 COMPUTER NETWORKING AND TELECOMMUNICATION

The interconnection of 2 or more computer each other with the help of cable or with out cable for sharing of
services, data. file. folder, peripheral device each other is called networking it can globally link .
1. A resource to Share
2. A pathway to transfer data
3. A set of rules governing how to communicate(Protocols)
 ADVANTAGE OF NETWORKING
sharing of services, sharing of resource, easy and fast method of communication, sending or receiving information on line,
sharing of idea, handling of online meeting,store data centrally,online service and banking,access different forms of
entertainment,join on-line communities(Google+,Facebook,Twitter,Youtube)
 DIS-ADVANTAGE OF NETWORKING
Expensive, virus transfer, cyber crime, needed high skill manpower, need of extra hardware and software
 Communication
The word communication is derived from the Latin word “communicare” which means sharing
“communication is the process of sharing a message from one point to another point”
Terms used in communication media
1. Bits
2. Bandwidth:-the data handling capacity of a communication system is called bandwidth or
The amount of data transmitted per second through the communication system
 Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of messages over significant distance for the purpose of communication
e.g. mobile phone,landline,satellite phone, voice over internet protocol,radio,television,
 Data communication
Data communication system is the collection of hardware, software and other devices that allows exchanging data,
information and voice between two or more devices through a wire or radio waves
 Elements/ Components of Data Communication
1. Sender :-The person, computer and device that is used for sending data is called sender
2. Medium:-the means through which data flows from one location to another is called..
3. Receiver:-the device or computer that receives the data is called receiver
4. Protocol:- The set of rules which govern the data transmission on the network are called protocol e.g.
TCP/IP,FTP,SMTP,HTTP,POP,ARP,IPX/SPX,PPP
Networking Components
1. Server
2. Workstation
3. NIU/NIC(Network interface unit/cards)
4. Communication channel Or Transmission Media
 Server
1. Powerful computer having higher processing and storage capacity
2. It acts as a controller,storehouse and distributor
3. It provide the facilities of sharing Hardware data,resource and Software
4. It support novell netware server,linux,unix,window NT server,win-2000 server,win-2012 server
 Types of Server
1. Non-dedicated server:-it control and provide resources to the other computers on the network as well as a user to
use it as a workstation(Client)
2. Dedicated server:- it control and provide resources to the client computers but does not allow a user to use it’s
workstation
Types of Dedicated server
1.File server
2. Database server
3. Printer server
4. Modem server
 Workstation
The Computer that are connected on the network from where service are accessed OR nodes OR terminals. The
workstation is also know as a client computer
N0DE:-a computer on a network is also called Node
Terminal :-a terminal is a personal computer
 Network Adapter
It is a circuit board that physically connects a computer with a network cable it is commonly known as NIC it is also known
as LAN Card and Ethernet cards.it support coaxial and twisted pair cable it has a unique permanent address which is known
as media Access Control(MAC Address) OR
  Each computer on any types of network needs a hardware component to control the flow of data. The device that
performs this function is Network Interface Card (NIC), commonly called network card.
 Mode of Data Transmission
 DATA TRANSMISSION MODES:-
The method of the data/information goes from sender to receiver and who do the communicate each other known as
data transmission modes
There are 2 types of data transmission mode
1. Simplex Mode
2. Duplex Mode
 SIMPLEX:- The data are transmission only one direction e.g.tv,newspaper,radio
 DUPLEX:- The data are transmission both of direction it is divided in to 2 types
1. HALF DUPLEX:- data are transmission only one direction at a time e.g. internet phone,walkie-talkie
2. FULL DUPLEX:- Data are transmission both of direction at a single time e.g.Telephone,chatting
 COMMUNICATION MEDIA [Transmission media]
The path or channel through which data and information transmit are called Transmission media
Transmission media are divided into 2 types
1.GUIDED /WIRE/BOUNDED:- it transmit data or signal with the help of cable e.g. twisted pair cable [STP,UTP],co-axial
cable e.g. television cable,fiber optic cable
2.UNGUIDED/WIRELESS/UNBOUNDED:- it transmit data or signal wireless method it do not need of physical cable. E.g.
radio wave,microwaves,infrared
rays,satellite,Bluetooth
 Twisted pair cable
A twisted pair cable is a type of cable made by putting two separate insulated wires together in a twisted pattern and
running them parallel to each other. This type of cable is widely used in different kinds of data and voice infrastructures. it
comes in 2 verities
1. STP
2. UTP
 STP
STP:- Shielded twisted-pair cable, an STP cable was first developed by IBM for Token Ring networks. It consists of two
individual wires wrapped in a foil shielding that helps provide more reliable data transmission.
e.g. internet Cable
LAN Cable
 UTP
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is a famous category of the cables that are used in creating a network. UTP cable has two
unshielded wires (insulated copper wires) as its parts, and these are twisted more or less each other in order to reduce the
crosstalk or else electromagnetic field making between the working pairs of insulated wires.
e.g. internet Cable
 Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable, or coax is a type of electrical cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer,
surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket.
e.g. Television cable
 FOC
Data are take place with light signals through glass or glass fibers it is the fasted method of communication speed is
1400MBPS and more
In FOC communication the sender converts the electrical signal into light waves and receivers converts light waves back to
electrical signal
UNGUIDED/WIRELESS/UNBOUNDED
RADIO WAVES:- wireless communication media that used dish shaped antennae to received information
 MICROWAVES:- WIRELESS MEDIA USED HIGH FREQUENCY BAND OF RAY FOR COMMUNICATION
 INFRARED RAYS:- wireless communication media used red light for data transmission
 SATELLITE:- wireless communication media that take signal from one location of the earth and send to one or
more geographical location on the earth
 Wi-Fi :-it is the most popular means of communicating data wirelessly, within a fixed location. It's a trademark of
the Wi-Fi Alliance
 BLUETOOTH:- wireless technology used by radio waves to connect the device on a short distance
 MODEM:- it convert analog signal into digital and vice versa it means modulation and demodulation used most of
dial up connection
 MULTIPLEXER:- it have a capacity of sending a number of signals with the help of transmission media
 RJ-45:- it means registered jack connector use for connecting of UTP of telephone line
  BANDWIDTH:- the range of frequency which transmitting of data/information on the network OR the amount of
data that can be transferred in 1 second always measured in bps
 Analog and Digital Signals
 Three models of Network Architecture
It describe how the computers on the network interact and communicate with each other it is the combine form of
network topologies and mode of data transmission between the computers in the network.
Types of Network Architecture
1. Client-Server Network Architecture
2. Peer-to-peer Network Architecture
3. iii. Centralized Computing Network
 Client-Server Network Architecture
in this network the role of each and every computer are distinctly define the main computer is server and other are
client
 ADVANTAGE:-better in large organization ,reduce the networking traffic, store huge amount of data,it cover
large Geographical area
 DIS-ADVANTAGE:- expensive, dependence to main computer, difficult to re-installed,if server is fails whole
network goes down,needs professional manpower
 Client/Server Networking
 PEER-TO-PEER Network Architecture
All the computer acts as both client and server and no need of main computer
 ADVANTAGE:- cabling easy, no main computer are require ,less expensive ,easy to troubleshooting,easly share
all the resources,more reliable,no need to be professional manpower
 DIS-ADVANTAGE:-less security, less flexibility, difficult to recovery the data
 Peer-to peer network
 Centralized Computing Network
Centralized computing is a type of computing architecture where all or most of the processing/computing is performed on
a central server. Centralized computing enables the deployment of all of a central server's computing resources,
administration and management.
Advantage:-more data security,reduce the cost,data and program are independent.
Dis-Advantage:-large data storage is required,need a high cost in transmitting transation,high traffic can cause
input/output
 Types of computer Network
On the basis of their size, physical division and their geographical division computer networks can be categorized into 4
types
1.LAN
2. MAN
3.WAN
4. CAN
 LAN
The computer network for a limited area and it done up to 100 meter for a room or building and connects limited
number of computer we can easily share the resources
FEATURES
 it covers limited area,
 cover only room,
 better for small organization ,
 it has band-width of 10-100mbps
 It used guided transmission media
 It provides full time connectivity to local services
The Local Network (LAN)
 Advantages and Dis-Advantage of LAN or Local Area Network
1. Resource Sharing
2. Software Applications Sharing
3. Easy and Cheap Communication
4. Centralized Data
5. Data Security
6. Internet Sharing
Dis-Advantage of LAN or Local Area Network
1. High Setup Cost
2. Privacy Violations 3. Data Security Threat
4. Covers Limited Area 5. LAN Maintenance Job
  MAN
Metropolitan area network the medium size of Network that cover the area of entire city and large geographical area
than LAN
FEATURES
 it cover large area city or town,
 it connect the many more and different LAN
 it has band-widths from 128Kbps to 1Gbps
 Advantages and Dis-Advantage of MAN
 Less expensive:
 Sending local emails:
 High speed than WAN:
 Sharing of the internet:
 Conversion from LAN to MAN is easy:
 High Security:
Disadvantages of MAN
 Difficult to manage:
 Internet speed difference:
 Hackers attack:
 Technical people required to set up:
 More wires required
 WAN
The combination between many more LAN and many more MAN is known as WAN . The communication network that
spans globally and connects large number of computer around the world.it is the largest network in the world.
FEATURES
it is a global network it cover whole world
it implement for public service,
It is the combination of various LAN & MAN
it has bandwidth less then 1mbps
It uses satellite links or microwave system
Wide Area Network
 Advantages and Dis-Advantage of WAN
Advantages of a wide area network (WAN)
 Covers large geographical area:
 Centralized data:
 Get updated files and data:
 A lot of application to exchange messages:
 Sharing of software and resources:
 Global business:
 High bandwidth:
 Distribute workload and decrease travel charges:
Disadvantages of a wide area network (WAN)
 Security problems:
 Needs firewall and antivirus software:
 The setup cost is high:
 Troubleshooting problems:
 Server down and disconnection issue:
Network topology
 Network topologies refers to the arrangement and connection patterns of computers in the network
 A topology is a way of “laying out” the network. Topologies can be either physical or logical.
 Physical topologies describe how the cables are run.
 Logical topologies describe how the network messages travel
Network topology (cont.)
 Bus or linear (can be both logical and physical)
 Star (physical only)
 Ring (can be both logical and physical)
 Mesh (can be both logical and physical)
 Tree
 Hybrid
Bus
 A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a single cable that runs to every workstation
  This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but also covers the shortest amount of distance.
 it is a topology it interconnect a number of computer with the help of continuous cable the cable is also called
backbone or trunk
 ADVANTAGE:- Easy add or remove cable,easy to instal,flexible,cheaper,less amount cable is required
 DIS-ADVANTAGE:-failure of backbone,difficult to troubleshooting and detect,maximum chance of collision of data
 Star Topology
 This is the most commonly used and popular network topology in LAN in this topology all the computers are
interconnects in the form of star with the help of central device HUB
 ADVANTAGE:- easy to install,easy to troubleshoot,high rate of data transmission,failure of one node or link doesn’t
affect
 DIS-ADVANTAGE:- if failure of central device all system are failed,expensive,need of long cable,costly because it
need central device like hub,router,switch
 Star Topology
 Ring
 Each computer connects to two other computers, joining them in a circle creating a unidirectional path where
messages move workstation to workstation.
 The number of computer are interconnected in the form of circle in this topology first computer is connected to
second and second is connected to third and last is connected to first
 ADVANTAGE:- high reliability due to short cabbling,every computer has equal power/authority ,easy for install
 DIS-ADVANTAGE:- if failure of one makes of failure of entire/whole system,difficult for configurations
Mesh
 The mesh topology is the simplest logical topology in terms of data flow, but it is the most complex in terms of
physical design.
 In this physical topology, each device is connected to every other device
 This topology is rarely found in LANs, mainly because of the complexity of the cabling.
 Advantage:-Simplest,Most fault tolerant.
 Dis-Advantage:-Reconfiguration extremely difficult.
 Extremely expensive.
 Very complex.
 TREE
A multiple star topology with the help of single cable is known as tree
OR
A tree topology is a combination of a star network topology and a bus topology.
Used :- organize the computers in a corporate network, or the information in a database.
 ADVANTAGE:- better for large organization, add or remove very easy,it support by all hardware and software
 DIS-ADVANTAGE:- failure of main cable the failure of whole system,difficult for troubleshoot
Advantages and Disadvantages of Network Topologies
 Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (device)
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
 Repeater
 Hub
 Bridge
 Routers
 Switch
 MODEM
 Gateway
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
 NIC provides the physical interface between computer and cabling.
 It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data. It can also receive and translate data into bytes for the
CPU to understand.
 The following factors should be taken into consideration when choosing a NIC:
1. - Preparing data
2. - Sending and controlling data
3. - Configuration
4. - Drivers
5. - Compatibility
6. - Performance
Repeaters
 Repeaters are very simple devices. They allow a cabling system to extend beyond its maximum allowed length by
amplifying the network voltages so they travel farther.
  Repeaters are nothing more than amplifiers and, as such, are very inexpensive.
 Repeaters can only be used to regenerate signals between similar network segments.
 a networking devices that receive the signals and rebroadcast
 A repeater is implemented in computer networks to expand the coverage area of the network,...
 Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Hubs
 Hubs are devices used to link several computers together.
 They repeat any signal that comes in on one port and copy it to the other ports (a process that is also called
broadcasting).
 There are two types of hubs: active and passive.
 Passive hubs simply connect all ports together electrically and are usually not powered.
 Active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up the signal before it is broadcast to the other ports.
 Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Bridges
 A bridge is a type of computer network device that provides interconnection between two similar network that use
the same protocol.
 it is networking hardware it connect different computer network that used similar protocol
 Unlike repeaters, bridges can filter out noise.
 The main disadvantage to bridges is that they can’t connect dissimilar network which have different protocol or
you would need a router to provide a connectivity between the network.
 Routers
 Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple network types and determine the best path for sending
data.
 it is networking hardware it connect 2 or more dissimilar network used different protocol it is most intelligent
networking devices
 Routers are normally used to connect one LAN to another.
 Typically, when a WAN is set up, there will be at least two routers used.
 Switch
 A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments.
 Each node of switch possibly communicate at the full 10 Mbps.
 it has a multiple port to connect for a multiple computer switch is more popular than hub
 Modem
A modem –"modulator-demodulator" – is a hardware device that converts data into a format suitable for a transmission
medium so that it can be transmitted from one computer to another.
Modulates one or more wave signals to encode digital information for transmission
Demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information.
 Gateway
A gateway is a network node that connects two dissimilar networks using different protocols together.
It also acts as a “gate” between two networks. It may be a router,firewall,server,or other device that enables traffic to flow
in and out of the network
 Firewall
A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on
predetermined security rules.
A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external network, such as the
Internet.
 VPN(virtual Private Network)
A VPN is a network technology that creates a secure network connection over a public network such as the internet or a
private network
e.g. large corporations, educational institutions and agencies
The public network that is responsible for conducting private data the telecommunication is VPN
 Protocols
A protocols is a set of rules that manages the communications between computers on a network
e.g. TCP/IP,FTP,SMTP,HTTP,POP,ARP,IPX/SPX,PPP
 Network Software
Network software is an extremely broad term for a range of software aimed at the design and implementation of modern
networks. Various types of network software support the creation, calibration(instrument or experiment) and operation of
networks.