760torr = Latm. 0’ ARABINOSE” is. course subject an be expressed a& a. 0.0821 Latm/degree/mol |b. 8314 Jidepree/mol jee 8.314*10"* kj/degree/mol |g. 8,314%10' ergs/degree/mol i ¢. 1.987 calori¢s/degree/mol ressure can be expressed as follows | ImmElg = ltorr 760mmHg = 1am P=1 x76 x 13.6 * 981 dynes/em™ Example 1 Convert $7torr to a value in atmos;O° ARABINOse, Charles taw as T= final temperature in °K Conversion ii in te i : Mperature is given ag C +273 °C ="K 273 The vol temperature will the volume Pressure?Ans:384K Solution Vi = 360mi V2 = 480ml r= 15°C + 273 288K =? [D’ ARABINOSE! Es a= S60 Be ; eyeation lnqaation of a : = sssion is given as: Example 4 ‘A given mass of gas occupies a volume of 250) pressure of 1.4datm, at what pressure will the volume 300inl when the temperature is raised to 49°C? Peiticina. woe 7 r jmi at 21°C and a be 28 P=? V2 = 300ml 449°C = 322K pee ze 4y of gas B ityofgasA *_& BD’ ARABINOSE; ta = 1.80mins for O» = le Mg, =unknown gas : aaa Mg = for Oy = 16 * 2 = 32 NB: The unit of rate is mol/L/see or Mifgee, a me F i : imo 52 = fue c. * « Square both sides to remove the square root “time taken for gas A to diffuse Yt ; —y) = , 1.80" a2 st darhaxsi Cross miuttiply ¢ is directly proportional to molecular weight. Kiss f time is mins or secs, M,=S2- 20.48 Recall that molecular weight = 2 * vapour density & 2048 2vd i fe en for a gertain Volume of ga: ‘am through a 44mins. Under same MA is used Ita oe 7, oi) 18.998amu Buk, = 238.05 + 113,998 = 352.038 = 238.05 = (18.998 « 6) . = 235.04 + (18.998 « 6) = 235.04 + 113.998 =. [23 ions 349028Py = total pressure of the mixture le of ammonia (NH) gas is completely decomposed to Joeopen «:) and Bydeogen gases (Hs) 0 pressure is 866mmHg. S. Ans = 217mmbg P, = partial pressure of gas A, NO Of moles of gas A and B = gram “The moie ratio of NzH is 1:3 we nym > 1,73 Partial pressure of N; is given as = = 216.5 220 Pum 3q1 * 886= 21 TmmHg,= molar mass D density What pressure ig, exerted by, = Eis oN, ON al y 2.88atmj * z ~ 5 = 2 Btaum =40°C + 273 = 313K = A3eoog2xa13 Ta carts? 1.286 < 0.0821 « 27; = 0.082 Latm/l degree/mo! grams of hydrogen gas ll reacts with watet. The vol er water at 30°C and pressure _O'ARABINOSE) FSET (DT ARASINOS! atin 31, 82mmHg. vapour pressure at 30°C 8 sat PfECZFHBORY-OF GASES GF 4 i compound is 3.38g4 at 40°C armas? Ans = 44.1p/mol n=no, of molecules m= mass of molecules “* 2 = root mean square velocity V=yvolume NB: the unit of the pressure of an ideal —_— | ‘The following expressions can be used to calculate the average _.. kinetic energy of a gas or -3/,RT ‘of moles (n) is oem in a particular question, nsi®[D’ ARABINOSE] Cr ‘Average velocity at 37 7 When three or more velocities are given in a question, the s a average velocity is given as; 4 ‘Mm ~ mass of molecule €*= root mean square veloc ity~_beinergs and M in gram/ Ie ees Joules and’M in kg/mol. Example 19_ 2010, No. 14 Calculats. the, most probable velocity of molecular chlorine in vs at 20°C (C1=35.5], Ans =262m/s Solution Since the unit is in m/s, R = joules M=ke/mol = Ch = 35,52 — T= 20+ 273 = 293K p’ ARASINOSE) Frees p um atoms in m mol R=83 [= 25+273 = 298K ee, 142 0.004kg/mol “& : [xb 3245298 «1965.8 = 1256m/s A= [3142x0.006 and 300nv/s at intervals. What is the RMS ve! Ans=125mn/s ecule? : - Pea i 23: vo anasnose; ESET The mean free path of « £25 pyagas molecule before each s i Le imat Where L = mean free path art meting parece. | mea n=number of molecules = 77 Ny = 6.02310” V = 22400ml at S.1.P NB: the unit of mean free path is cm. mean free path is between 10%em. given volume Molecules in the same volume ional force between layers of liquids in motion. the Bi a joltzmann factor 24ni of viscosity is ce esem”s DIAMETER ipproach. [D' ARABINOSE cose BETWEEN COLLISION ' Where 7 = number of collisi NaPV Na n= OR@es RT Ve = 224 viscosity* oO’ ARABINOSE} Example 23 mean free path of th pressure.” Ans = 1.67x10%¢m 4 | Solution £6 ‘Using the expression relates mean free path and viscosity V=ieDL m ity [D] = y _ Molar mass of Hy = 2.0 des00 7 8-9* 10" gram/ml '8X8.314107x273 3.142x2.0 =1.70x10°cms™! L the subject of the formula = 3x8.41x1075 ~1.70x105x8.9x10-5 The? viscosity The viscosi t i ‘ tscosity. of He gas at 0°C is 8.41 «10 poise. determine the fecule at this temperature and latm 21. Calculate the mean free pati ‘a ott?! [D’ ARABINOSE] yO eee at 20°C and latm pressure is = of a gas is 22400em’.V volume =6,023~ 10> molecule/mol' of methane 1 09% 10*poise: molar R=8.31x10 ergs degree/mol, Na= & of methane at 20°C and latm swered for over ten s 2, This a has not been an sfully unveiled the - «ae = Ll 09x10“poise. Note the value to be 107 1 2204273 = 293K pees CH, = 12+4 [ee ees <4 V =22400cm’ susie R= “8. 314107erg degree/mol Na= = 6.023%10 molecule/mol = 16g/mol 18XB.314x107x293 ‘a = 6.22x10'cms? BAMDx16 29{D’ ARABINOSE} Ee: 15 D’ ARABINOSE] fR-Teey ‘ ee : Example 25. 2010, No. Calculate the number of collision per second as at a Fi d centim (Na=6.02« 10" molecule/mol and R=0.0821}. L =7.4*10%em closest option ermine the mean collision diameter, of methane at 20°C Solution This question can be solved in two ways using the followin 22. Det and latm pressure. Solution expressions 2d aT oe=— [= Z=2n'e? [ure 3anv Yam ~ yA ma V = 1.09*10" poise OR aig. Wa _ 6023x1079 _ 19 PanD aT i ae 2090 a ; * bs D =~. =7.1x10%g/cem? ze This question cannot be solved since neither collision oa 7 lameter [0°] nor viscosity is given. More explanation 1!) 5 2x7.1x10~* a 9.314108? x23 be given at tutorial hour. ee O ~ Tygasemneaxtox1o9x10-* Y-3.142x16 = 5.141«10%22014.53 = 1.13110" o=V1.131 x 10% =3,36x10*cm closest option. —— The equation can further be simplified making P subject o' formula - an 30a Se a ee D! ARABINOSE? caer ae BY i fi f han 2 above equation. is for one mole of a gas. For more mole of a gas, the equation is given as: P = pressure in atm qass in gram q in atm/deg/mol = 0.0821 3 in Kelvin re exerted waal equation, calculate the pressu! vessel at carbon dioxide in a 2.00L $ .59L.atm.mole and b = 42.7em mole’ sone mole of carbon dioxide [COz]. the a 32 R=0.0821 T =47°C+273 = 320K Vv =2.00L a=3.59L.atm.mole 42.7cm3mal~* bia - = 0.0427L mol" 1000 COz=442/mol 10X0.0821X320 — 3.59x(10)? p= 2-(0.0427*10) 2 _ 262.72 359 DS Te a. P= 167.018 — 89.75 P=77.3atm P 1. Assume the same pressure in each case, what weight of hydrogen must be used to inflate a balloon to a certain size at 77°C if 2.0 grams is required to inflate it to half the size at 27°C [H=1.0]. Ans=.71g : 2. What is the volume (in litres) occupied by 49.72 of HCl at 5.7.2. fHet0, Ciegamy S.T.P.=22.41L}. Ans=30.60L molar volume atis found to be 30.50ml/min. whe? i as (a)CH, (h)€O (c)NO rate of 0: ity of the unknown RMS. velocity of N /s. what is the tempera Ans= -23°C 5. A sample of natural gas is 85.2% methane, CH, and 14.8% ethane, C)Hg by mass. What is the density of the mixture at 18°C and 771mmHg.Ans= 0.732g/1 6. Calculate the average velocity of an H; molecule at 0°C. If the average velocity of an O,molecule at this temperature is 500m/s. [H=1.0, O= 16.0] Ans=2000m/s 7. Uranium hexafluoride is a solid at room temperature, but it boils at 56°C. Determine the density of uranium hexafluoride at 60°Cand 745torr. [F=19.0, U=238.0, R=0.0821] Ans=12.6g/1. 8. A mixture of methane, CH, and acetylene CH, occupied a certain volume at total pressure of 63torr. The sample is then burned to CO, and HO. CO; alone is collected and its pressure found to be 96torr in the same volume and temperature as the original mixture. Calculate the mole fraction of Cil,.Aus= 0.48 ° ee WHAT IS CHEMICAL KINETICS? ‘nysical chemisuy which deals with thi [he bronch of reaction is called chemica. kinetics. ANEOUS REACTION ‘ TYPES CF SP9 = Such as the reaction between sou 1. Fast reacti chloride and silver nitrate. Slow reaction: The rusting of that occur over the years. 3. Intermediate reaction: Such as esterification reactioy iron is a slow react _.REACTION.RATE 3 in concentration: of any of reactant or products per unit time. Consider the reaction AB ~a[A) _ +4 (8) Rate=— a Rate of disappearance of A = Rate of appearance of B N.B: the negative sign shows that the concentration of t reactant A decreases while the positive sign indicates” increase in concentration of product B. 35 ps aegammmoaanre re,(p' ARABINOSE? ie , F D’ ARABINOSE change é: Rate == n of reactant ar praduct e Multiply both sides 5y 2, we have webs dt a{w20s} _ +24{02} dat NO; is twice [2] Therefore, the rate of decomposition of ; relative to the formation of Or. og nit aie Example 28 Try this!!! I - 3+ Np ———2NB = 2 Consider the reaction; How is the rate of formation of NH; related to the rate of disappearance of hydrogen [Hp]? Ans =-2/4 2 hr e Example 292014, No. 17 For the reaction; 203g) ——_” 3Oxe) If the rate at which O, appears is 6.0x10°M/s at a particular instant, at what rate is 05 disappearing at this same instant? Solution si ig; wane no of moles of 03 x Rate ors? no of moles of Oz os | $ ovD’ ARABINOSE {D’ ARABINOSE! N.B: Usually the powers of concentration im the rate are different from coefficients. See (4) and (1) above. | 10°M/s No Answert!! rate law is determined experimentally. LATS daca Exawplesy 20'4..\0.2 Trv this (eae show's how the reaction rate is related to concentration is called the rate law or rate equation or rate expression, a rhe r: N moles of reactant X reacts to give product Y. The given Ans~K(X)" Rate « [C] where [C] is concentration ORDER OF REACTION Rate = K[C] where K = rate constant The order of a reaction is defined as the sum of the powers o! Se ea reabnon is cetined as Me sum concentration in the rate law. For the reaction; A + B —* product, the rate law = K[A][B]. If the reaction depends only: on A, the rate law = K[A]. For the reaction mA + nB ———-» product, the rate law = K[A]"[B]". Where m and n are the powers to which the concentrations are raised. m and n are the moles of A and B. Consider the rate law: rate = K[A]"[B]". m and n which are the powers in which the concentrations i order of the reaction. ‘m’? order in A d overall order = m+n, raised, are the order in B. the Some reactions and their rate law m+n = 1, itis first order reaction REACTION RATE LAW 1) 2Nj0;=——* 4N0, +0, Rate = K[N;O5] 2) i > «( ~ Rate=K pea) | 3) NO 2NO +0) Rate = K[NO,]? 4) 2NO+2H, ———* N, + 2H,O Rate=K(NOP [Hp] * > a ve - ae ae . uh . mn = 2, itis second order reaction min=3, is third order reaction. A zero order reaction is one is independe: concentration. A reactant whose concentration does not ; 9 cousenTa) the reaction rate is not included in the rate law. 11 US 4 Tee errrD" ARABINOSE} Experiments shows that the reaction of NO, — CONS —+ O COs. is second order in NO; and ze: Re in co at 200°C the overall order of the reaction? Ans=2 # Solution _ Since it is second order in NO), the r 3 2 ate law = K[NO,]° and CO is zero order the rate law = K 0 sae Z aw = K[CO]" the overall order is Some examples of rate laws and reaction order ORDER 1 tal — 2 P 2 P-2=3 1t4=1% the actual order. Since for_elementary reactions; ae aa ——— pent ity and order are identical, _pseudo-order_Teaelion lar reactions. from ic products, in which B is law is K[A}[B]. But ise it will be a first Consider the reaction A + B present in a large excess. The actual rate since the reactant B is im excess, in practi order reaction and the rate law becomes K[AI]- Examples of pseudo-order reaction 1. Hydrolysis of am ester CH,COOC,H; + H,0 ———* CH,COOH + C,H;OH ethyl acetate (excess) acetic acid ethyl alcohol Rate = K[CH,COOH]. Becomes a first order reaction . Hydrolysis of sucrose CHO + HO —— > * Ce 120 + CpH29s sucrose (excess) cs glucose fructose Since water is in excess, it is practically kept-constant and the rate law = K[C,2H220)1] Example 32-2014, No: 21° > If an experimental rate equation is R = KfAl"B! and B is added in large excess, then rate -(R) becomes what? Ans=K[A]” i éD' ARABINOSE) Consider the equation 2NO + 2H - | fa2 Experiment’ NO[M] 1 5.0x10" n=K[H;] Zz 10.0x107 5.0x10> p es | Rat | 3 10.0x10" 4.0%10" 10.0107 ie law = K[N Overall ord What is the rate law and rate constant? (B) Whaat is the rate constant Solution Rate = K[NO}[Hy] Ta get the rate law, one must first deduce the powers to which i - NO and H; are raised. To deduce the power of NO, take values ij i Ta and raie fon any experiment cThe-same approach K= Goaepampaa 7 210 mol Let _ 4B: The unit of rate constant depends on the ord: _ reaction.0.80 0.70 032107 cours in a occurs in-two or a series of steps. corer otapaahre> dy 2NO +Cl The following are example of __ reaction CH, + CH; ———+-GFk CH; + CH; —————*+- Gl O,+NO——————+ 0; +NO; Ans=Bimolecular lution Since CH; and C;H, has Imole each, 1 = 2 Bimolecular* Same goes for others. Therefore all the reactions are © Bimolecular. WHY HIGH MOLECULARITY REACTIONS ARE RARE[1D’ ARABINOSE oanacinose SST 4 aoe « . ee : DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORDER 41) MOLECULARITY terms in the | species | simultaneous col . [the elementary « : MOLECULARITY VERSUS ORDER OF 2. It is an experimentally | reaction determined value Tt isa theoretical It is always a WI Ttcannot have zero vs) | REACTION 3. It can be fractional value 4. It cam assume zero value The term molecularity is often confused with order of a Teaction. The rate of an elementary reaction is proportional to the number of collisi ween molecules (or atom) of reaction. Thus, the molecularity and order of an elementary reaction are equal. Molecularity Order Reaction —+ Products 1 —> Products 2 A+B+C__» Products 3 | 3 | \ reactions Aiea is called the mechanism of the A+2B ——» Products any mechanism, some steps will be fast, will be reaction can proceed no faster : yest slowest step is the 2 ting st reaction —(fast) Step 2 NO, + NO; ——+ NO+ NO, + 0, (slow) Step3 NO +NO; *2NO, (fast) i. What is the rate determining step? What is the overall equat is the rate determining To get the overal ction, write oF le reactants and all the prod Reactants that appears in the product side are cancelled out. 2N;O; + WO, + NO; + NO + NO; —*2NO, + 2NO, + NOW + NO, + O, +2NO, 2N;0; + 2NO,; ————->.4NO,, + NO, + O2 ~ It has been determined experimentally *that the sequence of steps for a chemical reaction are as follows: + ¢ c-B *D What is the overall chemical equation? Ans —D x thie reaction A products is a zero order reaction, suppose that at the beginning, of the reaction (t~0), the concentration of A is a moles litre". If after time t, x m of A have changed, the concentration of A is a-x. What is a ar a a = Kgfa-x) Since in zeroorder reaction, rate is independent of the wongentrat on of the reactions, iS, K@x)” = Ky. Relationship between rate constant and time is given as: [A] = [A].— Kt 49N.B: The rate constant [K,] of a zero order reaction is equal to the rate of reaction at all concentration. Thus the unit of K, is moll'time‘or M.time where time cap be in er scones, hours, minutes and years The half-life (ty) for a zero-order reaction is given as: = lo ¢, MF 2Ky [A]p = initial concentration at t=0 N.B: ty, of a zero order reaction is directly proportional to [AJo. FIRST ORDER REACTION For the reaction; A ~——* products. Given that it i order reaction and the concentration of A is a and the product x after dx dt Relations’ between rate fonstant and time ig given as follows; [A] = [A] N.B: The rate constant for the first order 4 independent of the initial concentrations. The unit is tin The ty, ofa first order reaction is given as follows; _ 0.693 by apie pe’ arasinose: [ote tis 240d pe 2 ie ei pa” ame From the expression above, it is shown that ty, is indepe of the initial concentration and it is inversely proportion: rate constant [K]. Other expression for half-life of a first order reaction inclu: the following; t tog (Al oy Oe Geeta well a “Gay (0.5) [Al ae lil. =2% Il [Alo t iv. [A] = [A}o(0.5)'% Examples of first order reaction 51> araoinose| STERN or ssnose ES 5 — > 2NO; + 440, ie NOR ee, 2NOM Os aa THIRD ORDER REACTION CH,COOC;H; + H,02——+ CH,COOH 3a———* product. Given _ that the C,HsOH 1 and that the product is x after time t ; . Aisa SECOND ORDER REACTION For the reaction 2A———*product. Given a the concentration of A is a and that the product is x after t, oe) ? oe 2 Relationship between rate constant and time ae K(a-xy _1 x(2a-x) t "2a?(a-x) Relationship between rate constant and time N.B: The unit of the rate constant, K is moltime™. =Kt+— ia [Alo The half-life is given as t%=— % 2K5[Alé N.B: the ty, is inversely proportional to initial N.B: The unit is mol""Itime”. concentration square. The half-life for a second order reaction is given as: ty = 1 ‘ K2{Alo ~ Other examples: of third order reaction; : 2FeCl, + SnCh—___* 2FeCh + co “SnCly ii, 2NO+O, 5 2NO, ji 2NO + CLS a NOR N.B: The fy, is inversely proportional to [A].- Other examples of second order reaction tasks i i Ho+l ——» 2HI How to determine the order of a reaction ‘ 52 oes 53D’ ARABINOSE) _— he rate cor meeniration of the rea 3? Agee. 4 1M > after 14S A wend ston é “ A] = [A]. ~ Kt - time gives a straight line, the A |.4M 1A A] 3 life period K = 0.01 1M/s fay) = iy.) t= 1.5*60 = 90sees ay! Where n = order [A] = 1.4 - (0.01190) = 0.4M t /t, ir Example 39 _ 2014, No. 20 and final concentrati The decomposition of a certain insecticide in water | a first-order kinetics with a rate constant of | A5yr' at 4. The differential method es ty, for the decomposition of the pc 5. Ostwald’s isolation method: This method is employed p Ans=0.48yrs A in determining the order of complicated reaction by ¢ Selution isolating one’of the reactants so far it has influence on alts tetoces t and rate constant | Lie onhip Ye S\ the reacti 1 i first order aes — 0.48yr vy. = ini A 145Q:. At 43°C, 90% For the reaction 2N,0; of the N,Q; rez constant. Ans=6.40~ If in 3600secs. Find the value of the rate Solution The above reaction has been experimentally determined to be a first order reaction. Therefore, first order expression is used. = = {Alo Recall, K log~ 7 t = 3600secs K=3 [A]. = 100% [A] = 100-90 = 10% . ge 0 40"10"s i The rate law for a reaction is K[N.O;] where K=6.22x10“sec” d - Calculate the. ty of NO, and the number oh seconds it will take for an initial concentration of NOs of 0. 100M to drop to 0.0100M. « peas, L.11010'sec, t =3.70*10'sec 56 AOS For a certain first ord it take Ans=200sec Solution t hy, = 100secs t=? [A]o = 100% [A] = 100-75 = 25% 0.693 To get K, recall ee aie k=" = 0.00693 100 a logs =e =200secs 0.00693 A first order reaction is one-fifth completed in 40minutes. Calculate the time required for its 100% completion. Ans= 00 Example 4450% of a calculate th 4 , u E Solution ad t 2 . fA), = 100% 3 - : [A]=? [A] = 100-90 = 10% K =7.0%10°Ms i=? ¥ t= 2.0mins K=? = (7.0*10"*2,0) +2 4 1 1.4*10"°+11.628 = —— To get K, recall: et 220 0301 met es Laie? é A] = 7.14x10''M 12222! tng 8 76.4mins 1 (Al a + b. ‘The expression to half-life of a second order react with a ty, of ual __ as "fy = tale 700°x0.60) | ty, = 2.38%10° Popthe reaction ly Kg) ——* lng. If K = 7.0%10°M/s a | ae - : 1 46 23°C Example 46 : ere 3 ‘ Here is a second order reaction A itt ee ital pation oes Gone, pein = concentration of A 0.0818M goes down 30.0% in 3. concentration after 2.0mins? 59tion. Ans-L.71 mol 70% remaining [A] = 2*0.0818 = 0.0573M 1 = 3.15mins of A after 1.00hr elapses? 0.500M. What is the concen Ans=0.139M Solution o.= 23.0mins [A [A]=? t= 1,00hr equivalent to 60mins 0.500M ee a ta Since we have try, we can get K. . = Recall 2" aa, Ste 2aex0500 K=0.0869 1 a = = (0.0869+60) + pen T2174 1 7a Example 48_2017 In the reduction of nitric oxide, 50% of reaction was completed in LO8seconds when initial pressure was 336mmHg =0.139M [A}= «eS ehessure was 288mnmHg. Find the 0g "teat ty = 10Bsecs 1 = 147secs A, = 336mmlig Aj = 288nmilg 109, = 14 2alarl_ 5, n= 1 amy = 3 third order COLLISION THEORY OF REACTION RATES _ Ascording io this theory, a chemi by collision beiween the reacting molecules. * Two main condition for productive collision _ Rearranging equation (2) we get 2. The reacting molecules mus orientation. energy [2a] and with correct or: can cause a reaction. —a Effect of increase in temperature on reaction rate It has been found that generally an increase im temperatu: increases the rate of reactions. As_a_nule,—an- increase temperature by 10°C doubles the reaction rate. itt 3 AI In 1889, Arrhenius suggested a simple relationship b the rate constant K for a reaction and the temperature system. 7R= gas constant ‘T= temperature in kelvin ? R depends on the unit of activation in - fani and temperature is given, the yo Yo xnonosei ESTEEM nas nd Ea is given as: nship between sl Example 49 2014, No. 28. ‘The rate constant at 325°C for the reaction CHy ——* 2C;Hy is 6.1%10%s and the activation energy is 261kj per mole of C,Hs. Determine the frequency factor for the reaction. : Ans=3.8*10'5s* Solution K=Ae7t K=6.1<10%s" 2a= 261kj/mol R=8.314*10"kj/molV/degree T= 3254273 = S9BK A=? 651D" ARABINOSE} r Calculate the activation energy: Ans=104727 Solution T, = 25+273 = 298K 2 = 35+273 = 30BK K, = 3.810%sec"! K,=1.5810"sec" rae? Re8.314j/mol 104727j/mol [D’ ARABINOSE: ivation energy of SOkjmol. HE the « A chemical has acth the rate at 60°C? 30°C is 1.2molL"'s'', what would be Ans=7.2molL"s" Solution Ea = 50kj/mol K,=1.2molL"'s* T, = 30#273 = 303K Tp = 60+273 = 333K K=8.314x10°kj/mol (i) = SS lose) * Taam a at log) =——* 08,2) Graneaatonie= log?) =< es x eG) 0191s x303°ov snasinose) ESSER ee L ed on | 2 ee = 0.7764 Ya = 99768 Take to standard form we have 9.910* = 1010" = 1.0*107) 0.7764) FURTHER PAST QUESTION 4. Considera simple reaction A————*B,_ taking pplace in Ilitre container jn which there is 1.00mol/L A, 0 that the concentration is ImoV/L.. If after twenty seconds, the concentration of A falls to 0.54mol/L and the concentration of B rises to 0.46moVL. Calculate the Ky = 5.976*1.2 = 7.17 = 7.2moll The values of the rate constant for the decomposition of itrogen pentoxide were determined at several temperature. A Ink versus 1/p gave a straight line of which the slope was found to be -1.2*10°K. What is the activation energy of average rate of appearance of B. the reaction? Ans=1.0*10°j/mol ‘Ans=2.3*107MJs 2, Therate of formation of C in the reaction 2A + B——* si Solution 3C + 2D is 2.2mols". The rate of formation of Dis what? Ans=1.47molL's*. 3, The activation energy for a reaction is 84kj/mol. If the initial temperature is 100°C, at what temperature will the rate be doubled? Ans=110°C 4. Fora first order reaction A-—*®, ti, = 9hrs_ If the concentration of A is 0.0013M right now, what is the *, 2 best estimate of what it was the day before yesterday? fe e ‘Ans=0.042M Slope = -1.2*10" ta=? R= 8.314j/mol/degreeof cart nt grass’ ine! Any=10100years reaction: 24° B= 2C- eb | a A B c a ho: ay 040 1.0 10.9 = 0.40 10 5.0 0.80 20 «Sa oe it is found thar the equation ¥ ion? Meinting the spetifié. fate corstant a, absolute Mini _ perature T is Ink = —*?° «13 >a» spy a What is the value Of the specific rate constant and the ‘ation energy for the process des tibed above in ki/mol. Aus a-28.8, b=+36.8kj/mol 8. The rate of a certain reaction doubles at every 10 depree ri temperature, what is the increase in rea ion rate between 10° and 100°? Ans=512 9. What is the rate law for the reaction 24 + 313 + C Product Aus > insufficient info lation to fix rate law e Gk sive grass gives 116 decays per - A 1.000¢ sample of. “érass found in ‘ 2n Egyptian tomb Bave 34 decays per hour. The half- 70 nD’ ARABINOSE) PART 5: CATALYSIS there are substances which themselves being The catalyst is in the same and is evenly distributed throughout. This can occur in gas or liquid solution phase. Homogenous catal; gas phase a) O: nm of sulphur ide to sulphur t sulphur wioxide with nitric oxide [NO] 4s catalyst. 280, + O, + [NO] a> 280; + [NO], Gas gas gas Naxs. “gas. 72 . [0° ARABINOSE} ion of acetakdehyde with iodine as —» CH, - CO gas gas —* CdHyy04 + Cali glucose fructose cy cane sugar b) Hydrolysis of ester in the presence of acid or The catalysis ent physical phase from the reactant iquid ar the solid phase. 4 he most important of such reaction are those in which the catalyst is a solid. The process is also called contact cataly Heterogeneous catalysis with gaseous reactant (contact catalysis). a) Combination of SO, and Q, in the presence of finely divided platinum or vanadium pentoxide, V20s. B |of catalytic poisoning ie synthesis of sulphur trioxide from sulphur process is Arsenic oxide (A320). 2. The iron catalyst used in the synthesis of ammonia eg process) is poisoned by hydrogen sulphide ae. i ci si used in the oxidation of hydrogen When one of the product of reaction itself acts as a catalyst for that reaction the phenomenon is called autocatalysis. 76 Examples of autocatalysis Acetic acid produced act as @ SOOH+C;,H,OH sulphate produced of the reaction. ' he free arsenic produced act “> 2As + 3H; When a catalyst reduces the rate of a reaction, it is called a negative catalyst or inhibitor. This phenomenon is called negative catalysis or inhibition. Negative catalysis is useful to slow down or stop altogether an unwanted reaction. Examples of negative catalysis (CHCH): a, Oxidation of — trichloromethane ‘Trichloromethane (chloroform) is used as anaesthetic. Upon oxidation by air it forms carbonyl chloride (COC) which is 2 poisonous substance. Ethanol when added act as a negative catalyst and stop carbonyl chloride formation. nin yeast Hex ~ CH gO, se into ethanol by zymase present n soya beans, IY urease press HN-Gaa: HO —"— » 2NH; + CO; cristies of enzyme catalysis Enzymes are the mos! Enzyme functio Enzyme are Enzyme at activators oF co- 1 presence of a oanasnose) ESM END OF PAGE! HO BLY, EAD AND ATTEND. NOSE, FOR SUCCESS AWAITS THEM BY DARABE ‘* 5 ae a1