a complaint
14.. listen again and tick the documents that the lawyer mentions.

1 answer 0 2 affidavit 0 3 brief 0 4 complaint 0 5 injunction 0

6 motion 0 7 notice 0 8 pleading 0 9 writ 0
15 Match each verb used by the lawyer (1-5) with its definition (a--e).

1 to draft a document a to deliver a legal document to someone, demanding

2 to issue a document that they go to a court of law or that they obey an order
3 to file a document with an authority b to produce a piece of writing or a plan that you intend
4 to serve a document on someone to change later
(or to serve someone with a c to deliver a document formally for a decision to be
document) made by others
5 to submit a document to an d to officially record something. especially in a court
authority of law
e to produce something official
16 Decide which of the nouns ;n Exercise 13 can go with these verbs. The first
one has been done for you.
1 draft (IJ'l (IJ'lswer, l1. bne.f. 0. comploi.nt, 0. mohon, 0. pLe6..d.i.ng
2 issue
3 file (with)
4 serve (on someone)
5 submit
legal latin
Lawyers use Latin words and expressions when writing legal texts of every kind, from
statutes to emails.
The following excerpt is from the legal document known as an 'answer' It was submitted
to the (ourt by the defendant from listening 1.
17 Underline the common latin words and phrases in the text. Do you know what
they mean?

The claim for breach of contract fails inter alia to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of
action, is uncertain as to what contract plaintiffs are suing on, and is uncertain in that it cannot
be determined whether the contract sued on is written. oral or implied by conduct.
The complaint alleges breach of contract as follows: 'At all times herein mentioned. plaintiffs
were a part I sic J to the Construction Contract. as well as intended beneficiaries to each sub-
contract for the construction of the house. In light of the facts set out above. defendants. and
each of them. have breached the Construction Contract:
On its face, the claim alleges only that defendants 'breached the Construction Contract'. But
LongCo is not a party to the Construction Contract. Therefore LongCo cannot be liable for its
breach. See e.g. G$I Enterprises. Inc. v. warner (1993).

18 Match each Latin word or expression (1-8) with its English equivalent and the
explanation of its use (a-h).
1 ad hI)(: a thus (used after a word to indicate the original. usually incorrect.
spelling or grammar in a text)
2 et alii (et al.) b for example (used before one or more examples are given)
3 et cetera (etc.) c for this purpose (often used as an adjective before a noun)
4 exempli gratia (e.g.) d against (versus is abbreviated to V: in case citations, but to 'vs." in all
other instances)
5 id est (I.e.) e and others (usually used to shorten a list of people. often a list of
authors, appellants or defendants)
6 per se f and other things of the same kind (used to shorten a list of similar items)
7 sic g by itself (often used after a noun to indicate the thing itself)
8 versus {VS. orv.} h that is (used to signal an explanation or paraphrase of a word preceding it)
19 Match each Latin term (i-10) with its English equivalent (a-j).

1 de facto a among other things

2 ipso facto b per year
3 inter alia c number of shareholders or directors who have to be present
at a board meeting so that it can be validly conducted
4 per annum d in fact
5 pro forma e of one's own right able to exercise one's own legal rights
6 pro rata f proportionally
7 quorum g by that very fact itself
8 sui juris h as a matter of form
9 ultra vires as follows
10 videlicet (viz.) beyond the legal powers of a person or a body
PART II: A CAREER IN THE LAW

20.. Several different words can be used to refer to a lawyer. Listen to three
law students in the UK talking about the kind of work they would like to do
when they have completed their law studies. Write the correct word for lawyer
in the gaps.

Anna: $0, what are you two planning to do later. when you've completed your degree?
Daniel: Well, right now, I'm planning to become a 1) , because I'd really like to plead
cases in court.
Anna: You've been watching too many of those American films. when the handsome young
2) wins the case against the big. bad corporation!
Daniel: Very funny. I just like the idea of arguing a case. I think ifd be exciting. What about you?
Anna: Actually, rd like to work for a big corporation and advise them on their legal affairs, as
3) . I've heard the work can be very challenging. What are your plans, Jacob?
Jacob: I'm thinking about becoming a 4) . I'm not that interested in pleading cases in
court. I'd rather do research and give legal advice - I think that'd suit me better.

21 Discuss these questions.

1 Does your native language have more than one word for lawyer? Do they
correspond to the different English words for lawyer mentioned above?
If not. how do the concepts differ?
2 What is each type of legal practitioner in your jurisdiction entitled to do?
3 What English term do you use to describe your job or the job you would like
to do?

22 a Combine the nouns in the box with the verbs below to make combinations to
describe the work lawyers do. Some of the verbs go with more than one noun.

cases clients contracts corporations decisions defendants

disputes law legislation

1 advise
2 draft
3 litigate
4 practise
5 represent
6 research

b Choose three 'verb + noun' pairs from above and write sentences using
them.

23 Choose the words from the box which can be combined with the word lawyer to
describe different types of lawyer. Say what each one does.

bar corporate
public-sector sole
defence
tax
government
trial
patent practitioner

J
Legal education A call to th B r
EnQ ish speaklOCi (au trie ,thE Bar.. e TI for t e ~al pro e...... lon I sell bar
assoc ation I th ssoc allon wh h rf>Q at s he p ofr551 A perso who to
plac I aw S ldmltted to the Bar 0 th th r hi (j 0 fisb r wv r
or her nabt t (t e law

Th 0 0 In
• o gu Wfltt n fC s h'lo el rs about 0 se f

2 Read the text and say whether legal education in your country is more similar
to the UK or the US model.

Studying law in the UK

In the UK, a ]l'J:,.ral",·ducltioll u<;ually begins wilh the completion of.1
bachelor degree III law. known as an LLB, which usually takes three )'l'ars.
In the subsequent \'oc.uional stage. a person who wishes to become a
barrister joim one of the Inns of Court before beginning the Bar
Vocational Course. The completion of this stage is marked by a
ceremony fefcrred to as the call to the Bar. A third stage. known as
pupillage. is:l year-long appremict"Ship, usually at a Sd of barristers'
chambers. which customarily consists of groups of 20--60 barristers.
Similarly. a persoll wishing to becomc a solicitor IllUSt also complete
three stages: the tirst stage im'olvt's braining a law degree: the second SLlgC
requires passing :I onc:-yc:ar Legal Practice Course (LPC); and the final
stage entail~ working for two years as 3 trainee solicitor with a firm of
solicitors or in the legal dt'partmcllf of a local authority or large company.

Studying law in the USA

In the USA.:I h.:b'"3l education comprises four yc:ars of undergradu:lte study
followed by three YC:lrs of law school. A law-school gr:ldu:lte receives the
degree ofjuris doctor (J.D.). In order to qualify as a lawyer.:I law-
school gr:ldll:lte l1lust P3% the bar cxal11ination.

25 Find terms with the word bar in the introduction to this section and in the text
above which match these definitions.
1 a lawyer who is Qualified to plead on behalf of clients
2 in the UK, a training course which enables people who wish to become
barristers and who have registered with the Inns of Court to acquire the
skills and knowledge to prepare them for the specialised training of the
pupillage
3 a ceremony held at the end of this training course, when a candidate enters
the profession
4 organisation regUlating the legal profession
5 in the USA, an important test taken by law-school graduates which. when
passed. qualifies a person to practise law
6 granted entrance to the legal profession
7 to compel a lawyer to stop practising law due to an offence committed
Unit 1 The practice of law
 c c u it e
26 Read the following CV (curriculum vitae)l of a young British lawyer and answer these Questions.
1 Where did he work in summer 2002?
2 What languages does he speak?
3 Where did he complete his first degree?
4 What was his main duty at the European Commission?
5 What is he doing now?

Linus Walker

Address: Frejg 17, SE·118 25, SlOckholm. Sweden Nationality. British

Email address: linuswalker@elLsc Dateofbirlh: 12Ma)' 1982
EDUCATION

2005 - present University of Stockholm, Sweden

A'faSler's Programme ill LaU/(wd Illformfliioll Tecllllology
Course covers the legal aspects of Information Technology and the legal
implications of the use of the Internet
2(){){).-Z004 University of Essex, Colchester, United IGngdom
1-LO (EIISlisl, & Fre/lcll law degree)
Course included all the core legal subjects, with a focus on contract law,
company law, common law. property law and European law
~OO2-2003 Universitc Paris X, Paris, France
DEUG (Freud, law degree), Namerre
Part of the degree programme at Universily of Essex included an illlensive
course in French. Among subjecls studied: European Communily L..1W.
Infomlution Law, Civil Law and Penal Lmv
LEGAL WORK EXPERIENCE

June 200+- European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

February ZOOS Legal AssislalU within the Legal Department of the service Commune Relex
(SCR). Drafling opinions in English and French dealing wilh contraCtS awarded
for projecls
Summers G. R. FOSler & Co. Solicitors, Cambridge, UK
200]-2004 Liaison with clients; conducting research into multiple legal arcas.
including fam ily law, ton law and conlracts; assisting with lrial prcparMioll
Summer 2000 Wesll<lke Chambers. Bath. UK
Mini-pupillage. involving sh<ldowillg a Ilumber of counsel; assisled in
daily activities

SKJLLS AND QUALIFICATIONS

I...l nguages: Native English speaker; nuent in French (written and spoken):
upper-intermediate Swedish
Computing: Proficient in Word, Windows. email
t.lcmbership: The Law Society
Strong researching and \\Titing skills

INTERFSI'S

Skiing. French hislOry, chess

References available upon request

1 (US) rl!sume or resume

I nlOg Law firm s ructure
27... Linus Walker has applied for a position at a law firm. Listen to his job
interview and answer these Questions.
1 What does Mr Nichols say about the atmosphere of the firm?
2 What does Linus say about the size of the firm?
28... listen again and complete this organigram of the firm using the words in
the box.

Associate Full Partners Mr Robertson Paralegal Real Property Salaried Partner

---,
1) , Mr Michaels
Senior Partners
--

Ms Graham, Mr Nichols
2)

1
3) Department Debtor-Creditor Department
Secretary secretary
Salaried Partner 4)
~-.--

ASSOCia~ 5)

6) Paralegal

Associate 1 ASSociate~

Paralegal
~~ Paralegal ~

Associate ~

Speaking 3: Describing a law firm

29 Look at the following phrases used by Mr Nichols to describe the firm. Which
can be used to speak of a department or company, and which of a person?
Which can be used for both?
... is/are headed by .
... is/are assisted by .
".. is/are managed by .
... is/are responsible for ...
... is/are in charge of ...
... report to ...
30 Using the phrases in Exercise 29, describe the structure of a law firm with
which you are familiar or the one just described in listening 3. Refer to the
positions and duties of the personnel.
 Listen to five lawyers talking about their firms. practice areas and clients.
Tick the information you hear about each speaker.
Speaker 1 ...
1 has a few years' working experience. 0
2 works as a clerk at a mid·size commercial law firm. 0
3 will get to know other departments of the firm. 0
4 meets with clients regularly. 0
5 plans to specialise in commercial litigation. D
Speaker 2 ...
1 is a sole practitioner. D
2 works in the area of employment law. D
3 deals with wage disputes. D
4 represents clients in mediation. D
5 has many clients who are small businesses. D
Speaker 3 ...
1 works in the area of secured transactions. D
2 carries out trade-mark registrations. D
3 assists clients who are in artistic professions. D
4 serves as an expert witness in court. D
5 is a partner in a large IP firm. D
Speaker 4 ...
1 is a senior partner in a mid-size law firm. D
2 specialises in competition law. D
3 represents clients before the employment tribunal. D
4 deals with infringements of the Competition Act. 0
5 has clients in the telecommunications sector. 0
Speaker 5 ...
lawns shares in his firm. 0
2 argues cases in court. 0
3 works in the area of real property law. 0
4 represents landlords but not tenants. 0
5 teaches courses on litigation at the law university. 0
32 Discuss these questions.
1 Which kind of firm do you work in or would you like to work in?
2 Which areas of the law have you specialised in or would like to specialise in?

La r .ulture
33 Read this excerpt from an article in a law-school newspaper about
law firm culture. Which type of firm would you prefer to work for? Why?

One factor which plays an sole practitioner) to lawyers, is sometimes lawyers, while a large law
important role in the global firms employing known as a boutique finn is considered to be
culture of a law firm is its hundreds of attorneys all firm, as il often specialises one employing SO or more
size. Law finns can range over the world. A small in a specific area of the altomeys.
from a one-person solo law finn, which typically law. A mid-size law finn
practice (conducted by a engages from two to ten generally has ten to 50
34 .. ::; listen to Richard, a law student, talking to a group of first-year law students
at an orientation event at law school. He tells them about his experience as a
clerk in different law firms. Answer these questions.
1 Why do the professors encourage students to do work experience?
2 How long have Richard's clerkships generally lasted?
3 What is Richard's final piece of advice?
35.. listen again and tick the advantages of small and large law firms Richard
mentions. In some cases. he says both types of firm have the same advantage.

large firms
more autonomy and responsibility
opportunity to work on prestigious cases
chance to rotate through different practice areas
asked to write briefs and leners
allowed to conduct research and manage court books
opportunity to make many contacts
more training offered
made to feel part of a team
invited to participate in social events
family.like atmosphere
made good use of time

36 Discuss these questions.

1 Do you have any experience working as a clerk in a law firm? In what ways
was it similar or different from Richard·s experience?
2 What kinds of tasks and responsibilities do clerks in your firm have?
3 Do you agree with the way Richard characterises small and large law firms?

Q Unit 1

To improve your web-based research skills, visit www.cambridge.orgjelt/legalenglish, click on

Research Tasks and choose Task 1.

Un" The ''''';ceoflaw E

 Company law: company formation
and management
R adinq 1: Introduction to company law
Th s text pfo'o'ide§ an mtroducti')n '0 the key terms used when talking about companies as
tel . enr; , •...ey r'" c_. lj and how they are managed. It also covers the leqat
ie. :00 'I Ie COl rts' role in policing them.

1 Read the text quickly, then match these phrases (a-f) with the paragraphs (1-6).
a directors' duties c company definition e partnership definition
b management roles d company health f company formation

1 A company1 is a business association which has the character of a legal person, distinct from its
officers and shareholders. This is significant. as it allows the company to own property in its own
name, continue perpetually despite changes in ownership. and insulate the owners against
personal liability. However, in some instances. for example when the company is used to
perpetrate fraud or acts ultra vires, the court may 'lifF the corporate veil' and subject the
shareholders to personal liability.

2 By contrast, a partnership is a business association which. strictly speaking, is not considered to

be a legal entity but. rather. merely an association of owners. However. in order to avoid
impractical results, such as the partnership being precluded from owning property in its own
name, certain rules of partnership law treat a partnership as if it were a legal entity.
Nonetheless, partners are not insulated against personal liability. and the partnership may cease
to exist upon a change in ownership, for example, when one of the partners dies.
3 A company is formed upon the issuance of a certificate of Incorporation) by the appropriate
governmental authority. A certificate of incorporation is issued upon the filing of the constitutional
documents of the company. together with statutory forms and the payment of a filing fee. The
'constitution' of a company consists of two documents. One, the memorandum of association 4 ,
states the objects of the company and the details of its authorised capital, othelWise known as the
nominal capital. The second document, the articles of associationS, contains provisions for the
internal management of the company, for example, shareholders' annual general meetings6 , or
AGMs, and extraordinary general meetings7 , the board of directors, corporate contracts and loans.
4 The management of a company is carried out by its officers, who include a director, manager and/or
company secretary. A director is appointed to carry out and control the day·to-day affairs of the
company. The structure, procedures and work of the board of directors, which as a body govern the
company. are determined by the company's articles of association. A manager is delegated
supervisory control of the affairs of the company. A manager's duties to the company are generally
more burdensome than those of the employees. who basically owe a duty of confidentiality to the
company. Every company must have a company secretary. who cannot also be the sole director of

I (US) corporatl()ll 4 (US) articles of IncorpCJfBlJon Of certifICate of incorporatlOll

2(US)PIef<:e S (US) bylaws
3 (US) generally no offICial certIfICate IS ISsued; companies are 6 (US) aMUaI meetings of the shareholders
formed upon the filing of the arlJCles/certlficate 01 ir'lCOfl)OfatlOfl 7 (US) special meetmgs of the shareholdefs
(see footnote 4)
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SCKI — 420 SCUL Hcriptory (скрнп'-то-ри) .adj.

письменный. {«crlptural ' скрипть -Юр-ал , скрип чур-ал), adj.
биб.чейскш, относящейся къ Св. Писан!»). $«erlptarali.«t
(скрипть' - юр - ал - ист, скрии'-чур-а-лист), s. тотъ. кто все
основываетъ на Св. Ппсапш. ^scripture (скрипть'-юр , скрип
-чур), S. nHcanie, надпись; Св.Писан1е, библ1я. scripturbt
(скрипть'- юр - ист, срип'чур-ист) , s. зпаток'ь Св. Писан1я; тотъ,
кто придерживается Св. Писан1я. jitcriv«ner (скрив'-нер) , S.
нотар1усъ; денежный маклеръ ; учитель чистописан1я. , , ,
jiicroriiia скрофь'-ю-ла), S. мед. золотуха. , JscrofiiiouN (скрофь-ю-
лос) , aaj. золотушный. scroK (скрог), S. неправильно выросшая
в*тка: прутъ, Mimaromifi росту дерева, хворостинникъ. «scroll
(скро'ол), S. свитокъ, свертокъ, трубка Сб2/л«аггО;росчеркъ (es
подписи)', апх. л-Ьчныя украшон1Я. scrolled (скро'олд), ад),
свернутый въ трубку, въ свертокъ. ji^crotuiii (скро'о-том;, S.
анат. шулятная мошонка. «eroyle (скроил), S. негодяи, бродяга.
ясгиЬ (скроб) , г. а. тереть, стирать, чистить,отчищать. мыть
щеткой; II и. п. трудиться, стараться;1|8. трул;епикъ;
чернорабоч1й; носильщикъ; б*дня1!ъ;
незпачительная.ничтожная вещь; старая, вытертая щетка;
хворостинникъ. j^crubbed, Scrubby (скроб'-бед,--би), adj.
ничтожный, мелк!й, жалк!й. scruff (скрбф],8. ел. Scurf; 11
нижняя часть затылка или шеи. scrunch (скринч\ V. а. см.
Scranch. scruple (скру'-пл),
з.безиокоВствоСсоегьсти};сов'Ьстливость,добросов*стность;
ся;1;— 1у, aclr. совестливо , добросов'Ьстно, точно.
всгира1ои«пея1»;скру'-ПЬЮ-лбС-нес},«. CJH. Scrupulosity.
scrutabie (скру'-тй-бл), od). ыогущгй быть изсл'Ьдовапнымъ.
Scrutator, Scrutineer (скру -тэ'-тбр. — ти-нир'), S. испытатель,
вывЬдыватель: пов^рщикъ балотировки. scrutinize (скру'-ти-
найз],1'. а. испытывать, изсл^дывать, выведывать. scrutinizer
(скру'-ти-нанз-ер) , s. изследователь, испытатель ,
выведыватель. Scrutinous (скру'-ти-нос) , adj. уст. придирчивый;
II — ij» adv.— о. Scrutiny (скру'-ти-ни) , S. испытание,
тщательное изслёдован1е. разсмотр-Ьн1е: поверка голосовъ
избран1я (es англ. пар.гаменпт). scrutoire (скру - туор') , S.
конторка, бюро, пюпитръ. scry (скрай) . S. стая птип,ъ ; i| yew
крикъ, вопль. Scud (скЬд),г.п. а. убегать, проходить спасаться ;
мор. идти на фордевиндъ II S. y6'brauic , б'Ьгство ; легкое
облачко гонимое в-Ьтромъ ; ливень; нЬскольио ле тящихъ
жаворонковъ. scuddie :скбд'-дл), V. п. см. Scuttle scuff (скоф), S.
затылокъ. scufne (скбф'-фл), S. схватка, борьба драка, ссора,
споръ;||д'Ьтск1йнагрудпик1 II садовая лопатка;! г. п. бороться,
драт1 ся, ссориться, спорить. scuffier (скОф'-флер) , S. борецъ;
дрг чунъ;11аг2). распашникъ. SCUI? (скбг) , г. а. прятать,
укрывап sculk (скблк) , V. п. прятаться, укр1 ваться; отлынивать;
to—airay. скрытьс (о after, следить тайкомъ за к»ь.чг; to in, войти
украдкою; to— out, уйти укра кою;— i (Iff hole, скрытое мЬсто.
scuiker (скблк' - ер) , S. прячущ1йс трусъ; ленивецъ
егьсти};сов'Ьстливость,добросов*стность; трусъ; лъиив1.ць. , g
точность- разборчивость, строгость; со- Ч «cull (скол),
$.,2ШД2;> il стая рыоън '°1^_^- „?„:..7„;.. ,. Jnb.l. ^п.лг^ятт,-
большая лодка, яликъ ; кормовое весло MHinie, HCAoyMiHie; to
make-—, колебаться; i скрупулъ (вЖ8 es 20 грана); очень малое
количество ;(|i'. «.совеститься, колебаться, недоумевать; |1г. а.
смотреть съ сомнеи1емъ, вопрошать , спрашивать въ сомнен1и.
scrupier (скру'-плер), «.тотъ, кто ведоумеваетъ, сомневается,
колеблется. Scrupulosity (скру-пью-лос'-и-ти) , S. сомнен1е,
педоум1иие, колебап1е;совестливость, добросовестность,
точность. scrupulou!»fcкpy'-пьE)-л6c),adj.coвecтливый,
добросовестный , точный ; сомиевающшся, недоумевагощ1й,
кодеблющ1й- ваятель. большая лодка', яликъ ; кормовое весло
V. а. юлить весломъ на корме, голант Sculler (скол'-ер), s. яликъ;
яличпик тотъ, кто голанитъ весломъ на корме. Scullery (скол'-ср-
п) , S. чуланъ, кл довая; судомойная при кухне. Scullion (cKO-i'-
HOH), s. кухонный м жикъ, судомойка, поваренокъ. Sculp (сколи)
, г. а. уст. лепить, i секать изъ камня, ваять. sculptile (сколн' -
тил), odj. вырез£ пый, выгравированный. Sculptor (саЬлп'-тор), 8.
скульпто]
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5CUL — 421 — SEA Sculptural ( сколпть'- юр - ал ), adj.

скульптурный, ваятельныи. Sculpture (ск6лпть'-юр) , S.
скульптура, ваян1е; скульптурное произведен1е: II V. а. ваять,
высЬкать, чеканить. ecnlpture»ique (скбдпть'-юр-еск), adj.
скульптурный, ваятельныи. Sciini (скЬм),5.п'Ьна, накипь;
окалина, шлакъ,выгарки;д5т. mкoav^'a( общества); j|v. п.
образовывать п^Ьну, накипь; покрываться
п*ною,наиипью;11г.а. снимать п-Ьну, накипь. scumble (скбм'-бл)
, г. а. легко, тонко покрывать краскою. scuminer скбм'-мер; , S.
уполовникъ; тотъ, кто снимаетъ п4ну;11поиетъ, калъ. Scumming
(скбм'-минг) , S. п^на, накипь. ^ Scummy (ском'-ми;, oclj.
покрытый ntною. scupper (скоп'-пер; , s. .мор. шпнгатъ у
клюзовъ, желобъ для стока воды. Scurf (скорф), 8.струпъ,
короста, парши, шелуди; плтно. scurfinees (скбрф'-и-нес; , S.
струповатость, луплен1е. Scurfy (скорф' - и), adj. струповатый,
лупящ1йся. scurrile (скор' - рил; , adj. грубый, непристойный.
scurrility (с1:ор-рил'-и-ти),8. грубость, грубая шутка,
непристойность. scurrilous (скбр'-рил-бс), adj. грубый,
непристойный ; II — 1у» adv.— о. scurriiou»$ncss (скор'-рил-бс-
нес] J S. см. Scurrility. scurviiy (скбр'-ви-ли; . adv. недостойно,
позорно; скаредно, нищенски. scurvine»»» :скбр'-ви-нес),5.
недостойность, позорность; скря2Шичество;|1цынготное
состоян1е. Scurvy [скбр'-ви;, S. .мед. цынга, скорбутъ; и adj.
цынготныи, одержимый скорбутомъ;
жалк1й,несчастный;презрЬннын, низк1Й; нищенскш;— grass,
з.цынготная трава. scut (скот), S. KopoTKiS хвостъ. scutase Гскью'
- тэдж) , s. подать съ • лицъ , обязанныхъ нести военную службу
за право влад'Ьше землею. Scutate (скью'-тэт), «flj. 6orw.
Ш.ИТО06разный; 300.1. чешуйчатый. Scutch ;скбч), V. а. слегка
выколачивать; мять, трепать; ijs. с.ч. Scutcher^ Scutcheon [скбч'
- он), S. ш,итъ герба; личинка, бляшка (у за.мка). Scutcher
(скбч'-ер), S. колотушка для разбнван1Я шерсти, льна п пр.
Scute (скьют), S. уст. ш,итокъ; чешуя. Scuttle 'скбт' - тл), S.
корзина; ящикъ для угля ; агр. в-Ьяло, в*ялка ; желобокъ (вг
.ие.1б««ц?ьЛ' II скорый шагъ;11.У02)С. люкъ; Л— butt, — cask.s.
бочка съ пресною водою для питья;— fish, каракатица
(.мол.tWCKs). Scuttle, V. «.быстро бежать, спъшить; Ijr.a.
.иор.ирор'Ьзывать дыры люки въ судHi; погружать судно на дно ,
просверливая въ немъ дыры. Scythe (сайсз), S. коса;— Stone, S.
оселокъ:|11\ а. уст. косить. scythed ;сайсзд), adj. вооруженный
косами. Scytheman (сайсз'-ман), S. косецъ. Sea fcH),s. море;
волна, волнея1е;а? — , въ Mopi;aJ full — ,во время высокой
воды, во время прилива ; вь открытомъ мор*; beyund «fte— иди
— S, за моремъ; въ чужихъ краяхъ, за границей; half seas uier,
разг. полупьяный,которомуморепокол4на:/(еяа — ,BCTpi4Hoe
волнеп1е:/ге№1;/ h(V//i—, высокое.сильное волнеше;1опд
—,р'55Ак1я больш1я' волны;8/1ог(— , частыя волны, толчея ;
swgar-Jortf—,6ypaoe море, короткое и толкучее водиен1е; on the
high—s, въ открытомъ Mopi; to до fo—, пуститься въ море,
сделаться морякомъ;(о stand out to—, выходить въ открытое
море; to ship а—, получить сильный ударь волны , черпнуть
воды отъ сильнаго волнеи1я ; the — runs broken , short,
волнен1е мелкое , толчея; llie—sets to the southward, волнен1е
идетъ къ югу; the trough of the-,^ промежутокъ между двухъ
валовъ , хлябь;|— bank, s. морской берегъ;илотина; — bar,
морская ласточка, чaйкa;-bathed, adj. омываемый моремъ; —
bear, s. бкшй медведь; морскойкотъ; -beast, морское чудовище;
—beat,— b eaten, adj. омываемый волнами;—board,
выходящ1Йна море; adv. въ направлен1и къ морю;— boat, s.
морское судно; — bound, adj. предназначенный
дляморя.морскойотправки;— bound, — bounded, окруженный
моремъ;— boy, s. юнга; -breach, разрывъ моремъ
береговыхъплотинъ;-Ьгее2е, морской в-Ьтерокъ; — brie f, -letter,
судовойвидъ,паспортъ;— built, adj. выстроенный для моря;—calf,
s. тюлень. нерпа;--сар1 am, капитанъморскагосудна, корабля;-
card, картушка (у ко.мпаса),— churl, морская карта;— chest,
корабе.1ьный сундукъ;— coast, морской берегъ; — cow, иоржъ;
— crawfish , омаръ ; — dog, тюлень^, нерпа ; акула ; фиг.
старый , опытный морякъ ; — eel, морской угорь (рыба); — fare
г, мореходецъ, морякъ;— faring, adj. мореходный;— fencib 16, s.
берего 
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SEAL — 422 — SEAS вой надсмотрщикъ, сторожъ; —

fennel, морской укропъ (растете);— fi^M, морское сражен1е; —
foam,— fro th, морская niHKa;— йаде,углублен1е судна;— gates,
s. pj. входъ въ открытое море; — girt, adj. окруженный мореыъ;-
going, мореходный, плавагощ1й въ открытомъ Mopt; — green,
цв'Ьта морской воды,зеленоватын;5.каменоломка ("т^^аза^; —
gull, чайка; — hog, морская свинья; — holm, небольшой
необитаемый островъ; — h о г s е,моржъ; ручная лошадь;— legs,
s. pi. морск1я ноги, привычка ходить по палубе вовремя качки;—
maid, S. сирена; — mall, — mell, — mew, чайка; — mark, знакъ,
примата, бакень намори; — mile, морская миля; — nettle, зоол.
медуза; — ooze, илъ, тина; — otter, зоол. морская выдра;
морской бобръ; — pad, зоол. морская звезда ; — pass ,
корабельный видъ, паспортъ; — piece, морской видъ (картина);
— pool, лужа соленой воды; — port, приморск{й лортъ,
приморская гавань; — quake, сотрясен1е моря; — risk,
опасности, случайности плаван1я; — robber, — rover, — thief,
морской разбонпикъ, пиратъ, корсаръ; — room, открытое море,
просторъ па Mopi; — service, морская служба;—s hark, зоол.
акула;— ? h е 1 1 . морская раковина; — shore, морской берегъ:
-si ск,йф".страдаюш,!й морскою болезнью; — sickness, S.
морская болезнь; — side, морской берегъ; — s и г g е о п,
корабельный докторъ; — t е г m, морской терминъ; — tossed,
adj. качаемый, омываемый волнами; — turn, s. морской
вЬтерокъ, морской туманъ ; — wall, плотина, гать; — walled, adj.
окруженный моремъ; — ware, S. то, что выброшено моремъ на
берегъ; — water, морская вода; — weed, водоросль, морская
пить; — worthiness, способность къ морской служб'Ь , къ
морскому д'Ьлу; — worthy, rtdj. годный къ морской слултЙ, къ
плaвaнiю. ^ Seal (сил), S. печать, отпечатокъ; i| тюлень, нерпа;
II г. а. и. прикладывать печать, припечатывать, запечатывать,
опечатывать; клеймить (.мщш, вгьсы); засмаливать ( бутылку ) ;
вмазывать (es сттьну); фт. закрывать , запечатывать ;
утверждать, закреплять , завершать ; держать въ секрет!;,
скрывать; ю — г'р, запечатать, приложить печать, опечатать;
закрыть; to — wilh /ead,. приложить пломбу. Sealer (сил' - ер), S.
тотъ, кто припечатываетъ, прилагаетъ печать , клеймо, пломбу.
sieaiine; (сил'-инг) ,«.печатан!е,припечатываы1е, опечатыван{е,
приложен1е печати, клеймя; BMa3HBaHie ;|| ловля тюленей;!—
wax.s. сургучъ. Seam (сим), s. шовъ, зашивка, сшивка; припай,
спай; смычка, пазъ;||жир. рубецъ, шрамъ;||геол. слой, жила;||
м*ра (8 четвертей хлтьба, 120 фунтове стек.га); — rent, S. прор-
Ьха;!!!). а. сшивать, зашивать; дtлaть рубцы, покрывать
рубцами; — ed with the smaU-pox.; рябой. Seaman {си'-ман),8.
морякъ. Seamanship (си'-ман-шип), s. морское искуство,
мореходство;матросская должность. .Seamed ( симд ), adj. охот,
негодный, неспособный (о соколахг). Seamless (сим'-лес), adj.
безъ шва. Seamster (сим'-стор), S. уст. швецъ. портной.
.seamstre.tjs (сим'-стрес), «.белошвейка, швея.
Seamstresj2/^cьл^; замочная коробочка. Scarce (сбрс) , V. а.
просевать ; || S. сито, решето. .Search (сорч), wa.n. искать,
отыскивать, обыскивать, осматривать, д-Ьлать обыскъ,
испытывать, изслЬдовать; сондировать ('ра«2/^; to — out,
находить при помощи поисковъ; to — into, углубляться въ
поиски; || S. поискъ, обыскъ, осмотръ, изсл'Ьдован1е,
испытан1е; — warrant , s. pa3p'bmeHie на прои^.водство обыска.
Searchable (сорч'-й-бл) , adj. подлежащ1й обыску,
изсл'Ьдован1ю, осмотру. Searcher (сбрч'-ер), S. тоть, кто пщетъ,
отыскиваетъ, пропзводитъ осмотръ, изсл'1;дован1е;
досмотрщикъ; изслЬдователь; трещетка , снарядъ для
осматривашя внутренности пушекъ. Searching; (сбрч'-ппг^ . adj.
проницательный , пронзительный , исиытук1щ1й;
внушительный;! — 1у » adv. — о, испытующимъ образомъ.
searchicMN (сбрч'-лес), adj. пеиспов'Ьдимый, непостижимый.
scarednemw (сир'-од-нес), S. отверд4nie; нечувствительность.
.seaNon (си'-зн), s. время года, сезонъ; время, пора , удобное
время ; for а — , на н'Ькоторое время; in the mean—, между
т4иъ, пока; ?п — , in due — , въ удобное,
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SEAS — 423 — SEC О въ надлежащее время, во время,

въ пору; out of — , не во время, не въ пору, those dishes, ['runs
are no longer in — , are out of — , этимь блгодамъ, фруктамъ уже
прошла пора : |j уст. то, что придаетъ Бкусъ, смакъ; 1; I". а.
npiynaTb къ новому климату, аклиматизпровать ; пр1учать,
приспособлять , приправлять , напитывать, напоять чгьмв;
yмtpять: to — soldiers, n^piyHaLtb солдатъ къ войн-fe, къ
военному труду; (о — 5аг/ог5,пр!учать къ морю матросовъ ; to —
а icinecask, напитывать виномъ бочку ; to — tij)xber, сушить
л'Ьсъ; j)r. п. поспевать; делаться годнымъ; сохнуть; привыкать
къ ^jлимaтy; предвозвещать. Seasonable си'-зн-й-бл) . ай].
благовременный, своевременный;]! — Ыу, adv. — о, кстати.
^еавопаЫепемя (си'-зн-а-бл-нес) , S. благовременность,
своевременность. Seasoner 'си'-зн-ер), S. тотъ, кто или то, что
прпправляетъ, придаетъ вкусъ, смакъ. Seasoning (си'-зн-инг) , S.
приправа. Seat (сит), S. стулъ, скамья ; с4далнще, MtcTo; give —
s, подайте стулья: lake а — , возьмите стулъ, садитесь; to furnish
agarden iriih — s, снабдить садь скамейками; the judge's — ,
седалище судьи; that -s your — , вотъ ваше мксто: to ha^'e a —
in parliament, быть членомъ парламента; to vacate one's — ,
подать въ отставку; to keep one's — , сидеть, не вставать; ive
took our — s, мы сЬли; 11 сиденье, та часть стула, тЬла , вещи
на которой сидятъ;||ПОложеnie тЬла, посадка (на лом/.а(^и);|
жилище, MicTonpeoHBaHie, м4стоположен1е ;
мкcтoдtйcтвie;ii:^kмoкъ, деревенск1й домъ. Seat, f. а. сажать ,
посадить, помещать; устроивать сиденья; to — one's self,
садиться, поселяться, помещаться; to be — ed, сидеть; preij be —
ed, прошу садиться, потрудитесь сесть; he can't remain — ed a
minute, онъ не можетъ минуты посидеть на месте. Seating (сит' -
ИНГ; , S. сажанье : сиденье; матерьялъ, изъ котораго делаютъ
сиденья; задъ (у нижняго платья). Seave |сив;, s. тростникъ.
Sea\«'ard (си'-уард, — уорд). adj. направленный къ морю; [ adv.
по направлению къ морю. Sebaceons (си-бэ'- шбс ), adj. апат.
сальный, салопидный. scbacic (си-бас'-ик) , adj. хим. жирный.
Secant (си'-кант;, adj. геом. разсекахельный;!|8. секансъ. Seeede
(си-сид'), i'.«. разлучаться, отступать отз чвю, удаляться. Seceder
^сп - сид'- ер), s. отступникъ, раскольнпкъ, диссидентъ. Secern
(си-с6рн') , v. а. отделить, выделять (соки); проявлять.
Secernent(cH-copH'-eHT), а(?.;.отделяющ1й, внделяющ1и (соки);
i s. мед. средство, способствующее отделен1ю,' выделен1ю
(coKoes). Secernmcnt (сн-сбрн'-мент), s. отдеjienie, выделеше
(coKoes). Seces.sion (си-сеш'-оя), s. разлучен1е, отступлейхе,
удален1е, разрывъ. .Seclude (си - клюд') , V. а. уединять,
удалять, исключать; to — one's self, удаляться. Secluded (си-
клюд'-ед), adj. уединенный; исключенный; 11 — ly, adv. — о.
.Seclusion (си-клю'-жон), s. yeдинeнie, исключен1е. Seclnsive (си-
клго'-сив) , adj. исключающ1п, уединяющ1й. Second (сек'- онд) ,
adj. второй, другой; а — lime, второй разъ; the — day, ua другой
день ; every — day, каждые два дня, чррезъ день;е1'ргу — day of
the month, каждое второе число месяца; — thoughts, вторичное
размышлен1е; а — mourning, малый трауръ ; — cousin ,
троюродный братъ; — captain, капитанъ втораго ранга; — estate,
палата перовъ (eg Ahi.vu); руступаюипй, низшiй:^o be^ — to
none, никому не уступать; to act — to, быть помощникомъ ; попе
I кпои^ — to т", нпк»го я не знаю , кто могъ бы со мною
сравниться ; !| — hand , adj. подержанный, изь вторыхъ рукъ ,
полученный случайно; а — hand knoicledge, заимствованное
знан1е ; а — hand dinner , подогр].тый обЬдъ ; at — hand, чрезъ
передачу, непрямо, посредственно; — rate, второстепенный ,
носредственнаго качества ; — sighr. S. ясновиден1е; — sighted,
adj. };сновидящ1н. Second, s. помощникъ, заступникъ; фиг.
правая рука; ]|секундантъ:|| секунда ( в2')емени ); \\ муз.
секунда ; [| — s, s.pl. грубо перемолотая мука. Second, v.a.
помогать, поддерживать; гыть секундантомъ. .Secondarily (сек'-
онд - 3 - ри - ли), ndv. посредственно, не прямо; во вторыхъ.
Secondariness (сек'-бнд-а-ри-нес), S. посредственность ,
второстепеяность. Secondary (сек'-онд-а-ри) , adj.
второстепенный, подчиненный, посредственный; Цз. делегатъ,
уполномоченный, пред 
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SECO — 424 SECU ставитель , д4йствующ1й по

поручен1'ю другаго; астр, спутвикъ. Seconder (сек'-онд-ер), S.
помощникъ, поддерахиваю1ц1й . Secondly (сек' - онд - ли), adv.
во вторыхъ. Secrecy (си'-кри-сп], S. секреть, тайна; скромность,
благоразузае, сдержапuocTb;«/t — , по секрету; rely upon ту—,
положитесь на мою скромность; 1]уедииеnie; in your — , въ
вашемъ уединен1и. Secret (си'- крет) , adj. секретный,
таинственный; скромный , сдержанный, верный секрету;
уединенный ; Ц s. секреть, тайна; in — , по секрету; въ
укромномъ, уединенномь wicTi; to be in thfi — , быть посвящепу
въ тайну; Ij — s, s. yl. д'Ьтородныя части ;];«. а. сохранять
тайну. Secretary (сек'-ри-та-ри) , s. секре.тарь; министръ; private
— , частный, домашн1й секретарь; II бюро, конторка.
Secretaryship (сек'-ри-та-ри-шип), S. секретарство; должность ,
зван1е секретаря, министра. Secrete ( си - крит') , v. а. прятать ,
укрывать; отделять, выделять (соки). Secreted (си - кри'- тед\
ad), сокрытый, спрятанный, потайной; тайный. Secretion (си-
кри'-шон), s. отд'Ьлен1е, выд'Ьлен1е (сокова); отделяемое,
выделяемое вещество. SecrelitlnuN (си - кри - тиш'- ос), alj.
физ1ол. отделительный. Secretly (си'-1;рет-ди), adv. секретно,
тайн^, сокровенно. Secretnes.s (си'-крет-нес) , S. секретность,
таинственность; скромность, сдержанность; верность секрету.
Secretory (сп'-крн-то-ри , си-крнт'-бри) , adj. физ1о.г.
отдЬлительный, выделительный. Sect (сект), S. секта, толкъ,
вероучеHie; Цусш. полъ (podz );\о'1^остокъ. Sectarian (сек - тэ'-
ри-ан) , s. оектантъ, сектаторъ; вероотступпикъ;1|«(0'.
сектаторск1й, итиосяш,1йся къ известному учен1ю, къ секте.
Sectarian 1мт, .SectarlMnii'ceK-тэ'-риан-изм, сек'- та - ризм), s.
сектаторство; расколъ. Sectari.««t , Sectary, Scctator (сек'тй-рист,
— ри, сек-тэ'-тор), s. сектаторъ, сектантъ, последователь
известнаго учен1я, секты; раскольвикъ. Sectiio (сек'-тил), ad}.
удоборазрЬзаемый, легко разсекаемый. Section (сек'-шон), S.
разрезыван1е, разсечен1е, разчленен1е; || сечен1е, разрЬзъ;
профиль; Ц подразделен1е, отдЬлъ, отделеи1е; разделъ, часть,
секц1я;|]вое«. полувзводъ;||л<2/5. пер1одъ, состоящ!»! изъ
несколькихъ фразь. Sectional (сек'-шоя-ал) , ad),
принадлежаш,1Й определенной части чего, къ какой либо
иарт1и; частичный, частный. Sector (сек' - тор) , s. гео.ч.
вырезокъ; секторъ; астр, секторъ (opydie). Secular (секь'- ю-лйр)
, adj. м1рской. светск1й; — dcrgy, белое духовенство; ||
тленный, бренный, земной ; || вековой, сто.1етн1й;|) — 1у, adv.
светски, пом1рски. Secular, s. священнослужитель,
принадлежащ1Г1 къ составу белаго духовенства; певч1й;
М1рянинъ. Secularity (секь-ю-лар'-и-ти), s. прсбываи1е въ м1ре ,
въ светскомъ состоян1и; светскость; суетность ; любовь ко
всему земному; принадлежность къ белому духовенству.
Secularizatlon(ceкь-ю-лap-и-зэ'-шoн),. S. переходъ изъ духовнаго,
монашескаго состоян1я въ светское, м1рское; секуляризац1я
(церк. имущества). Secularize [секь'-ю - лЗр - айз), V. а. обращать
въ светское состоян1е; секуляризировать. Secularness (секь'-ю-
лЗр-нес), S, си. Secularity. Secund (си'-конд), adj. бот, имеющ1й
отростки на одну только сторону. secundine (сек'-он-дайн), S.
мед. оболочка въ которой закдюченъ зародышъ; блона, последъ.
Secure (си-кьюр') , V. а. спасать, защищать, обезпечивать;
утверждать; гарантировать , застраховывать ; делать
безопаснимъ ; захватить, получить что вь свое обладан1е ;
задержать , заключить въ тюрьму (должника); укреплять,
заграждать, запирать, удостоверять; to — а place, удержать,
обезпечить за coCofi место; — him, задержите, возьмите ого.
Secure, adj. спасенный, защищенный» обезпсчениый; надежный,
застрахованный, гарантированный; сохранный ; we are — from
danger, мы вне опасности ; | уверенный ; сауюнадеянный ;
беззаботный; |j—iy, adv.— о. Securene.4»;cH-Kbrop'-Hec), s.
безопасность, сохранность ; надежность, самонадеянность,
беззаботность. Securer (сп-кьюр'-ер), S. тотъ,ктом.1п то,
чтоохраняетъ, предохраняетъ; охранитель, предохранитель,
защитникъ, заступникъ; охрана, обезпечен1е. Security (си-кью'-
ри-ти) , S. безопасность; надежность; Ц охрана, защита; ||
обсзпечен1е;!|самонэдеянность,беззабот 
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SEDA — 425 — SEEL ность; 11 порука; yiociOBipeeie; to

give — for one's good behaviour , удостов*рять чью либо
благонадежность. jitedan, Sedan-cbair (си-дан', — ^эр}, s.
носилки, портъ-шезь. Sedate {си-дэт'), adj. xnxifi, покойный;
положительный, степенный; Ц — 1у, adv. — о. Sedaleness [си -
дэт'- нес\ S. спокойCTBie, положительность, степенность,
невозмутимость. Sedative [сед-З-тив] , *dj. унимающ1й боль,
ycnoKOHBaroni,iH;||.s. лекарство, унимающее боль. Sedentarily
(сед'-бн-та-ри-ли ] , adv. сидя. sedentarinesM (сед'-ен-та-ри-нес; ,
S. сидяч1й образъ жизни ; сидячее положен1е. Sedentary (сед'-
ен-та-ри) , adj. сидяЧ1Й, невыходяш,1й изъ дому , неподвижный,
нед4ятельный ; а — life , сидячая жизнь. Sedge (седж), S. осока
(трава). Sediment (сед'-и-мент) , s. осадокь, отсЬдъ, отстой,
подонки. Sedition [сп-диш'-OHj , S. возмущен1е, мятежъ, бунтъ.
Seditionary { си - днш'-бн - 2 - ри ) , S. бунтовщикъ , ыятежникъ ,
возмутитель. Seditiouti 'СИ - диш' - ос), adj. мятел;аый;., — 1у>
adv. — о. Seditiou!«neHe (си-диш'-бс-нес), S. ыятежность. Seduce
[си-дыос') , v. а. соблазнять, обольщать, прельщать, развращать,
пл hнять, подкупать. Sedncement (си - дьюс' - мент), s. соблазнь,
обольщен1е. прельщев1е, развращен1е. Seducer (си - дью' ■
сер}, S. соблазнитель , обольститель , прельститель ,
развратитель. Seducible ( си-дью'-си-бл ] , adj. могущ1й быть
соблазненнымъ , обольщеинымъ, развращеннымъ; подкупной.
Seduction (си-дбк'-шбн) , S. соблазнеHie, соблазнъ , обольщен1е
, прельщен1е, развращен1е.' Seductive (си-док'-тив} , adj.
соблазнительный; обольстительный, пленительный. Sedulity,
Sedulon8nei«s (си-дью'-лити, седь'-ю-лбс-нес] , s. прилежаы1е.
рачен1е, усерд1е. sedaiou.4 (седь'-ю-л6с) , adj. прилежный ,
усердный, рачительный ; [) — 1у, ado. — о. See (си), S. епарх1я ;
престолъ ; the Holy See , nancKift лрестолъ. See, г. a. 11. (saw,
seen), видеть, смотреть; наблюдать, понимать, различать,
составлять понят1е; провожать ; навещать , посещать ;
заботиться , радеть, иметь попечен1е, думать о че.мг ;
остерегаться; let те — , Ш us — , посмотримъ; to— about,
'заботиться, иметь попечен1е; fo— aifa!/,f 0—0^,
проводить,выироводить; to — а person on his way, направить кою
на дорогу; to — oxd, проводить, выпроводить ; смотреть, видеть
что до конца; shall we — the jilay out, будемъ ли мы смотреть
пьесу до конца; to— one through, язвлечь кого изъ (опасности,
U3S затруднетя). See, inter j. смотри! посмотрите! вотъ! .Seed
(сид) , S. семя, зерно; севъ, посевъ; to тип to—, идти въ семена;
|1 племя , порода; потомство; Ij — bud, s. зародышъ, яичко; —
саке, лепешка, приправленная анисомъ;— coat, насемсн1е,
обо.10чка семени , шелуха, кожура, плева;—cod, лукошко, изъ
котораго бросаютъ семена; — corn,— grai n , зерно для посева;
— leaf,— lobe , семядоля, семенодоля;— lip, — lop, сеялка,
сеяльница, сеяльная машина; — pearl , мелк1й жемчугъ;— plat,—
plot, пигомникъ растенхй (U35 сгь.чят) ; — time , время nociBa;
— vessel, зерновикъ, околоплодге. Seed, V. п. наливаться,
семениться; \\i\ а. сеять; усевать. Seeder (сид'-ер), S. сеятель.
seedling ^сид'-линг) , S. растение, выгнанное изъ семени.
Seedsman сидз'-ман) , S. торговецъ семенами; сеятель. Seedy
(сид'-и) , adj. зернистый, семенистый, наполненный семенами ;
благсвонный, пaxyчiй; 2)аз». изношенный, старый, бедный,
жалк1ц. seeing (си'-инг) , S. смотрен1е, видеHie; '|1С0/!].—
г/(аГ,въ виду этого, принимая это въ соображен1е; темъ более
что; потому что. sceiif (сик), V. а. п. (sought), искать, отыскивать;
домогаться, добиваться, стараться получить что; стараться
.1ишить кого; посягать на; преследовать; обращаться Ks; to—
after, отыскивать, добиваться; to— for, пытаться найти; to— от,
искать повсюду, просить, умолять; to — to, прилагать,
применять; обращаться, просить, ухаживать. Seeker (сик',- ер) ,
S. искатель, лреследователь. Seel [сил), 11.0. завязывать
глаза;11г.?(.
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SEEL — 426 — SELE наклоняться на сторону; мор.яы^ль

сильную качку; II S. время года, своевременность, сезонъ. Seel,
Seellag (сил'-инг), S. мор. сильная качка. яесШу (сид'-и-лп), adv.
см Sillily. seely (гил'-и , adj. удачный, счастливый; безобидный,
простой, беззаботный: безумный, глупый. Seem (сим) , i'. п.
казаться; притворяться, принимать видъ; н — s, кажется. Scemer
(сим'-ер), S. тотъ, кто прннимаетъ видъ, JHueMipij, комед1анть.
.Seomins (сим'-пнг),5. наружный видъ; >1Н'Ьн1е; ]j adj.
притворный, ли1;ем1рный; кажущ1йсл, правдоподобный;
благовидный (предлоп);^;. — 1у, adv. повиднмому. SeemliiKneeM
(сим'-инг-нес) , S. благовидность, правдоподобность,
в'Ьроятность. Seemliness (сим'- ли - нес], s. благопристойность,
прилич1е, пристойность: прелесть, пpiятнocть, грац1я. Seemly
(снм'-ли), adj. благопристойный, приличный, пристойный; ||йг/г.
— о. Seen (син), рйгг.ря. отъ See:||a(ij.?/cm. см. Skilled, Versed.
Seer (сп'-ер), s. тотъ, кто видитъ, зряч1й; пророкъ. scerhand
(сир'-ханд), S. родъ индийской кисеи . seerMhip (сир'-шип), S.
предвид'Ьи!е. seersucker (сир'-сбк-ер) , s. полосатая инд-Ьйскал
матер1я. Seerwood ^сир'-ууд) , S. сухой л'Ьсъ. Seesaw (си'-соо],
s. качели (доска по.юженнаяна б',)евнгь) ; качальная доска;
движeпie вверхъ и внизъ , взадъ и вперодъ;|]1'. п. качаться
Seethe (сисз), V. а. (sod, sodden), кипятить, варить; |v. п. KHnliTb.
Seether (сисз'-ер) , S. котелъ, чугунъ. Segar (си-гар'], S. см. Cigar.
Sejjmenl (сег'-мент), s. кусокъ; геом. сегментъ, отр'Ьзокъ круга.
.Ses^nitudc, Sej?nlty (сег'-ни-тьюд, — ти;, S. уст. л'Ьность. нед-
Ьятельность. Segregate (сег'-ри-гят], v.a. отделять, отлучать ; Ц
adj. отделенный, отлученный. segregation (сег-ри-гэ'-шон), 8.
отд^Ьл('1ае, oтлyчeнie. scigneuraai (синь-ю'-ри-ал), adj.
господский, барск1й. Seignior (син' - йор) , S. господинъ .
властитель; баринъ; the grand—, турецKiti султаиъ. selsnioragc
(сип'-йЬр-ЭДж) , S. господская власть ; пошлина съ золота при
чеканке монеты ; плата изцателя книги сочинителю, Seignioral,
Seigniorial син'-йор-ал, син-йо'о-ри-ал), adj. с.ч. Seigneur! al.
Seigniory (син'-йбр-и), .s. власть господина; владычество,
господство; вдад^Hie. Seine (син), S. неводъ, мережа. Seiner
(син'-ер) , S. ловящ{й рыбу иеводомъ. Seisin (сиз'-ин), S. см.
Seizin. Seismal, Seismic (сайс'-мйл, — МИК), adj. принадлежащ1й ,
oтнocящiйcя къ зeмлeтpяceнiю. Selzable (сиз'-а-бл), adj. могущ1й
быть взятымъ , захваченнымъ ; на что можно наложить арестъ,
запрещеп1е. Seize (сиз), г', а. п. хватать, захватывать;
овладевать , завладевать ; достигать; воспользоваться ; юр.
арестовать, налагать арестъ на имущество ; 1и — on, upon ,
схватить ч7по, овладеть, воспользоваться 47bMs; конфисковать;
||л(0^э. найтовить, положить бензель, найтовъ. Seizer (сиз' - ер)
, s. тотъ, кто хватаетъ, захватываетъ , завладеваетъ ; юр.
валагающ1й арестъ. Seizin (сиз'- ин) , S. юр. Бладен1е ; вводъ во
влад'Ьн1е. Seizing (сиз'-инг), S. xBaTanie, овлаAinie; добыча,
призъ; юр. паложен]е запрещен{я, арестъ, конфискац1я ; | .мор.
бензель, найтовъ. Seizure (сижь'-гор), S. захватъ, овлаitnie,
взят1е, поимка, apecroBanie : на.тoжeнie запрещен{я, арестъ,
конфиска!^iя. Sejoin (си - д:койн'), г. а. уст. разъединять.
Selcouth (сел'-каусз, — кусз), а /j.j/cw. Р'Ьдк{й, необыкновенный.
.Seldom (сел'-дЬм), adv. р^дко, изредка lilarfj. р'Ьдк1й.
.Scidomne.ss (сел' - дом - нес), S. редкость, особенность. Select
(си -лект'), г. а. избирать, выбирать;|!аф'. избранный, отборный,
лучmifi. Selectedly ( си-лект'-сд-ли ] , adv. по выпору. Selection
(си- лек'- шбн) , S. выборъ; собран!е. Selective (сп-лект'-ив), adj.
избираюluin, выбирающ1й. seieetness (си-лект'-нес), S. избран{е,
выборъ. Selector (си-лект'-ор), S. избиратель. seienlnte (си-ли'-
ни-эт), S. хим. селенокислая соль.
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SELE — 427 SELL ве1еп1в;си-лен'-ик), adj. лунный; хим.

селенистый. Seienite (сед'- и-найт) . S. хим. соленокисдая соль;
мин. селенитъ: листоватый гипсъ. Selenitic, Selenitieal 'сел - и -
нит'ик, — ал), adj. хим. селенистый. Selenium (си - ли'- НИ - Ом),
S. селенъ ( металлоидб ) . Selenography (сел-и-ног'-ра-фи) , S.
селенограф1я, описан1е луны. Self (селф), S. и ргоп. (pi. selves),
самъ. себя: особа; the love of—, любовь самаго себя.ту other — ,
мое другое я; ту oirn — , моя собственная особа; their own — vcs.
они сами; by one's — , самъ, одинъ; to lay а thing by itself,
отложить вещь въ сторону; he teas tralking by himself, онъ гулялъ
одинъ; she n-as by herSilf, она была одна; I teas riding by myself ,
я ■Ьхалъ верхомъ одинъ :]]? c.iOMHbixs словахв nej^eeodum€я
словомв саъю; — abasement, s. самоунижен1е ; — abuse ,
самообольщен1е, илюз!я , злоупотреблен1е своими
собственными силами , своей особой ; — accusing, adj.
обвиняющей салюго себя; — acting, caMOitflcTByroniifi; — ad m
iration, s. yднвлeнie , поклонеи1е своимъ собственны.чъ
достоинствамъ; — adoring.arfj. обожающей самого себя; —
affairs. S. pi. личныя д'Ьла;— affrighted, adj. ужасающ1йся самому
ce6i ; — applause, s. самовосхвалРн{е, самодовольство;—а р р г
о V i п g, adj. oдoбpяк,щiн самого себя;— assumed , произвольно,
собственною властью взятый; — as sum рtion , s. BHCOKOMtpie,
надменность, самонадеянность; — born, tt'/j. самородный ; — с h
a г i t у, s любовь къ самому себ^;— collected, adj. погруженный
въ самого себя; — command, х.самообладаHie; — conceit,
caMOMntnie, самодовольство;— con d е m n а t i on,
самообвинеи1е; — с onfidence, самоуверенность ; —
consciousness, самосознан1е , самоMHinie; — consequence,
личное значеHie ; — contradiction, npoTHBopiqie самому себ'Ь;--
соп trol, самообладан1е; — covered, adj. переряженный,
притворный;— d e с e i t, — d e с e p I i о n, — delusion , s.
caмooбoльщeнie, илюз1я; — d e f e n s e, самозащита; the art of—
defense, боксъ; — d e n i a 1, самоотвержен1е; — d e s t r (I у e
r,caMoy6iUH,a; — d es t ruction, caMoy6ificTBo; — devoted, adj.
жертвующ1й собою ; — educated, научивш1йся самъ собою;—
education, s. самообраaoBaaie ; — endeared, adj. влюбленный въ
самого себя ; — enjoyment, s. внутреннее довольство;— е s I е е
т, уваseHie къ самому соб-Ь ; — evidence, очевидность ; — е х i s
t е п с е , независи^1ое, самостоятельное cyщecтБoвaнie ; —
glorious, adj. тщеславный; — government, s. самоуправлен1е; —
heal , горлянка, черемха (растете) ; — i га р о гt а псе,эгои;1ыъ;
— i m pos lu ге.саыообольщeнie, илюз1я; — interest, личный
интересъ,эгоизмъ; — knowledge, nosnanie самого себя; — 1е ft,
adj. предоставленный самому себ-Ь; — love, s. ceбялюбie,
эгоизмъ; caмoлюбie; — lover, эгоистъ; — murder, самоуб1йство;
— opinion, личное MH-feHie; — possession , самообладание;—р га
ise, самохвальство;— preservation, caMocoxpaneHie, самоохрана;
— — г eg U I а t i on, caмoynpaвлeнie, автонoмiл; — rep г о v е d,
auj. oщyщaющiя yгpызeнie совести ; — same , тотъ самый,
тождественный ; — seeking, :noHCTH4ecKifi , личный; — s
laughter, s. caMoy6iucTBo; — styled, adj. называющiп себя,
самозванный, мнимый; — sufficiency, s. самодовольство; — will,
своеnpaeie, cвoeвoлie; — w i 1 I e d, adj. своенравный,
своевольный, упрямый. seiriiood (сслф'-худ), «.отдельное быTie,
индивидуальность; личность. selfl.sh (селф'-иш), adj.
себялюбивый, 9roHCTH4ecKifl, личный; || — 1у, adv. — о, — ски.
scifl.oiiness (селф'-иш-нес), s. себялю6ie, эгоизмъ; caмo^юбie.
scine.vs ,'селф' - лес) , adj. безкорыстный, безпристрастпый. Sell
(сел) , г. а v. (sold), продавать; to — for nothing, for a mere
по^Лгод, продавать ни за что, г.а бездЪлицу ; to— for а song,
продавать за кусокъ хл^ба; to — for accuxint, продавать на
срокъ; to — on credit, продавать въ кредитъ; to — at par,
продавать за то, что ce6t стоитъ; to — at и loss, продавать себ^
въ убытокъ; to — wholesale, продавать оптомъ; to— in retail,
продавать въ разницу; to — by port-sale, by auction, продавать съ
ayKn,ioHa: to — to the highest bidder, продавать тому, кто даетъ
дороже; to — by private contract, продавать по любовному
соглашен)ю; to sell, to be soJd,. продается (es обгявленги); to —
off, to — out, распродавать, ликвидировать; li V. 71. продаваться;
торговать, заниматься торговлею ; to — out, воен. продать свой
патентъ. seli,s.o6MaHx, плутовство; |«иопж. лежень, кладень.
SeiiMndcr«4 (сел'лан-дерз) , s. pi. колЬяный иокрецъ (у
лои1адг1).
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SELL 428 — SEND «eiier (сел'-ер), s. продавецъ, купеиъ,

торговецъ. Mciiing (сел'-инг), s. продажа. Wclvage,
8с1уе(1ве(сел'-вэдж, — водж), s. кромка (у тканей). Welvaged,
Sclvedged (сел'-вэдя;д, — веджд), adj. съ кромкою. jSciveM
(селвз), у1. отъ Self. Semaphore (сем'-Л-фор), s. семафоръ,
береговой телеграфъ, «етЫаисе(сем'-блинс), S. видъ, сходство,
подоб1е. sembiunt (сем'-блант), ad}, t/cm. сходный, похож1й.
»k»einbiatfvo (сем'-блй-тив) , ai'j. уст, похож1й;
соотв'Ьтственный. senibie (сем'- бл) , i'. П. подражат'ь, походить;
казаться. Scinen-contra ( СИ'-МбН-КОН-тра ) , S. садовый
кипарисъ ; цытварное сЬмя , глпстникъ, чернобыльникъ
('растение). .Semi (сем'-и) , латинская приставка, в 5 сложныхз
словахб означающая полу; — annual, adj. полугодовой; —
barbarjian, полуварварск1й; s. полуварваръ; — d i аш е t е г,
рад1усъ. Scmlbrier, Seniibrcvo (сем'-и-бри||>, — брив), S. муз.
б*лая нота. Seniielrclo (сем'-и-с6р - кл) , s. полукругъ; углом-Ьръ.
Seinicirclcd , Semicircular (сем'-Исор-клд, сем-и-сбр'-кью-лйр), adj.
полукруглый. Semicolon [сем'-и-ко-лон) , S. грам. точка съ
запятой. sominui (сем' - и - нал) , adj. сЬменный. scmiuality (сем-
и-иал'-и-ти) , s. производительность. Seminarian , Seminarist
(сем-П-НЭри-йн, сем'-ц-на-рпст) , s. семинаристь. seminary (
сем'-и-нЗ-ри ) , S. разсадникъ, ПИТОМНИК!.: школа, училище,
учебное заведен1е, сеыипар1я ; рнмско-католическ1й
священникъ, получивш{й обраsoBanie въ семинар1и;|| adj. см.
Seminal. Seminate (сем' - и - нэт), v. а. уст. ctflTb, разсЬвать;
распространять. Semination (сем-и-нэ'-шби),8. сЬян1е,
pacnpocTpaneuie. seminircrouH (сем-и-ниф'-вр-ос) , adj.
сЬменоиосный. ScminiUc, Scmiuiflcal (сем -И- НИф'ик, — йл) , adj.
производяш,1й, приносяmiu ct.Mfl. Semiology (си ми-ол'-о-джи) ,
S. .мед. onHcauie признаков!. болЬзнен. Senitotic (си-ми-от'-ик) ,
adj. относяjqifica къ првзвакаыъ, къ вн^шнимь знакамъ,
передающимъ мысль; мед. относящ1йся къ симптомамъ
болезней. Semioticfi (си-ми - от'- икс) , S. сем1отика , наука о
признакахъ болезней и здоровья. seniipcd (сем'- и - пед), s.
полустопа (es cmuxaxs). scmipedai (си-мип'-и-дал), adj.
полустопныи (es стихахб). Semiquaver (сем'-и-куэ-вер) , S. .Mi/5,
двувязная нота; derni — , трехвязпая нота; doihble demi — ,
четырехвязная нота;!} V. а, играть, п^ть двувязныя ноты.
Semitertian (сем'-и-тор-шан), s. родъ перемежающейся
лихорадки. Semitone (сем'-и-тон), S. муз. полутонъ. Seniitonic
(сем-и-тон'-ик) , adj. полутонный. Scmolella , Semolina (сем-О-
лел'-ла — о-ли'-но), S. манная крупа. sempcrvirent (сем - пер -
вай'- рент), adj. в^чно св'Ьж1й, зелен'Ьющ1й. Sempervive (сем'-
пер - вайв), S. очитокъ (растеше). Sempiternal ( сем-пи-тбр'-нал )
, adj. вечный, в'Ьков'Ьчный. Sempltornity (сем-ии-тбр'-ни-ти ) , S.
вЬчность, в'Ьков'Ьчность. SempNter, Scmster (семп'-стер,
ССм'стер), S. см. Seamster. Sonip!«treN8| Semstrcs.4 (семп'-стрес,
сем'-стрес), s. см. Seamstress. Sen (сен), adv. пр. нар. см. Since.
Senary (сен'-а-рп), adj. шестерной. Senate (сеа'-эт), S. сенатъ; —
с h а шb е г, — house, s. зала , sAanie сената. Senator (сен'-а-
тор), S. сенаторъ. .Senatorial , Senatorlan (сен-£[-ТО'орп-ал, —
аи), adj. сенаторсый. senatoriaiiy (сеи-й-то'о-ри - йл -ли), adi'.
посенаторски. scnatorKhip (сен'-а-т6р-шип), s. сенаторство,
sBanie сенатора. Send (сенд), V. а. п. (sent), посылать,
отправлять; ниспосылать; даровать, жаловать; jMop. нырять
носомъ, имЬть килевую качку ;го—раб'А/н(/,2)ачзг. отправить къ
черту ; to — аиау, отсылать, прогонять; to — dotvn,
ниспосылать; to — for, посылать за Kib.HS, за ть.ы; звать кого;
he icas sent for, за нимъ посылали, его звали; to — forth, to —
out, издавать, производить, испускать, распространять; in, (о—
посылать, вводить; to — in, to — up one's name , велЬть
доложить о себЬ , подать свою карточку; — in dinner, подавайте
об'Ьдъ; (о — in goods, поставлять товары.
 SEND 429 — SENT Sender (сенд'-ер) , s. тотъ, кто
посыластъ; торг. экспедиторъ. senuMcence (си - нес'- сенс) , S.
старость, стар4ше. Seneschal (сен'-и-шал) , S. сенешаль.
Sengrcen (сен'- грин) , s. бот. очитокъ (растете). Senile (сн'-
найл), adj. старческ1и. Senility (си-нил'-и-ти), S. старость. Senior
(син'-иор), шЦ. CTapmifi, стаpiRffliu;l|s. старш1и. Seniorily ,
Seniory (син-ЙОр'-И-ТИ , син'-йор-И;, S. старшинство. Senna
(сен'-на), S. египетская касс1я (деревцо); александринсшй
листъ. Senniglit (сен' - нет) , s. неделя; this day — , чрезъ
педелю. Sennit (сен'-нпт), s. мор. сезень, плетенка. senocniar (си-
нокь'-ю-лар) . adj. шестиглазый. Sensate (сен'-сэт), г. п.
ощуш,ать, чувствовать. Sensation (сен-сэ'-шон!,- S. ощущение;
впечатл'Ьн1е; пр. нар. квартерна джина, водки. Sensational (сен
- сэ'- шон - ал], adj. ощутительный, производяп1,1и
впечатл'Ьnie. Sense (сенс), S. чувство; she has come to her — s,
she has recovered her — s, она пришла въ себя ; j] умъ, разумъ,
разсудокъ, смыслъ; common — , здравый сыыслъ; good common
— , природный здравый смыслъ; against all — , вопреки всякаго
смысла ; to be in one's— s, судить здраво; he teas brought to his—
s, ему втолковали, разъяснили ; you will drive him out of his — s ,
вы его совсЬмъ собьете съ толку ; he will lose his — s, онъ
потеряетъ голову; to talk — , говорить основательно; !]
чувствительность, чувствован1е, чувственность;||смыслъ,
значеше; Mninie, мысль. Sensffni (сенс'-фул) , adj.
здравомыслящ1й; разумный. Senseless (сенс'-лес], adj.
нечувствительный, безчувственный ; безъ памяти; неразумный,
глупый, безсмысленный ; to become — , лишиться чувствъ,
потерять co3Hanie;[l — 1у, adi\ — о. , Senselessness (сенс'-
лес^нес) , S. нечувствительность, безчувственность;
неразумность, глупость, безсмысленность. Sensibility (сен-си-
бил'-и-ти) , s. чувствительность. Sensible ( сен'-си-бл ) , adj.
чувствительный, ощутительный ; умный, разумный,
сознательный; муз. — note, — tone, вводный тонъ, септима; Ij—
biy, adv. — о. sensibleness (сен'-си-бл-нес), s. чувствительность ,
ощутительность ; разсудительность, здравомысл1е;
смышленость. Sensitive (сен'-си-тив), odL чувственный,
чувствительный; l|s. бот.^едотрога, нетронь-меня (растете );'i\
— ly, adv.— о'. Sensitiveness (сен'-си-тив-нес) , s.
чувствительность. Sensoriuni, Sensory (сен-со'о-ри-ом, сен'-сб-
ри], s. чувствилище, та часть головнаго мозга, которую
полагаютъ центромъ всЬхъ ощущен1й ; органъ ощущеН1Й.
sensnai (сен'-шу-йл) , adj. чувственный, сладострастный,
сластолюбивый ; jj — ly, adv. — о. Sensualism (сен'-шу-Зл-изм), s.
чувственное направлен1е, HacTpoenie ; чувственность,
сансуализмъ (филос. учете). sensnaikit (сен'-шу-Зл-ист), s.
сластолюбецъ, чувственный челов^къ. Sensuality (сен-шу-ал'-и-
ти), s. чувственность, сластолюб1е. Sensnaiixe (сен'-шу-ал-айз) ,
V. а. д-Ьлать чувственнымъ. Sensuous (сен'-шу-бс), adj.
д'Ьйствующ1й на чувства, на ощущен1я; чувственный. Sent
(сент), p'et. и fan. pa. отъ Send. Sentence (сен' - тенс) . S.
изречен1е; MHinie, правило, положен1е ; поучен1е; >г|Ь.«Х1л|
св» Р'1;шен1е, приговоръ ; сентенц1я, фраза; to pass — on,
произнести приговоръ, высказать Mniuie ; to lie under a — , быть
осуждену;|]г.я. приговаривать, произносить приговоръ,
осуждать. Sentencer (сен'-тен-се^з), s. тотъ, кто постановляетъ
приговоръ , ptmeHie , кто высказываетъ MHtnie. Sentential (сен-
тен'-шЗл), adj. заключающ1Й въ себ^ сентенд1и , изpeчeнiя,
правил а, положен1я,поучен1я; относящ1Йся къ фраз4, къ
изречен1ю, къ сентенп;1и. Sententious (сен-тен'-шос), adj.
изобилующ1й сентенц1ями,изречен1ями, правилами,
положен1ями, поучен1ями, фразами; лаконическ1й; || — ly, adv.
въ вид'Ь сентенц1и, положен1я , правила , поучеnifl;
лаконически. Sententiousness "(сен-тен'-шбс-нес) ,s .
сентенц1озность, поучительность; лаконизмъ. sentery (сен'-тер-
и), s. см. Sentry. Sentient (сен'-ши-ент), adj. чувствующей,
мыслящ1й;]|8. чувствующее, мыслящее существо. Sentiment
(сен'-ти-монт), s. чувство. чувствован1е, ощущен1е; MHinie,
мысль; изречете, сентенд1я; тостъ.
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SENT 430 — SEQU SientimcHtai [ сен-ти-мент'-ал ) , adj.

чувствительный, сентиментальный; разсудительний,
здравомыслящ1й. eentintentali!«m (сен - ти - мент'- ализи) , S.
сентиментальность, приториа;! чувствительность. SicntimcntaliMt
'сон - ти - мент' - алист), S. сентиментальный, приторно
чувствительный чолов1къ. Sontimcntality [ ceu-ти-мен-тал'- ити).
S. ем. Se п lime п talis т. Sentinel (сен'-ти-нел) , s. часовой; to
siand — , lo keep — , стоять на часахъ ; ; V. а. стоять на часахъ;
приставлять часоваго KS чему. «entry (сен'-трИ' . s. часовой;
часы, караулъ; to stand — , быть, стоять на часахъ ; Ю reliece —
. сменить караулъ ; to tone off — , смениться съ часовь, съ
караула ; to до on — , идти въ караулъ; to post on — , поставить
на часы; — box, s. сторожевая будка, 1;араулка. Sepal (си'-пал),
s. бот, чашелистникъ. Separability, Seperai)lene»iK (con-iiра-бил'-
и-ти, сеп'-а-ра-бл-пес) , s. ра;> д'Ьляемость, отделимость.
Separable (сеп'-а-ра-бл) , adj. разделимый, отделимый. Separate
(сеп'-й - рэт} , г. а. п. отделять,~ся, разъединять, — ся,
разделять, — ся; разлучать,— ся, разводиться; Hof/j. отдельный,
особенный ; разъединенный, разлученный, разведенный; |) —
1у, adv. отдельно, особо. Separatene»4»i (сеп'-й-рэт-нес) , S.
отдельность, особенность. Separation (сеп-а-рэ'-шон), s.
отделеHie; paздeлeнie, разъединен1е, разлука; разлучен1е,
разводъ. Separatist (сеп'-З-рЗ-тист;, S. отступникъ, отщепенець.
диссидентъ, раскольникъ. Separator (соа'-й - рэ - тор), S.
делитель, разделитель, разъединитель, разлучитель. separatory
(ссп'-а-ра-то-ри), adj. отделительный, ра.!делитольный ; |j s.
хим. отделительный сосудъ; хир. инструментъ для отделон1я
черепа. Scpawn, sopon (еи-iio'oH, — пон') , S. заварной пудипгъ.
Sepia (си'-пп-а), S. сеп1я (краска). sepiment (сеи'-и-мепт), S.
загородка, забор ь. Sepoy (си'- пой), S. сипай (туземный
UHdnucKiu солдате ка службп у европеицевв). sep«(ceuc), S.
сессъ, змеевидная ящерица. Sept (септ), S. племя, кланъ, семья.
Septangular (септ-ан'-гью-лйр) , adj. семиугольный. .September
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