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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 Fig. 241.—Bronze Brooch (1⁄1).

(b.) Articles made of Bronze.

Brooch.—A circular brooch, minus the pin, 11⁄2 inch in diameter, and
ornamented on its upper surface by a series of grooves pointing to the
centre of the brooch. The under surface is quite plain. A small portion
of the pin is still attached to the brooch, and the opposite side of the
brooch is worn into a hollow by the friction of the point of the pin. The
transverse grooves are also much worn, but where nearly obliterated
the external and internal margins of the brooch show the hacks,
corresponding with their extremities (Fig. 241).
Pins.—Two small pins, having round shanks ornamented by two
groups of circular and longitudinal incised lines. Both pins have flat
heads, and one has a blue bead stuck in its top. They are nearly of the
same length, being a shade less than a couple of inches (Figs. 242
and 243).
Several bits of brass plate, apparently used as
clasps for mending purposes. One, indeed, was
found attached to a small portion of a wooden
bowl. Also a thin brass button 11⁄4 inch in
diameter.

(c.) Articles made of Gold.

Finger-Rings.—On the 14th December one of
the workmen while clearing out the refuse-heap
turned up a curious spectacle-like ornament,
made by twisting the ends of a thick and
somewhat square-shaped gold wire into the
form of a double spiral ring (Fig. 244). Upon
close inspection it became evident that
originally this article was a handsome spiral
finger-ring, containing 51⁄2 twists, but that,
from some means or other, two of the twists
had been forced apart from the others. The Fig. 242. Fig. 243.
Bronze Pins (1⁄1).
direction of certain scratches, and a slight mark
as if a blow had been struck (probably the
spade of the finder), seem to me to confirm this explanation. It lay
buried half-way down in the midden, close to the base of the large
parapet in front of the entrance to the area of the log-pavement. It
weighs 300 grains, and its internal diameter measures a shade over
5⁄8 of an inch. On the 16th April, while clearing away the soil on the
west side of the crannog, a few feet to the inner side of the inner
circle of piles, another spiral ring was found (Fig. 245). It is made of
round gold wire, not quite so massive as the former, and contains
rather more than six twists. Both ends taper slightly, and, for nearly a
whole twist, are ornamented by a series of circular grooves which
gives them some resemblance to the tail end of a serpent. The colour
of the gold of this ring is a brighter yellow than that of the former. Its
internal diameter is exactly 5⁄8 of an inch, and its weight is 245 grains.
Both rings were quite clean, and free from all tarnish when exposed.
[37]
 Fig. 244.
Gold Finger-Ring (1⁄1).

Fig. 245.
Gold Finger-Ring (1⁄1).

Coin.—Mr. Robert Dunlop, iron-moulder, a native of Kilmarnock, but

now residing at Airdrie, happened to visit his friends at the beginning
of the year, and hearing of the discoveries at the Buston crannog, took
the opportunity of visiting it. It was not, however, idle curiosity that
prompted him, but a true spirit of inquiry, which often ere now led him
to wander abroad as a humble student of nature, and on one occasion
even as far as the famous Kent's Cavern. Being a Science teacher in
Chemistry he was desirous of securing specimens of the different
forms of vivianite, and so picked up from amidst a mass of broken
bones and ashes that had just been wheeled from the midden, a lump
of a bluish pasty substance, thinking it to be the amorphous form of
this mineral. He carried this lump home with him for the purpose of
analysing it, but, owing to other duties, was unable to do so till some
three months afterwards. Having then taken a portion of the bluish
mass, he mixed it with water in a test-tube, and on proceeding to
dissolve it, noticed a yellow speck in this blue material. Curious to
know what this could be he emptied the tube of its contents, and
found what seemed to be a small gold coin doubled up. The slightest
effort to restore the coin to its proper shape detached the portions,
and almost at the same moment each portion separated into two thin
plates. Mr. Dunlop then observed that between the two plates there
was a layer of a dark brittle substance which he most judiciously
collected into a small glass tube for further analysis. Having then
carefully cleaned the four little plates with a weak solution of nitric
acid, he had the satisfaction, on putting them together, of restoring
the shell of an antique coin, which, as will be seen from Fig. 246,
retains its impressions and characters on both sides wonderfully
distinct. This valuable contribution to the collection I received at once
from its discoverer, as well as the above narrative of its discovery.

Fig. 246.
Coin found in Buston Crannog.

Fig. 247.—For comparison, from Smith's Coll. vol. i. pl. xxii. 9.

Mr. Cochran-Patrick, M.P., to whom I immediately forwarded the
different portions of this coin carefully arranged under a glass slide, as
well as the glass tube containing remains of its core, submitted them
to the consideration of J. Evans, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., so well known for
his special knowledge of ancient British coins.
The following interesting remarks by Mr. Evans on the subject have
been sent to me by Mr. Cochran-Patrick:—
"The two plates of gold seem originally to have formed the shell of an
early forgery of a coin, the oxidised core of which forms the contents
of the small tube. I thought at first that the substance might be
resinous, but I think it is some salt of copper.[38] Some chemist could
readily try this. The coin itself belongs to a class of trientes which have
been found almost exclusively in England, and are probably of Saxon
origin. Enclosed is an impression of one found near Dover. See Smith's
Coll. Ant., vol. i. pl. xxii. 9. Others were in the Bagshot Heath or
Crondale find. See Num. Chron., N. S., vol. x. 164, pl. xiii. 24 to 26;
Num. Chron., vol. vi. They probably belong to the sixth or seventh
century. The find is of value as helping to assign a date to the
crannog." (Figs. 246 and 247.)

VI. Miscellaneous Objects.

1. Armlets.—Fragments of three armlets made of cannel coal, very
similar to those found at Lochlee and Lochspouts.
2. Jet Ornament.—A small link-shaped ornament of jet, with two small
holes for attachment in one side (Fig. 248). This object was found on
the surface of a mound of débris long after it was wheeled out, and
hence no dependence can be put on its antiquity.
 Fig. 248.—Jet Ornament (1⁄1). Fig. 249.—Bead (1⁄1)

3. Beads, Vitreous Paste, etc.—A cylindrically-shaped bead, variegated

with three different colours, red and yellow predominating over
patches of transparent glass (Fig. 249).
Half of a tiny yellow bead, of a vitreous substance, only 3⁄16 of an inch
in diameter.
A round object, of the size of a small marble, made of vitreous paste,
variegated with blue and white, but without any aperture.
Another small flattened object, about the size of a shilling, made of a
white compact vitreous substance. It is very smooth, rounded on one
side, but flattened on the other. Looks like a drop of a semi-liquid that
had fallen on a smooth floor. In the York Museum, case C, amongst
some other Roman antiquities I observed several similar articles,
which are referred to in the Handbook as "roundlets of coloured glass,
probably to set in brooches, from the railway excavations, 1874-75."
One or two little round bits of a dark slag.
4. Glass.—Three fragments of thick bright-green glass, all irregularly
shaped.
5. Leather.—Several strips and chippings of very thin leather.
 Fig. 250.—Pottery (2⁄3).

6. Pottery.—A small fragment of Samian ware, only about a square

inch, with the glaze nearly worn off, but quite unmistakeable in its
character.
Fig. 250 represents a fragment of a small dish with its outline. This
vessel was made of a hard tinkling ware, black externally, and of a dull
white inside, and measured 31⁄2 inches across its mouth and 3 inches
in depth.
 Fig. 251.—Pottery (1⁄1).

Portion of a large vessel made of coarse materials, having a short

spout just below its everted rim (Fig. 251). The outside is very black,
and the inside has a reddish tinge. Another portion, apparently of the
same vessel, shows the striation of the potter's wheel.
Fig. 252 represents a curious little knob of pottery. None of the pottery
found here had any appearance of a glaze.
7. Portion of a small object like a button, made of a soft chalky
substance, is represented in Fig. 253. It shows some lines as an
ornament on its upper surface.
 Fig. 252.—Pottery Knob (1⁄1). Fig. 253.—(?) Portion of Button
(1⁄1).

8. Crucibles.—A small conical crucible, made of hardened clay

arranged in two thin layers, the external of which looks coarser than
the other. It has a triangularly-shaped mouth, and at one of its apices
there is a slight indentation for facilitating the pouring out of the
smelted material. Its depth is 11⁄2 inch, and circumference of mouth 7
inches. It is cracked all over with heat, and a little dark slag forming a
horizontal rim on its inner surface still remains to attest its purpose.
This relic was found on the west side of the crannog, not far from the
site of the second spiral ring, but outside the inner circle of piles (Fig.
254).
 Fig. 254.—Clay Crucible (1⁄1).

A second crucible, neatly formed and quite whole, was found in the
débris wheeled out from the lowest stratum of the refuse-heap. It is of
the usual conical form, with a three-cornered mouth about 3 inches in
circumference, and measures 1 inch in depth. Particles of a yellowish
metal, like brass or bronze, are seen mixed with a kind of slag, near
one of the corners. The outside has a glazed appearance, as if it had
been subjected to great heat, and to the apex of the cone there is a
small bit of cinder still adherent.
Portion of a third crucible, very similar to the last described, was also
found at the crannog by a visitor, and publicly exhibited at a bazaar in
Kilmarnock.[39] This crucible is interesting as furnishing undoubted
evidence that it had been used for melting gold, there being several
globules of this metal adhering to its sides, both inside and outside.

Report of Osseous Remains found at Buston.

 (By Professor Cleland, M.D., F.R.S.)
The osteological specimens obtained from what appears to have been
the kitchen-midden of the lake-dwelling at Buston consist in greater
part of bones of the ox; while next in frequency are bones of the
sheep and the pig. A calcaneum and astragali of the red-deer have
been found, as also portions of large red-deer horns, and two portions
of roe-deer skull with horns attached. In addition a radius and
metacarpal of a goose were found.
The bones of the pig were both full-grown and young; the full-grown,
with the teeth worn, being apparently most abundant. They have
belonged to an animal of small size, similar probably to that whose
remains are found in other Ayrshire deposits.
The remains of the ox and the sheep I account more interesting on
account of variety among them.
Ox.—Examining six portions of ox skull, I find one with the horn-core
represented by a mere nodule; two specimens each with a portion of
horn-core 2·8 inches in greatest diameter, one with a horn-core 2·2
inches diameter at base, and two others with horn-cores 1·8 inches in
greatest diameter at base, and one with a horn-core 11⁄2 inch
diameter. All the horn-cores are fragmentary; but I judge that none of
the last three could have exceeded 5 inches in length, while the first
two must have been much longer. Only one of these specimens, that
with the smallest horn, has the suture above the occipital bone open.
The others must have been adult; and we may judge that we have not
to deal with mere aboriginal Bos longifrons, but with varieties of ox.
The variation seems not to have been confined to the horns. Among a
number of first phalanges the majority were slender and small, but
there was considerable variety; and one specimen, contrasting
strongly with the others by its stoutness, might have been from a
small modern specimen. All the hoof-bones which I collected, about
half a dozen, were very small. Three metacarpals were picked up, all
measuring about 7 inches long and 1 inch in breadth at the narrowest
part of the shaft; and these are all adult specimens. Two adult
metatarsals measure, the one 8 inches in length and the other only
7·3, while in breadth they both measure only ·9 of an inch. A
complete adult radius measures only 9 inches in length. A lower end of
a humerus is only 2·5 inches broad. Among six calcanea the largest
measured 5·5 inches, and the shortest 4·3. In one specimen the orbit
is 2·4 inches diameter, and in another 2·8 inches, which is decidedly
large. On the whole, the evidence is to the effect that while the
prevalent variety had small horns, and was generally diminutive and
slender-limbed, there was mixed with it a variety with larger horns and
stouter limbs, whether of greater height or not I cannot say.
Sheep.—Only one portion of horn-core was found with portion of the
skull. The portion of horn-core is between 3 and 4 inches long, and at
the base its largest diameter is 1·5 inch, its smallest 1 inch. At its
inner margin starts at an angle of about 20° from the vertical plane;
while I should say that in modern sheep that angle is always 45° at
least. I apprehend that this is probably the so-called goat-horned
sheep, scarcely now to be got in Shetland.
The following measurements of limb bones may be interesting, as
indicating considerable variety in size as well as deviation from modern
proportions, as indicated by comparison with the bones of the same
sheep skeleton which I have used for comparison in previous
communications.
One adult metatarsal measures 5·7 inches long and ·4 broad, and
another 5·2 long and ·4 broad at the narrowest part of the shaft. In
the modern specimen this bone is 4·8 long and ·5 broad.
Three specimens of adult radius have been gathered, measuring in
length respectively 6·6, 6·, and 5·9; while in the modern specimen the
corresponding bone is only 5·2.
Two complete humeri are among the specimens gathered. The largest,
not quite adult, is 5·7 inches in greatest length; while the other, quite
adult, is only 5 inches long, and in the modern specimen the humerus
is 5·2 long. Four additional specimens of the lower end of the humerus
have been obtained; and one of them is decidedly larger than the
largest complete specimen, and another decidedly smaller than the
smallest complete bone.
The sheep was therefore long and slender legged, like those found on
other Ayrshire deposits. But it is difficult to determine whether the
differences in size depend on sex, or some other cause, such as
cultivation.

PLATE IV.
PLAN OF BUISTON CRANNOG

No goat bones have been found in connection with this lake-dwelling.

 CHAPTER V.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CLASSIFICATION,
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, STRUCTURE, AND AGE
OF ANCIENT SCOTTISH LAKE-DWELLINGS.

In the foregoing chapters I have recorded nearly all the facts hitherto
derived from the explorations of Scottish Lake-Dwellings, together
with a few meagre notices of their former existence supplied by
historical research. Notwithstanding the variety and number of objects
found in these remains, and the copiousness of details with which the
investigations are described, it may still be doubted whether the time
has arrived for applying to them the rigid principles of induction, with
the view of materially enlarging our knowledge of the early inhabitants
of this country. However much variety or novelty may add to the
interest attached to antiquarian discoveries, it must never be forgotten
that their scientific value is to be determined by the extent to which
they can be made to enrich our knowledge of the past phases of
human civilisation. While, therefore, fully conscious, on the one hand,
of the danger of drawing a series of inferences from too limited an
experience, on the other, I feel that to ignore altogether such oft-
recurring questions as—When did these lake-dwellings flourish? For
what purpose were they constructed? And what grade of civilisation
characterised their occupiers?—would be tantalising, if not
uncourteous, to general readers who have so far perused the mass of
dry details here presented to them. In attempting, therefore, to deal
with the scientific aspect of these discoveries, I do not for a moment
profess such a minute acquaintance with the science of archæology as
to entitle me even to attempt a full exposition of the inferences that
may be derived from their careful study and comparison with other
antiquarian remains; nor, indeed, do I believe that it is within the
province of any one man to give a final decision, as it were ex
cathedra, on a group or groups of remains that include such
comprehensive materials as the products of the art, industry, culture,
and social economy of a people existing during an undefined period of
time, and lying, in a large measure, outside the pale of our historical
records. My purpose therefore is, while endeavouring to gratify the
laudable curiosity of general readers, to present archæologists with a
rough skeleton, which they are invited, piecemeal fashion, to mould
into a shapely figure by their combined and varied experience.
To accomplish this object there are certain historical and other
collateral phenomena which, I think, help to circumscribe the general
sphere of the problems at issue, and which, therefore, fall to be
discussed alongside of the inductions derived from the actual materials
now before us. In consequence of the diversity of the phenomena
thus appealed to, I have grouped their details under the following
sections, by means of which I hope to bring the general effect of their
chronological bearing into greater prominence:—
1. Classification and geographical distribution of ancient Scottish lake-
dwellings.
2. Historical and traditional phenomena associated with their area of
distribution.
3. Mechanical skill displayed in the structure of the wooden islands.
4. Topographical changes in the lake-dwelling area during or
subsequent to the period of their development.
5. Chronological, social, and other indications derived from the relics.

Section I.

Classification and Geographical Distribution of Ancient

Scottish Lake-Dwellings.
The notices of artificial islands in Chapter II. are confined to such as
were found to be constructed on timber or surrounded by stockades.
There are, however, many others still extant in several of our Scottish
lakes, which appear to be entirely composed of stones and earth
irregularly heaped together. In the absence of any historical
knowledge as to their age there is no prima facie reason why some at
least should not be contemporary with the former, as it cannot be
assumed that the crannog-builders made wood a sine qua non in the
structure of islands. There were, no doubt, certain stagnant marshes
and small lochs in which a wooden foundation was essential for the
formation of an island, owing to the softness and yielding nature of
the mud; but, on the other hand, there were others with compact,
rocky, or gravelly beds, in which any solid materials, as stones, earth,
turf, etc., would be equally suitable. The outlets of the larger lakes,
more especially of such as were formed in glacial and rock-cut basins,
were more adapted for the latter, and as far as my observations have
enabled me to form an opinion, these are the very situations in which
the stone islands are now found to prevail. Some of them are mere
shapeless cairns, without any indications of having been formerly
inhabited, while on others are to be found some remains of stone
buildings. As to wooden huts or houses, had such structures been
erected over them, it is not likely that they could, for any length of
time, have resisted the decaying tendencies of a Scottish climate, so
that all traces of them would have disappeared long ago.
The social or military exigencies that led people to construct artificial
islands would also lead them to take advantage of such natural ones
as would be found most suitable, and we may reasonably infer that it
is in the absence of the latter that the former would be resorted to.
We have therefore no prima facie grounds for dis-associating
chronologically the artificially-formed islands of wood or stone, either
from each other or from such natural islands as may furnish evidence
of early occupancy. The great and primary object of the island-builder
was the protection afforded by the surrounding lake or morass, the
securing of which has continued to be a ruling principle in the erection
of defensive works down to the Middle Ages, long after the wooden
islands ceased to be constructed. The transition from an island fort to
the massive mediæval castle, with its moat and drawbridge, is but
another step in the progressive march of civilisation.
When the greater advantages of stone buildings became generally
recognised, the old wooden refuges, so liable to decay, so easily
destroyed by fire, and so unsuitable for supporting heavy buildings of
masonry, would be gradually superseded. It would then be found
easier and better to conduct the water to the stronghold than to
construct the stronghold in a natural basin of water, however
convenient its locality might be. To the transitional period preceding
this great change, which culminated in the almost impregnable
moated and mediæval castle, may be assigned many of the remains of
stone forts, castles, etc., still abundantly found in bogs, drained
marshes, and natural or, maybe, artificially built islands.
While it is therefore possible to assign the wooden islands to a fairly
well-defined period, which, speaking generally, precedes that when
stone and lime were used for building purposes in this country, the
claims of all other island homes to great antiquity must be judged of
by their special peculiarities.
The annexed tabular statement comprises not only all the known
artificial islands, whether constructed of wood or other materials, but
also some natural ones known to have been artificially strengthened or
fortified, as well as a few examples of other structural remains, such
as camps, castles, etc., now or formerly located in bogs or lakes. The
first column of numbers in this table contains only the crannogs
proper, i.e. islands constructed on wood and surrounded by piles;
while the second includes all the remaining classes. The characteristic
or differential features of all these examples, when not referred to in
the text, will be found in the marginal notes or references, so that a
mere glance gives a general idea of their number, character, and
geographical distribution.
TABLE showing Geographical Distribution of Lake-Dwellings, Artificial
Islands, etc., in Scotland, with Notes and References. Those to which no
reference is given will be found described in the text.
 Constructed
Constructed
with
County. Name. with wood,
stones,
etc.
earth, etc.
Loch of
Ayrshire, 1 ...
Kilbirnie,
" Lochlee, 1 ...
" Lochspouts, 1 ...
" Buston, 1 ...
" Loch Doon,[1] ... 1
Loch Winnoch
(Renfrewshire), ... 1
(Pail),[2]
Aberdeenshire, Loch Canmore, 1 1
" Banchory, 1 ...
" Federatt,[3] ... 1
" Peel Bog,[4] ... 1
Buteshire, Loch Quien, 1 ...
" Dhu Loch, 1 ...
Battleknowes,
Berwickshire, ... 1
[5]
Argyllshire, Kielziebar 1 ...
Loch na Mial
" (island of 1 ...
Mull),
" Ledaig, 1 ...
" Lochnell, 1 ...
Parish of
" ... 1
Kilchoman,[6]
Fasnacloich
" ... 1
(Appin),[7]
Dumfriesshire, Lochmaben, 1 ...
Black Loch of
" 1 ...
Sanquhar,
 Constructed
Constructed
with
County. Name. with wood,
stones,
etc.
earth, etc.
" Friars' Carse, 1 ...
" Loch Orr,[8] ... 1
" Lochwood,[9] ... 1
" Closeburn,[10] ... 1
Corncockle
" (Applegarth), 1 ...
[11]
Morton (parish
" ... 1
of),[12]
Fifeshire, Collessie,[13] ... 1
" Stravithy,[14] ... 1
Forfarshire, Loch of Forfar, 1 1
Loch of
" ... 1
Rescobie,[15]
Inverness-shire, Loch Lochy, 1 ...
Loch in Croy
" 1 ...
(drained),
Loch Gynag,
" ... 1
[16]
" Loch Moy,[17] ... 1
Kirkcudbrightshire,Lochrutton, 1 ...
" Loch Kinder, 1 ...
" Carlingwark, 2 ...
" Loch Lotus, 1 ...
" Barean, 1 ...
Borgue (parish
" ... 1
of),[18]
Loch Fergus,
" ... 1
[19]
 Constructed
Constructed
with
County. Name. with wood,
stones,
etc.
earth, etc.
Lanarkshire, Green Knowe, 1 ...
Linlithgowshire, Loch Cot, 1 ...
Moray, Nairn, and
Lochindorb, 1 1
Elgin,
Loch Spinie,
" 1 1
[20]
Loch of the
" 1 ...
Clans,
Loch
" 1 ...
Flemington,
" Loch in Dunty, 1 ...
Lake of
" Rothiemurchus, ... 1
[21]
Mountblairy,
" ... 1
[22]
Perthshire, Loch Rannoch, 1 ...
Loch Clunie,
" ... 1
[23]
" Loch Earn,[24] ... 2
" Loch Ard,[25] ... 1
Loch Laggan,
" ... 1
Kippen,[26]
Loch Morall,
" ... 1
[27]
Loch Tummell,
" ... 1
[28]
" Loch Tay,[29] ... 3
Loch Freuchie,
" ... 1
[30]
 Constructed
Constructed
with
County. Name. with wood,
stones,
etc.
earth, etc.
Lake in
" Blairgowrie, ... 1
[31]
Moulin
" ... 1
(drained),[32]
Loch Granech,
" ... 1
[33]
Loch Fullah,
" ... 1
[34]
Loch of
" ... 1
Monivaird,[35]
Loch Achray,
" ... 1
[36]
Loch
" ... 1
Vennachar,[36]
Loch Kinnard,
" ... 1
[36]
Stirlingshire, Loch Lomond, 1 ...
Loch Brora,
Sutherlandshire, ... 1
[37]
" Loch Shin,[36] ... 1
Loch Dolay,
" ... 1
[36]
Loch of
Ross-shire, 1 ...
Kinellan,
" Loch Achilty, 1 ...
" Loch Glass,[38] ... 1
Castletown,
Roxburghshire, ... 1
[39]
 Constructed
Constructed
with
County. Name. with wood,
stones,
etc.
earth, etc.
Loch of
" ... 1
Yetholm,[39]
Wigtownshire, Dowalton, 5 ...
Loch Inch
" 1 ...
Crindil,
Castle Loch,
" 1 ...
[40]
Barlockhart
" 1 ...
Loch,[41]
Sunonness
" 1 ...
Loch,[41]
Barneallzie
" 1 ...
Loch,[42]
Machermore
" Several ...
Loch,[43]
Barhapple
" 1 ...
Loch,
Loch Heron,
" ... 2
[44]
" Mochrum Loch, ... 1
" Fell Loch,[45] ... 1
" Merton Loch, 1 ...
Eldrig Loch,
" 3 (?) ...
[46]

Notes and References.

[1] Island, with castle of Saxon and Gothic architecture. Several
canoes found near it in the loch.—New Stat. Account, vol. v. p.
337.
[2] Old castle on an island, near Castle Semple (ibid. vol. xv. p.
69). Canoes also found in the loch.—New Stat. Account, Renfrew,
p. 97.
[3] Old castle surrounded by a fosse and morass, with access by a
stone causeway and a drawbridge.—Old Stat. Account, vol. ix. p.
191.
[4] Circular earthen mound, having formerly a wooden castle.—
New Stat. Account, vol. xii. p. 1089.
[5] Square camp 42 yards each side.—New Stat. Account, vol. ii.
p. 171.
[6] Small island strongly fortified.—Old Stat. Account, vol. xi. p.
281.
[7] Artificial island formed of stones and earth.—Proc. Soc. Antiq.
Scot. vol. vi. p. 175.
[8] Small island with remains of stone walls.—Old Stat. Account,
vol. ii. p. 342.
[9] Strong castle in impassable bogs.—Ibid. vol. iv. p. 224.
[10] Old castle formerly surrounded by a lake; canoe and bronze
tripod found in bed of lake.—Phil. Trans. 1756, p. 521; also Antiq.
of Scotland, Grose, vol. i. p. 150.
[11] Curious wooden structures in moss.—Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.
vol. vi. p. 163.
[12] Old castle, near which canoe was dug up; also a small
copper camp kettle and copper teapot.—New Stat. Account, vol.
iv. p. 96.
[13] Castle in marshy ground.—Old Stat. Account, vol. ii. p. 418.
[14] Regular fortalice situated in a bog, with ditch and
drawbridge.—New Stat. Account, vol. ix. p. 365.

[15] Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. vi. 176.]

[16] Small island, with traces of stone castle.—New Stat. Account,
vol. xiv. p. 65.
[17] In Loch Moy are two islands, on one of which stands the old
residence of the family of Mackintosh. The other is merely a heap
of stones, probably artificial, and was used by the Lairds of
Mackintosh as a prison. It is called Ellan-na-glach.—Ibid. vol. xiv.
p. 100.
[18] Fort surrounded by water. In the drained lake fragments of
spears and a silver coin found.—New Stat. Account, vol. iv. p. 54.
[19] Artificial lake, with two islands, said to be seats of Fergus
Lord of Galloway.—Old Stat. Account, vol. xi. p. 25.
[20] On the north-west border of Loch Spinie there are standing
on an artificial mound, surrounded by a fosse and drawbridge, the
walls of a strong castle called Old Duffus.—Old Stat. Account, vol.
viii. p. 395.
[21] Contains an island said to be one of the strongholds of the
Wolf of Badenoch; also called Loch-an-Eilean.—New Stat.
Account, vol. xiii. p. 137.
[22] Castle situated in a swamp.—Old Stat. Account, vol. iv. p.
399.
[23] A small island, mostly artificial, with ruins of an old castle.—
Old Stat. Account, vol. ix. p. 231.
[24] Near each end there is a small artificial island with ruins.—
Ibid. vol. xi. p. 180.
[25] Small island, with ruins of castle.—Ibid. vol. x. p. 130.
[26] Middle of loch a cairn of stones.—Ibid. vol. xviii. p. 327.
[27] Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. vi. p. 176.

[28] Island, partly artificial.—Old Stat. Account, vol. ii. p. 475.

[29] Several islands.—Old Stat. Account, vol. xvii. p. 465, and
Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. pp. 173, 175, and 176; also New Stat.
Account, vol. x. p. 465.
[30] Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. vi. p. 173.
[31] In the middle of one of the lakes is a small island, with the
remains of an old building.—Old Stat. Account, vol. xvii. p. 195.
[32] Castle stood in lake, now drained, with vestiges of a
causeway.—Old Stat. Account, vol. v. p. 69.
[33] Mr. Robertson's notes.—Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. vi. p. 177.
[34] Ibid. p. 172.
[35] Castle anciently surrounded by water.—Old Stat. Account,
vol. viii. p. 570.
[36] Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. vi. pp. 172 to 177.
[37] Small island near the lower end artificially constructed of
stones, with ruins.—Old Stat. Account, vol. x. p. 303, and New
Stat. Account, vol. xv. p. 151.
[38] Small island near lower end artificially formed of stones.—Old
Stat. Account, vol. i. p. 282.
[39] Immense cairn of stones in the midst of an extensive and
deep morass. Old castle of Yetholm Loch.—New Stat. Account,
vol. iii. p. 164.
[40] Contains an island of stones and oak stakes, and mossy bogs
on south shore, and a peninsula at north-west, with a double row
of stakes.—Rev. W. Wilson, Glenluce.
[41] See Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. x. pp. 737-8.
[42] Ibid. vol. ix. p. 397.
[43] Ibid. vol. ix. p. 368.
[44] Mr. Faed examined its two islands and found them artificial.—
Ibid. p. 378.
[45] "On the east shore, opposite Fern Island, I found an oak in
the peat, with an axe-mark. My companion waded to the island
and reported the remains of a paved ford for 20 or 25 feet next
the island."—Ibid. p. 378.
 [46] "Three crannogs, one with ford to one shore and annular
stone heap, the others with a ford to each shore.—Rev. W. Wilson.

It is manifest, however, that a table of this kind can have no

permanent value, beyond giving a full and accurate statement of
discoveries up to date, as further researches may not only change its
numerical data, but give a totally different aspect to inferences based
on the existence or absence of these remains in certain districts. Thus
it is only within the last few years that Ayrshire could be included in
the lake-dwelling area, so that, previously, the conflicting statement
made by Chalmers,[40] that Galloway was colonised by the Irish about
the eighth century, derived some countenance from the archæological
discoveries in Loch Dowalton, and other lakes in the neighbourhood,
when taken in conjunction with the prevalence of analogous remains
in Ireland. Though we cannot, therefore, argue definitely from the
present geographical distribution of Scottish Lake-Dwellings, the
indications are so clearly suggestive of their having been peculiar to
those districts formerly occupied by Celtic races that the significance of
this generalisation cannot be overlooked. Thus, adopting Skene's
division of the four kingdoms into which Scotland was ultimately
divided by the contending nationalities of Picts, Scots, Angles, and
Strathclyde Britons, after the final withdrawal of the Romans, we see
that of all the crannogs proper, none have been found within the
territories of the Angles;[41] ten and six are respectively within the
confines of the Picts and Scots; while no less than twenty-eight are
situated in the Scottish portion of the ancient kingdom of Strathclyde.
Nor is this generalisation much affected by an extension of the list, so
as to include those stony islets so frequently met with in the Highland
lakes. On the other hand, that they have not been found in the south-
eastern parts of Scotland may suggest the theory that these districts
had been occupied by the Angles before Celtic civilisation—or rather
the warlike necessities of the times—gave birth to the island dwellings.
In that case we would suppose that their development dates back to
the unsettled events which immediately followed the withdrawal of the
Roman soldiers, to whose protection the Romano-British population in
the south-west of Scotland had been so long accustomed. But this
leads me to notice some of the historical phenomena associated with
the localities thus referred to.

Section II.

Historical and Traditional Phenomena associated with

their Area of Distribution.
(Compiled chiefly from Dr. Skene's works.)
In the year A.D. 79, Julius Agricola, with his legions, entered that
portion of Britain afterwards known as the kingdom of Scotland by
way of the Solway Firth, and, quickly subjugating the tribes occupying
its northern shore, garrisoned the country as he advanced. The work
of the following winter is thus described by Tacitus:—

"To introduce a system of new and wise regulations was the

business of the following winter. A fierce and savage people,
running wild in the woods, would be ever addicted to a life of
warfare. To wean them from these habits, Agricola held forth the
baits of pleasure, encouraged the natives, as well by public
assistance, as by warm exhortations, to build temples, courts of
justice, and commodious dwelling-houses. He bestowed
encomiums on such as cheerfully obeyed; the slow and
uncomplying were branded with reproach; and thus a spirit of
emulation diffused itself, operating like a sense of duty. To
establish a plan of education, and give the sons of the leading
chiefs a tincture of letters, was part of his policy. By way of
encouragement he praised their talents, and already saw them,
by the force of their natural genius, rising superior to the
attainments of the Gauls. The consequence was, that they, who
had always disdained the Roman language, began to cultivate its
beauties. The Roman apparel was seen without prejudice, and the
toga became a fashionable part of dress. By degrees the charms
of vice gained admission to their hearts; baths, and porticos, and
elegant banquets grew into vogue; and the new manners, which,
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