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148

Wren’s Design for a Senate House.

Our predecessors, in their arrangements for the “reconcination” or
rebuilding
149 of the Great Court, naturally attached great importance to not
interfering with King Edward’s Tower which had long been the chief
entrance to King’s Hall and then stood near the present sundial. A
suggested way of working this Tower into the scheme of the court is
shown on the plan which hangs on the staircase leading to the library
annexe; in this, a block one hundred feet long and thirty-four feet broad,
was to be built over an open colonnade running eastwards from the
Tower and ending in front of and a few yards from the Great Gate. The
first floor of this block might have been used for the new library; or
alternatively it might have been used for chambers, and the new library
built elsewhere, for instance, as was suggested, on the site of the range
of chambers which now stretches from the chapel to the turret staircase
adjoining the lodge.
Neither of these proposals was then adopted, and our second library was
not erected till Nevile, between 1594 and 1600, took the matter in hand.
He provided for it a room seventy-five feet long and thirty feet broad on
the second floor of the range connecting the Clock Tower and the lodge;
it has since been converted into chambers.
Less than a century after Nevile’s library was finished, the Society again
found it necessary to provide more book accommodation, and the result
is150the impressive and excellently designed building which stands on the
west side of Nevile’s Court. According to tradition, its erection,
commenced in February 1676, was due to Barrow, then master of the
College, who in the previous year had pressed the other heads of Houses
to provide a room worthy of the University for its meetings, and urged
that it should be of the best. Such schemes are expensive and cannot be
effected without public spirit. Caution, it is said, carried the day, whereon
Barrow, piqued at this faint-heartedness, declared that he would go to
Trinity, “lay out the foundations of a building to enlarge his back court,
and close it with a stately library, which should be more magnificent and
costly than what he had proposed.... And he was as good as his word,
for that very afternoon he ... staked out the very foundation upon which
the building now stands.”
The story may be substantially true, for the long-cherished idea of
building a university theatre and library was then in the hands of a
syndicate: on the other hand the extant speech of Barrow in which he
put forward his policy was not delivered till the Easter term 1676, and
Wren’s designs for such a building are referred to the year 1678 and
indicate that the scheme had not been then abandoned. But whether the
anecdote be true or not, we may take it that the erection of our library
was due to Barrow’s initiative, and that he personally raised a
considerable sum towards its cost.
Sir
151 Christopher Wren, a warm personal friend of Barrow, was selected as

the architect, and placed his services at the disposal of the College
without remuneration. His original drawings are included in a collection
of his designs preserved at All Souls’ College, Oxford, and by the
kindness of that Society we have been allowed to take photographs of
the plans which concern us. These relate to two plans for our library and
one for a university commencement-house. The two plans for Trinity
were made not later than 1675; they may have been submitted as
alternatives, but there is a tradition that the second design was prepared
only after the first had been rejected.
Nevile’s Court, as now arranged, contains three staircases on each of its
sides, is closed on the east by the hall and small combination room
block, and on the west by the library. In 1675 only two of the staircases
on each side had been built, and the western ends of these were
connected by a blank wall pierced in the middle by a gate, which is
believed to have been later removed, stone by stone, and finally placed
as the entrance to the College at the bottom of Trinity lane, where it now
stands. Beyond this wall and between it and the river was the college
tennis court. The land between Nevile’s Court and the river was selected
as the site of the library.
Wren’s first design shows a double cylindrical shell about sixty-five feet
across
152 inside and ninety feet high, surmounted by a dome and entered
through a six-columned Ionic portico facing Nevile’s Court. On the
ground floor was a lobby round which were stone seats. Above this the
inside of the inner cylindrical shell was lined with bookshelves, and for
convenience of approach there were three galleries. The room was
lighted by windows in the dome and a superimposed lantern. The east
side of the portico was half-way between the western ends of the court,
and these ends were connected with the body of the library by low
curved walls surmounted by iron rails. This building is described as “a
very beautiful and most commodious model,” but it strikes the ordinary
layman as poor in design, and I do not think that all Wren’s genius could
have made it other than unsatisfactory. Why it was rejected we do not
know, but few will doubt that the decision was wise.
Wren’s second or alternative design, which was adopted, shows a lofty
oblong room about one hundred and fifty feet long by thirty-eight feet
broad supported on a colonnade. Several of his drawings for this were
engraved for the Architectural History of Cambridge by Willis and Clark,
but the photographic reproductions of the originals—some with Wren’s
notes attached—which are now available have an interest of their own. A
careful study will show details which were subsequently modified. The
present
153 library was placed to the west of the court as then built, and the
rows of chambers on each side were extended to meet it. It is well-
known that the shelves, cases, benches, tables, and book-rests now used
were designed by Wren, and his drawings for them are reproduced in
this series of photographs. The removal of all the bookcases except those
fixed against the walls would enable us to judge the appearance
intended by Wren. How fine the effect must have been, may be gathered
from the plate in Le Keux’s Memorials or the engraving in the University
Almanack of 1852.
Among Wren’s plans is also one for “a Theatre or Commencement-House
with a Library annexed, according to an Intention for the University of
Cambridge, about the year 1678, but not executed.” Whether this
represents a sketch of the general plan which it is said that Barrow had
suggested to the heads of Houses in 1675 it is impossible to say. The
erection of a building on these lines might have been costly, but the
result would have been a valuable addition to the architecture of
Cambridge.
I published in the Trinity Magazine in 1914 the elevations of our library
according to Wren’s two plans and of his suggested Commencement or
Senate House. I reprint these here (see above, pp. 145–148), but add
nothing more as it is intended shortly to reproduce in book-form various
drawings on the subject made by Wren.
26 There was an earlier library in King’s Hall but we do not know where it
was situated.
154
CHAPTER IX.
A CHRISTMAS JOURNEY IN 1319.

nthe Record Office in London are preserved some money accounts27

i concerned with a visit of the scholars of King’s Hall to York at
Christmas in the year 13 Edward II, that is, in 1319. The following
analysis gives the route followed by one section of the party and the
expenses of the journey: it is a valuable record of the method and cost
of travelling in medieval times.
By way of preamble, I may say that the origin of King’s Hall is to be
found in the establishment at Cambridge, in 1317, by Edward II, of a
body of Scholars or King’s Children; that they were regarded as part of
the royal household; and that the nominations to the office of warden
and to scholarships were reserved to the king. King’s Hall was dissolved
in 1546, and its buildings and property assigned by Henry VIII to Trinity
College.
Early in December 1319, the warden and scholars were ordered to spend
the coming Christmas with the court, then at York, and the sheriff of
Cambridgeshire was directed to provide for their journey. During the
preceding
155 Michaelmas term thirty-three members of the House had been
in residence, and all of them went to York.
The names of the members of the House in 1319 are immaterial to our
story, but I venture to give them, for these students lived here nearly six
centuries ago, and doubtless had hopes, plans, and ambitions at bottom
much the same as we have. They were, in order of seniority, John
de Bagshot the warden, Nicholas de Durnford, Nicholas de Rome, David
de Winchester, William Pour, Richard Pour, Nicholas Pour, John de Aston,
John de Torterold, James de Torterold, Robert de Immeworth, Thomas
de Windsor, Walter de Nottingham, Roger Parker, John de Kelsey, John
de Hull, Edward de Kingston, Hugh de Sutton, Philip de London, John
de Salisbury, Richard de Salisbury, Robert de Beverley, John Fort, Ralph
de Gretford, Henry de Gretford, Nicholas Parker, Nicholas Pull, Richard
de Berwick, Andrew Rosekin, Thomas Griffon, John Griffon, William
Draghswerd, and John de Woodstock. It will be noticed that some of the
students are designated by surnames which were already coming into
use and some by place names: the latter show from what a wide area
the scholars were drawn.
For the purpose of travelling the Society was divided into two sections,
both of which started from Cambridge on Thursday28, 20 December. One
party,
156
comprising the warden, John de Bagshot, and six of the scholars,
went on horseback, and arrived at York on Christmas eve. Their journey
thus occupied five days and they covered about thirty-five miles a day; of
it we have no particulars, save that the warden paid £1. 3s. 4d. for the
hire in Cambridge of seven hackneys, and was allowed £1. 9s. 2d. for the
other expenses, namely 10d. a day for each member of the party. The
remaining twenty-six scholars travelled under the care of one of their
number, John de Aston, and arrived at York on 28 December. They took
with them seven and a half lengths of cloth with the furs thereto
belonging, and four grooms, but whether the grooms went the whole
way is not clear. It is with this nine days’ journey that I here deal.
The cloth and furs which had been purchased on behalf of the crown
from merchants at Bury were valuable. The former was red in colour (de
blodes mixto) and had cost £21. 2s. 6d.: the latter comprised twenty-one
lamb skins, bought for £2. 19s. 6d. and six budge skins, bought for £1.
The carriage of these goods must have been a serious hindrance to rapid
travelling.
The first two days, Thursday and Friday, 20 and 21 December, were
occupied in the journey from Cambridge to Spalding. This was made in
two
157
hired boats (with the services of six men), for which the charge was
5s. On 20 December, the travellers paid 2d. for porterage of their goods
to the boats at Cambridge, 1s. 7d. for bread, 2s. for beer, 1s. for
herrings, 1s. 4d. for hard fish and codlings, and 4d. for fuel. On
21 December they paid 1s. 5d. for bread, 2s. 2d. for beer, 1s. 7d. for
herrings and other fish, 3d. for cheese, 2d. for porterage from the boats
at Spalding, 5½d. for fuel and candles, and 8d. for beds at Spalding.
On Saturday, 22 December, they travelled to Boston. On this day, they
paid 2s. for hiring two carts for carrying the cloth and fourteen of the
scholars, and 3s. for twelve hackneys for the rest of the party. They also
spent 1s. 4d. for bread, 1s. 11d. for beer, 2s. 3d. for herrings and other
fish, 5d. for fuel and candles, and 8d. for beds at Boston.
The next two days, Sunday and Monday, 23 and 24 December, were
occupied in the journey to Lincoln which was performed in a single large
boat. On 23 December, they paid 5s. for the hire of this boat, 4d. for
straw to spread on it, 2d. for porterage to the boat, 1s. 6d. for bread, 2s.
7d. for beer, 2s. 4d. for meat, 1s. 6¾d. for eight hens, and 6d. for fuel.
On 24 December, they paid 1s. 2d. for bread, 2s. for beer, 2s. 1d. for
herrings and other fish, 9d. for eels, 3d. for porterage from the boat at
Lincoln, 6½d. for fuel and candles, and 8d. for beds at Lincoln.
Tuesday,
158 being Christmas Day, was spent quietly at Lincoln. Their
expenses for the day were 1s. 4d. for bread, 2s. 1d. for beer, 2s. 3d. for
meat, 1s. 1¼d. for five hens, 7½d. for candles and fuel, and 8d. for
beds.
On Wednesday, 26 December, the party travelled to Torksey, making the
journey in two boats hired at Lincoln. On this day, they paid 2s. 8d. for
the hire of the boats, 3d. for porterage to the boats, 1s. 8d. for bread,
2s. 3d. for beer, 2s. 1d. for meat, 7d. for eggs, 4d. for fuel and candles,
and 8d. for beds at Torksey.
The next two days, Thursday and Friday, 27 and 28 December, were
occupied in the journey from Torksey to York, which was made in a large
boat hired at Torksey. On 27 December, they paid 6s. for the hire of this
boat, 2d. for porterage to the boat at Torksey, 1s. 7d. for bread, 2s. 6d.
for beer, 1s. 10d. for meat. On 28 December, they paid 1s. for bread, 1s.
5d. for beer, 1s. 4d. for herrings and other fish, and 2d. for porterage of
their goods at York.
The total cost of the journey came to £4. 5s. 8½d., and this was repaid
to the warden from the royal exchequer on 31 December. On the
opposite page is a summary of the daily expenditure described above.
159 Dec. 20. Dec. 21. Dec. 22. Dec. 23. Dec. 24. Dec. 25. Dec. 26. Dec. 27. Dec. 28.
s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d.
Hire of Boats 5 0 ... ... 5 0 ... ... 2 8 6 0 ...
Straw ... ... ... 4 ... ... ... ... ...
Porterage 2 2 ... 2 3 ... 3 2 2
Hire of Carts ... ... 2 0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Hire of Hackneys ... ... 3 0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Bread 1 7 1 5 1 4 1 6 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 7 1 0
Beer 2 0 2 2 1 11 2 7 2 0 2 1 2 3 2 6 1 5
Hard Fish, etc. 1 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Herrings, etc. 1 0 1 7 2 3 ... 2 1 ... ... ... 1 4
Eels ... ... ... ... 9 ... ... ... ...
Meat ... ... ... 2 4 ... 2 3 2 1 1 10 ...
Hens ... ... ... 1 6¾ ... 1 1¼ ... ... ...
Eggs ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 ... ...
Cheese ... 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Fuel and Candles 4 5½ 5 6 6½ 7½ 4 ... ...
Beds ... 8 8 ... 8 8 8 ... ...
11 5 6 8½ 11 7 13 11¾ 7 5½ 8 0¾ 10 6 12 1 3 11

There are no records of the expenses of the Society during the time the
members were at York; but presumably while there, they were treated as
members
160 of the royal household. Their visit, however, was not devoid of
incident since a warrant was issued against one of them, Robert
de Beverley, for having joined with the prior of the preaching friars of
Pontefract in an assault on a certain William Hardy: the student was left
behind at York, and there disappears from our history. Two other
members of the House, Edward de Kingston and David de Winchester,
were also left in the city, of whom probably at least one was concerned
in this disturbance. One new member, Warin Trot, was admitted at York.
These changes reduced the numbers to thirty-one. Of these thirty-one
members, twenty-one, under the guidance of John de Aston, came back
to Cambridge on the festival of St Fabian and St Sebastian (i.e.
20 January), while the warden and the remaining nine scholars, among
whom Trot was included, arrived on 9 February, and from these dates
their stipends in Cambridge during the Lent Term, 1320, were reckoned.
Why the king summoned the members of the House to York at so
considerable cost I cannot say, but I think the detailed statement of how
most of them travelled and their expenses on the journey are interesting.

27 Exchequer Accounts, 552/10.

28 In my original paper the days of the week were given incorrectly.
161
CHAPTER X.
AN OUTLINE OF THE COLLEGE STORY29.

been asked to take you round Trinity College to-morrow, and by

have

i way of preface to say to-night something about its history. The first of
these tasks, to anyone who lives here, is not difficult, but it is far from
easy to give, in forty minutes, a sketch of a history covering centuries of
academic life and involving references to the lives of many distinguished
scholars and men of affairs. If I confined myself to an account of the
buildings the problem would be simpler, but though they must form the
chief topic of our talk to-morrow, I would prefer to-day to say something
about the growth of the College. On these lines then I proceed, though
necessarily in an incomplete way, to state the outline of our story.
2. Trinity College was founded in 1546, just about half-way back in the
history of the University. Of those pre-Trinity days I will only say that the
University arose about the end of the twelfth century, and that it was
nearly a hundred years after its establishment before the first college
was
162
founded. Colleges were erected for the benefit of selected scholars
who were maintained at the expense of the foundation, and throughout
the middle ages, most of the students lived in Private Hostels. In Tudor
times undergraduates who paid their own expenses were admitted to
colleges, and finally, every student was required to be a member of one
of these Houses: the peculiar collegiate character of Oxford and
Cambridge dates from this change. I need hardly add that women were
not (and are not) admissible as members of the University, and that in
former days teachers and students alike were unmarried.
3. Towards the close of his reign, Henry VIII determined to found a
college at Cambridge which should promote his views on religion and the
new learning. He decided to use for the purpose the buildings and land
occupied or owned by two of the chief medieval colleges, King’s Hall and
Michael-House. Accordingly, under parliamentary powers, he compelled
those Societies to surrender to him their charters and possessions,
purchased such small parts of our present Great Court as did not belong
to them, and gave all this property to his new college together with large
revenues from religious houses which he had recently dissolved. The
proceedings were high-handed, but we may say that the result justified
him.
163 It is believed that, during these proceedings, the university careers
of a few of the students, at any rate of King’s Hall, were not interrupted,
and that thus our academic life runs without a break from the days of
Edward II to the present time. Most of the buildings of Michael-House
have now disappeared, but our connection with King’s Hall is still evident
through the remains of its Cloister Court, our Great Gate which bears an
inscription commemorating the permanent establishment of King’s Hall
by Edward III, and our Clock Tower on which is a statue of that
monarch. To this group of buildings we must first direct attention to-
morrow.
4. Trinity was far larger than the colleges to whose buildings and
property it succeeded. Of course it has had ups and downs in its career,
but it has generally occupied and still occupies a predominant position in
the University. Thus in 1564, its residents numbered three hundred and
six out of a total of one thousand two hundred and sixty-seven in the
University, while last October [1905], it had five hundred and sixty-eight
undergraduates out of a total of two thousand eight hundred and thirty-
five in the University, and two hundred resident graduates out of one
thousand and five in the University: we now confine our normal entry to
under two hundred a year, and as long as this is so, our numbers cannot
exceed
164 a certain limit which we have long reached, so, as the University
grows, the percentage of students on our boards decreases. The College
has always recognized that it was its duty to be a centre of learning as
well as one of higher education, and thanks to its traditions and the large
number of resident fellows, it has been able to fulfil this double duty.
5. For the first few years after its foundation, Trinity was occupied in
settling the many problems which arise in a new foundation. As far as
accommodation went, the buildings of King’s Hall and Michael-House
were connected, and sufficed for immediate needs. Naturally the
protestant character of the foundation given by Henry was emphasized
by the advisers of Edward VI, the altar in the chapel being removed and
a communion table set up in Huguenot fashion in the middle of the
building. Queen Mary increased the foundation, and took a warm interest
in its affairs; of course the Roman service was then restored. Under
Elizabeth the Anglican services were resumed, and she completed the
erection of the present chapel which had been begun by her sister: it
stands to-day externally much in its original form, though the interior
scheme of decoration is different. We may leave till to-morrow the
description of it and college doings connected therewith. This first
chapter
165 of our history ends in 1560 when the constitution of the College
was definitely established in a form which remained practically unaltered
till 1861.
6. The next decade was critical. Many of those who had adopted the
reformed religion desired further changes on presbyterian lines, and
Cambridge, which had taken so prominent a part in the reformation, was
their chief intellectual stronghold. Their leader was Cartwright, a fellow of
Trinity, and their chief opponent was Whitgift, the master of the College:
thus a contest of national importance was mixed up with college politics
and carried on partly within the college walls. Whitgift’s powers as
master were large, and he strained them to the utmost to remove from
the House those who opposed him; times, however, were revolutionary
and public opinion condoned and even approved his actions. At any rate
victory remained with him and his party in the College, the University,
and the State, and the position of the Church of England between Rome
and Geneva is that for which he fought.
7. Whitgift acted as tutor to some of the students, among whom were
Francis Bacon and his brother Anthony: you will see the portrait of the
former (as also that of Whitgift) to-morrow, together with those of his
contemporaries, Edward Coke subsequently the great lawyer, and Robert
Devereux
166 earl of Essex the ill-fated favourite of Elizabeth. By a happy
accident some of Whitgift’s tutorial ledgers have been preserved, and we
have in them details of the expenditure of his pupils, which, combined
with information from other sources, enables us to give a fairly complete
account of their daily work, prayers, meals, and amusements30. A usual
age for commencing residence was fifteen or sixteen, and it would seem
that students then (though of course subject in many things to
reasonable restraints) were allowed that liberty of action which in my
opinion is, even though sometimes misused, an essential feature of
university education as opposed to the control of the pupil’s doings in
every hour of the day which is common in many schools. In 1577
Whitgift accepted a bishopric: an eloquent farewell sermon preached in
College from 2 Corinthians, chapter 13, verse 2, revealed sincere
affection for the place and moved his audience, “insomuch that there
were scarce any drie eyes to be found amongst the whole number.” He
left the House prosperous and of high repute.
8. In 1593 Nevile was appointed master, and took in hand the needed
reconstruction
167
of the buildings. It had from the first been recognized that
the site offered opportunities for the erection of buildings worthy of the
reputation of the College, and he realized how much the effect would
depend on making the court large, and above all on keeping the
chamber frontage only two storeys high with attics above. The Great
Court as it stands to-day is his creation; the only obvious defect in it is
the ugly block built in the south-west corner in 1770 to replace Nevile’s
set of combination rooms which had an elevation agreeing generally with
that of the master’s lodge, but enriched by a large projecting trefoil oriel.
The hall, kitchens, combination rooms, and lodge form another group of
buildings to which we must pay attention to-morrow: the first two of
these are in the form left by Nevile. The blazoned glass in the hall and
our collection of pictures in these rooms, especially the portraits of
Henry VIII, Mary, and Elizabeth, all of whom have played an important
part in our history, will well repay your study. Nevile also built, at his own
cost, part of the court situated on the west side of the hall. This too we
shall see to-morrow on our way to the library: in his day, the court was
closed on the river side by a low wall, in the middle of which stood the
stone gateway now used as the entrance to the College from Trinity
Lane, and beyond this wall were the tennis courts and paddocks.
9.
168
The prince of Wales, afterwards Charles I, came to the College to
inspect these alterations, and he was followed later by James I. These
visits are commemorated by the statues of James, his wife, and Charles
placed on the west side of the Great Gate. The king was so pleased with
his entertainment that he repeated his visit on three subsequent
occasions. Of Nevile, one of his contemporaries wrote, “He never had his
like for a splendid courteous and bounteous gentleman,” and the College
still gratefully honours his memory. He was trusted and esteemed by
Elizabeth, and when dying she selected him to carry to Scotland the
fateful letter in which she nominated James I to succeed her. If you go
into the dining room of the lodge you will see Nevile’s portrait, hung in
the place of honour over the mantelpiece, representing him as holding
this letter in one hand.
10. You must not think that under Nevile’s rule the energies of the
College were wholly directed to material ends. In a memorandum of
1607 on the use of college emoluments for students, he was able to say
that of the higher church officials of the day, eleven deans, seven
bishops, and the two archbishops, were drawn from Trinity. In academic
distinctions, in legal appointments, and in statesmanship its records were
equally
169 satisfactory: so the College was worthily maintaining its tradition
of service in church and state. Under his immediate successors the
College entered on a period of steady prosperity. In the next generation,
however, the shadows of the civil disturbances of the seventeenth
century began to fall; theological disputes increased, scholarship in other
subjects received but scanty attention, and a general slackness in
intellectual pursuits was visible, though it is fair to say that among the
students of the time were three or four who later deservedly acquired
reputation as poets. Among the latter I particularize George Herbert,
Abraham Cowley, and Andrew Marvell; Dryden entered a few years later.
11. On the outbreak of civil war the town was occupied by the
parliamentary forces, troops were quartered in the College, and a good
deal of damage done to the fabric. In 1644 a large number of the fellows
were expelled, their places being filled by zealots of but slight education.
It may be put to the credit of a few who were left, notably Duport and
Ray, that in this time of stress they devoted themselves to maintaining
the standard of scholarship. On the restoration such of the expelled
fellows as were still alive and unmarried resumed office. They decided
that there should be no retaliations, and that all those nominated to
fellowships under the commonwealth should be allowed to remain,
provided
170 only they did not preach in the chapel unless they were
members of the Church of England: that was a noble reply to the wrongs
suffered.
12. The College took pride in resuming at once its position in the world
of letters and science, and the following years are famous for the work of
Pearson and Barrow, two great divines of the time, and above all of Isaac
Newton. The influence of the last-named philosopher on the studies and
intellectual life of Cambridge was far reaching. His discoveries in pure
mathematics, mechanics, physics, and dynamical astronomy were of the
utmost importance, and made Cambridge the centre of mathematical
work in England. I will show you to-morrow the rooms he occupied and
in which he wrote his famous Principia. The staircase on which these
rooms are situated has had other distinguished occupants: the rooms on
the ground floor on the right-hand side on entering it were occupied by
Thackeray, and subsequently by the late astronomer-royal; those on the
opposite side by Macaulay; the rooms on the first floor next the gate
which once had been occupied by Isaac Newton, were used later by
Lightfoot, the theologian, and Jebb, the Greek scholar; and those on the
opposite side by Sir James Frazer, who has done so much to investigate
the beliefs of primitive man. This is an interesting group of men, but in
fact
171 there are few rooms in College which have not been inhabited at

some time by those who have made their names famous.

13. Barrow held the mastership from 1673 to 1677. On his initiative the
College erected, on the west side of Nevile’s Court, the magnificent
library which is now stored with literary treasures. This is another
building to which we must pay attention to-morrow, and with it we may
associate the adjoining chambers. From the close of the seventeenth
century onwards we can describe life in College, especially among
undergraduates, in considerable detail. The usual age of entry had risen
to seventeen or eighteen. To the dons the College offered a comfortable
home until an opportunity occurred of taking a college living, and it must
be admitted that some were beginning to be content to consider it as
nothing more. Materials for the history of the time and the following
century have been published by Christopher Wordsworth.
14. Towards the close of the seventeenth century, the number of entries
fell; this was attributed, and no doubt correctly, to the rise to office in
College of those fellows appointed by mandatory letters from James II—
he having filled every fellowship that became vacant during his reign.
The history of the Society during the early years of the eighteenth
century
172 may be dismissed with the briefest notice, for college energies
were largely occupied by domestic disputes, and the number of residents
still further decreased: these misfortunes were mainly due to the
scandals inseparably associated with the name of Bentley. Bentley held
the mastership from 1700 to 1742: his critical work can hardly be over-
praised, but his career here was marked by malversations and many
dishonourable transactions. The only scholars of the time I need mention
are Cotes and Robert Smith who were mathematicians of repute. The
latter of these scholars, when master, did something to restore orderly
government and discipline.
15. It was not until near the close of the century that the College
recovered from the taint of Bentley’s misrule, and scholarship again
flourished within our walls: among the residents of the time was Porson,
whose wit and conversation must have been delightful features of the
High Table of his day—he lived in K 5, Great Court. Mathematics now
afforded the chief avenue to distinction, but some acquaintance with
classics and moral philosophy was also obligatory. This period is famous
for the number of eminent judges educated in the College: the strict
training in formal logic and geometry required for success in the
mathematical tripos being especially favourable to legal work. Out of
eleven
173 such Trinity judges of the time the names of Tindal, Pollock,
Maule, Lyndhurst, Wensleydale, and Cranworth are still remembered.
Socially, manners were generally coarser than at any time during the
previous century or than later; though the revival of religion under the
influence of Simeon did something to ameliorate matters.
16. Unlike its predecessor the nineteenth century was one of unbroken
progress in college achievements and reputation. Near its
commencement two internal changes of some importance were
introduced in the imposition of an entrance examination test and of a
limit to the number of those admitted. None the less our numbers
increased, and in 1823–25, another court (the New Court) was built on
the south side of that erected by Nevile. At this time, conspicuous among
the resident fellows were Sedgwick the geologist, Peacock the
mathematician, Scholefield, Hare, and Thirlwall, Macaulay the historian,
and Airy the astronomer: it would be difficult to exaggerate their
influence on the intellectual life of the College and University. The
undergraduate society a few years later also numbered a group of men
of exceptional power, notably Trench afterwards archbishop of Dublin,
Thackeray, Fitzgerald, Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton), Spedding,
Arthur Hallam, Kinglake the historian, the three Tennysons (Alfred,
Charles, and Frederick), and Thompson; while a little later came Alford,
Lushington,
174 Grote, Tom Taylor, Burnand, and Francis Galton. Materials
left by these men, and books like J. M. F. Wright’s Alma Mater,
C. A. Bristed’s Five years in an English University, Leslie Stephen’s
Sketches from Cambridge by a Don, and W. Everett’s On the Cam, give
us full information of college life during the middle of the century. In
connection with the social life of the early half of the nineteenth century
I should note that athletic clubs now began to be formed—the First
Trinity Boat Club, constituted in 1825, being the earliest. These societies
led to the formulation of definite rules for various forms of sport, and to
much more attention being paid to out-door games. The subsequent
growth of organized recreations of this kind, increasingly developed in
recent years, will strike the future historian as one of the outstanding
features of the last century.
17. In 1840 Whewell was appointed master. He was of commanding
abilities and exercised extraordinary influence: to him more than to any
other single individual is due that development of scientific studies at
Cambridge which has been so marked in the recent history of the
University. Under him, the prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII, was
entered at the College, and later showed his appreciation of its influence
by sending his eldest son, the duke of Clarence, here. Whewell erected
at
175his own cost the two courts on the east side of Trinity Street, the rents

being used to encourage the study of International Law in the University.

During his mastership the old order began to crumble, and new ideals of
education, study, and research arose. The Elizabethan statutes were
replaced by transitional statutes in 1844 and 1861, and these in turn
were replaced by others in 1882, under which the College is now
governed.
18. Whewell died in 1866, and was succeeded as master by Thompson,
and he in 1886 by Butler. With their masterships we come to the affairs
of to-day. The 1882 statutes opened a new chapter in our history;
restrictions on the marriage of fellows were removed, and successful
teachers thus encouraged to remain in residence; incidentally, this
created a new social atmosphere. In this and other ways the conditions
of academic life were considerably changed. We need not, however, shun
a comparison with older times: if you want to see how freely Trinity
during the late Victorian period spent itself in the public service look
down any list of judges, bishops, statesmen, colonial governors, and civil
servants of the time, and in all you will find many Trinity men
conspicuous. Confining ourselves strictly to academic work in Cambridge
and to those who have now [1906] passed away, I may mention the
names of Clerk Maxwell in physics, of Cayley in mathematics, of Munro
and
176 Jebb in classics, of Thompson in Greek philosophy, of Sidgwick in

ethics, and of Westcott, Lightfoot, and Hort in theology: all of these were
fellows of the College, and professors in the University.
19. This is a bare summary of a complex story. Of the spirit that
actuates the College, of all that makes it a living Society, I have said
little. In truth, these are incapable of analysis. The charm that the place
perennially exercises on those who, generation after generation, make it
their home, the affection it inspires, are intangible: they exist, there are
but few members of the House who have not felt them, and perhaps that
is all I need say on this aspect of our history.

29 A paper read to a party of north-country students visiting the College in

1906.
30 On some of the items in Whitgift’s tutorial ledgers, see above, chapter ii,
pp. 36–39: the bills are printed at length in volumes 32 and 33 of the British
Magazine, 1847, 1848. Other information on the daily life of students of the
time is given in the statutes of 1560. An interesting list of the outfit and
furniture in the rooms of a fellow-commoner in 1577 was printed by
C. H. Cooper, Annals of Cambridge, vol. ii, pp. 352–356.
177
PART II.
Concerning the University.
179
CHAPTER XI.
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MEDIEVAL
UNIVERSITY.

heproblems connected with the beginnings of the University of

t Cambridge and the conditions of life in its early days have always
interested me. Much is uncertain and open to various readings31,
but the following is a summary of the story, as it appears to me.
First, as to the site of the University. About the end of the eleventh
century, Cambridge was little more than a village concentrated round
St Peter’s church, having separate hamlets in its vicinity, one near
St Benet’s church and the other at Newnham: at that time there was
nothing to suggest the likelihood of its being chosen by students as a
place where they might live and work in security. During the next
century, however, it became of considerable importance. This was
due to several causes. The chief of these were the castle erected in
it by William the Conqueror to overawe the fen-men; its geographical
location
180
which gave it command of the river passage by which most
of the traffic between the midlands and the counties of Norfolk and
Suffolk went; its position as a port of entry for small sea-going
vessels coming from Lynn, of which a relic still survives in a bonded
warehouse on the banks of the Cam; its vicinity to Sturbridge
common on which came to be held one of the chief annual fairs in
the kingdom; and lastly the establishment here of the large monastic
Houses of the Augustin Canons, of the Brethren of St John’s
Hospital, and of the Nuns of St Rhadegund: it would seem also that
it became32, maybe under the authority of the secular canons of
St Giles, the seat of a grammar-school or schools. By 1200 the town
had spread from castle-end to where Christ’s, Peterhouse, and
Queens’ now stand, and along the east side of the river there were
numerous small wharves, locally known as hythes. The writs of
Henry I and Henry II and the charter of John bear witness to its
importance in their reigns, but later this tended to diminish relatively
to other towns.
The Universities of Cambridge and Oxford were initiated near the
end of the twelfth century, both arising in towns free from disorder
and where accommodation for students was obtainable. It was a
time
181
when men of scholarly tastes, especially those resident in
religious houses, were conscious of their ignorance of recent
developments in theology as set out by Peter Lombard and in canon
law, and were keen to study these subjects and scholastic logic.
Schools to meet these needs arose in Cambridge and Oxford and
became permanent. Like centres of instruction were established in
other places, but for one reason or another did not survive long as
degree-granting corporations.
It is not known whether the University of Cambridge began with a
few teachers taking up their residence in the town, giving
instruction, and attracting students and other teachers, or whether it
started ready-made by a migration of a body of discontented
teachers and students from some existing school. I believe the
former view to be correct. If so, we may reasonably assume that a
considerable proportion of the earliest adult students were previously
living in monastic houses here or in the neighbouring fenland
monasteries at Ely, Peterborough, or Croyland. It has been
suggested that at first the lectures were given in the local grammar-
schools: this is probable, and would fit in with the secular
organization of the University and the fact that boys learning Latin
grammar (glomerels) were reckoned among its students. Probably
the movement was started with the sanction and direct
encouragement
182 of the bishop of Ely, certainly it was not directly
monastic, and more likely the teachers were secular clerks and not
monks. I conjecture that at first the lecturers were strangers to the
locality, but this in no way implies that a fragment of another
university, students as well as teachers, migrated here as an
organized body.
Whatever the origin of the University, its members organized
themselves for mutual aid and protection as a Studium on the model
of that at Paris, with which it seems later to have been frequently in
touch. If we may trust ancient traditions quoted by Bulaeus and
Peacock, the early University had also some connection with the
studium of Orleans: this is possible but speculative. Bologna
represented another type of organization which, however, was not
adopted anywhere in England. The University of Cambridge existed
in working order in 1209, and in my opinion its origin may be safely
assigned to some time in the previous twenty years.
Of its external history during the century following its organization
we know little: we read of its chancellor in 1225, of French students
coming to it in 1229, of special privileges conferred by the crown in
1231 and 1251, of its recognition by the pope in 1233, and finally of
a papal grant in 1318—exceptional in extent—of all rights which
were
183 or could be enjoyed by any university in Christendom. Oxford
went through somewhat similar stages. The two universities were
closely connected, and by 1333 their position had become so firmly
established that they agreed not to recognize any other studium in
the kingdom, and in fact after that year no other university was
established in England until less than a century ago.
Originally the main source of university authority was the body of
active teachers (regents) acting with the concurrence of the
chancellor who represented the bishop of Ely; their grouping in
faculties was an obvious development, and probably took place early
in the thirteenth century. Resident graduates who had ceased to
teach (non-regents) were allowed a voice on matters of property,
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